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438:, creeks, and other natural water bodies dry up in this climate zone, stepwell and wells remain at a depth where there is less exposure to sun and heat. The majority of surviving stepwells originally served a leisure purpose alongside being main source of water for basic needs like bathing, washing clothes, farming, and watering animals. Stepwells also served as a place for social gatherings and religious ceremonies. Usually, women were more associated with these wells because they were the ones who collected the water. Also, it was they who prayed and offered gifts to the goddess of the well for her blessings.
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descending into the water) were caused to be built. Numerous drinking-places were caused to be established by me, here and there, for the enjoyment of cattle and men. this so-called enjoyment (is) . For with various comforts have the people been blessed both by former kings and by myself. But by me this has been done for the following purpose: that they might conform to that practice of morality.
390:(850–950 AD) are followed by it. The stepwells were constructed in the southwestern region of Gujarat around 600 AD; from there they spread north to Rajasthan and subsequently to the north and west India. Initially used as an art form by Hindus, the construction of these stepwells hit its peak during Muslim rule from the 11th to 16th century.
416:
A stepwell is generally located in two places - as an extension or part of a temple, and/or the outskirts of a village. When a stepwell is associated with a temple or a shrine, it is either at the opposite wall of it or in front of the temple. Sindhvai Mata stepwell in Patan, Mata
Bhavani stepwell in
915:
and reflected his notion of paradise not only through water and landscaping but also through symmetry by including a reflecting pool in the design. He was inspired by stepwells and felt that one would complement the garden of his palace. Many other Mughal gardens include reflecting pools to enhance
344:
King
Devanampriya Priyadarsin speaks thus. On the roads banyan-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted. And (at intervals) of eight kos wells were caused to be dug by me, and flights of steps (for
188:
A stepwell structure consists of two sections: a vertical shaft from which water is drawn and the surrounding inclined subterranean passageways and the chambers and steps which provide access to the well. The galleries and chambers surrounding these wells were often carved profusely with elaborate
488:
Stepped ponds are very similar to stepwells in terms of purpose. Generally, stepped ponds accompany nearby temples while stepwells are more isolated. Stepwells are dark and barely visible from the surface, while stepped ponds are illuminated by the light from the sun. Stepwells are more linear in
177:
that were developed in India, mainly to cope with seasonal fluctuations in water availability. A basic difference between stepwells on one hand, and tanks and wells on the other, is that stepwells make it easier for people to reach the groundwater and to maintain and manage the well.
397:. A long flight of steps leads to the water below a sequence of multi-story open pavilions positioned along the east–west axis. The elaborate ornamentation of the columns, brackets and beams are a prime example of how stepwells were used as a form of art.
141:
or ponds with a long corridor of steps that descend to the water level. Stepwells played a significant role in defining subterranean architecture in western India from the 7th to the 19th century. Some stepwells are multi-storeyed and can be accessed by a
815:
Stepwell at Rohtas Fort, near Jhelum. Constructed by
Emperor Sher Shah Suri: carving into the limestone bedrock in the 16th century, approx. 100 feet deep, originally would have been twice as much but has covered by silt. It was in use until
572:
mentions that Delhi alone has 32 stepwells. Out of these, 16 are lost, but their locations can be traced. Of the remaining 16, only 14 are accessible to public and the water level in these keeps varying, while two are now permanently
185:, and created stairs leading down to the water. This led to the building of some significant ornamental and architectural features, often associated with dwellings in urban areas. It also ensured their survival as monuments.
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The well-water is known to attract insects, animals, and many other germ breeding organisms. These stepwells, being a common space in frequent use by the inhabitants of the area, were considered to be a source of spreading
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Many stepwells have ornamentation and details as elaborate as those of Hindu temples. Proportions in relationship to the human body were used in their design, as they were in many other structures in Indian architecture.
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The stepwell ensures the availability of water during periods of drought. The stepwells had social, cultural and religious significance. These stepwells were proven to be well-built sturdy structures, after withstanding
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340:(about 20.8 miles or 33.5 km) for the convenience of travellers, but Ashoka states that it was a well-established practice which predated him and was done by former kings as well.
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The stepwell may have originated during periods of drought to ensure enough access to the water. The earliest archaeological evidence of stepwells is found at
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363:. These caves are dated to the 4th century. Navghan Kuvo, a well with the circular staircase in the vicinity, is another example. It was possibly built in
181:
The builders dug deep trenches into the earth for dependable, year-round groundwater. They lined the walls of these trenches with blocks of stone, without
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543:
and collate information on stepwells, mapping over 2800 stepwells in India. Another project mapped the location of over 1700 stepwells in
Maharashtra.
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where the site also has water tanks or reservoirs with flights of steps. Mohenjo Daro's great bath is also provided with steps on opposite directions.
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Stepwells influenced many other structures in Indian architecture, especially those that incorporate water into their design. For example, the
2190:
1523:
Rima Hooja: "Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional
Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective"
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season, stepwell and wells play a critical role in serving as a direct means to fresh water filtered through the earth. While the rivers,
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did not disrupt the culture that was practiced in these stepwells and encouraged the building of stepwells. The authorities during the
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The first rock-cut stepwells in India date from 200 to 400 AD. The earliest example of a bath-like pond reached by steps is found at
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the landscape or serving as an elegant entrance. Other notable gardens in India which incorporate water into their design include:
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found the hygiene of the stepwells less than desirable and installed pipe and pump systems to replace their purpose.
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Ahmedabad, and the Ankol Mata stepwell in Davad serve as a great example of the stepwells that house shrines.
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1186:"Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat"
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One of the earliest existing examples of stepwells was built in the 11th century in
Gujarat, the
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Abhilash
Shekhawat, "Stepwells of Gujarat." India's Invitation. 2010. Web. 29 March 2012.<
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Philip Davies, The
Penguin guide to the monuments of India, Vol II (London: Viking, 1989)
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Christopher
Tadgell, The History of Architecture in India (London: Phaidon Press, 1990)
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1473:"Sri Subramanya Temple in Peralassery – its legend, the stepwell and resident snakes"
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Large stepwell at
Nagnath Mandir in Hatnoor Village, Parbhani District in Maharashtra
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mention construction of stepwells along major Indian roads at a distance of every 8
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was constructed either in the second half of the 10th century or the 15th century.
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371:(600–700 AD) period, though some place it as late as the 11th century. The nearby
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to bring water to the first or second floor. They are most common in western
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A multi-storey stepwell in Mahimapur Village, Amravati District, Maharashtra
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Water supply and sanitation in the Indus-Saraswati Valley Civilisation
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1499:"Hyderabad's Bansilalpet stepwell: Ravaged, reimagined, then revived"
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A number of distinct names, sometimes local, exist for stepwells. In
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5km north of Neem ka Thana on Neem ka Thana-Mandholi-Khetri highway.
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98:, Rajasthan is one of the deepest and largest stepwells in India
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detail and became cool, quiet retreats during the hot summers.
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Candi Tikus, a 14th-century bathing place and step well in
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design compared to the rectangular shape of stepped ponds.
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The ancient stepwells helping to curb India's water crisis
828:. Some are in preserved conditions while others are not.
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and are also found in the other more arid regions of the
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Stepwells are examples of the many types of storage and
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The Stepwells of Gujarat: An art-historical Perspective
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The Stepwells of Gujarat: In art-historical Perspective
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The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective
1580:
http://www.indiasinvitation.com/stepwells_of_gujarat/
16:
Wells or ponds reached by steps, common in South Asia
1613:"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary"
1296:
1354:
1352:
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911:in India. It was designed by the Mughal emperor
201:-speaking regions, they include names based on
1530:Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India
1361:Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India
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1324:
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386:are dated to 550–625 AD. The stepped ponds at
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690:: has over 60 baolis in and around the town.
1528:Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002).
1317:
1262:The Penguin guide to the monuments of India
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1217:
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1198:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057
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1033:The 18th-century Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah, in
162:. The construction of stepwells is mainly
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1596:) is being considered for deletion. See
1303:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 19–25.
1212:
1159:Important water resource topics of India
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539:project, Stepwell Atlas, started to map
507:can be found across India, including in
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32:This article includes a list of general
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2744:Subterranean buildings and structures
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1683:
1496:
1363:. New York: Princeton Architectural.
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1183:
1501:. No. My Kolkata. The Telegraph
1331:The History of Architecture in India
640:Bhoga Nandeeshwara Temple, Karnataka
18:
2754:Buildings and structures in Gujarat
1444:Delhi heritage : Top 10 baolis
420:
13:
2590:Naples underground geothermal zone
1628:
1470:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2785:
1642:
1600:to help reach a consensus. ›
1442:Rooprai, Vikramjit Singh (2019).
1184:Priya, T.Lakshmi (October 2010).
1094:Toor Ji Ka Jhalra, stepped well,
1889:
1287:Livingston & Beach, p. xxiii
1117:
1102:
1087:
1060:
1042:
1026:
1011:
999:
892:Archaeological Park, East Java,
560:Stepwells of Delhi & Haryana
458:
23:
1497:Datta, Rangan (13 March 2023).
1490:
1464:
1435:
1413:
1150:History of stepwells in Gujarat
2636:Forestiere Underground Gardens
2499:Underground mining (soft rock)
2494:Underground mining (hard rock)
2479:Subsurface utility engineering
1402:
1377:
1177:
806:
1:
1669:Stepwell on Oxfort Art Online
1585:
1552:Delhi Heritage: Top 10 Baolis
1534:Princeton Architectural Press
1516:
1384:Jain-Neubauer, Jutta (1981).
1329:Tadgell, Christopher (1990).
566:Delhi Heritage: Top 10 Baolis
324:, rebuilt in the 14th century
2489:Underground mine ventilation
1297:Jutta Jain-Neubauer (1981).
875:
668:Charthana Stepwell, Parbhani
7:
2774:Water conservation in India
2646:Underground House Las Vegas
1674:India's Forgotten Stepwells
1525:. At infinityfoundation.com
1190:Advanced Materials Research
1164:Water conservation in India
1135:
492:
10:
2790:
2641:Underground House Colorado
2570:Underground City, Montreal
2565:Underground City (Beijing)
1359:Livingston, Morna (2002).
992:
449:
308:
249:, they are usually called
212:
2685:
2672:Hockerton Housing Project
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2213:Man-made and man-related
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2007:
1969:
1898:
1887:
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1333:. London: Phaidon Press.
671:Pingli Stepwell, Parbhani
501:significant stepwells in
350:Ashokan Pillar Edict No 7
294:
282:
262:
2764:Architecture in Pakistan
2686:Earth shelters Australia
2466:underground construction
1881:Waste stabilization pond
1598:templates for discussion
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954:Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)
192:
2769:Rajasthani architecture
2426:Missile launch facility
1548:Vikramjit Singh Rooprai
1423:. Maharashtra Stepwells
1421:"Maharashtra Stepwells"
1260:Davies, Philip (1989).
824:periods still exist in
674:Arvi Stepwell, Parbhani
654:Sree Peralassery Temple
570:Vikramjit Singh Rooprai
395:Mata Bhavani's Stepwell
265:). Other names include
53:more precise citations.
2651:Underground World Home
1554:(2019). Niyogi Books.
1388:. New Delhi: Abhinav.
1234:"Stepwells of Gujarat"
1192:. 133–134: 1057–1064.
1018:View of a stepwell at
896:
817:
623:Uparkot Fort, Junagadh
499:A number of surviving
485:
481:Bansilalpet Stepwell,
474:
412:Location of a stepwell
353:
325:
119:
111:
99:
2759:Architecture in India
2540:Kőbánya cellar system
2535:Houston tunnel system
2474:Rock-cut architecture
1836:Salt evaporation pond
1664:Stepwell architecture
1633:Azmi, Feza Tabassum.
1232:Shekhawat, Abhilash.
888:empire capital city,
883:
832:Bahar Wali Baoli, in
814:
537:collaborative mapping
480:
466:
342:
316:
267:kalyani or pushkarani
146:which is pulled by a
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105:
86:
2734:Rainwater harvesting
2615:Subterranean fiction
2610:Subterranean warfare
2091:Big fish–little pond
2060:Freshwater ecosystem
1994:Puddles on a surface
1565:Jutta Jain Neubauer
1236:. India's Invitation
1067:Rudabai stepwell or
1020:Fatehpur, Shekhawati
782:Bansilalpet Stepwell
334:Ashokan inscriptions
90:, in the village of
2605:Subterranean Toledo
2600:Subterranean London
2520:Caves of Maastricht
2484:Tunnel construction
2265:Burial vault (tomb)
2101:Constructed wetland
965:, Jammu and Kashmir
720:Panna Meena ka Kund
609:Dada Harir Stepwell
305:: 𑂙𑂵𑂏𑂲𑂢𑂰𑂩).
156:Indian subcontinent
2560:Underground living
2442:Underground hangar
1984:Coffee ring effect
1791:Infiltration basin
1771:Facultative lagoon
1654:Stepwells of India
1603:Stepwells in India
1477:The Times of India
1264:. London: Viking.
1129:Hindaun, Rajasthan
897:
818:
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2749:Indian inventions
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2660:Earth shelters UK
2631:Bill Gates' house
2624:Earth shelters US
2394:Military features
2385:Ventilation shaft
2253:Civilian features
2180:
2179:
2121:Pond of Abundance
2055:Aquatic ecosystem
1457:978-9-38913-611-1
1310:978-0-391-02284-3
969:Yadvindra Gardens
958:Jammu and Kashmir
949:Safdarjung's Tomb
637:Kalyani, Hulikere
378:The stepwells at
158:, extending into
79:
78:
71:
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2667:Underhill, Holme
2575:Mine exploration
2437:Underground base
2432:Scallywag bunker
2401:Air raid shelter
2380:Smuggling tunnel
2345:Underground city
2285:Dugout (shelter)
2222:Natural features
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468:Shravanabelagola
421:Function and use
367:(200–400 AD) or
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318:Agrasen Ki Baoli
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247:Marwari language
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175:irrigation tanks
110:, Patan, Gujarat
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1941:Spent fuel pool
1936:Reflecting pool
1906:Anchialine pool
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529:North Karnataka
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125:(also known as
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2580:Mines of Paris
2577:
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2555:Trench warfare
2552:
2550:Tunnel network
2547:
2545:Tunnel warfare
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
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2517:
2511:
2509:
2508:Related topics
2505:
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2360:Secret passage
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2154:Water aeration
2151:
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2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
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2081:Aerated lagoon
2077:
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2070:
2068:
2067:
2065:Lake ecosystem
2062:
2057:
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2043:
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2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
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1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
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1823:
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1816:Polishing pond
1813:
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1798:
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1786:Immersion pond
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
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1753:
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1736:Balancing lake
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1678:
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1671:
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1656:
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1649:Stepwell Atlas
1644:
1643:External links
1641:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1615:. Indoarch.org
1609:
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1409:Stepwell Atlas
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1141:Ancient India
1137:
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1123:
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1109:Stepped well,
1108:
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987:Roshanara Bagh
984:
975:
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963:Nishat Gardens
960:
951:
946:
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931:
921:Humayun's Tomb
907:was the first
877:
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753:Udoji ki Baori
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612:
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593:
575:
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521:Madhya Pradesh
494:
491:
470:stepped pond,
460:
457:
451:
448:
446:and diseases.
422:
419:
413:
410:
365:Western Satrap
347:
310:
307:
194:
191:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
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2525:Civil defense
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2411:Blast shelter
2409:
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2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
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2365:Semi-basement
2363:
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2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Utility vault
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Rock-cut tomb
2323:
2321:
2320:Rapid transit
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
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2301:
2298:
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2295:Earth shelter
2293:
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2149:Swimming hole
2147:
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2124:
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2119:
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2096:Body of water
2094:
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2038:
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2032:Goldfish pond
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
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1962:
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1951:Swimming pool
1949:
1947:
1944:
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1916:Infinity pool
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1844:
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1841:Sediment pond
1839:
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1564:
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1560:9-38913-611-3
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:1-56898-324-7
1539:
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1524:
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1478:
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1405:
1397:
1395:0-391-02284-9
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1372:
1370:1-56898-324-7
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1340:0-7148-2960-9
1336:
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1325:
1323:
1321:
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1273:
1271:0-14-008425-8
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1069:Adalaj ni Vav
1063:
1058:
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1051:
1050:Birkha Bawari
1045:
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1024:
1021:
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909:Mughal garden
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789:Uttar Pradesh
783:
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777:
775:
768:
765:
764:
758:
754:
751:
750:
749:
748:Neem Ka Thana
746:
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739:
738:Birkha Bawari
736:
735:
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731:
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596:Adalaj ni Vav
594:
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584:
583:
582:
580:
571:
567:
561:
558:
557:
556:
554:
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549:
544:
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538:
535:). In 2016 a
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
497:
490:
484:
479:
473:
469:
465:
459:Stepped ponds
456:
447:
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439:
437:
433:
429:
418:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Uperkot caves
346:
341:
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335:
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306:
304:
300:
292:
288:
280:
276:
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161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:Persian wheel
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
109:
104:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2515:Cave dweller
2375:Storm cellar
2369:
2165:Water Lilies
2164:
2159:Water garden
2139:(M C Escher)
2136:
2086:Bakki shower
1921:Natural pool
1855:
1821:Raceway pond
1751:Cooling pond
1741:Ballast pond
1676:at ArchDaily
1634:
1632:
1617:. Retrieved
1591:
1566:
1551:
1529:
1503:. Retrieved
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:
1466:
1448:Niyogi Books
1443:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1415:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1360:
1330:
1299:
1292:
1261:
1238:. Retrieved
1189:
1179:
1049:
1035:Farrukhnagar
898:
868:Baoli, near
848:Wan Bhachran
819:
787:
786:
772:
771:
678:
677:
659:
658:
644:
643:
628:
627:
619:Adi Kadi vav
615:Navghan Kuvo
577:
576:
565:
564:In his book
546:
545:
500:
498:
496:
487:
453:
440:
424:
415:
399:
392:
377:
373:Adi Kadi Vav
354:
343:
327:
298:
286:
274:
266:
254:
250:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
206:
202:
196:
187:
180:
172:
168:temple tanks
130:
126:
122:
121:
80:
65:
56:
37:
2729:Water wells
2693:Coober Pedy
2585:Mole people
2530:Coober Pedy
2447:Spider hole
2330:Root cellar
2215:subterranea
2111:Hydric soil
1999:Seep puddle
1961:Vernal pool
1946:Stream pool
1931:Plunge pool
1796:Kettle pond
1776:Garden pond
1619:18 December
1586:‹ The
1077:Gandhinagar
978:Khusro Bagh
943:Mehtab Bagh
857:Losar Baoli
839:Rohtas Fort
807:In Pakistan
797:Shahi Baoli
707:Chand Baori
661:Maharashtra
604:Gandhinagar
587:Rani ki vav
525:Maharashtra
428:earthquakes
406:British Raj
205:(including
164:utilitarian
108:Rani ki Vav
88:Chand Baori
51:introducing
2724:Irrigation
2713:Categories
2126:Pond liner
2116:Phytotelma
2047:Ecosystems
2017:Beaver dam
1926:Ocean pool
1911:Brine pool
1876:Waste pond
1851:Solar pond
1517:References
611:, Ahmedbad
251:vav, vavri
209:Rajasthani
34:references
2719:Stepwells
2461:quarrying
2355:Wine cave
2275:Catacombs
2106:Full pond
2027:Fish pond
2022:Duck pond
1979:Bird bath
1956:Tide pool
1861:Stew pond
1811:Mill pond
1806:Melt pond
1206:1662-8985
1037:, Haryana
982:Allahabad
934:Taj Mahal
901:Aram Bagh
894:Indonesia
886:Majapahit
876:Influence
861:Islamabad
774:Telangana
680:Rajasthan
630:Karnataka
533:Karnataka
509:Rajasthan
483:Hyderabad
472:Karnataka
444:epidemics
330:Dholavira
322:New Delhi
123:Stepwells
2416:Casemate
2370:Stepwell
2310:Hypogeum
2300:Erdstall
2290:Dry well
2270:Borehole
2260:Basement
2244:Sinkhole
2037:Koi pond
1866:Tailings
1856:Stepwell
1831:Sag pond
1801:Log pond
1781:Ice pond
1761:Dew pond
1731:Ash pond
1588:template
1505:20 March
1482:10 March
1427:23 March
1240:30 March
1136:See also
890:Trowulan
852:Mianwali
826:Pakistan
757:Mandholi
711:Abhaneri
703:Jaipur:
696:in Bundi
493:In India
436:rivulets
369:Maitraka
361:Junagadh
348:—
303:Bhojpuri
299:degeenar
259:Gujarati
243:Gujarati
160:Pakistan
139:cisterns
96:Bandikui
92:Abhaneri
59:May 2022
2677:Malator
2595:Sapping
2315:Manhole
2280:Dungeon
2167:(Monet)
2131:Ponding
2074:Related
1971:Puddles
1715:puddles
1590:below (
1096:Jodhpur
1081:Gujarat
1054:Jodhpur
993:Gallery
973:Pinjore
859:, near
850:, near
841:, near
834:Kharian
801:Lucknow
767:Udaipur
733:Jodhpur
579:Gujarat
553:Haryana
513:Gujarat
450:Details
432:monsoon
388:Bhinmal
309:History
291:Marathi
271:Kannada
207:bawdi (
47:improve
2457:Mining
2428:(silo)
2406:Bunker
2335:Tunnel
2239:Grotto
2234:Cenote
2144:Spring
2137:Puddle
1989:Puddle
1639:, BBC
1607:Curlie
1593:Curlie
1569:(2001)
1558:
1540:
1454:
1392:
1367:
1337:
1307:
1268:
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1073:Adalaj
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