1545:
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978:
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916:
886:
1282:
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441:
805:
757:
33:
1809:
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703:
296:
606:
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715:
198:
390:(Delta-I through Delta-IV classes). The SS-N-8, with a range of 7,700 kilometres (4,200 nmi), entered service on the first Delta-I boat in 1972, before the Yankee class was even completed. A total of 43 Delta-class boats of all types entered service 1972–90, with the SS-N-18 on the Delta III class and the
471:
commenced sea trials in 1980, two of the first ten US SSBNs had their missiles removed to comply with SALT treaty requirements; the remaining eight were converted to attack submarines (SSN) by the end of 1982. These were all in the
Pacific, and the Guam SSBN base was disestablished; the first several
316:
The short range of the early SLBMs dictated basing and deployment locations. By the late 1960s the
Polaris A-3 was deployed on all US SSBNs with a range of 4,600 kilometres (2,500 nmi), a great improvement on the 1,900 kilometres (1,000 nmi) range of Polaris A-1. The A-3 also had three
382:) at risk. This resulted in only a small percentage of the Soviet force occupying patrol areas at any time, and was a great motivation for longer-range Soviet SLBMs, which would allow them to patrol close to their bases, in areas sometimes referred to as "deep bastions". These missiles were the
227:
also conducted the first successful submerged SLBM launch with a
Polaris A-1 on 20 July 1960. Fifty-two days later, the Soviet Union made its first successful underwater launch of a submarine ballistic missile in the White Sea, on 10 September 1960 from the same converted
411:
entered service, and those 31 SSBNs were backfitted with it. Poseidon offered a massive MIRV capability of up to 14 warheads per missile. Like the
Soviets, the US also desired a longer-range missile that would allow SSBNs to be based in CONUS. In the late 1970s the
579:
posture, with its attendant risk of accidental nuclear war. Additionally, the deployment of highly accurate missiles on ultra-quiet submarines allows an attacker to sneak up close to the enemy coast and launch a missile on a depressed trajectory (a non-optimal
528:
agreement through 2012. By that time the
Russian SSBN force stood at six Delta-IVs, three Delta-IIIs, and a lone Typhoon used as a testbed for new missiles (the R-39s unique to the Typhoons were reportedly scrapped in 2012). Upgraded missiles such as the
406:
Although the US did not commission any new SSBNs from 1967 through 1981, it did introduce two new SLBMs. Thirty-one of the 41 original US SSBNs were built with larger diameter launch tubes with future missiles in mind. In the early 1970s the
523:
in 1991. The US rapidly decommissioned its remaining 31 older SSBNs, with a few converted to other roles, and the base at Holy Loch was disestablished. Most of the former Soviet SSBN force was gradually scrapped under the provisions of the
463:, which entered service in 1990. The entire class was converted to use Trident II by the early 2000s. Trident II offered a range of over 8,000 kilometres (4,300 nmi) with eight larger MIRV warheads than Trident I. When the
353:
cargo ships) were provided to ferry missiles and supplies to the sites. With two rotating crews per boat, about one-third of the total US force could be in a patrol area at any time. The Soviet bases, in
117:) and for the Soviet Union on their SLBM programs. These and other early SLBM systems required vessels to be surfaced when they fired missiles, but launch systems were adapted to allow
378:
theater, required their SSBNs to make a long transit (e.g., through NATO-monitored waters in the
Atlantic) to their mid-ocean patrol areas to hold the continental United States (
337:, and Guam by the middle 1960s, resulting in short transit times to patrol areas near the Soviet Union. The SSBN facilities at the Advanced Refit Sites were austere, with only a
2556:
248:(NATO reporting name SS-N-4) each and had to surface and raise the missile to launch. Submerged launch was not an operational capability for the Soviets until 1963, when the
288:(Yankee class), which first entered service in 1967 with 32 boats completed by 1974. By the time the first Yankee was commissioned the US had built 41 SSBNs, nicknamed the "
416:
with a range of 7,400 kilometres (4,000 nmi) and eight MIRV warheads was backfitted to 12 of the
Poseidon-equipped submarines. The SSBN facilities (primarily a
268:'s detonation in the same general area. The United States eventually conducted a similar test in the Pacific Ocean on 6 May 1962, with a Polaris A-2 launched from
623:
17:
321:
missile (SS-N-6) with a range of 2,400 kilometres (1,300 nmi). The US was much more fortunate in its basing arrangements than the
Soviets. Thanks to
459:, also called the "Trident submarine", with the largest SSBN armament ever of 24 missiles, initially Trident I but built with much larger tubes for the
61:
670:
541:
class after the lead vessel. By 2015 two others had entered service. This class is intended to replace the aging Deltas, and carries 16 solid-fuel
2942:
2647:
642:
3509:
1614:
1286:
1257:
809:
82:(ICBMs), with ranges of over 5,500 kilometres (3,000 nmi), and in many cases SLBMs and ICBMs may be part of the same family of weapons.
649:
503:, called "Akula" by NATO). The Typhoons were the largest submarines ever built at 48,000 tons submerged. They were armed with 20 of the new
256:(Golf class) submarines. The Soviet Union was able to beat the U.S. in launching and testing the first SLBM with a live nuclear warhead, an
525:
452:
Both the United States and the Soviet Union commissioned larger SSBNs designed for new missiles in 1981. The
American large SSBN was the
394:(SS-N-23) on the Delta IV class. The new missiles had increased range and eventually multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (
656:
507:(SS-N-20) missiles with a range of 8,300 kilometres (4,500 nmi) and 10 MIRV warheads. Six Typhoons were commissioned in 1981–89.
71:
and allows a single launched missile to strike several targets. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles operate in a different way from
2958:
2808:
488:-class boats were commissioned by 1997, four of which were converted as cruise missile submarines (SSGN) in the 2000s to comply with
559:
have been of great strategic importance for the United States, Russia, and other nuclear powers since they entered service in the
3451:
3252:
2990:
1813:
1782:
1756:
1726:
1700:
638:
1461:
1431:
1402:
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1315:
1224:
1193:
1163:
1133:
1103:
1072:
1041:
1010:
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951:
920:
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236:
Zulu-IV class) submarine that first launched the R-11FM. The
Soviets were only a year behind the US with their first SSBN, the
2660:
133:) on 16 September 1955. Five additional Project V611 and AV611 (Zulu-V class) submarines became the world's first operational
2210:
1639:
1608:
1579:
1549:
1520:
1490:
223:
missiles, which entered service in December 1959 and conducted the first SSBN deterrent patrol November 1960 – January 1961.
2928:
2778:
113:. The war ended before it could be tested, but the engineers who had worked on it were taken to work for the United States (
3054:
1974:
1788:
151:
2607:
2445:
588:
for a faster and lower path, effectively reducing the time between launch and impact), thus opening the possibility of a
3471:
3258:
3048:
425:
79:
3082:
2904:
2875:
2856:
2482:
2098:
1979:
1850:
1787:
Dubious, neither model appears real as both models lack a separation shroud and the Pukguksong-4 was escorted by the
689:
72:
2953:
2000:
212:
663:
545:
missiles, with a reported range of 10,000 kilometres (5,400 nmi) and six MIRV warheads. The US is building a
3406:
3246:
3159:
3014:
627:
3060:
2848:
2752:
2648:"From India Today magazine: A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines"
2673:
3333:
575:, even if all land-based missiles have been destroyed. This relieves each side of the necessity to adopt a
572:
516:
317:
warheads that landed in a pattern around a single target. The Yankee class was initially equipped with the
264:
Test Range in the Arctic Ocean, doing so on 20 October 1961, just ten days before the gigantic 50 Mt
3444:
3386:
3129:
3020:
2983:
2581:
1969:
714:
556:
477:
208:
158:
headed a Special Project Office to develop Jupiter for the Navy, beginning in late 1955. However, at the
57:
2123:
3514:
3396:
3391:
3094:
568:
546:
346:
269:
3295:
3240:
2948:
2004:
1964:
186:, still under Admiral Raborn's Special Project Office. All US SLBMs have been solid-fueled while all
175:
3376:
3234:
3200:
3147:
718:
Selected U.S. SLBMs. L to R: Polaris A1, Polaris A2, Polaris A3, Poseidon, Trident I and Trident II
564:
371:
350:
3359:
3313:
2779:"(Yonhap Feature) S. Korean SLBM-capable sub on covert underwater duty against N. Korean threats"
1620:
616:
493:
2896:
2886:
2090:
2083:
3504:
3437:
3224:
3141:
3117:
3111:
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285:
2346:
3123:
2633:
2328:
534:
497:
387:
241:
237:
2310:
533:(SS-N-23 Sineva) were developed for the Deltas. In 2013 the Russians commissioned the first
2292:
2235:
2128:
581:
571:
directed against nuclear forces, allowing each side to maintain the capability to launch a
515:
New SSBN construction terminated for over 10 years in Russia and slowed in the US with the
453:
429:
253:
65:
2826:
2812:
2503:
2427:
2169:
2030:
244:(Hotel class), commissioned in November 1960. However, the Hotel class carried only three
8:
3285:
3194:
3153:
2892:
2844:
2063:
1944:
1917:
589:
464:
233:
174:, and this prompted the Navy to leave the Jupiter program in December of that year. Soon
114:
108:
27:
Self-propelled gravity-assisted guided weapon flying from an independent underwater craft
3290:
3026:
2782:
2727:
2493:
SS-NX-13 SLBM System (U), Defense Intelligence Agency, D5T-1020S-4l7-75, 1 October 1975
1559:
1267:
853:
760:
481:
460:
445:
334:
141:
3308:
3218:
3135:
3038:
2925:
2900:
2871:
2852:
2478:
2206:
2148:
2094:
576:
421:
342:
281:
134:
53:
3483:
3381:
3264:
3229:
3171:
3071:
836:
500:
417:
413:
408:
338:
154:, projecting four of the large, liquid-fueled missiles per submarine. Rear Admiral
37:
2557:"2023 Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China"
567:
and fire their nuclear weapons with virtual impunity. This makes them immune to a
3420:
3349:
3275:
3189:
3179:
2963:
2932:
2786:
2702:
2534:
1959:
1234:
1173:
819:
707:
220:
201:
171:
2937:
2920:
3339:
3280:
3213:
3184:
3043:
1893:
1143:
870:
790:
530:
367:
289:
257:
249:
245:
183:
159:
155:
148:
2661:(2nd LD) N.K. leader calls SLBM launch success, boasts of nuke attack capacity
2449:
137:
submarines (SSBs) with two R-11FM missiles each, entering service in 1956–57.
3498:
3460:
3401:
3206:
2703:"N. Korea's new SLBM labeled 'Pukguksong-4ㅅ,' not 'Pukguksong-4A: Navy chief"
1949:
1931:
1649:
1441:
1412:
1354:
1203:
542:
440:
375:
261:
191:
179:
163:
2144:
1736:
1679:
1383:
1325:
1296:
1113:
756:
739:
585:
391:
363:
277:
187:
100:
3344:
3269:
2008:
1840:
961:
383:
355:
229:
122:
32:
329:, US SSBNs were permanently forward deployed at Advanced Refit Sites in
1954:
1589:
753:
Specific types of SLBMs (current, past and under development) include:
630: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
553:; however, the first of the class wasn't laid down until October 2020.
265:
118:
104:
2959:
Trident Submarines Are Killing Machines Unparalleled In Human History.
2477:
Korabli VMF SSSR, Vol. 1, Part 1, Yu. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2003,
702:
2187:
2185:
2183:
1897:
1890:
1238:
330:
96:
2260:
2258:
605:
99:-based launch platform was developed by the Germans near the end of
78:
Modern submarine-launched ballistic missiles are closely related to
2968:
560:
520:
504:
359:
318:
304:
300:
295:
2180:
722:
3354:
3301:
3000:
2255:
1820:
1083:
1052:
1021:
735:
731:
489:
190:
and Russian SLBMs have been liquid-fueled except for the Russian
167:
145:
107:
variant and was towed behind a submarine, known by the code-name
68:
3429:
2949:
Estimated Strategic Nuclear Weapons Inventories (September 2004)
2347:"Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines – Project 667BDRM"
3321:
2504:"SSBN K-51 Verkhoturye arrived to Zvezdochka for repairs today"
2329:"Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines – Project 667BDR"
930:
900:
727:
496:, famous as the Typhoon-class (and not to be confused with the
252:(SS-N-5) was first backfitted to Project 658 (Hotel class) and
126:
40:
clears the water after launch from a US Navy submarine in 1984.
2311:"Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines – Project 667BD"
125:(Zulu-IV class) submarine launched the world's first SLBM, an
3326:
2293:"Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines – Project 667B"
2236:"Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines – Project 667A"
1886:
1869:
1669:
398:), multiple warheads that could each hit a different target.
379:
197:
2428:"Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines – Project 941"
2200:
2170:"Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines – Project 658"
2085:
Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey in Science and Politics
1939:
1530:
1500:
1471:
747:
743:
395:
326:
322:
130:
2926:
Navweaps.com Soviet and Russian naval missiles index page
2865:
2841:
U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History
2608:"India's First Ballistic Missile Sub to Begin Sea Trials"
2089:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing. pp.
1900:– either from a submarine or from a launch site on land.
726:
Selected Russian and Chinese SLBMs. L to R: R-29 Vysota (
424:) of the base at Rota, Spain were disestablished and the
170:
could be produced for the relatively small, solid-fueled
2046:
2044:
2203:
Project Azorian: The CIA and the Raising of the K-129
311:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2041:
1907:
2654:
1885:Some former Russian SLBMs have been converted into
1138:Decommissioned (Under rebuild to R-29RMU "Sineva")
492:treaty requirements. The Soviet large SSBN was the
2082:
2058:
2056:
62:multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles
2868:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995
2464:
435:
284:. The first Soviet SSBN with 16 missiles was the
3496:
162:submarine warfare conference in 1956, physicist
2535:"JL-1 [CSS-N-3] – China Nuclear Forces"
2053:
386:series (SS-N-8, SS-N-18, SS-N-23), equipped on
144:initially worked on a sea-based variant of the
207:The world's first operational nuclear-powered
3445:
2984:
2895:: Nautical and Aviation Publishing. pp.
2574:
2866:Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen (1995).
476:-class boats used new Trident facilities at
432:was built for the Trident I-equipped force.
182:concentrated all Navy strategic research on
2809:"敵基地攻撃の長射程ミサイル、「5年後」「10年後」と段階的に配備：朝日新聞デジタル"
2600:
166:stated that a physically small one-megaton
3452:
3438:
2991:
2977:
2776:
710:SLBM and the paths of its reentry vehicles
129:(SS-N-1 Scud-A, naval variant of the SS-1
103:involving a launch tube which contained a
2938:Navweaps.com UK naval missiles index page
2921:Navweaps.com US naval missiles index page
1495:Decommissioned (never fully operational)
690:Learn how and when to remove this message
401:
388:Projects 667B, 667BD, 667BDR, and 667BDRM
121:launching in the 1950-1960s. A converted
2838:
1992:
755:
721:
713:
701:
439:
294:
196:
31:
3253:Semi-automatic command to line of sight
2827:"「反撃能力」保有へ、長射程ミサイル同時開発を検討…極超音速など１０種類以上"
2201:Polmar, Norman; White, Michael (2010).
2064:"History of the Jupiter Missile System"
526:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction
14:
3497:
2964:NavSource.org SSBN photo gallery index
2884:
2663:– Yonhap, 25 August 2016 08:17 am
2390:Polmar American Submarine, pp. 133–135
2282:Polmar American Submarine, pp. 131–133
2142:
2080:
639:"Submarine-launched ballistic missile"
3510:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
3478:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
3433:
2972:
2945:showing the launch of a Trident SLBM.
2696:
2694:
2205:. Naval Institute Press. p. 21.
18:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
3077:Submarine-launched ballistic missile
3055:Intermediate-range ballistic missile
2998:
1975:Intermediate-range ballistic missile
628:adding citations to reliable sources
599:
152:intermediate-range ballistic missile
46:submarine-launched ballistic missile
3472:intercontinental ballistic missiles
2700:
1880:
80:intercontinental ballistic missiles
24:
3259:Automatic command to line of sight
3049:Intercontinental ballistic missile
2811:. 27 December 2022. Archived from
2691:
2372:Gardiner and Chumbley, pp. 553–554
2252:Gardiner and Chumbley, pp. 610–613
2191:Gardiner and Chumbley, pp. 355–357
2136:
312:Deployment and further development
73:submarine-launched cruise missiles
60:. Modern variants usually deliver
25:
3526:
3459:
3083:Submarine-launched cruise missile
2914:
2870:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
2264:Polmar American Submarine, p. 133
1980:Submarine-launched cruise missile
1851:Hyper Velocity Gliding Projectile
194:, which entered service in 2014.
64:(MIRVs), each of which carries a
2031:"Large submarines – Project 611"
1998:
1924:
1910:
1863:
1834:
1807:
1776:
1750:
1720:
1694:
1663:
1633:
1602:
1573:
1543:
1514:
1484:
1455:
1425:
1396:
1367:
1338:
1309:
1280:
1251:
1218:
1187:
1157:
1127:
1097:
1066:
1035:
1004:
976:
945:
914:
884:
803:
791:UGM-27 Polaris (A-1 through A-3)
604:
510:
307:in cross-section of a submarine.
95:The first practical design of a
3407:List of surface-to-air missiles
3247:Manual command to line of sight
3160:Man-portable air-defense system
2819:
2801:
2770:
2745:
2720:
2666:
2640:
2626:
2549:
2527:
2518:
2496:
2487:
2438:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2339:
2321:
2303:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2246:
2228:
2219:
2194:
2145:"Start razreshaju (in Russian)"
615:needs additional citations for
426:Naval Submarine Base King's Bay
56:capable of being launched from
3015:Air-launched ballistic missile
2162:
2143:Dygalo, V.A. (December 1999).
2116:
2107:
2074:
2023:
573:devastating retaliatory strike
436:Trident and Typhoon submarines
13:
1:
3061:Short-range ballistic missile
2849:United States Naval Institute
2506:. Rusnavy.com. 23 August 2010
2417:Gardiner and Chumbley, p. 613
2408:Gardiner and Chumbley, p. 554
2225:Gardiner and Chumbley, p. 403
1985:
3334:Automatic target recognition
2634:"India's Undersea Deterrent"
557:Ballistic missile submarines
517:collapse of the Soviet Union
7:
3387:List of missiles by country
3130:Anti-ship ballistic missile
3021:Air-launched cruise missile
2777:Lee Min-ji (12 June 2024).
1970:Ballistic missile submarine
1903:
706:Montage of the launch of a
478:Naval Submarine Base Bangor
345:. Converted merchant ships
209:ballistic missile submarine
10:
3531:
3397:List of anti-tank missiles
3392:List of anti-ship missiles
3095:Surface-to-surface missile
2562:. US Department of Defense
90:
85:
3467:
3415:
3369:
3296:Global Positioning System
3241:Command off line of sight
3169:
3104:
3007:
2931:17 September 2013 at the
2839:Friedman, Norman (1994).
2005:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1965:Vertical launching system
1786:
854:UGM-133 Trident II (D5LE)
801:
584:which trades off reduced
565:reconnaissance satellites
325:and the US possession of
176:Chief of Naval Operations
3377:List of military rockets
3235:Command to line-of-sight
3201:Semi-active radar homing
2446:"DTRA verification page"
1174:RSM-54 R-29RMU2 "Layner"
595:
563:, as they can hide from
461:Trident II (D-5) missile
372:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
351:Military Sealift Command
3360:Predicted line of sight
3314:Astro-inertial guidance
2885:Polmar, Norman (1981).
2701:오석민 (15 October 2020).
2081:Teller, Edward (2001).
1268:UGM-133 Trident II (D5)
1144:RSM-54 R-29RMU "Sineva"
414:Trident I (C-4) missile
3142:Anti-submarine missile
3118:Anti-radiation missile
3112:Anti-ballistic missile
3089:Surface-to-air missile
3067:Shoulder-fired missile
3033:Air-to-surface missile
2888:The American Submarine
2728:"Pukguksong-3 (KN-26)"
2582:"Going nuclear at sea"
2132:: 752, 7 November 1963
837:UGM-96 Trident I (C-4)
764:
750:
719:
711:
449:
409:Poseidon (C-3) missile
402:Poseidon and Trident I
308:
260:that detonated in the
204:
41:
3318:Terrestrial guidance
3124:Anti-satellite weapon
2753:"Pukguksong-4 and -5"
2399:Friedman, pp. 206–207
2273:Friedman, pp. 199–200
2050:Friedman, pp. 192–195
1710:Variant Pukguksong-1
1114:R-29RM "Shtil"/RSM-54
820:UGM-73 Poseidon (C-3)
759:
725:
717:
705:
535:Borei-class submarine
443:
298:
200:
105:V-2 ballistic missile
35:
2815:on 27 December 2022.
2129:Flight International
1235:UGM-27 Polaris (A-3)
1204:RSM-56 R-30 "Bulava"
962:R-29 "Vysota"/RSM-40
624:improve this article
582:ballistic trajectory
547:replacement for the
3195:Active radar homing
3154:Land-attack missile
2893:Annapolis, Maryland
2845:Annapolis, Maryland
2452:on 5 September 2015
1945:Comparison of ICBMs
1918:Soviet Union portal
1225:Soviet Union/Russia
1194:Soviet Union/Russia
1164:Soviet Union/Russia
1134:Soviet Union/Russia
1104:Soviet Union/Russia
1073:Soviet Union/Russia
1042:Soviet Union/Russia
1011:Soviet Union/Russia
590:decapitation strike
519:and the end of the
498:Project 971 Shchuka
234:NATO reporting name
115:Operation Paperclip
3291:Satellite guidance
3027:Air-to-air missile
2783:Yonhap News Agency
2707:Yonhap News Agency
2586:The Indian Express
2524:NASIC-1031-0985-09
1874:Under development
1674:Under development
1644:Under development
1560:K-15/B-05 Sagarika
1088:SS-N-20 "Sturgeon"
1057:SS-N-18 "Stingray"
1015:Never operational
779:Maximum Range (km)
776:Minimum Range (km)
765:
751:
720:
712:
537:, also called the
450:
448:just after launch.
446:Trident II missile
309:
205:
156:W. F. "Red" Raborn
142:United States Navy
42:
3515:Soviet inventions
3492:
3491:
3484:strategic bombers
3427:
3426:
3309:Inertial guidance
3276:Infrared guidance
3219:Track-via-missile
3148:Anti-tank missile
3136:Anti-ship missile
3039:Ballistic missile
2432:russianships.info
2351:russianships.info
2333:russianships.info
2315:russianships.info
2297:russianships.info
2240:russianships.info
2212:978-1-59114-690-2
2174:russianships.info
2035:russianships.info
1878:
1877:
700:
699:
692:
674:
577:launch on warning
494:Project 941 Akula
422:floating dry dock
343:floating dry dock
282:Operation Dominic
225:George Washington
215:George Washington
135:ballistic missile
54:ballistic missile
16:(Redirected from
3522:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3382:List of missiles
3265:Pursuit guidance
3230:Command guidance
3072:Standoff missile
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2910:
2881:
2862:
2831:
2830:
2829:. December 2022.
2823:
2817:
2816:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2785:. Archived from
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2448:. Archived from
2442:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2381:Friedman, p. 206
2379:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2363:Friedman, p. 201
2361:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2120:
2114:
2113:Friedman, p. 196
2111:
2105:
2104:
2088:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:heroicrelics.org
2060:
2051:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2007:. Archived from
1996:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1881:Non-military use
1868:
1867:
1866:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1789:KPA Ground Force
1781:
1780:
1779:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1009:
1008:
1007:
981:
980:
979:
950:
949:
948:
919:
918:
917:
889:
888:
887:
808:
807:
806:
767:
766:
695:
688:
684:
681:
675:
673:
632:
608:
600:
501:attack submarine
469: (SSBN-726)
418:submarine tender
347:designated T-AKs
339:submarine tender
274: (SSBN-608)
217: (SSBN-598)
38:UGM-96 Trident I
21:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3463:
3458:
3428:
3423:
3421:Sounding rocket
3411:
3365:
3350:Contrast seeker
3190:Radar altimeter
3165:
3100:
3003:
2997:
2933:Wayback Machine
2917:
2907:
2878:
2859:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2789:on 12 June 2024
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2699:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2588:. 19 March 2015
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2476:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2137:
2124:"Missiles 1963"
2122:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2011:on 9 March 2002
1997:
1993:
1988:
1960:Nuclear warfare
1930:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1894:launch vehicles
1883:
1864:
1862:
1835:
1833:
1808:
1806:
1777:
1775:
1751:
1749:
1721:
1719:
1695:
1693:
1664:
1662:
1634:
1632:
1603:
1601:
1574:
1572:
1544:
1542:
1515:
1513:
1485:
1483:
1456:
1454:
1436:Decommissioned
1426:
1424:
1407:Decommissioned
1397:
1395:
1378:Decommissioned
1368:
1366:
1349:Decommissioned
1339:
1337:
1320:Decommissioned
1310:
1308:
1281:
1279:
1262:Decommissioned
1252:
1250:
1219:
1217:
1188:
1186:
1158:
1156:
1148:SS-N-23 "Skiff"
1128:
1126:
1118:SS-N-23 "Skiff"
1108:Decommissioned
1098:
1096:
1077:Decommissioned
1067:
1065:
1046:Decommissioned
1036:
1034:
1026:SS-N-17 "Snipe"
1005:
1003:
987:Decommissioned
977:
975:
966:SS-N-8 "Sawfly"
956:Decommissioned
946:
944:
925:Decommissioned
915:
913:
895:Decommissioned
885:
883:
848:Decommissioned
831:Decommissioned
814:Decommissioned
804:
802:
696:
685:
679:
676:
633:
631:
621:
609:
598:
513:
438:
404:
314:
276:as part of the
172:Polaris missile
93:
88:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Radio guidance
3337:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3288:
3283:
3281:Laser guidance
3278:
3273:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3227:
3225:Anti-radiation
3222:
3216:
3214:Passive homing
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3185:Radar guidance
3182:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3105:By target type
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3044:Cruise missile
3041:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2935:
2923:
2916:
2915:External links
2913:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2882:
2876:
2863:
2857:
2833:
2832:
2818:
2800:
2769:
2744:
2732:Missile Threat
2719:
2690:
2665:
2653:
2639:
2625:
2614:. 30 July 2013
2599:
2573:
2548:
2526:
2517:
2495:
2486:
2463:
2437:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2338:
2320:
2302:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2254:
2245:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2193:
2179:
2161:
2149:Nauka i Zhizn'
2135:
2115:
2106:
2099:
2073:
2052:
2040:
2022:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1905:
1902:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1796:Pukguksong-5ㅅ
1793:
1792:
1785:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1766:Pukguksong-4ㅅ
1763:
1762:
1759:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:United Kingdom
1277:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:United Kingdom
1248:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:R-29R "Vysota"
1048:
1047:
1044:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
989:
988:
985:
973:
970:
967:
964:
958:
957:
954:
942:
939:
936:
933:
927:
926:
923:
911:
908:
906:
903:
897:
896:
893:
881:
878:
876:
873:
867:
866:
863:
860:
858:
856:
850:
849:
846:
843:
841:
839:
833:
832:
829:
826:
824:
822:
816:
815:
812:
800:
797:
795:
793:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
698:
697:
612:
610:
603:
597:
594:
531:R-29RMU Sineva
512:
509:
437:
434:
403:
400:
313:
310:
290:41 for Freedom
238:ill-fated K-19
160:Project Nobska
92:
89:
87:
84:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3527:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Missile types
3503:
3502:
3500:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:Nuclear triad
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:List of ICBMs
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Wire guidance
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3207:Passive radar
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2906:0-933852-14-2
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2877:1-55750-132-7
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2858:1-55750-260-9
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2629:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2558:
2552:
2536:
2530:
2521:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2483:5-8172-0069-4
2480:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2102:
2100:0-7382-0532-X
2096:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2045:
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1995:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:List of ICBMs
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:Russia portal
1922:
1919:
1908:
1901:
1899:
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1764:
1761:Being tested
1760:
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1745:
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1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:Being tested
1730:
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840:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
825:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
811:
810:United States
798:
796:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
768:
762:
761:K-15 Sagarika
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
716:
709:
708:Trident I C-4
704:
694:
691:
683:
672:
669:
665:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
644:
641: –
640:
636:
635:Find sources:
629:
625:
619:
618:
613:This section
611:
607:
602:
601:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
552:
550:
544:
543:RSM-56 Bulava
540:
536:
532:
527:
522:
518:
511:Post-Cold War
508:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
462:
458:
456:
447:
442:
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431:
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328:
324:
320:
306:
302:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:
267:
263:
262:Novaya Zemlya
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:R-13 missiles
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
218:
216:
210:
203:
199:
195:
193:
192:RSM-56 Bulava
189:
185:
181:
180:Arleigh Burke
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:Edward Teller
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:
110:Prüfstand XII
106:
102:
98:
83:
81:
76:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3477:
3417:
3076:
2887:
2867:
2840:
2821:
2813:the original
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:the original
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2731:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:
2668:
2656:
2642:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:The Diplomat
2611:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2585:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:the original
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2202:
2196:
2173:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2138:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2084:
2076:
2067:
2034:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:the original
1999:Wade, Mark.
1994:
1884:
1845:Operational
1737:Pukguksong-3
1705:Operational
1680:Pukguksong-1
1613:Operational
1584:Operational
1554:Operational
1525:Operational
1466:Operational
1291:Operational
1229:Operational
1198:Operational
1168:Operational
983:Soviet Union
952:Soviet Union
921:Soviet Union
891:Soviet Union
865:Operational
752:
686:
680:October 2017
677:
667:
660:
653:
646:
634:
622:Please help
617:verification
614:
586:throw-weight
569:first strike
555:
548:
538:
514:
485:
473:
466:
454:
451:
405:
392:R-29RM Shtil
333:, Scotland,
315:
286:Project 667A
278:nuclear test
271:
250:R-21 missile
224:
214:
206:
139:
109:
101:World War II
94:
77:
49:
45:
43:
29:
3345:TV guidance
3270:Beam riding
3008:By platform
2737:15 December
2712:15 December
2566:22 November
2541:10 February
1841:South Korea
1814:North Korea
1783:North Korea
1757:North Korea
1727:North Korea
1701:North Korea
738:), R-29RM (
484:. Eighteen
384:R-29 Vysota
370:theater in
362:) for the
356:Severomorsk
335:Rota, Spain
272:Ethan Allen
254:Project 629
242:Project 658
230:Project 611
221:Polaris A-1
211:(SSBN) was
202:Polaris A-1
123:Project 611
3499:Categories
2762:21 October
2683:21 October
2674:"PS-1 mod"
2618:11 January
2592:11 January
1986:References
1955:Heavy ICBM
1898:satellites
1896:to launch
1084:R-39 "Rif"
730:), R-29R (
650:newspapers
539:Dolgorukiy
482:Washington
266:Tsar Bomba
119:underwater
58:submarines
3418:See also:
3162:(MANPADS)
2999:Types of
2954:R-11 SLBM
2757:b14643.de
2678:b14643.de
2537:. Fas.org
2510:8 October
1239:Chevaline
773:NATO Name
734:), R-39 (
465:USS
331:Holy Loch
270:USS
213:USS
97:submarine
3255:(SACLOS)
3180:Unguided
3172:guidance
2929:Archived
2456:17 April
2154:23 April
2015:23 April
1904:See also
1208:SS-NX-32
995:SS-NX-13
931:R-27 Zyb
561:Cold War
521:Cold War
505:R-39 Rif
374:for the
368:Atlantic
360:Murmansk
319:R-27 Zyb
305:M51 SLBM
301:M45 SLBM
219:with 16
178:Admiral
3480:(SLBMs)
3474:(ICBMs)
3355:Compass
3302:GLONASS
3272:(LOSBR)
3261:(ACLOS)
3249:(MCLOS)
3243:(COLOS)
3001:missile
2897:123–136
2793:12 June
2091:420–421
1821:Hyunmoo
1739:(KN-26)
1682:(KN-11)
1082:RSM-52
1051:RSM-50
1020:RSM-45
785:Status
782:Country
740:SS-N-23
736:SS-N-20
732:SS-N-18
664:scholar
490:START I
430:Georgia
376:Pacific
299:French
280:series
184:Polaris
168:warhead
149:Jupiter
146:US Army
91:Origins
86:History
69:warhead
66:nuclear
52:) is a
3362:(PLOS)
3322:TERCOM
3237:(CLOS)
3203:(SARH)
3150:(ATGM)
3144:(ASuM)
3138:(AShM)
3132:(ASBM)
3126:(ASAT)
3085:(SLCM)
3079:(SLBM)
3063:(SRBM)
3057:(IRBM)
3051:(ICBM)
3023:(ALCM)
3017:(ALBM)
2903:
2874:
2855:
2481:
2209:
2097:
2001:"R-11"
1891:Shtil'
1803:≥3000
1746:≥2000
1659:12,000
1539:12,000
1462:France
1451:10,000
1432:France
1403:France
1374:France
1345:France
1316:France
1276:12,000
1183:12,000
935:SS-N-6
905:SS-N-5
875:SS-N-4
862:12,000
728:SS-N-8
666:
659:
652:
645:
637:
364:Arctic
358:(near
188:Soviet
127:R-11FM
3370:Lists
3336:(ATR)
3327:DSMAC
3298:(GPS)
3221:(TVM)
3197:(ARH)
3156:(LAM)
3120:(ARM)
3114:(ABM)
3097:(SSM)
3091:(SAM)
3035:(ASM)
3029:(AAM)
2943:Video
2560:(PDF)
1887:Volna
1870:Japan
1859:3000
1823:IV-4
1690:2,500
1670:India
1656:8,000
1640:India
1629:5,000
1609:India
1598:4,000
1580:India
1569:1,900
1550:China
1521:China
1510:8,000
1507:7,400
1491:China
1480:2,500
1448:8,000
1421:6,000
1392:5,000
1363:3,000
1334:3,200
1305:3,000
1247:4,600
1214:9,300
1211:8,300
1180:8,300
1153:8,300
1123:8,300
1093:8,300
1062:6,500
1031:4,500
1000:3,600
992:R-27K
972:9,000
969:7,700
941:3,000
938:2,400
910:1,650
845:7,400
828:4,600
799:4,600
671:JSTOR
657:books
596:Types
551:class
457:class
380:CONUS
2901:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2795:2024
2764:2021
2739:2020
2714:2020
2685:2021
2620:2017
2594:2017
2568:2023
2543:2012
2512:2010
2479:ISBN
2458:2015
2207:ISBN
2156:2011
2095:ISBN
2017:2011
1940:ICBM
1889:and
1830:500
1531:JL-3
1501:JL-2
1472:JL-1
1237:and
1022:R-31
901:R-21
871:R-13
770:Type
763:SLBM
748:JL-2
744:JL-1
643:news
549:Ohio
486:Ohio
474:Ohio
467:Ohio
455:Ohio
420:and
396:MIRV
341:and
327:Guam
323:NATO
303:and
258:R-13
140:The
131:Scud
50:SLBM
3170:By
1687:500
1650:K-6
1621:K-5
1590:K-4
1566:750
1442:M51
1413:M45
1355:M20
880:600
742:),
626:by
428:in
292:".
240:of
3501::
2899:.
2891:.
2851:.
2847::
2843:.
2781:.
2755:.
2730:.
2705:.
2693:^
2676:.
2610:.
2584:.
2466:^
2430:.
2349:.
2331:.
2313:.
2295:.
2257:^
2238:.
2182:^
2172:.
2147:.
2126:,
2093:.
2066:.
2055:^
2043:^
2033:.
2003:.
1791:.
1384:M4
1326:M2
1297:M1
746:,
592:.
480:,
444:A
75:.
44:A
36:A
3453:e
3446:t
3439:v
2992:e
2985:t
2978:v
2909:.
2880:.
2861:.
2797:.
2766:.
2741:.
2716:.
2687:.
2650:.
2636:.
2622:.
2596:.
2570:.
2545:.
2514:.
2460:.
2434:.
2353:.
2335:.
2317:.
2299:.
2242:.
2215:.
2176:.
2158:.
2103:.
2070:.
2037:.
2019:.
693:)
687:(
682:)
678:(
668:·
661:·
654:·
647:·
620:.
366:-
349:(
232:(
48:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
