477:
372:
454:, and their direct German associates writing works of fiction and/or philosophy between 1770 and the early 1780s. The alternative perspective is that of a literary movement inextricably linked to simultaneous developments in prose, poetry, and drama, extending its direct influence throughout the German-speaking lands until the end of the 18th century. Nevertheless, the originators of the movement came to view it as a time of premature exuberance that was then abandoned in favor of often conflicting artistic pursuits.
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48:
1820:, which ended in 1763, German spirit was extremely high and Germans felt a sense of importance on a grander stage. The aristocracy gained power as the ruling class, furthering the divide and increasing tensions between the classes (Liedner viii). With these new ideals came the sense that a new form of art capable of dethroning the extremely popular French neoclassicism was needed.
2264:
tells the story of two brothers, the younger of which is infuriated by how society favors the first-born child and he acts on his feelings without any regard to societal rules or social standing. In act five, his views on God “represent the most blasphemous attack on religion in German literature up
2026:
plays, such as a fairly simple plot and very few changes in the setting, it breaks away from the neoclassical idea that the protagonist must be of noble descent. Instead, this play shows how the aristocracy disrupts the lives of middle class characters (Liedner xii). This play also uses a vast array
660:
to become a recognized dramatic form. The plot portrays a conflict between two aristocratic brothers, Franz and Karl Moor. Franz is cast as a villain attempting to cheat Karl out of his inheritance, though the motives for his action are complex and initiate a thorough investigation of good and evil.
2124:
literature. It centers on an idea of degradation of civilians by soldiers, but more specifically the seduction and abuse of young women by soldiers. Illustrating an undesirable, conflicted character with no power over her situation who does whatever she can to get through her current state, The
2065:
was considered a genius among German playwrights, and was idolized for his “shattering of the dramatic unities of time, place and action; and his sharply individualized, emotionally complex characters” (Waterhouse v). Goethe was well known for his staging as well as his long dramatic poem Faust
1811:
movement did not last long; according to Betty
Waterhouse it began in 1771 and ended in 1778 (Waterhouse v). The rise of the middle class in the 18th century led to a change in the way society and social standings were looked at. Dramatists and writers saw the stage as a venue for critique and
2074:
Theatre where he eventually ran the entire company. He went to Italy for two years to collect himself and while there discovered the beauty of the Greek and Roman ruins. After this trip he returned with interest in classical ideas and writing, and a new form of writing emerged called
1945:
2108:. His first poem, Die Landplagen (“Torments of the Land”), emerged in 1769. He went on to write “Notes on the Theatre”, The New Menoza and Der Hofmeister (“The Tutor”) in 1774, Pandemonium Germanicum in 1775, and Die Soldaten (“The Soldiers”) in 1776 (Liedner xi). Lenz took
1867:“makes its own distinctive contribution to 18th-century culture, bringing attention to the power of the environment as well as to the contradictory and self-defeating attitudes present in every segment of society” (Liedner ix). Far before its time, the divergent style of
412:
predate this seminal work, it was from this point that German artists became distinctly self-conscious of a new aesthetic. This seemingly spontaneous movement became associated with a wide array of German authors and composers of the mid-to-late
2120:. In Lenz’s works, tragedies feature characters that make decisions that cause events, and in comedies a resolute milieu pushes and pulls the character through events (Liedner xi). The Soldiers is most likely Lenz’s most distinct example of
2170:
style plays, many of his earlier plays were very classical in style. Some of
Klinger’s works include Die Zwillinge (1776), Die neue Arria (1776), Simsone Grisaldo (1776), and Stilpo und seine Kinder (1780). Klinger’s most famous play,
2125:
Soldiers displays a “well-observed world where one’s identity is fluid – and hopelessly entangled in the social and linguistic environment” (Liedner xi). This idea of feeling unable to change one's situation is typical of many
1851:, with his brilliant use of language, originality with complex plot lines and subplots, and multifaceted characters from all social classes, was seen as a model for German writers (Wilson and Goldfarb 287). Many writers of the
2031:
is the idea of society hindering change. Groningseck, a lieutenant, seems to be willing to look past social norms and break down walls between the classes, but a fellow officer, Hasenpoth, betrays him (Liedner xii).
408:, in which the author gives violent expression to difficult emotions and extols individuality and subjectivity over the prevailing order of rationalism. Though it is argued that literature and music associated with
1523:(a Viennese contemporary and acquaintance of Mozart), rather than a self-conscious adherence to a German literary movement, which is responsible for the harmonic and melodic experiments in the Symphony no. 25.
1487:
as a motivation for his new compositional style, and there remains an overarching adherence to classical form and motivic unity. Though Haydn may not have been consciously affirming the anti-rational ideals of
1511:(the "Little" G-minor symphony, 1773) is one of only two minor-key symphonies by the composer. Beyond the atypical key, the symphony features rhythmic syncopation along with the jagged themes associated with
1840:
movement was a reaction to this lack of political unity for the German people and often dealt with the idea of living life on a smaller scale and the desire to become a part of something bigger.
1771:
works were fashionable in
Germany from the 1760s on through the 1780s, illustrating a public audience for emotionally provocative artwork. Additionally, disturbing visions and portrayals of
1433:
from this period should generally be considered first in the broader context of musical developments taking place throughout Europe. The clearest musical connections to the self-styled
676:
can be taken as a consequence of the movement's and the period's masculinist ethos or as a failure of more recent literary criticism to engage with literary works by women--such as
1767:
The parallel movement in the visual arts can be witnessed in paintings of storms and shipwrecks showing the terror and irrational destruction wrought by nature. These pre-
1519:
in this piece, with the violins yielding to colorful bursts from the oboe and flute. However, it is likely the influence of numerous minor-key works by the Czech composer
1096:
2505:
1425:, the center of German/Austrian music, was a cosmopolitan city with an international culture; therefore, melodically innovative and expressive works in minor keys by
6082:
1995:
1282:
520:
rather than express anything substantially different from what German dramatists were achieving in the violent plays attributed to the
Kraftmensch movement.
2129:
plays. Lenz's use of reserved dialogue, open form, violence, and a combination of comedy and tragedy precursors the works of contemporary authors such as
4401:
423:
came to be associated with literature or music aimed at shocking the audience or imbuing them with extremes of emotion. The movement soon gave way to
305:
were notable proponents of the movement early in their lives, although they ended their period of association with it by initiating what would become
4391:
1836:’ eighteenth century” (Liedner viii). Germany did not have a common state entity; instead, the nation was broken into hundreds of small states. The
1483:
from the late 1760s to early 1770s. Works during this period often feature a newly impassioned or agitated element; however, Haydn never mentions
1998:. He was a dramatist, producer, translator, and lawyer for the traveling Abel Seyler theatre company. Wagner was best known for his two plays,
1362:. The obligato recitative is a prime example. Here, orchestral accompaniment provides an intense underlay of vivid tone-painting to the solo
1907:
used episodic structure, violence, and mixed genres to comment on societal rules and morals, while doubting that anything would change. The
630:
slant while seeking to elevate all things humble, natural, or intensely real (especially whatever is painful, tormenting, or frightening).
246:
and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in reaction to the perceived constraints of rationalism imposed by the
2789:
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Wilson, Edwin, and Alvin
Goldfarb, comp. Living Theatre: History of Theatre. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2012. Print.
2236:, one of the most influential writers of the time (Wilson and Goldfarb 287). They were particularly interested in questions concerning
1275:
2903:
2260:("Intrigue and Love"), he went on to become a major poet as well as to write famous essays and Weimar Classical drama (Leidner xiv).
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to that time… is a masterful work of social dynamics that takes deep German patterns of sensibility into account” (Leidner xiv).
2158:
on
February 17, 1752. He was born into a humble family and struggled financially after the death of his father. He studied law at
6450:
4916:
790:
3916:
2913:
1855:
movement considered themselves to be challengers of the
Enlightenment. However, the movement is actually a continuation of the
2203:
throughout the play, stating “ the deepest tragic emotion continually alternates with laughter and joviality" (Liedner xiii).
2112:’s popular idea of plot being more important than character and reversed it, as well as reclassified the distinctions between
112:
6341:
3994:
2319:
1268:
567:, a collection of essays that included commentaries by Herder on Ossian and Shakespeare, along with contributions by Goethe,
84:
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6012:
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363:
no longer captured the human condition; emotional extremes and subjectivity became the vogue during the late 18th century.
2353:
Karthaus, Ulrich: Sturm und Drang. Epoche-Werke-Wirkung. München: C.H.Beck Verlag, 2. aktualisierte
Auflage. 2007, S. 107.
1863:
plays showed interest in how society affects the individual, a common theme in many
Enlightenment plays as well. However,
435:
concern for greater human freedom from despotism was incorporated along with a religious treatment of all things natural.
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1923:
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91:
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of colorful language to demonstrate the variety of characters and their social statuses. Another common theme seen in
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Kritische Wälder oder
Betrachtungen, die Wissenschaft und Kunst des Schönen betreffend, nach Maßgabe neuerer Schriften
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4223:
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131:
36:
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Sokratische Denkwürdigkeiten für die lange Weile des Publikums zusammengetragen von einem Liebhaber der langen Weile
716:
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2708:
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and maintained that language, the root of all our experience, was richer in images and more powerful prior to the ‘
909:
65:
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Leidner, Alan C. Sturm Und Drang: The German Library. 14. New York: The Continuum Publishing Company, 1992. Print.
2166:’s family. He also worked with the Abel Seyler troupe for a year and a half (Pascal 132). Although famous for his
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suggested that drama be used to promote political ideas, a concept that would develop many years later. After the
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Waterhouse, Betty. Five Plays of the Sturm und Drang. London: University Press of America, Inc, 1986. v. Print.
642:
516:, and it can be argued that the later name exists to catalog a number of parallel, co-influential movements in
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in music; the program notes explicitly indicated that the D minor finale was to evoke fear in the listener.
80:
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5274:
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2188:
2151:
2146:
1900:
1792:
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730:
497:
391:
294:
255:
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2450:
6152:
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5809:
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view of life gave way to emotional turbulence and individuality, and Age of Enlightenment ideals such as
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Wright, Craig and Bryan Simms. (2006). Music in Western Civilization. Belmont: Thomson Schirmer. p. 423
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902:
Wunderbare Reisen zu Wasser und zu Lande, Feldzüge und lustige Abenteuer des Freiherren von Münchhausen
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movement also paid a lot of attention to the language of a piece of literature. It is no wonder that
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is driven to action—often violent action—not by pursuit of noble means nor by true motives, but by
348:
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1987:
1982:
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movement rebelled against all the rules of neoclassicism and the enlightenment, first recognized
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58:
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6346:
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in some of the character’s names (Liedner xiii). Klinger utilized a defining characteristic of
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was limited, and many efforts to label music as conforming to this trend are tenuous at best.
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epoch. Strangely, the play is set in revolutionary America, not Germany. We see allusions to
1732:
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323:
105:
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was born in Hanover in 1752 and studied law. He is remembered for his single complete play,
646:(1774) is an example of the author's tempered introspection regarding his love and torment.
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There is much debate regarding whose work should or should not be included in the canon of
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29:
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Symphonies, keyboard concertos and sonatas including Symphony in E minor Wq. 178 (1757–62)
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8:
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1994:
on February 19, 1747. He studied law and was a member of the literary group surrounding
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shrewdly explored depression and violence with an open plot structure (Liedner ix). The
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change rapidly and unpredictably in order to reflect strong changes of emotion. Pulsing
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1918:
movement: Leisewitz, Wagner, Goethe, Lenz, Klinger, and Schiller. The theatre director
1751:
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647:
302:
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that occurred between the late 1760s and early 1780s. Within the movement, individual
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1390:(first performed in 1770) is a similarly important bridge in its use of underlying
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2287:— his opinions influenced the theatre practitioners who began the movement of
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Leidner, Alan. (March 1989). C. PMLA, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 178-189: p. 178
2007:
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1137:
822:
Anmerkung über das Theater nebst angehängtem übersetzten Stück Shakespeares
360:
290:
243:
5595:
2344:, and has the sense of "impulse, urge, pressure, stress; longing, desire".
1969:(1781). He was married to Sophie Seyler, the daughter of theatre director
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exemplifies this along with the common ambiguity provided by juxtaposing
589:
568:
547:
aesthetics by the movement's central dramatists themselves include Lenz'
505:
467:
428:
395:
376:
352:
340:
263:
231:
2568:
Leidner, Alan. (March 1989). C. PMLA, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 178–189.
2545:
Einführung in die Literatur des Sturm und Drang und der Weimarer Klassik
2341:
1911:
movement was brief, but it set a fire that still burns intensely today.
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http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.html?section=music.27035
2451:
http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.html?section=music.27035
2237:
2070:) (Wilson and Goldfarb 287). Goethe was the director of theatre at the
1991:
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1783:
capable of "giving the viewer a good fright." Notable artists included
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1363:
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356:
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2104:, on the January 23, 1751. He studied theology and philosophy at the
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1492:, one can certainly perceive the influence of contemporary trends in
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1304:
657:
504:
need appeal to no outside authority save the self nor be tempered by
251:
47:
6167:
3815:
3780:
3222:
3166:
2274:
2248:
and Enlightenment ideals (Leidner xiv). Following Schiller's plays
1904:
1560:
1547:
1461:
619:
2057:
in 1773, in Shakespearean style, a defining characteristic of the
2010:
was a very popular topic in the 18th century and all of the major
5839:
4590:
4181:
3004:
2200:
2159:
2117:
1568:
1479:
period is often attributed to the works of the Austrian composer
1340:
1332:
605:
336:
2014:
writers used it as a subject in their writings (Waterhouse 97).
1354:
became the meeting place of the literary and musical strands of
563:). The most important contemporary document was the 1773 volume
457:
404:
and published in 1776. The setting of the play is the unfolding
4284:
2550:
Heartz, Daniel and Bruce Alan Brown. (Accessed 21 March 2007).
2233:
2196:
2175:(1776), is the seminal piece of literature associated with the
2163:
2113:
2101:
2071:
1892:
1780:
1776:
1504:
1430:
1422:
1407:
1324:
1312:
634:
609:
471:
443:
3972:
1963:(1776), which is considered the forerunner of Schiller's work
1944:
622:
platitudes with outbursts of irrationality. The literature of
164:
1438:
1426:
1395:
1359:
1316:
633:
The story of hopeless love and eventual suicide presented in
601:
343:, was the principal target of rebellion for adherents of the
210:
1307:
to convey difficult or depressing sentiments. The principal
4240:
1829:
1336:
672:
The absence or exclusion of women writers from accounts of
597:
533:
Aesthetica in nuce. Eine Rhapsodie in kabbalistischer Prose
523:
Major philosophical/theoretical influences on the literary
213:
195:
539:, both from Königsberg, and both formerly in contact with
172:
158:
2334:
E.g. HB Garland, Storm and Stress (London, 1952); German
1824:, a noted German philosopher and a major promoter of the
192:
500:. Its expression is seen in the radical degree to which
230:; usually translated as "storm and stress") was a proto-
1311:
tend to be angular, with large leaps and unpredictable
35:"Storm and Stress" redirects here. For other uses, see
16:
Proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music
1658:
String Quartet No. 26 in G minor, Op. 20 No. 3 (1772)
1655:
String Quartet No. 23 in F minor, Op. 20 No. 5 (1772)
1652:
String Quartet No. 19 in C minor, Op. 17 No. 4 (1771)
1358:, with the aim of increasing emotional expression in
1000:
Von deutscher Art und Kunst, einige fliegende Blätter
565:
Von deutscher Art und Kunst. Einige fliegende Blätter
175:
155:
2583:
The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
2364:
The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
1775:
were gaining an audience in Germany as evidenced by
1649:
String Quartet No. 11 in D minor, Op. 9 No. 4 (1769)
207:
204:
189:
186:
178:
161:
1914:Six main playwrights initiated and popularized the
1339:registers. Writing for string instruments features
1018:
Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit
201:
183:
167:
72:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2362:Preminger, Alex; Brogan, T. V. F. (eds.). (1993).
1343:and sudden, dramatic dynamic changes and accents.
2581:Preminger, Alex; Brogan, T. V. F. (eds.). (1993)
834:Lustspiele nach dem Plautus fürs deutsche Theater
6412:
2547:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
2228:, a prestigious military academy founded by the
2187:through the feuds of the households, as well as
828:Der Hofmeister oder Vorteile der Privaterziehung
442:. One point of view would limit the movement to
2531:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms
2445:. (Accessed 21 March 2007). 'Sturm und Drang',
1883:, and provided the foundation for 19th-century
1705:String Quartet No. 13 in D minor, K. 173 (1773)
2658:
1828:movement, “defended the native culture of the
1526:
1515:. More interesting is the emancipation of the
1496:on his instrumental works during this period.
21:For the play for which the era was named, see
3988:
2644:
2240:. This relationship led to an epoch known as
2224:on November 10, 1759. He studied medicine at
2018:was one of the most traditional plays of the
1812:discussion of societal issues. French writer
1779:'s possession and admiration of paintings by
1673:Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/32 in B minor (1774-76)
1670:Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/44 in G minor (1771-73)
1661:Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/47 in E minor (1765-67)
1410:and other important German literary figures.
1276:
756:Gedichte der Straßburger und Frankfurter Zeit
458:Related aesthetic and philosophical movements
2563:Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art
2561:Heckscher, William S. (1966–1967) Simiolus:
2543:Buschmeier, Matthias; Kauffmann, Kai (2010)
2399:Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art
2397:Heckscher, William S. (1966–1967) Simiolus:
976:Fragmente über die neuere deutsche Literatur
661:Both of these works are seminal examples of
2790:Category:Translators of William Shakespeare
2002:(“The Remorse After the Deed”) in 1775 and
1413:Nevertheless, relative to the influence of
3995:
3981:
2651:
2637:
2619:Sturm und Drang. The Columbia Encyclopedia
2232:. He developed a strong relationship with
1283:
1269:
922:Briefe über Merkwürdigkeiten der Literatur
347:movement. For them, sentimentality and an
2904:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen
1933:
1926:, had an important role in promoting the
683:
132:Learn how and when to remove this message
2366:. Princeton: Princeton University. p. 1.
1943:
994:Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache
543:. Significant theoretical statements of
496:existed among dramatists beginning with
475:
370:
317:
2594:Wright, Craig and Bryan Simms. (2006).
1331:are common, as are racing lines in the
962:Ardinghello und die glückseligen Inseln
571:(in translation from the Italian), and
6413:
2914:Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau
2624:Sturm und Drang. Literary Encyclopedia
6342:Romanticism and the French Revolution
3976:
2632:
2466:, Vol. 10, No. 2. pp. 192-230: p. 198
2379:, Vol. 47, No. 2. pp. 129–151: p. 32.
2306:
2244:, a style that integrates classical,
2053:. He wrote his first important play,
375:A silhouette of the theatre director
335:), a movement beginning in the early
254:movements. The period is named after
225:
2061:movement (Wilson and Goldfarb 287).
791:Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua
656:(1781), provided the groundwork for
70:adding citations to reliable sources
41:
2578:, Vol. 47, No. 2. pp. 129–151.
2540:, Vol. 10, No. 2. pp. 192–230.
2401:, Vol. 1, No. 2. pp. 94–105: p. 94.
1665:Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/20 in C minor
762:Stella. Ein Schauspiel für Liebende
13:
2585:. Princeton: Princeton University.
2462:Brown, A. Peter. (Spring, 1992).
1924:Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft
1583:Adagio und Fuge in D minor Falk 65
583:
401:Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft
14:
6482:
2939:Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick
2602:
2565:, Vol. 1, No. 2. pp. 94–105.
2536:Brown, A. Peter. (Spring, 1992).
2314:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman.
1394:to convey the mood of the spoken
281:; other significant figures were
37:Storm and Stress (disambiguation)
6395:
6394:
2709:Early New High German literature
2312:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
2006:(“The Childmurderess”) in 1776.
1762:
1417:on literature, the influence on
1012:Vom Geist der Hebräischen Poesie
910:Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg
578:
151:
46:
6431:Early modern history of Germany
4002:
2611:. Radio 4 discussion programme
2496:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2456:
2435:
2422:
1709:Violin Sonata No. 21 in E minor
1556:Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach
386:first appeared as the title of
262:, which was first performed by
57:needs additional citations for
28:For the Lamb of God album, see
6451:18th-century German literature
2413:
2404:
2391:
2382:
2369:
2356:
2347:
2328:
2300:
2022:. Although sharing aspects of
1746:Symphony in E minor (Bryan e1)
1743:Symphony in A minor (Bryan a2)
1740:Symphony in G minor (Bryan g1)
1737:Symphony in D minor (Bryan d1)
1441:and the early predecessors of
1303:is predominantly written in a
731:Die Leiden des jungen Werthers
680:--that might merit inclusion.
643:Die Leiden des jungen Werthers
1:
6365:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
2704:Middle High German literature
2596:Music in Western Civilization
2523:
1802:
1715:Piano Sonata No. 8 in A minor
1236:
1220:
1178:
1152:
1126:
1085:
1059:
988:Journal meiner Reise im Jahre
2990:Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock
2598:. Belmont: Thomson Schirmer.
2533:. Oxford: Oxford University.
2375:Pascal, Roy. (April, 1952).
2152:Friedrich Maximilian Klinger
2147:Friedrich Maximilian Klinger
2049:was born in August 1749, in
1793:Philip James de Loutherbourg
1564:Die Auferweckung des Lazarus
1376:, heralded the emergence of
1346:
1299:(1750–1800) associated with
850:Friedrich Maximilian Klinger
392:Friedrich Maximilian Klinger
366:
295:Friedrich Maximilian Klinger
256:Friedrich Maximilian Klinger
7:
6436:Submovements of Romanticism
3932:Adelbert von Chamisso Prize
3067:Annette von Droste-Hülshoff
2995:Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
2574:Pascal, Roy. (April 1952).
2268:
2206:
2162:with the financial help of
2094:Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
2089:Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
1527:Notable composers and works
1026:
956:Johann Jakob Wilhelm Heinse
816:Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
464:Sentimentalism (literature)
452:Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
339:, with its emphasis on the
333:French neoclassical theatre
287:Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
10:
6487:
6456:Quotations from literature
6441:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
6282:Coleridge's theory of life
3117:Christian Friedrich Hebbel
3072:Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
3007:(Friedrich von Hardenberg)
2975:Johann Christoph Gottsched
2970:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2919:Johann Michael Moscherosch
2841:Walther von der Vogelweide
2795:Reformation era literature
2699:Old High German literature
2660:German-language literature
2576:The Modern Language Review
2377:The Modern Language Review
2210:
2144:
2140:
2086:
2047:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2042:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2039:
1980:
1937:
1700:Symphony No. 25 in G minor
690:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
531:(especially the 1762 text
512:are identical to those of
461:
321:
312:
299:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
34:
27:
20:
6374:
6337:Romanticism and economics
6274:
6166:
5913:
5735:
5680:
5649:
5573:
5522:
5471:
5430:
5339:
5283:
5247:
5201:
5192:
5037:
4981:
4930:
4889:
4848:
4802:
4744:
4614:
4493:
4415:
4352:Manuel Antônio de Almeida
4334:
4325:
4211:
4079:
4010:
3907:
3824:
3626:
3215:
3034:
3021:Johann Gottfried Schnabel
2960:Barthold Heinrich Brockes
2952:
2881:
2803:
2762:
2666:
2538:The Journal of Musicology
2464:The Journal of Musicology
2195:when he mixed aspects of
2189:All's Well That Ends Well
2035:
1976:
1689:Symphony in C-sharp minor
1533:Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
1499:
1437:movement can be found in
1368:Christoph Willibald Gluck
1071:Transition to Renaissance
549:Anmerkungen übers Theater
227:[ˈʃtʊʁmʔʊntˈdʁaŋ]
6471:Criticism of rationalism
4117:German historical school
3613:Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)
3026:Christoph Martin Wieland
3000:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
2980:Johann Christian Günther
2861:Gottfried von Strassburg
2694:History of Liechtenstein
2432:, pp. 230-237 and passim
2340:literally translates to
2294:
2285:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
2106:University of Konigsberg
1470:
948:Kreuzzüge des Philologen
268:famed theatrical company
4764:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
3957:Leipzig Book Fair Prize
3917:Ingeborg Bachmann Prize
3839:Rudolf Christoph Eucken
2851:Albrecht von Johansdorf
2785:Swiss writers in German
2554:, Grove Music Online, "
2529:Baldick, Chris. (1990)
2515:Encyclopædia Britannica
2508:21 January 2015 at the
2082:
1988:Heinrich Leopold Wagner
1983:Heinrich Leopold Wagner
1889:Heinrich Leopold Wagner
1814:Louis-Sébastien Mercier
1723:Johann Gottfried Müthel
1695:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1579:Wilhelm Friedemann Bach
1398:. The first example of
1190:Transition to Modernism
1138:Transition to Classical
1037:Western classical music
970:Johann Gottfried Herder
882:Gottfried August Bürger
537:Johann Gottfried Herder
448:Johann Gottfried Herder
6347:Romanticism in science
6302:Middle Ages in history
6297:List of Romantic poets
5009:Josiah Gilbert Holland
3172:Conrad Ferdinand Meyer
3077:Joseph von Eichendorff
2846:Wolfram von Eschenbach
2689:History of Switzerland
2503:Johann Anton Leisewitz
2484:A. Peter Brown, p. 198
1996:Johann Daniel Salzmann
1955:Johann Anton Leisewitz
1951:
1949:Johann Anton Leisewitz
1940:Johann Anton Leisewitz
1934:Johann Anton Leisewitz
1550:in G minor Op. 6 No. 6
1297:Classical period music
1164:Transition to Romantic
1111:Common practice period
916:Gedichte eines Skalden
684:Notable literary works
553:Von deutscher Baukunst
481:
379:
283:Johann Anton Leisewitz
23:Sturm und Drang (play)
6317:Romantic epistemology
6307:Opium and Romanticism
4876:Stojadinović-Srpkinja
4102:Counter-Enlightenment
3488:Christian Morgenstern
3373:Hugo von Hofmannsthal
3278:Rolf Dieter Brinkmann
3062:Adelbert von Chamisso
2856:Heinrich von Morungen
2780:Liechtenstein writers
2226:Karlsschule Stuttgart
2055:Götz von Berlichingen
2000:Die Reue nach der Tat
1947:
1733:Johann Baptist Wanhal
1543:Johann Christian Bach
1521:Johann Baptist Wanhal
1382:Jean Jacques Rousseau
1097:Transition to Baroque
717:Götz von Berlichingen
479:
374:
324:Counter-Enlightenment
318:Counter-Enlightenment
260:play of the same name
6446:18th-century theatre
6381:Age of Enlightenment
4023:England (literature)
3947:Heinrich Heine Prize
3513:Erich Maria Remarque
3483:Friederike Mayröcker
3318:Friedrich Dürrenmatt
2419:Alan Liedner, p. 178
2254:("The Robbers") and
2131:Friedrich Dürrenmatt
1683:Symphony in C minor
557:Zum Schäkespears Tag
329:French neoclassicism
66:improve this article
30:VII: Sturm und Drang
6332:Romantic psychology
4127:Hudson River School
4071:Sweden (literature)
4056:Russia (literature)
3927:Sigmund Freud Prize
3922:Georg Büchner Prize
3736:Emine Sevgi Özdamar
3448:Else Lasker-Schüler
3313:Heimito von Doderer
3157:Heinrich von Kleist
3147:Friedrich Hölderlin
2985:Friedrich Hölderlin
2831:Reinmar von Hagenau
2744:Austrian literature
2441:Heartz, Daniel and
2430:The Contested Quill
2230:Duke of Württemberg
1922:, the owner of the
1822:Johann Georg Hamann
1679:Joseph Martin Kraus
1419:musical composition
1251: •
1246: •
936:Johann Georg Hamann
696:Zum Shakespears Tag
529:Johann Georg Hamann
480:Johann Georg Hamann
406:American Revolution
277:is associated with
275:Johann Georg Hamann
4317:White Mountain art
4258:Historical fiction
4066:Spain (literature)
3937:Hans Fallada Prize
3518:Rainer Maria Rilke
3438:Siegfried Kracauer
3328:Marieluise Fleißer
3243:Johannes R. Becher
3122:Johann Peter Hebel
3016:Friedrich Schiller
2763:Related categories
2684:History of Austria
2679:History of Germany
2493:Heartz/Bruce, p. 1
2447:Grove Music Online
2218:Friedrich Schiller
2213:Friedrich Schiller
2029:Die Kindermorderin
2016:Die Kindermorderin
2004:Die Kindermorderin
1952:
1887:. Writers such as
1756:Works for keyboard
1752:Ernst Wilhelm Wolf
1727:Works for keyboard
1445:, such as Haydn's
1392:instrumental music
776:Friedrich Schiller
750:An Schwager Kronos
702:Sesenheimer Lieder
648:Friedrich Schiller
484:As a precursor to
482:
380:
303:Friedrich Schiller
6426:German philosophy
6408:
6407:
6322:Romantic medicine
6292:List of romantics
5731:
5730:
5382:Felix Mendelssohn
5377:Fanny Mendelssohn
5188:
5187:
4902:Rosalía de Castro
4840:Soares dos Passos
4188:Transcendentalism
4152:Nazarene movement
4112:Düsseldorf School
3970:
3969:
3962:Nelly Sachs Prize
3849:Gerhart Hauptmann
3806:Wolf Wondratschek
3731:Sharon Dodua Otoo
3568:Berta von Suttner
3543:Arthur Schnitzler
3533:Ernst von Salomon
3323:Lion Feuchtwanger
3228:Ingeborg Bachmann
3142:E. T. A. Hoffmann
3112:Gerhart Hauptmann
3097:Franz Grillparzer
3092:Jeremias Gotthelf
3042:Bettina von Arnim
2965:Christian Gellert
2866:Dietrich von Bern
2821:Der von Kürenberg
2719:Weimar Classicism
2321:978-1-4058-8118-0
2242:Weimar Classicism
2077:Weimar Classicism
1960:Julius of Taranto
1879:as a “genius” of
1685:Symphonie funebre
1642:in F sharp minor
1622:in C minor (1771)
1596:in G minor (1767)
1464:have elements of
1293:
1292:
1260:
1259:
1198:
1197:
1105:
1104:
856:Das leidende Weib
667:German literature
639:sentimental novel
626:features an anti-
518:German literature
425:Weimar Classicism
307:Weimar Classicism
236:German literature
142:
141:
134:
116:
81:"Sturm und Drang"
6478:
6466:1770s quotations
6461:1770s neologisms
6398:
6397:
6357:Evolution theory
5199:
5198:
4332:
4331:
4193:Ukrainian school
3997:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3889:Elfriede Jelinek
3811:Feridun Zaimoğlu
3801:Peter Wawerzinek
3746:Julya Rabinowich
3706:Christian Kracht
3681:Wladimir Kaminer
3671:Elfriede Jelinek
3433:Egon Erwin Kisch
3378:Ödön von Horváth
3358:Marlen Haushofer
3192:Adalbert Stifter
3152:Gottfried Keller
3052:Clemens Brentano
2934:Angelus Silesius
2909:Andreas Gryphius
2836:Hartmann von Aue
2826:Dietmar von Aist
2770:Austrian writers
2749:Swiss literature
2729:Literary realism
2667:Related articles
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2310:(3 April 2008).
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2280:Jena Romanticism
2257:Kabale und Liebe
2185:Romeo and Juliet
2137:(Waterhouse v).
1818:Seven Years' War
1517:wind instruments
1466:Sturm und Drang.
1370:'s 1761 ballet,
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1182: 1800–1910
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1130: 1600–1750
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1087:
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799:Kabale und Liebe
678:Marianne Ehrmann
415:Classical period
273:The philosopher
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6327:Romantic poetry
6312:Romantic ballet
6287:German idealism
6270:
6236:Lacoue-Labarthe
6162:
5909:
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5676:
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5626:Rimsky-Korsakov
5569:
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4300:Romantic genius
4230:Gesamtkunstwerk
4207:
4168:Sturm und Drang
4075:
4006:
4001:
3971:
3966:
3910:literary awards
3909:
3908:German-language
3903:
3834:Theodor Mommsen
3827:Nobel laureates
3826:
3825:German-language
3820:
3766:Clemens J. Setz
3696:Alexander Kluge
3686:Daniel Kehlmann
3646:Jenny Erpenbeck
3628:
3622:
3593:Josef Weinheber
3553:Kurt Schwitters
3538:Paul Scheerbart
3253:Thomas Bernhard
3211:
3082:Theodor Fontane
3047:Achim von Arnim
3030:
2948:
2877:
2816:Courtly romance
2799:
2758:
2714:Sturm und Drang
2674:German language
2662:
2657:
2605:
2552:Sturm und Drang
2526:
2521:
2510:Wayback Machine
2501:
2497:
2492:
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2409:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2388:Pascal, p. 129.
2387:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2289:Sturm und Drang
2271:
2215:
2209:
2193:Sturm und Drang
2177:Sturm und Drang
2173:Sturm und Drang
2168:Sturm und Drang
2149:
2143:
2127:Sturm und Drang
2122:Sturm und Drang
2091:
2085:
2059:Sturm und Drang
2044:
2038:
2020:Sturm und Drang
2012:Sturm und Drang
1985:
1979:
1942:
1936:
1928:Sturm und Drang
1916:Sturm und Drang
1909:Sturm und Drang
1873:Sturm und Drang
1869:Sturm und Drang
1865:Sturm und Drang
1861:Sturm und Drang
1853:Sturm und Drang
1845:Sturm und Drang
1838:Sturm und Drang
1826:Sturm und Drang
1809:Sturm und Drang
1805:
1765:
1717:, K. 310 (1778)
1711:, K. 304 (1778)
1702:, K. 183 (1773)
1640:Symphony No. 45
1626:Symphony No. 44
1620:Symphony No. 52
1610:Symphony No. 26
1600:Symphony No. 49
1594:Symphony No. 39
1529:
1513:Sturm und Drang
1509:Symphony No. 25
1502:
1494:musical theatre
1490:Sturm und Drang
1485:Sturm und Drang
1477:Sturm und Drang
1473:
1435:Sturm und Drang
1415:Sturm und Drang
1378:Sturm und Drang
1356:Sturm und Drang
1352:Musical theater
1349:
1301:Sturm und Drang
1289:
1250:
1239:
1223:
1188:
1181:
1162:
1155:
1136:
1129:
1095:
1088:
1069:
1063: 500–1400
1062:
1035:
1029:
862:Sturm und Drang
768:Die Geschwister
744:Adler und Taube
738:Mahomets Gesang
686:
674:Sturm und Drang
663:Sturm und Drang
624:Sturm und Drang
594:Sturm und Drang
586:
584:Characteristics
581:
545:Sturm und Drang
525:Sturm und Drang
514:Sturm und Drang
486:Sturm und Drang
474:
460:
440:Sturm und Drang
433:socio-political
421:Sturm und Drang
410:Sturm und Drang
384:Sturm und Drang
369:
345:Sturm und Drang
326:
320:
315:
279:Sturm und Drang
250:and associated
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146:Sturm und Drang
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40:
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5:
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6275:Related topics
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5978:David d'Angers
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5140:Oehlenschläger
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4536:Brothers Grimm
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4260:
4255:
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4238:
4236:Gothic fiction
4233:
4226:
4224:British Marine
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
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4200:
4195:
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4124:
4122:Gothic revival
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3854:Carl Spitteler
3851:
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3808:
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3786:Ilija Trojanow
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3741:Teresa Präauer
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3701:Barbara Köhler
3698:
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3678:
3676:Reinhard Jirgl
3673:
3668:
3666:Judith Hermann
3663:
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3643:
3641:Thomas Brussig
3638:
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3624:
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3600:
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3583:Kurt Tucholsky
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3548:Helga Schubert
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3463:Siegfried Lenz
3460:
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3418:Hermann Kesten
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3293:Hermann Burger
3290:
3288:Arnolt Bronnen
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:Bertolt Brecht
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:Gottfried Benn
3245:
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3209:
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3182:Johann Nestroy
3179:
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3169:
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3162:Nikolaus Lenau
3159:
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3134:
3129:
3127:Heinrich Heine
3124:
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3087:Gustav Freytag
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2872:Nibelungenlied
2868:
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2775:German writers
2772:
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2754:German studies
2751:
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2734:Weimar culture
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2609:BBC audio file
2604:
2603:External links
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2211:Main article:
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2135:Bertolt Brecht
2087:Main article:
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2068:Goethe's Faust
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5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:Nikolai Gogol
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:P. B. Shelley
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:Mary Robinson
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Chateaubriand
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:Mal du siècle
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Elias Canetti
3877:
3875:
3874:Heinrich Böll
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Hermann Hesse
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Martin Walser
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Botho Strauss
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Clemens Meyer
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Esther Kinsky
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Durs Grünbein
3654:
3652:
3651:Rainald Goetz
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Robert Walser
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Heiner Müller
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Heinrich Mann
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Erich Kästner
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Hermann Hesse
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Stefan George
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Alfred Döblin
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Elias Canetti
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Hermann Broch
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Thomas Brasch
3261:
3259:
3258:Heinrich Böll
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3207:Ludwig Uhland
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Theodor Storm
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Wilhelm Raabe
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Eduard Mörike
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Georg Herwegh
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Wilhelm Grimm
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Georg Büchner
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2944:Georg Wickram
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Exilliteratur
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2350:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:Enlightenment
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Joseph Vernet
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:In visual art
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:program music
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
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1038:
1034:Major eras of
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986:
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911:
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894:
891:
890:
886:
885:
884:(1747–1794):
883:
880:
875:
872:
869:
868:Die Zwillinge
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
852:(1752–1831):
851:
848:
843:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
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823:
820:
819:
817:
814:
809:
808:
807:An die Freude
804:
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778:(1759–1805):
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692:(1749–1832):
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603:
599:
595:
592:in a typical
591:
579:In literature
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:and Goethe's
550:
546:
542:
541:Immanuel Kant
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:individuality
499:
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253:
249:
248:Enlightenment
245:
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148:
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136:
133:
125:
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107:
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100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83: –
82:
78:
77:Find sources:
71:
67:
61:
60:
55:This article
53:
49:
44:
43:
38:
31:
24:
19:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6363:
6083:Porto-Alegre
5737:Philosophers
5621:Rachmaninoff
5070:Chavchavadze
5060:Baratashvili
4820:João de Deus
4789:Wincenty Pol
4581:Küchelbecker
4309:
4275:Noble savage
4262:
4228:
4203:Wallenrodism
4180:
4167:
4166:
4097:Coppet group
4031:(literature)
3952:Kleist Prize
3942:Goethe Prize
3899:Peter Handke
3894:Herta Müller
3884:Günter Grass
3756:Ingo Schulze
3751:Rafik Schami
3726:Herta Müller
3721:Terézia Mora
3711:Monika Maron
3661:Peter Handke
3627:Contemporary
3618:Stefan Zweig
3608:Christa Wolf
3603:Franz Werfel
3573:Ernst Toller
3563:Anna Seghers
3558:W. G. Sebald
3508:Robert Musil
3503:Adolf Muschg
3493:Erich Mühsam
3453:Kurd Laßwitz
3428:Sarah Kirsch
3423:Irmgard Keun
3403:Ernst Jünger
3388:Peter Huchel
3383:Ricarda Huch
3353:Peter Handke
3348:Günter Grass
3268:Volker Braun
3233:Hermann Bahr
3216:20th century
3202:Ludwig Tieck
3035:19th century
2953:18th century
2924:Martin Opitz
2894:Paul Fleming
2882:Early modern
2870:
2713:
2612:
2595:
2582:
2575:
2562:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2513:
2498:
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2371:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2335:
2330:
2311:
2302:
2288:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2220:was born in
2216:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2154:was born in
2150:
2126:
2121:
2096:was born in
2092:
2058:
2045:
2028:
2024:neoclassical
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:Child murder
2003:
1999:
1990:was born in
1986:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1927:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1825:
1808:
1806:
1797:Henry Fuseli
1766:
1684:
1643:
1633:
1629:
1614:Lamentatione
1613:
1603:
1589:Joseph Haydn
1571:
1563:
1512:
1503:
1489:
1484:
1481:Joseph Haydn
1476:
1474:
1465:
1447:
1434:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1355:
1350:
1300:
1294:
1253:21st-century
1248:20th-century
1231:Contemporary
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
961:
947:
941:
927:
921:
915:
901:
895:
887:
873:
867:
861:
855:
841:Die Soldaten
840:
833:
827:
821:
818:(1751–1792)
805:
797:
789:
781:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
729:
723:
715:
707:
701:
695:
673:
671:
662:
651:
641:
632:
628:aristocratic
623:
613:
596:stage work,
593:
587:
573:Justus Möser
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
532:
524:
522:
513:
498:F.M. Klinger
493:
485:
483:
439:
437:
420:
419:
409:
399:
383:
381:
361:universalism
344:
327:
291:H. L. Wagner
278:
272:
244:subjectivity
234:movement in
145:
144:
143:
128:
122:January 2017
119:
109:
102:
95:
88:
76:
64:Please help
59:verification
56:
18:
6073:Michałowski
5905:Wackenroder
5870:F. Schlegel
5865:A. Schlegel
5641:Tchaikovsky
5530:Bortkiewicz
5402:R. Schumann
5397:C. Schumann
5362:Kalkbrenner
5331:Saint-Saëns
4636:Anne Brontë
4521:Eichendorff
4506:B. v. Arnim
4501:A. v. Arnim
4311:Weltschmerz
4270:Medievalism
4219:Blue flower
4147:Nationalist
4092:Bohemianism
4004:Romanticism
3869:Nelly Sachs
3859:Thomas Mann
3776:Yoko Tawada
3761:Lutz Seiler
3636:Zsuzsa Bánk
3598:Peter Weiss
3578:Georg Trakl
3528:Nelly Sachs
3523:Joseph Roth
3478:Thomas Mann
3408:Franz Kafka
3398:Uwe Johnson
3393:Ernst Jandl
3333:Erich Fried
3102:Jacob Grimm
2724:Romanticism
2613:In our time
2308:Wells, John
2181:Shakespeare
2063:Shakespeare
1971:Abel Seyler
1966:The Robbers
1920:Abel Seyler
1885:romanticism
1877:Shakespeare
1849:Shakespeare
1789:Caspar Wolf
1628:in E minor
1612:in D minor
1604:La Passione
1602:in F minor
1460:, and even
1406:influenced
1329:syncopation
1240: 1945
1224: 1890
1081:Renaissance
1044:Early music
1020:(1784–1791)
1014:(1782–1783)
1006:Volkslieder
978:(1767–1768)
712:(1772–1774)
704:(1770–1771)
608:and greed.
590:protagonist
569:Paolo Frisi
506:rationalism
494:Kraftmensch
468:Primitivism
429:Romanticism
396:Abel Seyler
377:Abel Seyler
353:rationalism
331:(including
264:Abel Seyler
6415:Categories
5948:Chassériau
5923:Aivazovsky
5631:Rubinstein
5616:Mussorgsky
5565:Wieniawski
5550:Paderewski
5392:Moszkowski
5175:Vörösmarty
5165:Shevchenko
5019:Longfellow
4943:Batyushkov
4938:Baratynsky
4907:Espronceda
4774:Mickiewicz
4769:Malczewski
4736:Wordsworth
4721:M. Shelley
4676:de Quincey
4541:Günderrode
4425:Baudelaire
4305:Wanderlust
4142:Lake Poets
3844:Paul Heyse
3791:Jan Wagner
3473:Klaus Mann
3458:Gert Ledig
3443:Karl Kraus
3368:Georg Heym
3338:Max Frisch
3303:Paul Celan
3238:Vicki Baum
3137:Paul Heyse
2929:Hans Sachs
2889:Simon Dach
2524:References
2262:Die Räuber
2251:Die Räuber
2238:aesthetics
1992:Strasbourg
1881:dramaturgy
1803:In theatre
1773:nightmares
1364:recitative
1315:contours.
783:Die Räuber
709:Prometheus
653:Die Räuber
650:'s drama,
620:humanistic
615:Prometheus
462:See also:
427:and early
357:empiricism
92:newspapers
6388:Modernism
6048:Kiprensky
6008:Géricault
5993:Friedrich
5983:Delacroix
5958:Constable
5938:Bonington
5928:Bierstadt
5880:Senancour
5855:Schelling
5810:Lamennais
5805:Khomyakov
5770:Coleridge
5765:Chaadayev
5672:Stanković
5667:Mokranjac
5586:Balakirev
5545:Moniuszko
5494:Donizetti
5489:Cherubini
5387:Meyerbeer
5372:Marschner
5347:Beethoven
5260:Moscheles
5194:Musicians
5180:Wergeland
5145:Orbeliani
5100:Grundtvig
5004:Hawthorne
4973:Zhukovsky
4968:Vyazemsky
4953:Lermontov
4912:Gutiérrez
4871:Radičević
4835:Herculano
4759:Krasiński
4701:Radcliffe
4671:Coleridge
4646:E. Brontë
4641:C. Brontë
4571:Jean Paul
4566:Hölderlin
4455:Lamartine
4392:Magalhães
4382:Guimarães
4290:Pantheism
4280:Nostalgia
4132:Indianism
4080:Movements
4011:Countries
3011:Jean Paul
2899:Hans Folz
2811:Minnesang
2156:Frankfurt
2110:Aristotle
2098:Sesswegen
2051:Frankfurt
1572:Cassandra
1454:Beethoven
1404:Pygmalion
1400:melodrama
1387:Pygmalion
1305:minor key
1215:Modernism
1204:New music
1148:Classical
1008:(1778–79)
924:(1766–67)
658:melodrama
382:The term
367:Etymology
349:objective
270:in 1777.
252:aesthetic
6400:Category
6216:Dahlhaus
6201:Blanning
6168:Scholars
6138:Tropinin
6133:Tidemand
6123:Stattler
6118:Scheffer
6018:Głowacki
5988:Edelfelt
5943:Bryullov
5885:Snellman
5860:Schiller
5850:Rousseau
5830:Michelet
5775:Constant
5745:Belinsky
5718:Sibelius
5662:Konjović
5636:Scriabin
5606:Lyapunov
5540:Lipiński
5509:Spontini
5499:Paganini
5443:Goldmark
5234:Thalberg
5229:Schubert
5209:Bruckner
5170:Topelius
5160:Runeberg
5150:Prešeren
5120:Leopardi
5085:Frashëri
5075:Eminescu
5055:Andersen
4963:Tyutchev
4948:Karamzin
4922:Zorrilla
4917:Saavedra
4815:Castilho
4803:Portugal
4794:Słowacki
4696:Polidori
4626:Barbauld
4561:Hoffmann
4516:Brentano
4430:Bertrand
4251:Romantic
4087:Ancients
4061:Scotland
3816:Juli Zeh
3781:Uwe Timm
3223:May Ayim
3167:Karl May
2804:Medieval
2506:Archived
2275:Antihero
2269:See also
2246:romantic
2207:Schiller
1905:Schiller
1834:abstract
1769:romantic
1644:Farewell
1636:) (1772)
1634:Mourning
1561:Oratorio
1548:Symphony
1462:Schubert
1450:Symphony
1448:Farewell
1373:Don Juan
1321:dynamics
1174:Romantic
1055:Medieval
1027:In music
896:Gedichte
508:. These
341:rational
232:Romantic
6241:Lovejoy
6176:Abraham
6098:Richard
6088:Préault
6013:Girodet
5895:Thoreau
5840:Novalis
5825:Mazzini
5820:Maistre
5795:Hazlitt
5780:Emerson
5760:Carlyle
5750:Berchet
5693:Berwald
5688:Bennett
5657:Hristić
5611:Medtner
5591:Borodin
5581:Arensky
5504:Rossini
5479:Bellini
5458:Joachim
5431:Hungary
5412:Strauss
5340:Germany
5306:Berlioz
5275:Voříšek
5270:Smetana
5248:Czechia
5202:Austria
5135:Maturin
5130:Manzoni
5105:Heliade
5080:Foscolo
5050:Alfieri
5045:Abovian
4999:Emerson
4958:Pushkin
4897:Bécquer
4830:Garrett
4784:Potocki
4731:Southey
4691:Maturin
4661:Carlyle
4618:Britain
4591:Novalis
4546:Gutzkow
4494:Germany
4460:Mérimée
4445:Gautier
4372:Barreto
4367:Azevedo
4347:Alencar
4327:Writers
4246:Byronic
4182:Purismo
4036:Germany
4018:Denmark
3629:writers
3005:Novalis
2222:Marbach
2201:tragedy
2160:Giessen
2141:Klinger
2118:tragedy
1930:poets.
1901:Klinger
1859:. Many
1569:Cantata
1347:History
1341:tremolo
1333:soprano
1325:rhythms
1313:melodic
1122:Baroque
928:Ugolino
724:Clavigo
606:revenge
492:of the
337:Baroque
313:History
223:German:
106:scholar
6266:Wellek
6246:de Man
6231:Janion
6221:Ferber
6196:Berlin
6191:Beiser
6186:Barzun
6181:Abrams
6158:Wiertz
6143:Turner
6093:Révoil
6078:Palmer
6068:Martin
6063:Leutze
6038:Janmot
5998:Fuseli
5953:Church
5845:Quinet
5835:Müller
5790:Goethe
5785:Fichte
5708:Franck
5650:Serbia
5601:Glinka
5574:Russia
5560:Tausig
5555:Stolpe
5535:Chopin
5523:Poland
5484:Busoni
5448:Heller
5417:Wagner
5352:Brahms
5326:Onslow
5316:Halévy
5284:France
5265:Reicha
5255:Dvořák
5224:Mahler
5219:Hummel
5214:Czerny
5110:Isaacs
5090:Geijer
5024:Lowell
5014:Irving
4994:Cooper
4989:Bryant
4931:Russia
4866:Njegoš
4861:Kostić
4856:Jakšić
4849:Serbia
4779:Norwid
4754:Fredro
4746:Poland
4716:Seward
4606:Uhland
4596:Schwab
4586:Mörike
4576:Kleist
4531:Goethe
4526:Fouqué
4475:Nodier
4470:Nerval
4465:Musset
4417:France
4407:Varela
4402:Taunay
4387:Macedo
4335:Brazil
4285:Ossian
4212:Themes
4051:Poland
4046:Norway
4028:France
2342:throng
2318:
2234:Goethe
2197:comedy
2164:Goethe
2114:comedy
2102:Latvia
2100:, now
2072:Weimar
2036:Goethe
1977:Wagner
1903:, and
1893:Goethe
1795:, and
1781:Fuseli
1777:Goethe
1667:(1771)
1646:(1772)
1630:Trauer
1616:(1769)
1606:(1768)
1505:Mozart
1500:Mozart
1431:Mozart
1423:Vienna
1408:Goethe
1317:Tempos
1309:themes
1002:(1773)
996:(1770)
990:(1769)
984:(1769)
964:(1787)
950:(1762)
944:(1759)
930:(1768)
918:(1766)
904:(1786)
898:(1778)
892:(1773)
889:Lenore
876:(1776)
870:(1776)
864:(1776)
858:(1775)
844:(1776)
836:(1774)
830:(1774)
824:(1774)
810:(1785)
802:(1784)
794:(1783)
786:(1781)
770:(1776)
764:(1776)
758:(1775)
752:(1774)
746:(1774)
740:(1774)
734:(1774)
726:(1774)
720:(1773)
698:(1771)
635:Goethe
610:Goethe
535:) and
510:ideals
488:, the
472:Ossian
470:, and
444:Goethe
388:a play
359:, and
293:, and
108:
101:
94:
87:
79:
6352:Bacon
6261:Rosen
6256:Ricks
6251:Nancy
6211:Blume
6206:Bloom
6128:Stroy
6113:Saleh
6108:Runge
6058:Lampi
6043:Jones
6033:Hayez
5968:Corot
5933:Blake
5900:Tieck
5890:Staël
5815:Larra
5800:Hegel
5755:Burke
5713:Grieg
5703:Field
5698:Elgar
5681:Other
5514:Verdi
5472:Italy
5463:Liszt
5453:Hubay
5438:Erkel
5422:Weber
5407:Spohr
5367:Loewe
5357:Bruch
5321:Méhul
5311:Fauré
5301:Auber
5296:Alkan
5155:Raffi
5125:Mácha
5115:Lenau
5065:Botev
5038:Other
4890:Spain
4825:Dinis
4711:Scott
4686:Keats
4666:Clare
4656:Byron
4651:Burns
4631:Blake
4616:Great
4601:Tieck
4556:Heine
4551:Hauff
4485:Vigny
4480:Staël
4440:Dumas
4362:Assis
4357:Alves
4342:Abreu
4295:Rhine
4198:Ultra
4041:Japan
2337:Drang
2295:Notes
1471:Haydn
1458:Weber
1439:opera
1427:Haydn
1396:drama
1360:opera
1235:from
1219:from
602:novel
600:, or
240:music
113:JSTOR
99:books
6226:Frye
6153:Ward
6148:Veit
6103:Rude
6053:Koch
6028:Gude
6023:Goya
5973:Dahl
5963:Cole
5291:Adam
5239:Wolf
4982:U.S.
4881:Zmaj
4511:Beer
4450:Hugo
4397:Reis
4377:Dias
4241:Hero
4176:Post
4137:Jena
4107:Dark
2316:ISBN
2199:and
2133:and
2116:and
2083:Lenz
1897:Lenz
1843:The
1830:Volk
1807:The
1337:alto
1327:and
1319:and
1295:The
598:poem
588:The
555:and
301:and
238:and
85:news
5723:Sor
5596:Cui
5029:Poe
4162:Pre
4157:Neo
2449:, "
2183:’s
1507:'s
1452:.
1429:or
1335:or
665:in
637:'s
561:sic
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