477:
504:. Terms such as "audio technician", "sound technician", "audio engineer", "audio technologist", "recording engineer", "sound mixer", "mixing engineer" and "sound engineer" can be ambiguous; depending on the context they may be synonymous, or they may refer to different roles in audio production. Such terms can refer to a person working in sound and music production; for instance, a "sound engineer" or "recording engineer" is commonly listed in the credits of commercial music recordings (as well as in other productions that include sound, such as movies). These titles can also refer to technicians who maintain professional audio equipment. Certain jurisdictions specifically prohibit the use of the title
467:
31:
872:(FOH) mixing console to the stage so musicians can hear themselves while performing. Monitor engineers usually have a separate audio system from the FOH engineer and manipulate audio signals independently from what the audience hears so they can satisfy the requirements of each performer on stage. In-ear systems, digital and analog mixing consoles, and a variety of speaker enclosures are typically used by monitor engineers. In addition most monitor engineers must be familiar with wireless or RF (radio-frequency) equipment and often must communicate personally with the artist(s) during each performance.
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best quality recordings. In addition to technical knowledge, an audio engineer must have the ability to problem-solve quickly. The best audio engineers also have a high degree of creativity that allows them to stand out amongst their peers. In the music realm, an audio engineer must also understand the types of sounds and tones that are expected in musical ensembles across different genres—
543:, and broadcasting. In larger productions, an audio engineer is responsible for the technical aspects of a sound recording or other audio production, and works together with a record producer or director, although the engineer's role may also be integrated with that of the producer. In smaller productions and studios the sound engineer and producer are often the same person.
830:– the person who masters the final mixed stereo tracks (or sometimes a series of audio stems, which consists in a mix of the main sections) that the mix engineer produces. The mastering engineer makes any final adjustments to the overall sound of the record in the final step before commercial duplication. Mastering engineers use principles of equalization,
875:
Systems engineer – responsible for the design setup of modern PA systems, which are often very complex. A systems engineer is usually also referred to as a "crew chief" on tour and is responsible for the performance and day-to-day job requirements of the audio crew as a whole along with the FOH audio
707:
in 1976, men "didn't want to work for a woman" and she was told women in the city were "still barefoot, pregnant and in the vocal booth." When Jonell
Polansky arrived in Nashville in 1994, with a degree in electrical engineering and recording experience in the Bay Area, she was told "You're a woman,
646:
There certainly are efforts to chronicle women's role and history in audio. Leslie Gaston-Bird wrote Women in Audio, which includes 100 profiles of women in audio through history. Sound Girls is an organization focused on the next generation of women in audio, but also has been building up resources
334:
is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre. Architectural
Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants.
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An audio engineer is proficient with different types of recording media, such as analog tape, digital multi-track recorders and workstations, plug-ins and computer knowledge. With the advent of the digital age, it is increasingly important for the audio engineer to understand software and hardware
571:
Audio engineers must have extensive knowledge of audio engineering principles and techniques. For instance, they must understand how audio signals travel, which equipment to use and when, how to mic different instruments and amplifiers, which microphones to use and how to position them to get the
608:, women interested in becoming an audio engineer face "a boys' club, or a guild mentality". The UK "Music Producers' Guild says less than 4% of its members are women" and at the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts, "only 6% of the students enrolled on its sound technology course are female."
580:, for example. This knowledge of musical style is typically learned from years of experience listening to and mixing music in recording or live sound contexts. For education and training, there are audio engineering schools all over the world.
457:
is an important part of audio engineering. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study.
651:
is another organization that has been working to highlight women and nonbinary people in all areas of live and recorded sound through an online zine and podcast featuring interviews of current audio engineers and producers.
806:
There are four distinct steps to the commercial production of a recording: recording, editing, mixing, and mastering. Typically, each is performed by a sound engineer who specializes only in that part of the production.
357:
Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems and recording technologies. Examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices (e.g.
817:
Assistant engineer – often employed in larger studios, allowing them to train to become full-time engineers. They often assist full-time engineers with microphone setups, session breakdowns and in some cases, rough
134:
audio engineers invent new technologies, audio software, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might design acoustical simulations of rooms, shape algorithms for
440:
is the scientific study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether an audio design is successful, such as whether a
197:
topics, which then allows students to apply these concepts while pursuing a career developing audio technologies. Audio training courses provide knowledge of technologies and their application to
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production and the recording arts, less than 5% of the people working in the field of sound and media are women. "Only three women have ever been nominated for best producer at the Brits or the
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by training over 6,000 women and girls in the recording arts and is the only professional recording studio built and run by women. Notable recording projects include the Grammy Award-winning
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In typical sound reinforcement applications, audio engineers often assume the role of producer, making artistic and technical decisions, and sometimes even scheduling and budget decisions.
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716:, Proffitt was told to "shut up" by a male producer when she raised the issue of updating studio recording technologies. Proffitt said she "finds sexism rampant in the industry".
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824:– a person who creates mixes of multi-track recordings. It is common to record a commercial record at one studio and have it mixed by different engineers in other studios.
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189:. Audio engineering courses at university or college fall into two rough categories: (i) training in the creative use of audio as a sound engineer, and (ii) training in
205:, but do not have sufficient mathematical and scientific content to allow someone to obtain employment in research and development in the audio and acoustic industry.
564:, broadcasting, music, or electrical engineering. Training in audio engineering and sound recording is offered by colleges and universities. Some audio engineers are
854:. This usually includes planning and installation of loudspeakers, cabling and equipment and mixing sound during the show. This may or may not include running the
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861:
Wireless microphone engineer, or A2. This position is responsible for wireless microphones during a theatre production, a sports event or a corporate event.
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or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in
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712:. KK Proffitt, a studio "owner and chief engineer", states that men in Nashville do not want to have women in the recording booth. At a meeting of the
397:
is concerned with researching and describing the science of music. In audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as
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2002:
868:– a person running foldback sound during a live event. The term "foldback" comes from the old practice of "folding back" audio signals from the
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algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of much audio production such as
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integration, from synchronization to analog to digital transfers. In their daily work, audio engineers use many tools, including:
858:. A live/sound reinforcement engineer hears source material and tries to correlate that sonic experience with system performance.
523:. While usually associated with music production, an audio engineer deals with sound for a wide range of applications, including
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for film, radio, television, music and video games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using a
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who holds an engineering degree and who designs, develops and builds audio or musical technology working under terms such as
92:
Sound engineering is increasingly seen as a creative profession where musical instruments and technology are used to produce
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system. This is a sound-only position concerned with implementation, not to be confused with the interdisciplinary field of
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2495:"Women account for less than 5 percent of producers and engineers — but maybe not for long - Cover Story - Nashville Scene"
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627:, the Academy Award-nominated soundtrack to "Dirty Wars", Van-Ahn Vo (NPR's top 50 albums of 2013), Grammy-nominated
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with no formal training, but who have attained professional skills in audio through extensive on-the-job experience.
147:
manufacturers, and other advanced fields of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers.
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Studio engineer – an engineer working within a studio facility, either with a producer or independently.
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and a sound reinforcement system for music concerts, theatre, sports games and corporate events.
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knobs, the setting of levels. The physical recording of any project is done by an engineer…"
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In the recording studio environment, a sound engineer records, edits, manipulates, mixes, or
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Technical
Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA).
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Audio engineers come from backgrounds or postsecondary training in fields such as audio,
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592:(WAM), a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco dedicated to the advancement of
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Audio engineers working in research and development may come from backgrounds such as
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Bader, Rolf (2018). "Musical
Acoustics and Signal Processing". In Bader, Rolf (ed.).
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of sound. Audio engineers work on the "technical aspect of recording—the placing of
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One of the first women to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own
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2402:"Women in Audio: Contributions and Challenges in Music Technology and Production"
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844:– broadly an artist who produces soundtracks or sound effects content for media.
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A variety of terms are used to describe audio engineers who install or operate
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manufacturer), or carry out research in a university. Some positions, such as
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to fine-tune the sound timbre and dynamics and to achieve a louder recording.
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Engineer involved in the recording, reproduction, or reinforcement of sound
611:
Women's Audio
Mission was started in 2003 to address the lack of women in
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sound by technical means to realize the creative vision of the artist and
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Mathew, Marlene; Grossman, Jennifer; Andreopoulou, Areti (2016-09-20).
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2236:. Springer Handbooks. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 25–28.
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is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems.
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manufacturer), or other industries that need audio expertise (e.g.,
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34:
An audio engineer with audio console, at a recording session at the
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788:, engineer and producer for Tool, System of a Down, and Johnny Cash
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Acoustics in the Built
Environment: Advice for the Design Team
850:
Front of House (FOH) engineer, or A1. – a person dealing with
220:
Audio engineers in research and development usually possess a
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528:
426:
93:
2614:
1922:"Audio Engineer Job Description: Salary, Skills, & More"
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4365:
3853:
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3621:
2646:
2615:
A free collection of online audio tools for audio engineers
2505:
1983:"The Engineers Who Changed Recording: Fathers Of Invention"
532:
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2399:
324:
Acoustic diffusing mushrooms hanging from the roof of the
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2109:
2030:
293:
232:. Alternatively they might work in audio companies (e.g.
2567:"Jonathan Wilson: Fanfare Reviving The West Coast Sound"
1866:
The difference between a producer and an audio engineer
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2051:
1841:"Which Type Of Sound Engineer Are You Destined To Be?"
453:
The production, computer processing and perception of
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2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2087:
1994:
1756:
814:
Recording engineer – the engineer who records sound.
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2288:
2083:
2081:
304:, or identify and categorize audio content through
2478:
2057:
2000:
143:systems, carry out research on audible sound for
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2285:
2078:
2269:. Acoustical Society of America. Archived from
1975:
508:to any individual not a registered member of a
300:). Alternatively, the algorithms might perform
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2173:
2158:
2112:"PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix"
61:, balancing and adjusting sound sources using
3538:
2667:
2327:
2325:
2323:
370:), sound systems in architectural acoustics,
264:The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS (
2531:. (2nd ed.) Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corp.
880:, which typically requires a college degree.
500:equipment, including large and small format
2604:Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians
2135:
2133:
1919:
1791:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
266:Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme
126:
3545:
3531:
2674:
2660:
2599:Audio engineering formulas and calculators
2377:"Womens Audio Mission - GuideStar Profile"
2334:"Why are female record producers so rare?"
2320:
2310:"Sounding Off: Why So Few Women In Audio?"
2301:
2265:Speech Communication Technical Committee.
2234:Springer Handbook of Systematic Musicology
2142:Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition
1883:
999:
600:" and none won either award. According to
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275:
4020:
2179:
2144:. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 336.
549:
2298:. (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Focal Press
2139:
2130:
908:
475:
465:
348:
319:
207:
29:
1944:
708:and we already had one"—a reference to
693:Someone Is Looking for Someone Like You
510:professional engineering licensing body
14:
4920:
3454:Electrical and electronics engineering
2637:Audio White Papers, Articles and Books
2462:Women, Music, Culture: An Introduction
2459:
2331:
2164:
2060:"Physics and music technology degrees"
913:Correcting a room's frequency response
673:Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album
671:who became the first woman to win the
425:, and the perception and cognition of
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2464:. Taylor & Francis. p. 304.
2307:
2225:
2026:
2024:
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2090:"Job profiles: Acoustics consultant"
801:
389:
4772:Global Recording Artist of the Year
4740:Highest-grossing live music artists
3497:
2647:Audio engineering news in Lithuania
2610:Recording engineer video interviews
2529:Yamaha Sound Reinforcement Handbook
1963:from the original on 8 January 2010
701:I'll Be There (If You Ever Want Me)
647:and directories of women in audio.
401:; the human voice (the physics and
338:
216:at a vintage Neve recording console
24:
3552:
2058:University of Salford, Acoustics.
2021:
604:, audio engineer and professor at
556:Category:Audio engineering schools
432:
259:
157:Category:Audio engineering schools
25:
4974:
2587:
2352:"Gale - User Identification Form"
1950:
1932:from the original on 23 July 2018
687:was the first female producer in
484:position, mixing sound for a band
117:electronic/electrical engineering
4901:
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3917:Artists and repertoire (A&R)
3648:Universal Music Publishing Group
3506:
3496:
3486:
3477:
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3346:
2308:Ncube, Rosina (September 2013).
1759:
794:, producer and record executive
667:is a mixer, record producer and
583:
4338:Entertainment Monitoring Africa
2681:
2620:Audio Engineering online course
2559:
2534:
2512:"Front of House (FOH) Engineer"
2453:
2429:
2393:
2369:
2344:
2110:Acoustical Society of America.
2031:Acoustical Society of America.
1873:from the original on 2021-12-15
1786:Institute of Professional Sound
461:
139:, specify the requirements for
36:Danish Broadcasting Corporation
4838:Largest recorded music markets
4745:Highest-grossing concert tours
1913:
1857:
1833:
13:
1:
2606:at the US Department of Labor
2169:. Academic Press. p. 32.
1897:. 25 May 2009. Archived from
1827:
1781:Category:Acoustical engineers
1701:
763:, British electronics pioneer
719:Other notable women include:
623:(2014 Grammy winner), author
270:Acoustical Society of America
4894:Record production portal
3710:Independent UK record labels
2704:List of engineering branches
2527:Davis, G., Jones R. (1990).
2404:. Audio Engineering Society.
2165:Morfey, Christopher (2001).
2003:"Graduate Jobs in Acoustics"
1953:"What Is Audio Engineering?"
1615:
1004:
933:Digital-to-analog converters
928:Analog-to-digital converters
904:
535:, live sound reinforcement,
150:
7:
4762:Most-attended concert tours
2437:"A More Inclusive Industry"
2332:Savage, Mark (2012-08-29).
2296:Modern Recording Techniques
1752:
892:who mixes audio tracks for
419:music information retrieval
306:music information retrieval
292:or perceptual coding (e.g.
203:sound reinforcement systems
10:
4979:
4777:Wealthiest musical artists
4630:Best-selling music artists
2180:Templeton, Duncan (1993).
2088:National Careers Service.
1806:History of sound recording
938:Digital audio workstations
553:
345:Sound reinforcement system
342:
154:
4881:
4785:
4617:
4552:
4481:
4472:
4384:
4348:New Zealand singles chart
4269:
4233:
4124:
3902:
3804:
3769:
3723:
3666:
3630:
3569:
3560:
3472:
3419:
3403:
3355:
3344:
3119:
3061:
2980:
2905:
2832:
2725:
2712:
2689:
2594:Audio Engineering Society
2460:Dunbar, Julie C. (2010).
2242:10.1007/978-3-662-55004-5
949:Dynamic range compressors
714:Audio Engineering Society
448:
4938:Broadcasting occupations
4818:Christian music industry
4333:GfK Entertainment charts
3977:Professional audio store
1891:"Interview with Phil Ek"
1776:Category:Audio engineers
1767:Record production portal
852:live sound reinforcement
675:in 1998 for her work on
606:Berklee College of Music
413:of musical instruments;
280:Audio engineers develop
242:faculty (academic staff)
132:Research and development
127:Research and development
4225:Music streaming service
3658:Disney Music Publishing
3365:Bachelor of Engineering
3207:Engineering mathematics
2642:AES Pro Audio Reference
2231:
2184:. Architectural Press.
2167:Dictionary of Acoustics
2001:University of Salford.
1920:Rosenberg McKay, Dawn.
1000:Notable audio engineers
332:Architectural acoustics
316:Architectural acoustics
282:audio signal processing
276:Audio signal processing
230:architectural acoustics
137:audio signal processing
4948:Mass media occupations
4943:Filmmaking occupations
4767:Most-attended concerts
4735:Highest-paid musicians
3464:Structural engineering
3459:Mechanical engineering
3202:Engineering management
2417:Cite journal requires
2267:"Speech Communication"
2140:Pohlmann, Ken (2010).
1991:magazine, October 2004
954:Audio data compressors
914:
775:White Trash With Money
754:Young, Loud and Snotty
550:Education and training
485:
473:
364:portable media players
354:
328:
217:
183:electrical engineering
179:acoustical engineering
38:
4848:Most valuable records
4843:Most expensive albums
4798:Album-equivalent unit
4328:Italian singles chart
4185:Promotional recording
3653:Warner Chappell Music
3643:Sony Music Publishing
3638:BMG Rights Management
3444:Aerospace engineering
3357:Engineering education
2518:Entertainment Careers
1447:Bruce Robb (producer)
912:
703:". When she moved to
590:Women's Audio Mission
479:
469:
352:
323:
268:) coding used by the
212:Noted audio engineer
211:
171:broadcast engineering
53:) helps to produce a
33:
4953:Occupations in music
4823:Environmental impact
4723:Best-selling singles
3736:Digital music stores
3385:Graduate certificate
2546:McDonough Management
2294:Huber, D.M. (1995).
2207:"ASA TCMU Home Page"
847:Live sound engineer
782:, recording engineer
629:St. Lawrence Quartet
376:wave field synthesis
310:acoustic fingerprint
272:with some revision.
246:Doctor of Philosophy
77:, reproduction, and
4853:Music certification
4833:Largest music deals
4711:Best-selling albums
4544:The Country Network
4323:Irish Singles Chart
3972:Musical instruments
3370:Bachelor of Science
3212:Engineering physics
3196:Engineering drawing
2718:Interdisciplinarity
2033:"Acoustics and You"
1869:, 10 October 2013,
1845:www.sheffieldav.com
1744:Charles De Schutter
1127:Charles De Schutter
898:television programs
769:, a co-producer on
494:sound reinforcement
417:of concert venues;
67:dynamics processing
4366:SNEP singles chart
4141:Extended play (EP)
3912:Album cover design
2972:Telecommunications
2877:Naval architecture
2625:2008-11-21 at the
1142:Mark "Flood" Ellis
915:
886:Re-recording mixer
878:system engineering
828:Mastering engineer
678:The Globe Sessions
613:professional audio
486:
474:
445:sounds immersive.
443:binaural recording
355:
329:
218:
145:video game console
51:recording engineer
39:
4933:Audio engineering
4928:Audio electronics
4915:
4914:
4858:Parental Advisory
4813:Bootleg recording
4803:A-side and B-side
4660:
4613:
4612:
4529:The Music Factory
4371:Sverigetopplistan
4295:Argentina Hot 100
4261:Music competition
4251:Concert residency
4190:Phonograph record
4160:
4120:
4119:
3947:Music and fashion
3932:Entertainment law
3800:
3799:
3761:Virgin Megastores
3563:and organizations
3520:
3519:
3449:Civil engineering
3395:Licensed engineer
3390:Engineer's degree
3342:
3341:
3174:Building services
3157:Health technology
3018:Chemical reaction
2967:Signal processing
2251:978-3-662-55004-5
2191:978-0-7506-0538-0
2151:978-0-07-166347-2
1926:About.com Careers
1796:Audio restoration
1719:"Big Mick" Hughes
1602:Kenneth Wilkinson
1572:Michael B. Tretow
1497:Eberhard Sengpiel
1327:George Massenburg
1302:P.Prince Lynah Jr
1167:David R. Ferguson
1102:Bob Clearmountain
1037:Michael J. Bishop
964:Signal processors
471:Live sound mixing
411:physical modeling
395:Musical acoustics
390:Musical acoustics
353:The Pyramid Stage
326:Royal Albert Hall
302:echo cancellation
222:bachelor's degree
199:recording studios
121:signal processing
45:(also known as a
16:(Redirected from
4970:
4963:Music production
4904:
4903:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4658:
4479:
4478:
4376:UK singles chart
4308:Canadian Hot 100
4200:Compact cassette
4138:
4085:Session musician
4060:Hip hop producer
4018:
4017:
3952:Music journalism
3884:Rhythm and blues
3602:IFPI (worldwide)
3567:
3566:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3350:
2937:Electromechanics
2723:
2722:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2631:Creative Commons
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2476:
2475:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2356:Go.galegroup.com
2348:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2209:. Archived from
2202:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:. Archived from
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2066:on 8 August 2020
2062:. Archived from
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2035:. Archived from
2028:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2005:. Archived from
1998:
1992:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1837:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1332:Mario J. McNulty
1247:Leslie Ann Jones
959:Music sequencers
866:Monitor engineer
780:Leslie Ann Jones
761:Delia Derbyshire
659:music label was
368:tablet computers
339:Electroacoustics
167:computer science
111:or professional
59:live performance
21:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4958:Audio engineers
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4888:
4886:
4877:
4781:
4609:
4548:
4468:
4463:Top of the Pops
4428:Musica e dischi
4380:
4265:
4229:
4149:Cassette single
4127:
4116:
4070:Record producer
4016:
3987:Radio promotion
3957:Music publisher
3942:Music executive
3937:Music education
3904:
3898:
3796:
3765:
3719:
3662:
3626:
3570:Representatives
3562:
3561:Major companies
3556:
3551:
3521:
3516:
3468:
3415:
3399:
3375:Master's degree
3351:
3338:
3252:Instrumentation
3115:
3057:
3023:Electrochemical
2976:
2962:Radio frequency
2901:
2828:
2792:Municipal/Urban
2716:
2714:
2708:
2685:
2680:
2627:Wayback Machine
2590:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2542:"Andrew Scheps"
2540:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2510:
2506:
2499:Nashville Scene
2493:
2492:
2479:
2472:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2330:
2321:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2138:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2009:on 6 March 2016
1999:
1995:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1901:on 19 July 2011
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1643:Bernie Grundman
1622:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1607:Jonathan Wilson
1562:Phil Thornalley
1517:Chris Steinmetz
1462:Elliot Scheiner
1377:Paul Northfield
1287:Chris Lord-Alge
1222:David Hentschel
1187:Rudy Van Gelder
1182:Humberto Gatica
1011:
1007:
1002:
984:Mixing consoles
907:
890:post-production
822:Mixing engineer
804:
802:Sub-disciplines
736:, engineer for
724:Sylvia Robinson
665:Trina Shoemaker
661:Cordell Jackson
621:Angelique Kidjo
586:
558:
552:
525:post-production
521:record producer
490:sound recording
464:
451:
438:Psychoacoustics
435:
433:Psychoacoustics
403:neurophysiology
392:
347:
341:
318:
278:
262:
260:Sub-disciplines
226:master's degree
159:
153:
129:
107:can refer to a
103:Alternatively,
28:
23:
22:
18:Studio engineer
15:
12:
11:
5:
4976:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4897:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4868:Surprise album
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4661:
4656:United Kingdom
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:Brasil Hot 100
4297:
4289:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4256:Music festival
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4220:Music download
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4161:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4112:Sound engineer
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4082:
4077:
4075:Rhythm section
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4007:Talent manager
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Easy listening
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3554:Music industry
3550:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3484:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3404:Related topics
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:Sustainability
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3188:
3186:Geoengineering
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3167:Rehabilitation
3164:
3162:Pharmaceutical
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Bioinformatics
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3106:Semiconductors
3103:
3098:
3096:Nanotechnology
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2812:Transportation
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2588:External links
2586:
2584:
2583:
2571:Sound On Sound
2558:
2533:
2520:
2504:
2477:
2471:978-0415875622
2470:
2452:
2441:SoundGirls.org
2428:
2419:|journal=
2392:
2368:
2343:
2319:
2314:Sound on Sound
2300:
2284:
2273:on 4 June 2013
2257:
2250:
2224:
2197:
2190:
2172:
2157:
2150:
2129:
2102:
2077:
2050:
2020:
1993:
1988:Sound on Sound
1974:
1943:
1912:
1882:
1856:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1816:Sound follower
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1739:Owsley Stanley
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:George Peckham
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Robert Venable
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:Devin Townsend
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Stephen Street
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1492:Da-Hong Seetoo
1489:
1484:
1479:
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888:– a person in
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697:Blue Heartache
669:sound engineer
649:Women in Sound
625:Salman Rushdie
617:Kronos Quartet
594:women in music
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482:front of house
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2381:Guidestar.org
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979:Preamplifiers
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749:The Dead Boys
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729:
728:hip hop music
725:
722:
721:
720:
717:
715:
711:
710:Wendy Waldman
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:country music
686:
682:
680:
679:
674:
670:
666:
663:(1923–2004).
662:
658:
657:rock and roll
653:
650:
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638:
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588:According to
584:Role of women
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423:music therapy
420:
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384:vehicle audio
381:
380:movie theater
377:
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361:
360:mobile phones
351:
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286:reverberation
283:
273:
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239:
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231:
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215:
214:Roger Nichols
210:
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119:or (musical)
118:
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79:reinforcement
76:
72:
71:audio effects
68:
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52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
4899:
4885:
4863:Record sales
4828:Hidden track
4618:Achievements
4602:
4597:The X Factor
4595:
4588:
4581:
4576:Star Academy
4574:
4567:
4560:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4385:Publications
4353:
4313:Circle Chart
4300:
4292:
4284:
4246:Concert tour
4169:Double album
4111:
4095:Ghost singer
4080:Orchestrator
4065:Horn section
3992:Record label
3927:Distribution
3834:Experimental
3806:Major genres
3792:Ticketmaster
3740:iTunes Store
3697:
3696:
3674:
3673:
3592:Music Canada
3428:Engineering
3274:Mechatronics
3131:
3127:Agricultural
2777:Geotechnical
2745:Construction
2574:. Retrieved
2570:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2516:Get in Media
2515:
2507:
2498:
2461:
2455:
2444:. Retrieved
2440:
2431:
2410:cite journal
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:
2346:
2337:
2313:
2303:
2295:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:the original
2260:
2233:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:the original
2200:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2141:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2068:. Retrieved
2064:the original
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:the original
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
1996:
1986:
1981:Daley, Dan,
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1956:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1925:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1885:
1875:, retrieved
1865:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1673:Rodney Mills
1592:Andy Wallace
1507:Norman Smith
1502:Mike Shipley
1452:Susan Rogers
1442:Emitt Rhodes
1402:Dave Pensado
1397:Alan Parsons
1387:Hugh Padgham
1382:Gary Paczosa
1367:Clif Norrell
1347:Alan Moulder
1342:Yuri Morozov
1297:Malinda Lowe
1272:Greg Ladanyi
1267:Eddie Kramer
1217:Wally Heider
1132:Jack Douglas
1112:Mike Crossey
1057:Iain Burgess
1032:Sylvia Massy
1022:Jim Anderson
1017:Steve Albini
994:Loudspeakers
916:
864:Foldback or
805:
786:Sylvia Massy
774:
752:
737:
734:Susan Rogers
718:
683:
676:
654:
645:
610:
602:Susan Rogers
587:
570:
559:
545:
514:
498:broadcasting
487:
462:Practitioner
452:
436:
399:synthesizers
393:
356:
330:
279:
263:
254:Toningenieur
253:
219:
160:
130:
104:
102:
91:
63:equalization
50:
46:
42:
40:
4873:White label
4808:Backmasking
4625:Music award
4604:Rising Star
4400:HitQuarters
4279:ARIA Charts
4195:Eight-track
4180:Music video
4157:Maxi single
4105:Ghostwriter
4100:Vocal coach
4055:Disc jockey
4028:Arrangement
3997:Record shop
3967:Music venue
3962:Music store
3922:Disc jockey
3782:Live Nation
3777:CTS Eventim
3699:Independent
3502:Wikiproject
3257:and Control
3247:Information
3071:Biomaterial
3001:Bioresource
2992:/Bioprocess
2990:Biochemical
2942:Electronics
2713:Specialties
2683:Engineering
1895:HitQuarters
1801:Audiography
1729:Bill Porter
1658:Dale Becker
1567:John Travis
1457:Scott Salem
1437:Phil Ramone
1427:Bill Putnam
1422:Bill Porter
1352:Jack Mullin
1257:Neil Kernon
1252:Toshi Kasai
1152:Jack Endino
1092:Fred Catero
1072:Terry Brown
1062:Chuck Britz
1052:Helmut Burk
974:Microphones
832:compression
747:, producer
745:Genya Ravan
739:Purple Rain
685:Gail Davies
637:Tanya Tagaq
633:world music
566:autodidacts
537:advertising
496:, or sound
195:engineering
187:electronics
83:microphones
4922:Categories
4728:by country
4716:by country
4474:Television
4456:Smash Hits
4361:Sino Chart
4234:Live shows
4145:12" single
4033:Songwriter
4021:Production
3829:Electronic
3770:Live music
3631:Publishers
3612:PROMUSICAE
3421:Glossaries
3242:Industrial
3222:Facilities
3217:Explosives
3142:Biomedical
3137:Automation
3086:Metallurgy
2996:Biological
2947:Microwaves
2907:Electrical
2852:Automotive
2834:Mechanical
2807:Structural
2772:Geological
2760:Ecological
2750:Earthquake
2576:27 October
2551:27 October
2446:2022-06-27
2386:2017-03-02
1877:2019-12-08
1850:2019-02-05
1828:References
1702:Live sound
1693:Mike Bozzi
1683:Bob Weston
1668:Bob Ludwig
1653:Ted Jensen
1638:Kevin Gray
1597:Dan Wallin
1542:Mike Terry
1522:Mike Stone
1512:H. Sridhar
1477:Tom Scholz
1472:Al Schmitt
1412:Tony Platt
1372:Alex Tumay
1282:James Lock
1242:Glyn Johns
1237:Andy Johns
1227:Bones Howe
1197:Doug Grean
1172:Steve Fisk
1122:Nick Davis
1117:Terry Date
1097:Roy Cicala
1087:Dru Castro
1077:John Burns
989:Amplifiers
969:Headphones
796:RCA Victor
771:Toby Keith
767:Lari White
554:See also:
541:multimedia
343:See also:
244:require a
238:automobile
155:See also:
4793:Album era
4687:Brazilian
4659:(Females)
4590:The Voice
4563:franchise
4524:MuchMusic
4489:Channel V
4407:Hot Press
4393:Billboard
4301:Billboard
4293:Billboard
4285:Billboard
4153:CD single
4050:Conductor
4002:Road crew
3982:Promotion
3905:and roles
3787:LiveStyle
3724:Retailers
3687:Universal
3380:Doctorate
3294:Packaging
3264:Logistics
3237:Geomatics
3198:/graphics
3091:Molecular
3081:Corrosion
3063:Materials
3043:Petroleum
3033:Molecular
2915:Broadcast
2897:Tribology
2847:Aerospace
2782:Hydraulic
2361:3 October
1714:Dan Healy
1633:Mike Dean
1628:Tom Coyne
1616:Mastering
1487:Ken Scott
1482:Jim Scott
1212:Roy Halee
1162:Bob Ezrin
1082:Ian Caple
1027:Dave Aron
1005:Recording
905:Equipment
705:Nashville
578:pop music
562:fine arts
290:Auto-Tune
234:headphone
163:acoustics
151:Education
109:scientist
55:recording
4906:Category
4750:by women
4583:The Four
4569:Popstars
4482:Channels
4414:Kerrang!
4043:Lyricist
4038:Composer
3482:Category
3411:Engineer
3319:Software
3314:Security
3289:Ontology
3279:Military
3269:Robotics
3232:Forensic
3152:Clinical
3111:Surfaces
3101:Polymers
3076:Ceramics
3053:Reaction
2982:Chemical
2920:Computer
2842:Acoustic
2797:Offshore
2765:Sanitary
2623:Archived
2338:BBC News
1961:Archived
1957:wiseGeek
1930:Archived
1871:archived
1811:Loudness
1753:See also
1734:Dave Rat
1663:Bob Katz
1432:Bob Rock
1337:Joe Meek
1137:Tom Dowd
836:limiting
730:producer
726:, early
635:artists
506:engineer
502:consoles
113:engineer
4702:Swedish
4697:Italian
4692:British
4682:Belgian
4668:Genre:
4646:Germany
4641:Finland
4356:Top 100
4287:Hot 100
4241:Concert
4215:Airplay
4173:Mixtape
4128:formats
4126:Release
3903:Sectors
3869:New Age
3849:Hip hop
3819:Country
3756:Kaspien
3705:Concord
3492:Commons
3334:Textile
3329:Systems
3299:Privacy
3284:Nuclear
3048:Process
3006:Genetic
2952:Optical
2932:Control
2925:outline
2892:Thermal
2882:Railway
2822:Railway
2817:Traffic
2740:Coastal
2699:Outline
2694:History
2633:Licence
1821:Tape op
699:" and "
598:Grammys
517:masters
480:At the
407:singing
250:Germany
191:science
175:physics
87:pre-amp
4636:Brazil
4553:Series
4271:Charts
4136:Single
3879:Reggae
3844:Gospel
3731:Amazon
3692:Warner
3512:Portal
3309:Survey
3304:Safety
3191:Design
3011:Tissue
2887:Sports
2872:Marine
2862:Energy
2787:Mining
2629:under
2468:
2277:22 May
2248:
2217:22 May
2188:
2148:
2122:22 May
2095:13 May
2070:17 May
2043:13 May
2013:13 May
1967:17 May
1905:Sep 3,
940:(DAWs)
818:mixes.
641:Wu Man
631:, and
455:speech
449:Speech
366:, and
75:mixing
4786:Other
4755:Latin
4672:Latin
4651:Japan
4164:Album
3894:World
3864:Metal
3859:Latin
3814:Blues
3676:Major
3132:Audio
3120:Other
3038:Paper
2957:Power
2802:River
2727:Civil
1936:8 Dec
529:video
427:music
248:. In
94:sound
57:or a
4634:In:
4561:Idol
4534:Viva
4519:Tr3s
4514:MTV2
4504:Mnet
4499:Fuse
4421:Mojo
3889:Rock
3854:Jazz
3839:Folk
3746:Fnac
3715:AAMG
3682:Sony
3622:SNEP
3617:RIAA
3597:FIMI
3582:BVMI
3577:ARIA
3227:Fire
3028:Food
2578:2015
2553:2015
2466:ISBN
2423:help
2363:2018
2279:2013
2246:ISBN
2219:2013
2186:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2124:2013
2097:2013
2072:2013
2045:2013
2015:2013
1969:2013
1938:2019
1907:2010
1707:List
1621:List
1010:List
834:and
695:", "
639:and
576:and
574:rock
533:film
531:and
527:for
382:and
374:and
298:Opus
201:and
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4509:MTV
4494:CMT
4435:NME
4210:DVD
3874:Pop
3751:HMV
3607:PMB
3587:BPI
3437:M–Z
3432:A–L
3179:MEP
2715:and
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