Stegosaurus - Knowledge

4096: 1385: 4032: 1673: 4168: 893: 3074: 8907: 1599: 731: 4425: 3733:, with wide plates belonging to males and taller plates belonging to females. Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) proposed that the display function would have been reinforced by the horny sheath which would have increased the visible surface and such horn structures are often brightly colored. Some have suggested that plates in stegosaurs were used to allow individuals to identify members of their species. The use of exaggerated structures in dinosaurs as species identification has been questioned, as no such function exists in modern species. 4503: 3610: 1335: 1320:

display in December 2014 and was scientifically described in 2015. It is a young adult of undetermined sex, 5.8 m (19 ft) long and 2.9 m (9.5 ft) tall. The Sauriermuseum found several partial Stegosaurid skeletons throughout their excavations at Howe Quarry, Wyoming in the 1990s, though only Sophie has been described in detail. One skeleton collected at the site known as "Victoria" is very well preserved including many of the vertebrae preserved in semi-articulation and next to an

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Jurassic, a large ectothermic reptile might have used the increased surface area afforded by the plates to absorb radiation from the sun. Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) state that the presence of a smooth, insulating keratin covering would have hampered thermoregulation, but such a function cannot be entirely ruled out as extant cattle and ducks use horns and beaks to dump excess heat despite the keratin covering.

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have been found that preserve eight spikes together. It is possible the extra pair of spikes came from a different individual, and though no other extra bones were found with the specimen, these may be found if more digging were done at the original site. Specimens from other quarries (such as a tail from Quarry 13, now forming part of the composite skeleton AMNH 650 at the

3932:(and all stegosaurians) had small, peg-shaped teeth that have been observed with horizontal wear facets associated with tooth-food contact and their unusual jaws were probably capable of only orthal (up-down) movements. Their teeth were "not tightly pressed together in a block for efficient grinding", and no evidence in the fossil record of stegosaurians indicates use of 985:, including the now-completely prepared holotype, preserved the plates in alternating rows near the peak of the back, and that there was no evidence of the plates having shifted relative to the body during fossilization. Gilmore and Lucas' interpretation became the generally accepted standard, and Lull's mount at the Peabody Museum was changed to reflect this in 1924. 1066: 3668:(and modern elephant and rabbit ears). The plates had blood vessels running through grooves and air flowing around the plates would have cooled the blood. Buffrénil, et al. (1986) found "extreme vascularization of the outer layer of bone", which was seen as evidence that the plates "acted as thermoregulatory devices". Likewise, 2010 structural comparisons of 1415:. The lower jaw had flat downward and upward extensions that would have completely hidden the teeth when viewed from the side, and these probably supported a turtle-like beak in life. The presence of a beak extended along much of the jaws may have precluded the presence of cheeks in these species. Such an extensive beak was probably unique to 3364:, meaning "two plexus roof lizard" (in allusion to the greatly enlarged neural canal of the sacrum which Marsh characterized as a "posterior brain case"), was named by Marsh in 1887 (including the holotype specimen). The disarticulated bones were actually collected in 1879 by Edward Ashley at Como Bluff. Marsh initially distinguished it from 8412: 1100:, with a single row of plates. This was dropped fairly early on (apparently because it was poorly understood how the plates were embedded in the skin and they were thought to overlap too much in this arrangement). It was revived, in somewhat modified form, in the 1980s, by Stephen Czerkas, based on the arrangement of 3721:" and give a colorful, red warning. However, the stegosaur plates were covered in horn rather than skin. The plates' large size suggests that they may have served to increase the apparent height of the animal, either to intimidate enemies or to impress other members of the same species in some form of sexual 8214:

Chure, Daniel J.; Litwin, Ron; Hasiotis, Stephen T.; Evanoff, Emmett; and Carpenter, Kenneth (2006). "The fauna and flora of the Morrison Formation: 2006". In Foster, John R.; and Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.). Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural

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as bipedal and long-necked, with the plates arranged along the tail and the back covered in spikes. This covering of spikes might have been based on a misinterpretation of the teeth, which Marsh had noted were oddly shaped, cylindrical, and found scattered, such that he thought they might turn out to

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The stegosaurians were widely distributed geographically in the late Jurassic. Palaeontologists believe it would have eaten plants such as mosses, ferns, horsetails, cycads, and conifers. One hypothesized feeding behavior strategy considers them to be low-level browsers, eating low-growing foliage of

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There has been debate about whether the tail spikes were only used for display, as posited by Gilmore in 1914, or used as a weapon. Robert Bakker noted the tail was likely to have been much more flexible than that of other dinosaurs, as it lacked ossified tendons, thus lending credence to the idea of

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spikes than plates, implying that cooling was not important enough to require specialized structural formations such as plates. However, it has also been suggested that the plates could have helped the animal increase heat absorption from the sun. Since a cooling trend occurred towards the end of the

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is sub-circular. The hind feet each had three short toes, while each fore foot had five toes; only the inner two toes had a blunt hoof. The phalangeal formula is 2-2-2-2-1, meaning the innermost finger of the fore limb has two bones, the next has two, etc. All four limbs were supported by pads behind

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have been preserved, probably showing the growth of the genus. The two juveniles are both relatively small, with the smaller individual being 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long, and the larger having a length of 2.6 m (8.5 ft). The specimens can be identified as not mature because they lack the

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the same year and named by Marsh. The specimen was one of many found at the quarry, the specimen consisting of a partial skull, several vertebrae, an ischium, partial limbs, several plates, and four thagomizers, though eight thagomizers were referred based on a specimen preserved alongside the type.

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dinosaurs, suggesting a different feeding strategy that is not yet well understood. The other ornithischians possessed teeth capable of grinding plant material and a jaw structure capable of movements in planes other than simply orthal (i.e. not only the fused up-down motion to which stegosaur jaws

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As the plates would have been obstacles during copulation, it is possible the female stegosaur laid on her side as the male entered her from above and behind. Another suggestion is that the female would stand on all fours but squat down the fore limbs and raise the tail up and out of the male's way

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is distinguished mainly by its unusually large, furrowed spikes with very large bases. A spike associated with the type specimen, originally thought to be a tail spike, may in fact come from the shoulder or hip, since its base is much larger than the corresponding tail vertebrae. A review published

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by the presence of longer hind limbs, proportionately smaller, more pointed plates with wide bases and narrow tips, and by several small, flat, spine-like plates just before the spikes on the tail. These spine-like plates appear to have been paired, due to the presence of at least one pair that are

1620:(bony-cored scales), similar to those seen in crocodiles and many lizards today. They were not directly attached to the animal's skeleton, instead arising from the skin. The largest plates were found over the hips and could measure over 60 cm (24 in) wide and 60 cm (24 in) tall. 1419:

and some other advanced stegosaurids among ornithischians, which usually had beaks restricted to the jaw tips. Other researchers have interpreted these ridges as modified versions of similar structures in other ornithischians which might have supported fleshy cheeks, rather than beaks. Stegosaurian

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have been found. One subadult specimen, discovered in 1994 in Wyoming, is 4.6 m (15.1 ft) long and 2 m (6.6 ft) high, and is estimated to have weighed 1.5-2.2 metric tons (1.6-2.4 short tons) while alive. It is on display in the University of Wyoming Geological Museum.

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discovery came in 1885 with the discovery of a nearly complete, articulated skeleton of a subadult that included previously undiscovered elements like a complete skull, throat ossicles, and articulated plates. Marshall P. Felch collected the skeleton throughout 1885 and 1886 from Morrison Formation

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vary little from those of ancestral archosaurs, with an elongated shape, large olfractory lobes, and extremely narrow cerebral hemispheres. Lack of surface detail suggest that the brain did not fill the braincase. EQ estimates are below 0,6 (Hoppson, 1977), agreeing well with predictions of a slow

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was discovered with eight spikes, though they were scattered away from their original positions. These have often been interpreted as indicating that the animal had four pairs of tail spikes. No specimens have been found with complete or articulated sets of tail spikes, but no additional specimens

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is one of the most recognizable kinds of dinosaurs. The function of this array of plates and spikes has been the subject of much speculation among scientists. Today, it is generally agreed that their spiked tails were most likely used for defense against predators, while their plates may have been

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may have lacked armor, since no plates or spikes were found with the specimen, though a single spike may actually have been present nearby, and re-examination of the site maps has shown that the entire specimen was found highly disarticulated and scattered. It is generally considered a synonym of

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was very fragmentary, consisting only of a partial tail, hips, and leg, parts of some back vertebrae, and a single fragmentary plate (the presence of which was used to give the animal its name). No other plates or spikes were found, and the entire front half of the animal appears not to have been

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National Landmark. The first known skeletons were fragmentary and the bones were scattered, and it would be many years before the true appearance of these animals, including their posture and plate arrangement, became well understood. Despite its popularity in books and film, mounted skeletons of

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worked with private donors, most notably Jeremy Herrmann, to find the funding and then arranged to purchase the specimen, which was given the new official museum collection specimen designation NHMUK PV R36730 and re-nicknamed Sophie after Jeremy Herrmann's daughter. The mounted skeleton went on

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plates has been much debated. Marsh suggested that they functioned as some form of armor, though Davitashvili (1961) disputed this, claiming that they were too fragile and ill-placed for defensive purposes, leaving the animal's sides unprotected. Nevertheless, others have continued to support a

3261:. The specimen consists of three articulated cervical vertebrae with associated ribs, three dorsal vertebrae, thirteen ribs, a right forelimb including a partial humerus, ulna, and radius, and one dermal plate. Although certain features of the fossil material are different when compared to 1004:, which was put on display in 1910. However, this mount was dismantled in 1917 when the old Peabody Museum building was demolished. This historically significant specimen was re-mounted ahead of the opening of the new Peabody Museum building in 1925. 1918 saw the completion of the second 3588:. This suggests it could not walk very fast, as the stride of the back legs at speed would have overtaken the front legs, giving a maximum speed of 15.3–17.9 km/h (9.5–11.1 mph). Tracks discovered by Matthew Mossbrucker (Morrison Natural History Museum, Colorado) suggest that 1151:

specimens at Bone Cabin Quarry in Como Bluff. These remains haven't been described and were mounted in 1932, the mount being a composite primarily of specimens AMNH 650 & 470 from Bone Cabin Quarry. The AMNH mount is cast and on display at the Field Museum, which didn't collect any

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defensive function. Bakker suggested in 1986 that the plates were covered in horn comparing the surface of the fossilized plates to the bony cores of horns in other animals known or thought to bear horns. Christiansen and Tschopp (2010), having studied a well-preserved specimen of

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to obtain, in the 1880s, a cast of the brain cavity or endocast of the animal, which gave an indication of the brain size. The endocast showed the brain was indeed very small, the smallest proportionally of all dinosaur endocasts then known. The fact that an animal weighing over

1486:, a varying number of vertebrae in the sacrum, with four in most subadults, and around 46 caudal (tail) vertebrae. The presacrals are divided into cervical (neck) and dorsal (back) vertebrae, with around 10 cervicals and 17 dorsals, the total number being one greater than in 4103:

The Morrison Formation is interpreted as a semiarid environment with distinct wet and dry seasons, and flat floodplains. Vegetation varied from river-lining forests of conifers, tree ferns, and ferns (gallery forests), to fern savannas with occasional trees such as the

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had four dermal spikes, each about 60–90 cm (2.0–3.0 ft) long. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armor show, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted. Initially, Marsh described

4405:. Like Marsh's reconstruction, Knight's first restoration had a single row of large plates, though he next used a double row for his more well-known 1901 painting, produced under the direction of Frederic Lucas. Again under Lucas, Knight revised his version of 4114:. The flora of the period has been revealed by fossils of green algae, fungi, mosses, horsetails, ferns, cycads, ginkoes, and several families of conifers. Animal fossils discovered include bivalves, snails, ray-finned fishes, frogs, salamanders, turtles like 3987:, therefore, probably browsed primarily among smaller twigs and foliage, and would have been unable to handle larger plant parts unless the animal was capable of biting much more efficiently than predicted in this study. However, a 2016 study indicates that 2350:

In 2017, Raven and Maidment published a phylogenetic analysis including almost every known stegosaurian genus. Their dataset was expanded upon in the following years with additional taxa. In their 2024 description of stegosaur fossil material from China's

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teeth given realistic physics and properties. Bite force was also calculated using these models and the known skull proportions of the animal, as well as simulated tree branches of different size and hardness. The resultant bite forces calculated for

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is undoubtedly now considered to have been quadrupedal, some discussion has occurred over whether it could have reared up on its hind legs, using its tail to form a tripod with its hind limbs, to browse for higher foliage. This has been proposed by

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which all sent expeditions to the west to make their own dinosaur collections and mount skeletons in their fossil halls. The American Museum of Natural History was the first to launch an expedition in 1897, finding several assorted, but incomplete,

3060:. It was initially mounted with paired plates set wide, above the base of the ribs, but was remounted in 1924 with two staggered rows of plates along the midline of the back. Additional specimens recovered from the same quarry by the United States 932:. It was initially mounted with paired plates set wide, above the base of the ribs, but was remounted in 1924 with two staggered rows of plates along the midline of the back. Additional specimens recovered from the same quarry by the United States 3649:

effectively. He contends that they had insufficient width for them to stand erect easily in such a manner as to be useful in display without continuous muscular effort. Mobility of the plates, however, has been disputed by other paleontologists.

2987:, mainly because its remains include at least one complete articulated skeleton. It had proportionately large, broad plates and rounded tail plates. Articulated specimens show that the plates were arranged alternating in a staggered double row. 1627:

species, Peter Galton suggested that the arrangement of the plates on the back may have varied between species, and that the pattern of plates as viewed in profile may have been important for species recognition. Galton noted that the plates in

3295:, meaning "armored roof lizard", was the first species to be found and the original type species named by O.C. Marsh in 1877. It is known from a partial skeleton, and more than 30 fragmentary specimens have been referred to it. However, the 1133:

After the end of the Bone Wars, many major institutions in the eastern United States were inspired by the depictions and finds by Marsh and Cope to assemble their own dinosaur fossil collections. The competition was foremost started by the

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in 1932. Mounted under the direction of Charles J. Long, the American Museum mount was a composite consisting of partial remains filled in with replicas based on other specimens. In his article about the new mount for the museum's journal,

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is known from at least 50 partial skeletons of adults and juveniles, one complete skull, and four partial skulls. It was shorter than other species, at 6.5 m (21 ft). Found in the Morrison Formation, Colorado, Wyoming, and

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is one of the most easily identifiable dinosaur genera, due to the distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates rising vertically along the rounded back and the two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of the tail.

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lived and traveled in multiple-age herds. One group of tracks is interpreted as showing four or five baby stegosaurs moving in the same direction, while another has a juvenile stegosaur track with an adult track overprinting it.

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preserves two flattened spine-like plates from the tail that are nearly identical in shape and size, but are mirror images of each other, suggesting that at least these were arranged in pairs. Many of the plates are manifestly

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were once again being collected, though few have been fully described. An important discovery came in 1937 again at Garden Park by a high school teacher named Frank Kessler in while leading a nature hike. Kessler contacted the

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reached 7 m (23.0 ft) in length and 3.8 metric tons (4.2 short tons) in body mass. Some large individuals may have reached 7.5 m (25 ft) in length and 5.0–5.3 metric tons (5.5–5.8 short tons) in body mass.

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This space, however, is more likely to have served other purposes. The sacro-lumbar expansion is not unique to stegosaurs, nor even ornithischians. It is also present in birds. In their case, it contains what is called the

4063:, Marsh noted a large canal in the hip region of the spinal cord, which could have accommodated a structure up to 20 times larger than the famously small brain. This has led to the influential idea that dinosaurs like 4095: 639:

did not become a staple of major natural history museums until the mid-20th century, and many museums have had to assemble composite displays from several different specimens due to a lack of complete skeletons.

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along with other prehistory displays, and to the current National Museum of Natural History building in 1911. Following renovations to the museum in the 2010s, the model was moved once again for display at the

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Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Galton, Peter M.; Mallison, Heinrich; Novas, Fernando (2013). "A plated dinosaur (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina, South America: an evaluation".

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could have maneuvered its rear easily, by keeping its large hind limbs stationary and pushing off with its very powerfully muscled but short forelimbs, allowing it to swivel deftly to deal with attack.

1272:, an articulated torso including several dorsal plates from a small individual were collected and briefly described in 2014, though the specimen was collected years before and is still in preparation at 3899:

and correlate with metabolic rates. They suggested that such metabolisms may have been common for ornithischian dinosaurs in general, with the group evolving towards ectothermy from an ancestor with an

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skeleton at the DMNS in 1938. The skeleton remained mounted until 1989 when the museum curator of the DMNS began a revision of the museum's fossil hall and dispatched an expedition to find additional

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displays were missing from a majority of museums during the first half of the 20th century, due largely to the disarticulated nature of most fossil specimens. Until 1918, the only mounted skeleton of

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Galton, Peter M.; Carpenter, Kenneth (2016). "The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen".

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Xing, L., Lockley, M. G., PERSONS IV, W. S., Klein, H., Romilio, A., Wang, D., & Wang, M. (2021). Stegosaur track assemblage from Xinjiang, China, featuring the smallest known stegosaur record.

6820:"Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): A new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America" 1180:

mount in 1940 along with several other specimens to finish the mount. A cranium (CM 12000) was also found by Carnegie crews, one of the few known. Both the AMNH and CM material has been referred to

5570:"The Postcranial Skeleton of an Exceptionally Complete Individual of the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A." 3952:

could have raised itself on two legs, as suggested by Bakker, then it could have browsed on vegetation quite high up, with adults being able to forage up to 6 m (20 ft) above the ground.

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and no two plates of the same size and shape have been found for an individual; however plates have been correlated between individuals. Well preserved integumentary impressions of the plates of

1093:-like armor. This was Marsh's initial interpretation, which led to the name 'roof lizard'. As further and complete plates were found, their form showed they stood on edge, rather than lying flat. 3641:

with skin impressions, concluded that the plates were covered in a keratin sheath which would have strengthened the plate as a whole and provided it with sharp cutting edges. Bakker stated that

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in 2004 and later prepared by museum staff, who gave it the nickname Sarah after the landowner's daughter. The skeleton had been excavated on private land and was available for purchase. The

1444:) could have a brain of no more than 80 g (2.8 oz) contributed to the popular old idea that all dinosaurs were unintelligent, an idea now largely rejected. Actual brain anatomy in 1024:

type specimen, which had been on display in relief nearby since 1918. The aging mount was dismantled in 2003 and replaced with a cast in an updated pose in 2004. A third mounted skeleton of

7013:"A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Hesperosaurus mjosi from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, U.S.A., and implications for growth and size in Morrison stegosaurs" 5889:""Dragons" on the landscape: Modeling the abundance of large carnivorous dinosaurs of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (USA) and the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation (Canada)" 1586:

the toes. The fore limbs were much shorter than the stocky hind limbs, which resulted in an unusual posture. The tail appears to have been held well clear of the ground, while the head of

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preserved. Because the type specimen is very fragmentary, it is extremely difficult to compare it with other species based on better specimens, and it is now generally considered to be a

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Many of the species initially described have since been considered to be invalid or synonymous with earlier named species, leaving two well-known and one poorly known species. Confirmed

856:. The skeleton was expertly unearthed by Felch, who first divided the skeleton into labeled blocks and prepared them separately. The skeleton was shipped to Marsh in 1887, who named it 3203:

of Asia. However, this classification scheme was not followed by other researchers, and a 2017 cladistic analysis co-authored by Maidment with Thomas Raven rejects the synonymy of

699:, preparation of the bones and analysis has discovered that this type specimen is actually dubious, which is not an ideal situation for the type species of a well-known genus like 591:

with rounded backs, short fore limbs, long hind limbs, and tails held high in the air. Due to their distinctive combination of broad, upright plates and tail tipped with spikes,

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skeleton along with turtles, crocodiles, and isolated dinosaur fossils at the quarry that would be nicknamed "The Kessler Site". Phillip Reinheimer, a steel worker, mounted the

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Dodson, Peter; Behrensmeyer, A.K.; Bakker, Robert T.; McIntosh, John S. (Spring 1980). "Taphonomy and paleoecology of the dinosaur beds of the Jurassic Morrison Formation".

4447:. The model was based on Knight's latest miniature with the double row of staggered plates, and was exhibited in the United States Government Building at the exposition in 3597:

as he supports his fore limbs on her hips. However, their reproductive organs still could not touch as there is no evidence of muscle attachments for a mobile penis nor a

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is the plate arrangement. The argument has been a major one in the history of dinosaur reconstruction. Four possible plate arrangements have been proposed over the years:

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when Yale paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh described them in 1877. Marsh initially believed the remains were from an aquatic turtle-like animal, and the basis for its

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again two years later, producing a model with a staggered double row of plates. Knight would go on to paint a stegosaur with a staggered double plate row in 1927 for the

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could flip its osteoderms from one side to another to present a predator with an array of spikes and blades that would impede it from closing sufficiently to attack the

1512:. Farther posteriorly, the proportionately larger the cervicals become, although they do not change greatly in anything other than size. Past the first few dorsals, the 7482: 3785:, which showed a high incidence of trauma-related damage, lends more weight to the position that the spikes were indeed used in combat. This study showed that 9.8% of 916:, where it has been on display since 1915. Another mount was made for the NMNH in the form of a mounted composite skeleton consisting of several specimens referred to 6333:

Peter M. Galton (2019). "Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India".

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had a "second brain" in the tail, which may have been responsible for controlling reflexes in the rear portion of the body. This "brain" was proposed to have given a

820:"affinis", based only on a hip bone, though the fossil has since been lost and the species declared a nomen nudum. Later in 1887, Marsh described two more species of 5799: 1575:. The blade is relatively straight, although it curves towards the back. There is a small bump on the back of the blade, that would have served as the base of the 828:

based on a partial vertebral column, partial pelvis, and partial left hindlimb (YPM 1858) from Reed's Quarry 11, though the species is now seen as synonymous with

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may have been a browser of low-growing vegetation. This interpretation is supported by the absence of front teeth and their likely replacement by a horny beak or

5659:"Evidence for Sexual Dimorphism in the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus mjosi (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western USA" 3326:

which has since been lost. Because Marsh did not provide an adequate description of the bone with which to distinguish a new species, this name is considered a

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Main R, de Ricqlès A, Horner JR, Padian K (2005). "The evolution and function of thyreophoran dinosaur scutes: implications for plate function in stegosaurs".

6799: 7232: 5930:"Body mass estimates of an exceptionally complete Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Comparing volumetric and linear bivariate mass estimation methods" 1176:

specimens in one of the greatest single sites for the taxon. CM 11341, the most complete skeleton found at the quarry, was used for the basis of a composite

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based on his new interpretation. However, the following year, Lucas wrote that he now believed the plates were probably attached in staggered rows. In 1910,

836:, was named based on a left forelimb, scapula, left femur, several vertebrae, and several plates and dermal armor elements (USNM V 4937) collected in 1883. 772:, though Peter Galton (2010) suggested that it is distinct based on differences in the vertebrae. F. F. Hubbell, a collector for Cope, also found a partial 5423:

Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Norman, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Upchurch, Paul (2008). "Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)".

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the tail as a weapon. However, as Carpenter has noted, the plates overlap so many tail vertebrae, movement would be limited. Bakker also observed that

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to have been bipedal, due to its short forelimbs. He had changed his mind, however, by 1891, after considering the heavy build of the animal. Although

957:, coming to the conclusion that the plates were arranged in pairs in two rows along the back, arranged above the bases of the ribs. Lucas commissioned 2979:, meaning "narrow-faced roof lizard", was named by Marsh in 1887, with the holotype having been collected by Marshall Felch at Garden Park, north of 3975:(N), 183.7 N, and 275 N (for anterior, middle and posterior teeth, respectively), which means its bite force was less than half that of a 3653:

Another possible function of the plates is they may have helped to control the body temperature of the animal, in a similar way to the sails of the

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The type specimen also preserved the pes, which was the namesake of the species, meaning "hoofed roofed lizard". In 1881, he named a third species

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specimen had a bite similar in strength to that of modern herbivorous mammals, in particular, cattle and sheep. Based on this data, it is likely

3110:, meaning "furrowed roof lizard", was described by Marsh in 1887 based on a partial skeleton. It has traditionally been considered a synonym of 1636:

plates have been found, and none articulated, making the arrangement in this species more difficult to determine. However, the type specimen of

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specimen, being 85% intact and containing 360 bones. Sophie was first discovered by Bob Simon in 2003 at a quarry on the Red Canyon Ranch near

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McIntosh, J. S. (1981). Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

860:( "narrow-faced roof lizard") that year. Though it had not yet been completely prepared, the nearly complete and articulated type specimen of 9144: 8224:

Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.

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skeletons known, though it only contains a tooth, 13 vertebrae, partial limbs, a cervical plate, and several assorted postcranial elements.

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fossil finds, it took many years before reasonably accurate restorations of this dinosaur could be produced. The earliest popular image of

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to determine if all three had similar bite forces and similar niches. Based on the results of the study, it was revealed that the subadult

7865: 981:, which was depicted with paired plates. In 1914, Charles Gilmore argued against Lull's interpretation, noting that several specimens of 9084: 7983: 7634:"The 'species recognition hypothesis' does not explain the presence and evolution of exaggerated structures in non-avialan dinosaurs" 6163: 3793:

into which a tail spike fits perfectly. The damage shows that the spike entered at an angle from below and displaced a piece of the

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and consisted of several caudal vertebrae, a dermal plate, and several additional postcranial elements that were collected north of

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is known solely from teeth and was described by Piveteau in 1926. The teeth were variously attributed to a stegosaur, the theropod

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could have easily bitten through smaller green branches, but would have had difficulty with anything over 12 mm in diameter.

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most notably preserves a large spike that has been speculated to have been a shoulder spike that is used to diagnose the species.

616:, with the largest known specimens measuring about 7.5 metres (25 ft) long and weighing over 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons). 9129: 5721:

Escaso F, Ortega F, Dantas P, Malafaia E, Pimentel NL, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Sanz JL, Kullberg JC, Kullberg MC, Barriga F (2007).

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was an engraving produced by the French science illustrator Auguste-Michel Jobin, which appeared in the November 1884 issue of

8448: 7963: 7935: 7715: 7682: 7616: 7342: 6783: 6606: 6367:

Sereno, P.C., 1998, "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria",

6234: 6173: 6131: 6097: 5313: 4869: 4456: 1384: 17: 7521: 6488: 2968:

remains have been found in the Morrison Formation's stratigraphic zones 2–6, with additional remains possibly referrable to

9149: 5226: 4179:

skeletons posed in combat as "Spikes vs. Claws" in the Deep Time hall at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

3994:

bite strength was stronger than previously believed. Comparisons were made between it (represented by a specimen known as "

3789:

specimens examined had injuries to their tail spikes. Additional support for this idea was a punctured tail vertebra of an

8000:

Weishampel, DB (January 1984). "Interactions between Mesozoic Plants and Vertebrates:Fructifications and seed predation".

3710:

surveys of plate microstructure attributed the vascularization to the need to transport nutrients for rapid plate growth.

3576:

had short fore limbs in relation to its hind limbs. Furthermore, within the hind limbs, the lower section (comprising the

3123:

at all, but to a different genus. Peter Galton suggested it should be considered a valid species due to its unique spikes.

1205:, who sent paleontologist Robert Landberg. Landberg excavated the skeleton with the DMNS crews, recovering a 70% complete 1116:

Two rows of alternating plates. By the early 1960s, this had become (and remains) the prevalent idea, mainly because some

8469: 8215:

History and Science Bulletin, 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 233–248.

3624: 2359:. used a modified version of the dataset of Raven and Maidment to analyze the phylogenetic relations of the Stegosauria: 1202: 8906: 7864:

Wiemann, J.; Menéndez, I.; Crawford, J.M.; Fabbri, M.; Gauthier, J.A.; Hull, P.M.; Norell, M.A.; Briggs, D.E.G. (2022).

3436:

in 1914 based on a fragmentary postcranial skeleton that has largely been lost. It is now the type species of the genus

1616:

are its dermal plates, which consisted of between 17 and 22 separate plates and flat spines. These were highly modified

1552:

become smaller, until the neural spines disappear at caudal 35. Around the middle of the tail, the neural spines become

644:

is one of the better-known dinosaurs and has been featured in film, on postal stamps, and in many other types of media.

5243: 4973: 4440: 4031: 3098: 3061: 3041: 1465: 1139: 1135: 1054: 1033: 1017: 933: 909: 781: 4369:

and elsewhere, and which depicted the dinosaur amid a speculative Morrison age Jurassic landscape. Jobin restored the

4355:

has been depicted on film, in cartoons and comics and as children's toys. Due to the fragmentary nature of most early

3936:—the stone(s) some dinosaurs (and some present-day bird species) ingested—to aid the grinding process, so how exactly 687:, 'roof(ed) lizard' was due to his early belief that the plates lay flat over the animal's back, overlapping like the 9109: 7546:

Main RP, Padian K, Horner J (2000). "Comparative histology, growth and evolution of archosaurian osteoderms: why did

6320: 6208: 5871: 5846: 5351:

Cameron, Robert P.; Cameron, John A.; Barnett, Stephen M. (August 15, 2015). "Were there two forms of Stegosaurus?".

3923:

and related genera were herbivores. However, their teeth and jaws are very different from those of other herbivorous

3538: 3053: 1723:; the author argued that this finding indicates a probable early Early Jurassic origin for both Ankylosauria and its 1528:

includes four sacral vertebrae, but one of the dorsals is also incorporated into the structure. In some specimens of

1001: 978: 925: 9124: 6993:

Maidment, S. C. (2010). Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationships.

6203:

Martin, A.J. (2006). Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs. Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. 560 pp.

6162:

Buchholtz, Emily; Holtz, Thomas R. Jr.; Farlow, James O.; Walters, Bob (June 27, 2012). Brett-Surman, M.K. (ed.).

9134: 7770:

Hayashi, S.; Carpenter, K.; Suzuki, D. (2009). "Different Growth Patterns between the Skeleton and Osteoderms of

5182: 4410: 1143: 1107:

The plates were paired in a double row along the back, such as in Knight's 1901 reconstruction and the 1933 film

936:, including tail vertebrae and an additional large plate (USNM 7414), belong to the same individual as YPM 1853. 7585: 3064:, including tail vertebrae and an additional large plate (USNM 7414), belong to the same individual as YPM 1853. 1672: 1168:

in 1902–03. The fossils included only a couple postcranial remains, though in the 1900s-1920s Carnegie crews at

1020:. It was a composite of several skeletons, primarily USNM 6531, with proportions designed to closely follow the 920:

that were collected at Quarry 13 at Como Bluff in 1887, the most complete being USNM 6531. The type specimen of

807:

fossils in August of that year. The majority of the fossils came from Quarry 13, including the type specimen of

8923: 8413:

Marsh, O. C. (1877). "A new order of extinct Reptilia (Stegosauria) from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains".

6489:"The phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)" 4935:"Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus 4544: 4334: 3368:

based on the fact that each sacral (hip) vertebra bore its own rib, which he claimed was unlike the anatomy of

1316: 164: 9119: 6916:

Seeley, a stegosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of England, and a review of Cretaceous stegosaurs".

6667: 6538: 4167: 3940:

obtained and processed the amount of plant material required to sustain its size remains "poorly understood".

1758:

frequently is discovered in a clade within the Stegosauridae called Stegosaurinae, usually including the taxa

1649:

show a smooth surface with long and parallel, shallow grooves. This indicates that the plates were covered in

9114: 5183:"A newly mounted skeleton of the armored dinosaur, Stegosaurus stenops, in the United States National Museum" 4444: 3231: 3048:

on the basis of their notched tail vertebrae, are preserved with only four tail spikes. The type specimen of

608:. It had a short neck and a small head, meaning it most likely ate low-lying bushes and shrubs. One species, 8197: 7698:

Carpenter K, Sanders F, McWhinney L, Wood L (2005). "Evidence for predator-prey relationships: Examples for

7606: 7240: 9094: 6959:

HAO, B., PENG, G., QIN, G., YE, Y., & JIANG, S. (2018). History and evolution of stegosaurus in China.

6059:

Owen and a review of feeding mechanisms in other thyreophoran dinosaurs. Pp. 25-52 in Carpenter, K. (ed.):

4464: 1567:(shoulder blade) is sub-rectangular, with a robust blade. Though it is not always perfectly preserved, the 756:

as another stegosaurian based on fragmentary fossils from Cope's Quarry 3 near the "Cope's Nipple" site in

4079:, a structure whose function is not definitely known, but which is postulated to facilitate the supply of 4018:

also ate woodier, tougher plants such as cycads, perhaps even acting as a means of spreading cycad seeds.

3678:

osteoderms seem to support the conclusion that the potential for a thermoregulatory role in the plates of

3119:

by Maidment and colleagues in 2008 regarded it as an indeterminate species possibly not even belonging to

1695:

and spines of stegosaurians evolved from the low-keeled osteoderms characteristic of basal thyreophorans.

5864:

Jurassic West, Second Edition: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World (Life of the Past)

4399:. This illustration would later go on to form the basis of the stop-motion puppet used in the 1933 film 180: 4059:

At one time, stegosaurs were described as having a "second brain" in their hips. Soon after describing

3861: 1169: 1120:

fossils in which the plates are still partially articulated show this arrangement. This arrangement is

1050: 6122:

Fastovsky DE, Weishampel DB (2005). "Stegosauria: Hot Plates". In Fastovsky DE, Weishampel DB (eds.).

3868:

A 2013 study concluded, based on the rapid deposition of highly vascularised fibrolamellar bone, that

1221:

near the Kessler site by Bryan Small, who would become the eponym of the new site. The "Small Quarry"

8441: 7817:

Redelstorff, R.; Hübner, T. R.; Chinsamy, A.; Sander, P. M. (2013). "Bone histology of the stegosaur

5491: 4491:", fetched $ 44.6m (£34m) at a Sotheby's auction in New York City - the most ever paid for a fossil. 3928:

were likely limited). Unlike the sturdy jaws and grinding teeth common to its fellow ornithischians,

3896: 3035:

also appears to have had longer legs (femora) and hip bones than other species. The type specimen of

1590:

was positioned relatively low down, probably no higher than 1 m (3.3 ft) above the ground.

1407:, including modern birds, though lost in extant crocodylians. The skull's low position suggests that 1359:

reached 6.5 m (21.3 ft) in length and 3.5 metric tons (3.9 short tons) in body mass, while

892: 8153:

Buchholz (née Giffin) EB (1990). "Gross Spinal Anatomy and Limb Use in Living and Fossil Reptiles".

7926:, and a review of feeding mechanisms in other thyreophoran dinosaurs". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). 7264:"The socio-sexual behaviour of extant archosaurs: Implications for understanding dinosaur behaviour" 6261:"Exceptional stegosaur integument impressions from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming" 5999:

Czerkas, S (1999). "The beaked jaws of stegosaurs and their implications for other ornithischians".

4087:. It also may function as a balance organ, or reservoir of compounds to support the nervous system. 3713:

The vascular system of the plates have been theorized to have played a role in threat displaying as

3508:

in 2001 based on a partial skull and incomplete postcranial skeleton from the Morrison Formation of

973:

was probably due to shifting of the skeleton after death. He led the construction of the first ever

8539: 8355: 1273: 1253: 605: 6383: 1124:

and so demands that a specimen be distinguished from its distinct, hypothetical mirror-image form.

4571: 3509: 3073: 1261: 7221:

Calculating the speed of Quadrupedal graviportal animals by Ruben Molina-Perez, Asier Larramendi

2980: 1734:, which lived in the later part of the Jurassic and early Cretaceous, and which were defined by 1544:

there may be as many as seven vertebrae in the sacrum, with both dorsosacrals and caudosacrals.

9054: 8950: 5929: 3995: 1312: 1165: 792: 9041: 6223: 5068:"Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, part IX. The skull and dermal armour of 3697:

The thermoregulation hypothesis has been seriously questioned, since other stegosaurs such as

9049: 8988: 8566: 8270: 5375:

Cameron, R. P.; Cameron, J. A.; Barnett, S. M. (November 26, 2016). "Stegosaurus chirality".

5063: 5005: 4727: 4401: 1775: 1677: 1432: 1257: 1109: 757: 752: 684: 627: 319: 6088:

Galton PM, Upchurch P (2004). "Stegosauria". In Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H (eds.).

5233:

Doctoral dissertation, faculty of the Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University.

1548:

preserves 46 caudal vertebrae, and up to 49, and along the series both the centrums and the

1504:

preserves 17 cervicals and an unknown number of dorsals. The first cervical vertebra is the

1281: 8997: 8838: 8434: 8162: 8109: 8096:

Lautenschlager, Stephen; Brassey, Charlotte A.; Button, David J.; Barret, Paul Mm. (2016).

8060: 7978: 7880: 7783: 7744: 7607:

Kenneth Carpenter; Dan Chure; James Ian Kirkland; Denver Museum of Natural History (1998).

7497: 7415: 7278: 7186: 7135: 7092: 7024: 6831: 6735: 6682: 6553: 6503: 6394: 6272: 5887:

Farlow, J. O.; Coroian, D.; Currie, P.J.; Foster, J.R.; Mallon, J.C.; Therrien, F. (2022).

5741: 5670: 5629: 5580: 5432: 5135: 5083: 5024: 4747: 4686: 4586: 4508: 4414: 4395: 3127:

Susannah Maidment and colleagues in 2008 proposed extensive alterations to the taxonomy of

2728: 2245: 1500: 1193: 4888:(1998). "Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation near Cañon City, Colorado". 3962:

s feeding behavior was performed in 2010, using two different three-dimensional models of

3797:

upward, remodeled bone on the underside of the process shows that an infection developed.

1598: 8: 9079: 8933: 6042: 4620: 4577: 4473: 4365: 3998:" from the United Kingdom's Natural History Museum) and two other herbivorous dinosaurs; 3619: 1420:

teeth were small, triangular, and flat; wear facets show that they did grind their food.

1400: 1225:

articulation and completeness clarified the position of plates and spikes on the back of

812: 747: 8166: 8113: 8064: 7884: 7787: 7748: 7501: 7419: 7282: 7190: 7139: 7096: 7028: 6835: 6739: 6686: 6557: 6507: 6440:"A new long-necked 'sauropod-mimic' stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs" 6398: 6276: 5786: 5745: 5674: 5584: 5436: 5139: 5087: 5028: 4751: 4690: 4675:(Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic) of western USA: new type species designation needed" 4590: 4424: 3876:, contradicting the general rule that larger dinosaurs grew faster than smaller ones. 730: 8251: 8178: 8130: 8097: 8078: 8025: 7904: 7846: 7799: 7589: 7513: 7439: 7384: 7294: 7263: 7204: 7151: 7108: 7058: 6862: 6819: 6751: 6708: 6648: 6579: 6519: 6464: 6439: 6420: 6350: 6290: 5954: 5765: 5693: 5658: 5603: 5569: 5448: 5398:

Brinkman, P. D. (2010). The second Jurassic dinosaur rush. University of Chicago Press.

5376: 5352: 5178: 5151: 5099: 5040: 4930: 4856:

Carpenter K, Galton PM (2001). "Othniel Charles Marsh and the Myth of the Eight-Spiked

4813: 4763: 4704: 4602: 3976: 3433: 3057: 3052:(YPM 1853) was incorporated into the first ever mounted skeleton of a stegosaur at the 1229:

and the position and size of the throat ossicles found earlier first by Felch with the

1045:

had a "second brain" in its hips. Another composite mount, using specimens referred to

1013: 966: 929: 924:(YPM 1853) was incorporated into the first ever mounted skeleton of a stegosaur at the 800: 765: 672: 535: 388: 175: 8330:

Prehistoric Monsters: The Real and Imagined Creatures of the Past That We Love to Fear

7483:"Internal vascularity of the dermal plates of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Thyreophora)" 6623: 5722: 3812:. However, recent research re-examined this and concluded this species also had four. 2998:, meaning "hoofed roof lizard", was named by Marsh in 1879, from remains recovered at 8680: 8343:

Dinosaurs by the Decades: A Chronology of the Dinosaur in Science and Popular Culture

8135: 8029: 8017: 8013: 7959: 7931: 7908: 7896: 7838: 7816: 7711: 7678: 7612: 7517: 7431: 7338: 7208: 7112: 7050: 6867: 6849: 6779: 6755: 6602: 6523: 6469: 6424: 6354: 6316: 6294: 6230: 6204: 6169: 6127: 6093: 6019: 5980: 5959: 5910: 5867: 5842: 5807: 5757: 5698: 5608: 5309: 5227:

Reconstructing an Icon: Historical Significance of the Peabody’s Mounted Skeleton of

5155: 5103: 5044: 4885: 4865: 4817: 4767: 4708: 4606: 4386: 3794: 3730: 3722: 3563: 2485: 1913: 1513: 1371:

comes from the remains of mature animals; more recently, though, juvenile remains of

1074: 958: 8182: 8082: 7850: 7803: 7443: 7388: 7298: 7062: 6929: 6712: 6652: 6583: 5769: 5452: 5201: 3385:

today, and parts of the specimen were actually incorporated into the Peabody Museum

3350:, although others note that the material is not diagnostic and is only referable to 8736: 8727: 8243: 8170: 8125: 8117: 8068: 8009: 7888: 7830: 7795: 7791: 7756: 7752: 7645: 7593: 7581: 7505: 7423: 7376: 7286: 7194: 7155: 7143: 7100: 7040: 7032: 6925: 6894: 6857: 6839: 6743: 6698: 6690: 6638: 6569: 6561: 6511: 6459: 6451: 6438:

Mateus, Octávio; Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Christiansen, Nicolai A. (May 22, 2009).

6410: 6402: 6342: 6280: 6038: 5949: 5941: 5900: 5749: 5688: 5678: 5598: 5588: 5440: 5197: 5143: 5091: 5032: 4950: 4805: 4783: 4755: 4694: 4594: 4536: 4522: 4477: 4468: 4452: 4153: 3258: 3200: 2404: 1889: 1681: 1602: 1476: 913: 877: 597: 491: 429: 7480: 7427: 7126:

Bakker RT (1978). "Dinosaur feeding behavior and the origin of flowering plants".

7036: 6515: 4785: 4598: 1553: 8872: 8796: 8716: 8658: 8524: 8381: 7987: 7467: 6844: 6624:"Evidence for a Sauropod-Like Metacarpal Configuration in Stegosaurian Dinosaurs" 6406: 5987: 5683: 5593: 4625: 4488: 4285: 4132: 3609: 2573: 2542: 2004: 1839: 1269: 7012: 7011:

Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Woodruff, D. Cary; Horner, John R. (January 2, 2018).

6898: 6726:

Marsh OC (1881). "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, part V".

6346: 5841:(2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 248. 1517: 8775: 8744: 7892: 4934: 4161: 4084: 3888: 3422: 3239: 2761: 2437: 2154: 1961: 1712: 1700: 1494: 1308: 631: 8247: 8174: 8073: 8044: 7509: 7380: 7290: 7199: 7170: 7104: 6747: 6285: 6260: 5753: 5444: 5147: 5095: 5036: 4699: 4670: 3891:

metabolism, on par with that of modern reptiles. This was uncovered using the

1334: 1196:

and the resurgent interest in dinosaurs by museums and the public, fossils of

9073: 8865: 8856: 8807: 8782: 8755: 8702: 8687: 8672: 8665: 8651: 8644: 8021: 7666: 7054: 6853: 5811: 5723:"New Evidence of Shared Dinosaur Across Upper Jurassic Proto-North Atlantic: 4759: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4219: 4195: 4157: 4110: 4076: 3972: 3924: 3849:

growth than the skeleton at least until the dinosaur reached its mature size.

3637: 3559: 3500: 3456: 3404: 3339: 3296: 3196: 3145: 2711: 2468: 2387: 2088: 2050: 1983: 1944: 1766: 1751: 1731: 1730:

The vast majority of stegosaurian dinosaurs thus far recovered belong to the

1708: 1642: 1632:

have been found articulated in two staggered rows, rather than paired. Fewer

1549: 1534: 1488: 949: 947:

by Frederick Lucas in 1901. Lucas reclassified this species in the new genus

796: 776:

skeleton while digging at Como Bluff in 1877 or ‘78 that are now part of the

511: 495: 299: 286: 151: 94: 48: 5979:. University of Wyoming Geological Museum. 2006. Retrieved October 6, 2006. 5532:, and the taphonomic history of a new specimen from Garden Park, Colorado". 4439:

made its major public debut as a paper mache model commissioned by the U.S.

3879:

A 2022 study by Wiemann and colleagues of various dinosaur genera including

953:

later that year. Lucas also re-examined the issue of the life appearance of

849: 695:) on a roof. Though several more complete specimens have been attributed to 675:

at Lakes’ YPM Quarry 5. These first, fragmented bones (YPM 1850) became the

8973: 8887: 8845: 8823: 8768: 8695: 8551: 8499: 8139: 7900: 7842: 7435: 6871: 6703: 6574: 6473: 6455: 5963: 5945: 5914: 5761: 5702: 5612: 5269: 4279: 4267: 4243: 4213: 4207: 4138: 4006: 4000: 3892: 3846: 3702: 3664: 3481: 3476: 3416: 3323: 3176: 3160: 3151: 3015: 2789: 2623: 2518: 2204: 2171: 2105: 1806: 1782:. (2023), showing the position of the Stegosaurinae within Stegosauria and 1760: 1724: 1720: 1696: 1540: 1090: 1038: 688: 668: 574: 556:. The remains of over 80 individual animals of this genus have been found. 519: 398: 328: 241: 52: 7866:"Fossil biomolecules reveal an avian metabolism in the ancestral dinosaur" 6643: 6168:(2nd ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. p. 201. 5928:

Brassey, Charlotte A.; Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Barrett, Paul M. (2015).

4809: 3524:

has been the more popular combination since the discovery of more remains.

3006:. At 7 m (23.0 ft), it was the longest species within the genus 9023: 8982: 8831: 8789: 8630: 8608: 8578: 8508: 8457: 4460: 4255: 4201: 4122: 3901: 3884: 3480:, which was described based on a partial postcranial skeleton in 1973 by 3465: 3328: 3235: 2813: 2671: 2590: 2366: 2352: 2021: 1856: 1818: 1746:. This group is widespread, with members across the Northern Hemisphere, 1735: 613: 562: 487: 273: 257: 140: 69: 7665:

McWhinney LA, Rothschild BM, Carpenter K (2001). "Posttraumatic Chronic

7609:

The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation: an interdisciplinary study Part 2

7045: 4339: 3002:, Wyoming (Quarry 12, near Robber's Roost). It might be synonymous with 1661: 1456: 8816: 8709: 8255: 6694: 6565: 6487:

Raven, T. J.; Barrett, P. M.; Joyce, C. B.; Maidment, S. C. R. (2023).

6415: 4954: 4421:

this way in his "Age of Reptiles" mural at the Peabody Museum in 1947.

4297: 4291: 4273: 4261: 4189: 3933: 3852: 3845:

specimens of various sizes found that the plates and spikes had slower

3775: 3742: 3658: 3654: 3566:. A study by Mallison (2010) found support for a rearing up posture in 3451: 2999: 2654: 2228: 1704: 1692: 1688: 1650: 1617: 1509: 1441: 1322: 1157: 788: 723: 717: 580: 568: 531: 503: 114: 79: 31: 9028: 9015: 8121: 8098:"Decoupled form and function in disparate herbivorous dinosaur clades" 7650: 7633: 6599:

Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World

5568:

Maidment, S. C. R.; Brassey, Charlotte; Barrett, Paul Michael (2015).

7834: 7147: 5905: 5888: 4448: 4393:

based on Marsh's skeletal reconstruction in a November 1897 issue of

4143: 4127: 4120:, sphenodonts, lizards, terrestrial and aquatic crocodylomorphs like 4105: 3764: 3707: 3685: 3674: 3461: 3279: 3019: 1771: 1505: 1448:

is poorly known, but the brain itself was small even for a dinosaur.

1404: 1121: 707:

decided to replace the type species with the more well known species

664: 623: 588: 523: 499: 192: 119: 63: 56: 8944: 7080: 5067: 4731: 4040: 1217:

remains. The expedition was successful in finding a nearly complete

8967: 8490: 8481: 5381: 5357: 4790:

Marsh, 1877 (Dinosauria, Ornithischia): type species replaced with

4231: 4116: 4080: 3830: 3718: 3533: 3474:

is an alternative combination for the Chinese Cretaceous stegosaur

1793: 1783: 1582: 1568: 1479: 1412: 1285: 853: 676: 515: 225: 212: 109: 104: 89: 84: 74: 8407: 7821:(Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania". 7769: 7402:

Farlow JO, Thompson CV, Rosner DE (1976). "Plates of the dinosaur

1245:

skeleton collected in Moffat County, Colorado originally in 1979.

1156:

skeletons during the Second Dinosaur Rush. The Carnegie Museum in

738:

Note the single row of 12 large rounded plates, based on those of

9002: 8095: 5272:(November–December 1932). "A Spine-Armored Saurian of the Past". 4148: 3826: 3598: 1577: 1564: 988:

Though considered one of the most distinctive types of dinosaur,

887: 124: 99: 27:

Thyreophoran stegosaurid dinosaur genus from Late Jurassic period

8233: 4385:

had become among the most-illustrated types of dinosaur. Artist

3747: 1538:

there are two dorsosacrals, and only four fused sacrals, but in

1427:

was small, being no larger than that of a dog. A well-preserved

1237:

type, the fossils were flattened in a "roadkill" condition. The

8475: 8419:

at Wikisource. The original article in which the discovery of

7990:

Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Retrieved October 26, 2006.

7481:

Farlow, James O.; Hayashi, Shoji; Tattersall, Glenn J. (2010).

7081:"Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, part III" 5329:

Czerkas SA (1987). "A Reevaluation of the Plate Arrangement on

4530: 4099:

Footprints of an adult and juvenile from the Morrison Formation

3834: 3581: 3254: 3250: 1747: 1483: 1101: 864:

allowed Marsh to complete the first attempt at a reconstructed

527: 507: 202: 168: 136: 132: 8426: 7958:. Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–90. 4325:

may have preferred drier settings than these other dinosaurs.

7863: 7731:

Galton, P.M. (1982). "Juveniles of the stegosaurian dinosaur

7697: 6126:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–30. 5422: 4377:

Marsh published his more accurate skeletal reconstruction of

3912: 3585: 3577: 3492:, but some still consider the species to be in its own genus. 3338:

was described by Marsh in 1881, from some jawbone fragments.

3215:

revised their suggestion due to the recognition by Galton of

1716: 1521: 1437: 1396: 1292:

by the describers. The specimen is one of the few associated

1268:

and is in the collections of the Dinosaur Journey Museum. At

8045:"A model for the bite mechanics in the herbivorous dinosaur 7664: 6887:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

6804:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1902. 6335:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

6055:

Barrett, P.M. (2001). Tooth wear and possible jaw action of

4784:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2013).

4572:"The first stegosaurian dinosaur from Gansu Province, China" 3376:

had not actually been discovered. Marsh also suggested that

1563:

preserves all regions of the body, including the limbs. The

1041:

described (and disputed) the popular misconception that the

456: 7922:

Barrett, PM (2001). "Tooth wear and possible jaw action of

7586:

10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0291:teafot]2.0.co;2

6918:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

6668:"A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)" 6539:"A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)" 6369:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

6161: 6031:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

5236: 4071:

a temporary boost when it was under threat from predators.

3948:

foraging at most 1 m above the ground. Conversely, if

692: 459: 447: 441: 7571: 6437: 5720: 5337:. University of Washington Press, Seattle. pp. 82–99. 5231:

and the Changes Necessary to Make It Correct Anatomically.

4569:

Li, Ning; Li, Daqing; Peng, Guangzhao; You, Hailu (2024).

3570:, though not for ability for the tail to act as a tripod. 3084: 3014:

specimen discovered in Portugal and dating from the upper

1699:(2019) interpreted plates of an armored dinosaur from the 538:

of the western US, only three are universally recognized:

6486: 5886: 3234:

201201, a partial skeleton of a stegosaur from the upper

1516:

of the bones become more elongate front-to-back, and the

444: 8324: 8322: 8152: 3322:"affinis", named by Marsh in 1881, is only known from a 1065: 880:

mistakenly re-published Marsh's drawing under the label

534:. Of the species that have been classified in the upper 7954:

Fastovsky, David E. & Weishampel, David B. (2009).

7631: 6818:

Costa, Francisco; Mateus, Octávio (November 13, 2019).

6444:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6001:

Miscellaneous Publication of the Utah Geological Survey

4142:, numerous dinosaur species, and early mammals such as 3781:

More recently, a study of the tail spikes by McWhinney

3286: 3283:

were also found in the same layers of the Hekou Group.

2983:, Colorado, in 1886. This is the best-known species of 498:, characterized by the distinctive kite-shaped upright 7171:"CAD assessment of the posture and range of motion of 7010: 6944:

Institute of Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Memoir

5927: 5567: 1532:, a caudal is also incorporated, as a caudosacral. In 1081:

One of the major subjects of books and articles about

8382:"Dinosaur skeleton fetches record $ 44.6m at auction" 8319: 6377: 5374: 5350: 3022:

stage has been tentatively assigned to this species.

787:

Arthur Lakes made another discovery later in 1879 at

711:. Marsh also incorrectly referred several fossils to 462: 453: 435: 432: 7539: 7401: 6387:

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

4498: 3955:

A detailed computer analysis of the biomechanics of

3717:

could have pumped blood into them, causing them to "

3402:, which was described by Lucas in 1901, was renamed 1423:

Despite the animal's overall size, the braincase of

1399:

was small in proportion to the body. It had a small

652: 438: 371: 358: 335: 8089: 7953: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6121: 1774:below displays the results of the "preferred tree" 1403:, the hole between the nose and eye common to most 450: 8348: 6315:, pp 3-24. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6222: 4570: 715:, including the dentary and teeth of the sauropod 30:For the pachycephalosaurid of a similar name, see 8335: 8294:"The first life reconstructions of the dinosaurs 7949: 7947: 7310: 7308: 6229:. Dorling Kindersley, New York. pp. 110–29. 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5284: 4779: 4777: 3895:of lipoxidation signals, which are byproducts of 3414:, described by Nopcsa in 1911, was reassigned to 1096:By 1891, Marsh published a more familiar view of 1053:between 1920 and 1922, was put on display at the 848:strata at his quarry in Garden Park, a town near 9071: 7545: 7461: 6243: 6092:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. 5244:"Extinct Monsters: The Marsh Dinosaurs, Part II" 5190:Proceedings of the United States National Museum 4878: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4053:(left), and brain cavity marked with red (right) 3114:, though more recent studies suggest it is not. 1012:. This mount was created under the direction of 996:in the world was O. C. Marsh's type specimen of 760:in 1878. Many later researchers have considered 596:used primarily for display, and secondarily for 8198:"Lies, damned lies, and Clash of the Dinosaurs" 7319:. Izdatel'stvo Akademia nauk SSSR. p. 538. 6884: 6590: 6332: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5122:Marsh, Othniel Charles (1891). "Restoration of 4855: 4351:One of the most recognizable of all dinosaurs, 4241:. Sauropods dominated the region, and included 3944:various nonflowering plants. This scenario has 1077:with paired dorsal plates and eight tail spikes 8523: 7944: 7567: 7565: 7314: 7305: 6601:. Indiana University Press. pp. 327–329. 6087: 5544: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 4774: 3468:, but is now considered a possible ankylosaur. 3230:In 2024, Li and colleagues described specimen 888:Early skeletal mounts and plate interpretation 8442: 7710:. Indiana University Press. pp. 325–50. 7677:. Indiana University Press. pp. 141–56. 7224: 6665: 6536: 6124:The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs 4943:Bulletin of the United States National Museum 4864:. Indiana University Press. pp. 76–102. 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4557: 1738:as all stegosaurians more closely related to 1656: 705:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 663:, one of the many dinosaurs described in the 584:, the latter of which may have preyed on it. 560:would have lived alongside dinosaurs such as 8360:National Museum of Natural History Unearthed 8275:Bulletin des lois de la République Française 7993: 7930:. Indiana University Press. pp. 25–52. 7328: 7326: 6151:. William Morrow, New York. pp. 365–74. 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6066: 5825: 5709: 5370: 5368: 5308:. Hutchinson Press, London. pp. 82–99. 5306:Dinosaurs: Their Discovery & Their World 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5117: 5115: 5113: 4925: 4923: 4668: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4463:National Museum of Natural History (now the 1508:, which is connected and often fused to the 1311:, and was excavated by crews from the Swiss 876:, was published by Marsh in 1891. (In 1893, 811:YPM 1853), which was collected by Lakes and 587:They were large, heavily built, herbivorous 510:of the genus have been found in the western 7857: 7735:from the Upper Jurassic of North America". 7562: 7457: 7455: 7453: 6942:Dong, Z. M. (1973). Dinosaurs from Wuerho. 6817: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6049: 5992: 5787:The stegosaurs of the Sauriermuseum Aathal. 5656: 5510: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5162: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4736:) from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains" 4568: 4021: 3808:as having eight spikes in its tail, unlike 3736: 3549:Soon after its discovery, Marsh considered 969:wrote that the alternating pattern seen in 896:The first mounted skeleton of a stegosaur ( 471: 8628: 8449: 8435: 8242:(2). Cambridge University Press: 208–232. 7999: 7724: 7363:Buffrénil (1986). "Growth and Function of 7074: 7072: 6615: 6530: 5346: 5344: 5328: 5058: 5056: 5054: 3725:. A 2015 study of the shapes and sizes of 1581:muscle. Articulated with the scapula, the 1391:skull cast, Natural History Museum of Utah 900:), Peabody Museum of Natural History, 1910 622:remains were first identified during the " 150: 8291: 8268: 8129: 8072: 7649: 7362: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7332: 7323: 7261: 7198: 7125: 7044: 6861: 6843: 6773: 6702: 6666:Raven, T. J.; Maidment, S. C. R. (2017). 6642: 6573: 6480: 6463: 6414: 6284: 6259:Christiansen, N. A.; Tschopp, E. (2010). 6214: 6146: 6140: 6106: 6011: 5953: 5904: 5692: 5682: 5602: 5592: 5527: 5380: 5365: 5356: 5262: 5208: 5110: 4884: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4698: 4633: 1556:, meaning they are divided near the top. 1264:. The skeleton was nicknamed the "Bollan 1248:1987 saw the discovery of a 40% complete 1241:skeletons have been mounted alongside an 1089:The plates lie flat along the back, as a 612:, is one of the largest known of all the 8146: 7450: 7230: 7168: 6762: 6725: 6187:Proportions and anatomy of endocasts of 6063:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 5401: 4900: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4423: 4338: 4328: 4166: 4094: 3911: 3851: 3815: 3763: 3746: 3684: 3608: 3532: 1671: 1660: 1605:of Sophie, depicting the modern view of 1597: 1559:With multiple well-preserved skeletons, 1455: 1383: 1333: 1187: 1064: 891: 868:skeleton. This first reconstruction, of 729: 9140:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera 8227: 8042: 7921: 7162: 7069: 6220: 5998: 5981:University of Wyoming Geological Museum 5797: 5785:Siber, H. J., & Möckli, U. (2009). 5341: 5303: 5177: 5051: 4929: 4305:is commonly found at the same sites as 3860:skeleton on display with cast bones at 3544: 1460:Mounted composite skeleton referred to 1128: 1018:U.S. National Museum of Natural History 721:and putting sauropod limb bones and an 14: 9072: 7730: 7673:dermal spikes". In Carpenter K (ed.). 7351: 6911: 6621: 6596: 6537:Raven, T.j.; Maidment, S.C.R. (2017). 6301: 5861: 5839:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 4715: 3833:, and the lower hind limbs. Also, the 3304:. Because of this, it was replaced by 1326:skeleton found nicknamed "Big Al II". 1164:specimens, first at Freezout Hills in 8949: 8948: 8468: 8430: 8379: 8202:Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week 8195: 7611:. Taylor & Francis. p. 137. 7600: 7406::Forced convection heat loss fins?". 7078: 6813: 6811: 6311:, the earliest complete dinosaur" in 6017: 5781: 5779: 5652: 5650: 5624: 5622: 5528:Carpenter, Kenneth (1998). "Armor of 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5394: 5392: 5268: 5121: 5062: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4824: 4726: 4457:Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 4432:in the U.S. National Museum, ca. 1911 3537:Mounted skeleton in bipedal posture, 3393: 2972:recovered from stratigraphic zone 1. 647: 530:, dating to between 155 and 145 9145:Kimmeridgian genus first appearances 8271:"Decree of the President No. 11,735" 7956:Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History 5836: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4459:in 1905. The model was moved to the 4389:published his first illustration of 3287:Doubtful species and junior synonyms 1367:Most of the information known about 1060: 746:On the other side of the Bone Wars, 9105:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh 9090:Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation 6496:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5425:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5335:Dinosaurs Past & Present, Vol 2 5333:". In Czerkas SJ, Olson EC (eds.). 4798:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 3625:Denver Museum of Nature and Science 3617:mounted as if under attack from an 3199:of North America and Europe to the 3183:would include three valid species ( 1203:Denver Museum of Nature and Science 24: 7776:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7737:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7632:Hone, D. W. E.; Naish, D. (2013). 7552:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7462:Stephen Brusatte (February 2012). 7337:. Penguin Books. pp. 229–34. 7017:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6808: 5798:Barrett, Paul (January 19, 2015). 5776: 5647: 5619: 5473: 5459: 5389: 4991: 4732:"A new order of extinct Reptilia ( 4441:National Museum of Natural History 3099:National Museum of Natural History 3062:National Museum of Natural History 3042:American Museum of Natural History 1612:The most recognizable features of 1466:Carnegie Museum of Natural History 1140:Carnegie Museum of Natural History 1136:American Museum of Natural History 1055:Carnegie Museum of Natural History 1034:American Museum of Natural History 934:National Museum of Natural History 910:National Museum of Natural History 872:with missing parts filled in from 782:American Museum of Natural History 25: 9161: 9085:Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe 8400: 8380:Lukiv, Jaroslav (July 18, 2024). 8196:Wedel, Matt (December 15, 2009). 7550:have such large dorsal plates?". 5294:. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Institute. 5010:"Notice of new Jurassic reptiles" 4961: 4049:Casts of the and brain cavity of 3604: 3539:Houston Museum of Natural Science 3420:, and is now the type species of 3273:. considered the new specimen as 3054:Peabody Museum of Natural History 1571:ridge is slightly larger than in 1288:, the specimen was placed as cf. 1280:specimen from the Upper Jurassic 1160:on the other hand collected many 1002:Peabody Museum of Natural History 979:Peabody Museum of Natural History 961:to produce a life restoration of 926:Peabody Museum of Natural History 8929: 8928: 8905: 8406: 8373: 8309:Historia Natural (Tercera serie) 8285: 8262: 8218: 7231:Rajewski, Genevieve (May 2008). 6043:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0248-0355 4529: 4515: 4501: 4277:. Other ornithischians included 4039: 4030: 3837:of the specimens are similar to 3729:plates suggested that they were 3083: 3072: 1276:. 2007 saw the description of a 908:has since been deposited at the 428: 179: 67: 8456: 8208: 8189: 8036: 8002:N. Jb. Geol. Paläontol. Abhandl 7972: 7915: 7810: 7763: 7691: 7658: 7625: 7474: 7395: 7255: 7215: 7119: 7079:Marsh, Othniel Charles (1880). 7004: 6987: 6970: 6953: 6936: 6905: 6878: 6792: 6719: 6659: 6431: 6361: 6326: 6197: 6155: 5970: 5921: 5880: 5855: 5791: 5322: 5297: 5202:10.5479/si.00963801.54-2241.383 4411:Field Museum of Natural History 4183:Dinosaurs that lived alongside 4090: 3872:had a quicker growth rate than 3528: 3440:though it has been referred to 3346:in 1986 as a senior synonym of 1687:Like the spikes and shields of 1520:processes become more elevated 1144:Field Museum of Natural History 1008:mount, and the first depicting 9130:Thyreophorans of North America 8049:(Ornithischia, Stegosauridae)" 7796:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010366 7774:(Ornithischia: Thyreophora)". 7757:10.1080/02724634.1982.10011917 7317:The Theory of sexual selection 4626:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 4613: 4545:Timeline of stegosaur research 4335:Stegosaurus in popular culture 3584:) was short compared with the 3512:. The species was referred to 3277:sp. Fossils of the ankylosaur 3171:, respectively. They regarded 3131:. They advocated synonymizing 1329: 1317:Natural History Museum, London 803:, when he found several large 795:, the site also dating to the 13: 1: 9100:Fossil taxa described in 1877 7428:10.1126/science.192.4244.1123 7037:10.1080/02724634.2017.1406366 6631:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 6516:10.1080/14772019.2023.2205433 5492:"Denver's Fighting Dinosaurs" 4599:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105852 4550: 4445:Louisiana Purchase Exposition 4381:in 1891, and within a decade 3841:juveniles. One 2009 study of 3771:tail vertebra punctured by a 3243: 734:Marsh's 1891 illustration of 8053:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 7179:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 6995:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 6961:Geological Bulletin of China 6845:10.1371/journal.pone.0224263 6778:. William Morrow, New York. 6407:10.1080/03115518.2012.702531 5866:. Indiana University Press. 5800:"How do you buy a dinosaur?" 5684:10.1371/journal.pone.0123503 5594:10.1371/journal.pone.0138352 4679:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 4671:"Species of plated dinosaur 4465:Arts and Industries Building 3448:Stegosaurus madagascariensis 3179:. Thus, their conception of 1032:, was put on display at the 7: 9150:Tithonian genus extinctions 8415:American Journal of Science 7085:American Journal of Science 6728:American Journal of Science 6024:(Dinosauria: Ornithischia)" 5128:American Journal of Science 5076:American Journal of Science 5017:American Journal of Science 4786:"Opinion 2320 (Case 3536): 4740:American Journal of Science 4494: 3904:(warm blooded) metabolism. 3195:) and would range from the 1451: 1346:(green) compared to a human 10: 9166: 8014:10.1127/njgpa/167/1984/224 7893:10.1038/s41586-022-04770-6 7706:.". In Carpenter K (ed.). 6225:The Ultimate Dinosaur Book 4974:"Division of Paleontology" 4483:On July 17, 2024, a large 4451:before being relocated to 4428:Life-sized restoration of 4332: 3862:Dinosaur National Monument 3751:Thagomizer on mounted tail 3740: 3026:can be distinguished from 2959: 1719:as fossils of a member of 1657:Classification and species 1475:there are 27 bones in the 1260:by Harold Bollan near the 1233:holotype, though like the 1170:Dinosaur National Monument 1051:Dinosaur National Monument 518:, where they are found in 29: 8957: 8918: 8903: 8855: 8806: 8763: 8754: 8726: 8639: 8624: 8605: 8577: 8559: 8550: 8532: 8519: 8464: 8248:10.1017/S0094837300025768 8175:10.1017/S0094837300010186 8074:10.1007/s00015-010-0025-1 7708:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs 7510:10.1007/s00015-010-0021-5 7381:10.1017/S0094837300003171 7291:10.1080/08912960903450505 7200:10.1007/s00015-010-0024-2 7105:10.2475/ajs.s3-19.111.253 6930:10.1127/njgpa/161/1981/28 6914:Craterosaurus pottonensis 6748:10.2475/ajs.s3-21.125.417 6286:10.1007/s00015-010-0026-0 5754:10.1007/s00114-006-0209-8 5445:10.1017/S1477201908002459 5148:10.2475/ajs.s3-42.248.179 5096:10.2475/ajs.s3-34.203.413 5037:10.2475/ajs.s3-18.108.501 4860:". In Carpenter K (ed.). 4700:10.1007/s00015-010-0022-4 3897:oxidative phosphorylation 3372:; however, the sacrum of 2833: 2811: 2804: 2782: 2775: 2758: 2751: 2725: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2668: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2620: 2613: 2587: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2539: 2532: 2515: 2508: 2482: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2434: 2427: 2401: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2242: 2225: 2218: 2201: 2194: 2168: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2102: 2085: 2078: 2061: 2054: 2044: 2018: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1958: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1910: 1903: 1886: 1879: 1853: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1804: 1797: 1593: 1069:1901 life restoration of 780:mount (AMNH 5752) at the 667:, was first collected by 394: 387: 355: 350: 334: 327: 176:Scientific classification 174: 158: 149: 41: 9110:Paleontology in Colorado 8292:Buffetaut, Eric (2023). 8043:Reichel, Miriam (2010). 7819:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus 7233:"Where Dinosaurs Roamed" 7173:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus 6057:Scelidosaurus harrisonii 6020:"Buccal soft anatomy in 5986:August 27, 2006, at the 5290:McGinnis, H. J. (1984). 4760:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.513 4374:be small dermal spines. 3916:Tooth crown illustration 3883:suggests that it had an 3737:Thagomizer (tail spikes) 3031:identical but mirrored. 1379: 1274:Brigham Young University 606:brain-to-body mass ratio 9125:Thyreophorans of Europe 7986:March 12, 2007, at the 7924:Scelidosaurus harrisoni 7315:Davitashvili L (1961). 7239:: 20–24. Archived from 6899:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0551 6347:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800 6307:Norman, David (2001). " 6221:Lambert, David (1993). 3907: 3510:Johnson County, Wyoming 3430:Stegosaurus longispinus 3389:skeletal mount in 1910. 3308:as the type species of 3242:, China (discovered in 3223:and its replacement by 1262:Dinosaur Journey Museum 809:Stegosaurus ungulatus ( 703:. Because of this, the 9135:Jurassic thyreophorans 6456:10.1098/rspb.2008.1909 6265:Journal of Geosciences 6192:herbivorous lifestyle. 5946:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0984 4433: 4413:, and was followed by 4348: 4180: 4100: 3917: 3865: 3778: 3752: 3694: 3627: 3541: 3520:starting in 2008, but 3249:), which dates to the 1684: 1669: 1609: 1468: 1392: 1347: 1303:is the best preserved 1166:Carbon County, Wyoming 1078: 977:skeletal mount at the 901: 793:Albany County, Wyoming 743: 727:tibia under YPM 1850. 502:along their backs and 165:Natural History Museum 163:(nicknamed "Sophie"), 9050:Paleobiology Database 8328:Debus, A. A. (2009). 7980:Stegosaurus ungulatus 7928:The Armored Dinosaurs 7823:The Anatomical Record 7675:The Armored Dinosaurs 7464:Dinosaur Paleobiology 7335:The Dinosaur Heresies 7169:Mallison, H. (2010). 6776:The Dinosaur Heresies 6644:10.4202/app.2009.1105 6622:Senter, Phil (2010). 6313:The Armored Dinosaurs 6165:The complete dinosaur 6149:The Dinosaur Heresies 6061:The Armored Dinosaurs 5893:The Anatomical Record 4862:The Armored Dinosaurs 4810:10.21805/bzn.v70i2.a4 4669:Galton, P.M. (2010). 4427: 4391:Stegosaurus ungulatus 4343:Early restoration of 4342: 4329:Cultural significance 4170: 4126:, several species of 4098: 3915: 3855: 3816:Growth and metabolism 3767: 3750: 3688: 3612: 3536: 3484:. It was referred to 3024:Stegosaurus ungulatus 2996:Stegosaurus ungulatus 1776:phylogenetic analysis 1678:Museum of the Rockies 1675: 1664: 1601: 1459: 1433:Othniel Charles Marsh 1387: 1337: 1290:Stegosaurus ungulatus 1258:Mesa County, Colorado 1188:Resurgent discoveries 1182:Stegosaurus ungulatus 1172:discovered dozens of 1068: 895: 830:Stegosaurus ungulatus 758:Garden Park, Colorado 753:Hypsirhophus discurus 733: 628:Othniel Charles Marsh 610:Stegosaurus ungulatus 604:had a relatively low 18:Stegosaurus ungulatus 9115:Ornithischian genera 8423:was first published. 8356:"Discover Our Blogs" 6912:Galton, PM (1981). " 5837:Paul, G. S. (2016). 5657:Saitta E.T. (2015). 5304:Colbert, EH (1962). 5292:Carnegie's Dinosaurs 5250:. September 23, 2012 4585:(in press). 105852. 4509:Palaeontology portal 4415:Rudolph F. Zallinger 4396:The Century Magazine 3545:Posture and movement 3488:in 2008 by Maidment 3477:Wuerhosaurus homheni 3211:. In 2015, Maidment 3108:Stegosaurus sulcatus 1623:In a 2010 review of 1395:The long and narrow 1270:Jensen-Jensen Quarry 1194:Dinosaur Renaissance 1129:Second dinosaur rush 939:The next species of 838:Stegosaurus sulcatus 834:Stegosaurus sulcatus 159:Mounted skeleton of 9095:Symbols of Colorado 8167:1990Pbio...16..448G 8114:2016NatSR...626495L 8065:2010SwJG..103..235R 7885:2022Natur.606..522W 7788:2009JVPal..29..123H 7749:1982JVPal...2...47G 7502:2010SwJG..103..173F 7420:1976Sci...192.1123F 7283:2009HBio...21..139I 7243:on October 15, 2009 7191:2010SwJG..103..211M 7140:1978Natur.274..661B 7097:1880AmJS...19..253M 7029:2018JVPal..38E6366M 6836:2019PLoSO..1424263C 6740:1881AmJS...21..417M 6687:2017Palgy..60..401R 6597:Foster, J. (2007). 6558:2017Palgy..60..401R 6508:2023JSPal..2105433R 6450:(1663): 1815–1821. 6399:2013Alch...37...65P 6277:2010SwJG..103..163C 5862:Foster, J. (2020). 5746:2007NW.....94..367E 5734:Naturwissenschaften 5675:2015PLoSO..1023503S 5630:"Untitled Document" 5585:2015PLoSO..1038352M 5530:Stegosaurus stenops 5437:2008JSPal...6..367M 5331:Stegosaurus stenops 5179:Gilmore, Charles W. 5140:1891AmJS...42..179M 5088:1887AmJS...34..413M 5029:1879AmJS...18..501M 4931:Gilmore, Charles W. 4792:Stegosaurus stenops 4752:1877AmJS...14..513M 4691:2010SwJG..103..187G 4591:2024CrRes.15805852L 4578:Cretaceous Research 4474:Museum of the Earth 4430:Stegosaurus stenops 4366:Scientific American 4187:included theropods 3682:definitely exists. 3620:Allosaurus fragilis 3613:Adult and juvenile 3601:in male dinosaurs. 3516:mostly by Maidment 3501:Hesperosaurus mjosi 3472:Stegosaurus homheni 3412:Stegosaurus priscus 3312:in a ruling of the 3293:Stegosaurus armatus 3267:Stegosaurus stenops 3173:S. longispinus 3169:Stegosaurus homheni 2977:Stegosaurus stenops 2837:Stegosaurus stenops 2785:Stegosaurus homheni 2065:Stegosaurus stenops 1492:, two greater than 1473:Stegosaurus stenops 1401:antorbital fenestra 1231:Stegosaurus stenops 862:Stegosaurus stenops 858:Stegosaurus stenops 826:Stegosaurus duplex, 813:William Harlow Reed 748:Edward Drinker Cope 709:Stegosaurus stenops 697:Stegosaurus armatus 681:Stegosaurus armatus 655:Stegosaurus armatus 340:Stegosaurus stenops 9120:Lourinhã Formation 8341:Moore, R. (2014). 8269:Anonymous (1878). 8102:Scientific Reports 7638:Journal of Zoology 7527:on October 5, 2013 7333:Bakker, R (1986). 7271:Historical Biology 7262:Isles, T. (2009). 6774:Bakker RT (1986). 6695:10.1111/pala.12291 6566:10.1111/pala.12291 6147:Bakker RT (1986). 5225:Revan, A. (2011). 4886:Carpenter, Kenneth 4629:. Merriam-Webster. 4434: 4349: 4181: 4101: 3977:Labrador retriever 3918: 3887:(cold blooded) or 3866: 3779: 3753: 3731:sexually dimorphic 3695: 3628: 3542: 3434:Charles W. Gilmore 3400:Stegosaurus marshi 3394:Reassigned species 3362:Stegosaurus duplex 3336:Diracodon laticeps 3097:on display at the 3058:Richard Swann Lull 1685: 1670: 1610: 1469: 1431:braincase allowed 1393: 1348: 1282:Lourinha Formation 1079: 967:Richard Swann Lull 930:Richard Swann Lull 902: 801:Morrison Formation 744: 736:S. ungulatus. 673:Morrison, Colorado 648:History and naming 536:Morrison Formation 9065: 9064: 8951:Taxon identifiers 8942: 8941: 8914: 8913: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8681:Gigantspinosaurus 8620: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8417:. 3 (14): 513–514 8411:The full text of 8122:10.1038/srep26495 7965:978-0-511-47789-8 7937:978-0-253-33964-5 7879:(7914): 522–526. 7717:978-0-253-34539-4 7684:978-0-253-33964-5 7651:10.1111/jzo.12035 7618:978-90-5699-183-8 7470:. pp. 63–64. 7414:(4244): 1123–25. 7344:978-0-14-015792-5 6785:978-0-8217-2859-8 6608:978-0-253-34870-8 6236:978-1-56458-304-8 6175:978-0-253-00849-7 6133:978-0-521-81172-9 6099:978-0-520-24209-8 6018:Knoll, F (2008). 5634:www.paleofile.com 5498:. August 14, 2015 5315:978-1-111-21503-3 5196:(2241): 383–390. 4978:research.amnh.org 4871:978-0-253-33964-5 4387:Charles R. Knight 4347:by A. Jobin, 1884 4171:Mounted casts of 4154:multituberculates 4051:S. ungulatus 3856:Partial juvenile 3806:S. ungulatus 3693:specimen "Sophie" 3498:was described as 3496:Stegosaurus mjosi 3354:sp., making it a 3227:as type species. 3165:Stegosaurus mjosi 3137:S. ungulatus 3093:Type specimen of 2956: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2937: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2902: 2901: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2847: 2740: 2739: 2683: 2682: 2602: 2601: 2497: 2496: 2486:Gigantspinosaurus 2416: 2415: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2319: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2183: 2182: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2116: 2033: 2032: 1973: 1972: 1914:Gigantspinosaurus 1868: 1867: 1676:Back plate cast, 1340:S. ungulatus 1075:Charles R. Knight 1061:Plate arrangement 959:Charles R. Knight 824:from Como Bluff, 532:million years ago 419: 418: 413: 405: 381: 368: 363:S. ungulatus 323: 144: 139:remains from the 16:(Redirected from 9157: 9058: 9057: 9045: 9044: 9032: 9031: 9019: 9018: 9006: 9005: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8946: 8945: 8932: 8931: 8909: 8761: 8760: 8737:Chungkingosaurus 8728:Huayangosauridae 8637: 8636: 8626: 8625: 8557: 8556: 8530: 8529: 8521: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8466: 8465: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8410: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8352: 8346: 8339: 8333: 8326: 8317: 8316: 8306: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8231: 8225: 8222: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8133: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8076: 8040: 8034: 8033: 7997: 7991: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7951: 7942: 7941: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7870: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7835:10.1002/ar.22701 7814: 7808: 7807: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7569: 7560: 7559: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7526: 7520:. Archived from 7487: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7459: 7448: 7447: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7360: 7349: 7348: 7330: 7321: 7320: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7277:(3–4): 139–214. 7268: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7228: 7222: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7202: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7148:10.1038/274661a0 7134:(5672): 661–63. 7123: 7117: 7116: 7076: 7067: 7066: 7048: 7008: 7002: 6991: 6985: 6974: 6968: 6967:(10), 1777-1782. 6957: 6951: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6847: 6830:(11): e0224263. 6815: 6806: 6805: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6771: 6760: 6759: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6706: 6672: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6628: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6543: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6493: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6467: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6381: 6375: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6330: 6324: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6288: 6256: 6241: 6240: 6228: 6218: 6212: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6119: 6104: 6103: 6085: 6064: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6028: 6015: 6009: 6008: 5996: 5990: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5908: 5906:10.1002/ar.25024 5899:(7): 1669–1696. 5884: 5878: 5877: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5834: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5731: 5718: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5686: 5654: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5626: 5617: 5616: 5606: 5596: 5579:(10): e0138352. 5565: 5542: 5541: 5525: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5496:EXTINCT MONSTERS 5488: 5471: 5468: 5457: 5456: 5420: 5399: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5348: 5339: 5338: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5301: 5295: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5248:EXTINCT MONSTERS 5240: 5234: 5223: 5206: 5205: 5187: 5175: 5160: 5159: 5119: 5108: 5107: 5060: 5049: 5048: 5014: 5002: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4970: 4959: 4958: 4927: 4898: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4853: 4822: 4821: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4724: 4713: 4712: 4702: 4666: 4631: 4630: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4574: 4566: 4539: 4537:Evolution portal 4534: 4533: 4525: 4523:Dinosaurs portal 4520: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4478:Ithaca, New York 4469:Washington, D.C. 4453:Portland, Oregon 4083:to the animal's 4043: 4034: 3993: 3961: 3630:The function of 3259:Early Cretaceous 3248: 3245: 3201:Early Cretaceous 3087: 3076: 3010:. A fragmentary 2822: 2807: 2806: 2778: 2777: 2754: 2753: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2616: 2615: 2566: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2535: 2534: 2511: 2510: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2430: 2429: 2405:Chungkingosaurus 2380: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2221: 2220: 2197: 2196: 2147: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2081: 2080: 2057: 2056: 2047: 2046: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1906: 1905: 1890:Chungkingosaurus 1882: 1881: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1800: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1682:Bozeman, Montana 1603:Life restoration 1524:. The sacrum of 1477:vertebral column 1350:The quadrupedal 943:to be named was 914:Washington D. C. 904:The skeleton of 878:Richard Lydekker 742:and eight spikes 598:thermoregulatory 506:on their tails. 492:armored dinosaur 486:) is a genus of 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 411: 403: 379: 376:S. sulcatus 373: 366: 360: 337: 318: 311: 298: 285: 272: 256: 240: 184: 183: 154: 130: 129: 66: 47:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9154: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9061: 9053: 9048: 9040: 9035: 9027: 9022: 9014: 9009: 9001: 8996: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8953: 8943: 8938: 8910: 8893: 8873:Jiangjunosaurus 8851: 8802: 8797:Tuojiangosaurus 8750: 8722: 8717:Yingshanosaurus 8659:Chialingosaurus 8633: 8612: 8593: 8573: 8546: 8540:Avemetatarsalia 8525:Avemetatarsalia 8515: 8471: 8470: 8460: 8455: 8403: 8398: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8340: 8336: 8327: 8320: 8304: 8290: 8286: 8267: 8263: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8194: 8190: 8151: 8147: 8094: 8090: 8041: 8037: 7998: 7994: 7988:Wayback Machine 7977: 7973: 7966: 7952: 7945: 7938: 7920: 7916: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7815: 7811: 7768: 7764: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7663: 7659: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7605: 7601: 7570: 7563: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7490:Swiss J Geoscia 7485: 7479: 7475: 7468:Wiley-Blackwell 7466:. Hoboken, NJ: 7460: 7451: 7400: 7396: 7361: 7352: 7345: 7331: 7324: 7313: 7306: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7229: 7225: 7220: 7216: 7167: 7163: 7124: 7120: 7077: 7070: 7023:(1): e1406366. 7009: 7005: 6992: 6988: 6975: 6971: 6958: 6954: 6941: 6937: 6910: 6906: 6883: 6879: 6816: 6809: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6772: 6763: 6724: 6720: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6595: 6591: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6436: 6432: 6382: 6378: 6366: 6362: 6331: 6327: 6306: 6302: 6257: 6244: 6237: 6219: 6215: 6202: 6198: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6160: 6156: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6120: 6107: 6100: 6086: 6067: 6054: 6050: 6026: 6016: 6012: 5997: 5993: 5988:Wayback Machine 5975: 5971: 5934:Biology Letters 5926: 5922: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5835: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5777: 5729: 5719: 5710: 5669:(4): e0123503. 5655: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5566: 5545: 5526: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5490: 5489: 5474: 5469: 5460: 5421: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5373: 5366: 5349: 5342: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5302: 5298: 5289: 5285: 5274:Natural History 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5224: 5209: 5185: 5176: 5163: 5120: 5111: 5061: 5052: 5023:(18): 501–505. 5012: 5003: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4972: 4971: 4962: 4928: 4901: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4854: 4825: 4782: 4775: 4746:(14): 513–514. 4725: 4716: 4667: 4634: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4567: 4558: 4553: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4337: 4331: 4286:Gargoyleosaurus 4133:Harpactognathus 4093: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4024: 3991: 3959: 3910: 3818: 3810:S. stenops 3745: 3739: 3701:, had more low 3615:S. stenops 3607: 3562:and opposed by 3547: 3531: 3396: 3289: 3246: 3189:S. homheni 3185:S. armatus 3141:S. armatus 3133:S. stenops 3112:S. armatus 3104: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3044:), referred to 3004:S. stenops 2962: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2820: 2741: 2684: 2603: 2574:Tuojiangosaurus 2543:Jiangjunosaurus 2498: 2417: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2184: 2127: 2118: 2034: 2005:Jiangjunosaurus 1974: 1869: 1840:Tuojiangosaurus 1665:Restoration of 1659: 1596: 1454: 1389:S. stenops 1382: 1332: 1192:As part of the 1190: 1131: 1063: 1049:collected from 1014:Charles Gilmore 890: 685:scientific name 658: 650: 490:, four-legged, 483: 480: 477: 474: 431: 427: 346: 343: 317: 309: 296: 283: 270: 254: 238: 178: 145: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 61: 60: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9163: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9046: 9033: 9020: 9007: 8994: 8979: 8963: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8926: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8869: 8861: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8776:Loricatosaurus 8772: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8745:Huayangosaurus 8741: 8732: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8640: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8533: 8527: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8502: 8493: 8484: 8478: 8462: 8461: 8454: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8402: 8401:External links 8399: 8396: 8395: 8372: 8347: 8334: 8318: 8284: 8261: 8226: 8217: 8207: 8188: 8145: 8088: 8059:(2): 235–240. 8035: 7992: 7971: 7964: 7943: 7936: 7914: 7856: 7829:(6): 933–952. 7809: 7782:(1): 123–131. 7762: 7723: 7716: 7690: 7683: 7657: 7644:(3): 172–180. 7624: 7617: 7599: 7580:(2): 291–314. 7561: 7538: 7473: 7449: 7394: 7350: 7343: 7322: 7304: 7254: 7223: 7214: 7185:(2): 211–233. 7161: 7118: 7091:(19): 253–59. 7068: 7003: 6986: 6969: 6952: 6935: 6904: 6893:(2): 185–208. 6877: 6807: 6791: 6784: 6761: 6734:(21): 417–23. 6718: 6681:(3): 401–408. 6658: 6637:(3): 427–432. 6614: 6607: 6589: 6552:(3): 401–408. 6529: 6502:(1). 2205433. 6479: 6430: 6376: 6360: 6341:(2): 205–219. 6325: 6300: 6271:(2): 163–171. 6242: 6235: 6213: 6196: 6174: 6154: 6139: 6132: 6105: 6098: 6090:The Dinosauria 6065: 6048: 6037:(3): 355–364. 6010: 5991: 5969: 5920: 5879: 5872: 5854: 5847: 5824: 5790: 5775: 5727:From Portugal" 5708: 5646: 5618: 5543: 5534:Modern Geology 5509: 5472: 5458: 5400: 5388: 5364: 5340: 5321: 5314: 5296: 5283: 5261: 5235: 5207: 5161: 5134:(42): 179–81. 5109: 5082:(34): 413–17. 5050: 4990: 4960: 4899: 4890:Modern Geology 4877: 4870: 4823: 4804:(2): 129–130. 4773: 4714: 4685:(2): 187–198. 4632: 4612: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4526: 4512: 4496: 4493: 4417:, who painted 4333:Main article: 4330: 4327: 4108:-like conifer 4092: 4089: 4085:nervous system 4048: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022:"Second brain" 4020: 3909: 3906: 3889:gigantothermic 3825:fusion of the 3817: 3814: 3741:Main article: 3738: 3735: 3606: 3605:Plate function 3603: 3546: 3543: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3493: 3469: 3445: 3427: 3423:Loricatosaurus 3409: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3359: 3333: 3317: 3288: 3285: 3247: 2000-04 3240:Gansu Province 3143:, and sinking 3125: 3124: 3092: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3065: 2993: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2762:Loricatosaurus 2757: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2438:Huayangosaurus 2433: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2361: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2155:Loricatosaurus 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1962:Huayangosaurus 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1744:Huayangosaurus 1713:Kota Formation 1701:Lower Jurassic 1658: 1655: 1595: 1592: 1495:Huayangosaurus 1453: 1450: 1381: 1378: 1331: 1328: 1309:Shell, Wyoming 1189: 1186: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1114: 1105: 1104:dorsal spines. 1094: 1062: 1059: 1028:, referred to 889: 886: 797:Upper Jurassic 657: 653:Bone Wars and 651: 649: 646: 632:Dinosaur Ridge 417: 416: 415: 414: 406: 392: 391: 385: 384: 383: 382: 369: 353: 352: 351:Other species 348: 347: 344: 332: 331: 325: 324: 307: 303: 302: 294: 290: 289: 281: 277: 276: 268: 261: 260: 252: 245: 244: 236: 229: 228: 223: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 172: 171: 156: 155: 147: 146: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9162: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9068: 9056: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9012: 9008: 9004: 8999: 8995: 8990: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8947: 8935: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8908: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8866:Hesperosaurus 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8857:Stegosaurinae 8854: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8808:Dacentrurinae 8805: 8799: 8798: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8783:Mongolostegus 8780: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8756:Stegosauridae 8753: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8703:Monkonosaurus 8700: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8688:Isaberrysaura 8685: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8673:Dravidosaurus 8670: 8668: 8667: 8666:Craterosaurus 8663: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8652:Bashanosaurus 8649: 8647: 8646: 8645:Baiyinosaurus 8642: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8611: 8610: 8604: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8447: 8445: 8440: 8438: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8422: 8418: 8416: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8383: 8376: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8344: 8338: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8315:(1): 121–133. 8314: 8310: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8221: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8161:(4): 448–58. 8160: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8008:(2): 224–50. 8007: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7975: 7967: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7948: 7939: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7667:Osteomyelitis 7661: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7620: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7566: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7496:(2): 173–85. 7495: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7375:(4): 459–73. 7374: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7327: 7318: 7311: 7309: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7073: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7007: 7001:(2), 199-210. 7000: 6996: 6990: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6705: 6704:10044/1/45349 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6675:Palaeontology 6669: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6575:10044/1/45349 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6546:Palaeontology 6540: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6321:0-253-33964-2 6318: 6314: 6310: 6309:Scelidosaurus 6304: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6238: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6217: 6210: 6209:1-4051-3413-5 6206: 6200: 6193: 6190: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6023: 6022:Lesothosaurus 6014: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5873:9780253051578 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5848:9780691167664 5844: 5840: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5740:(5): 367–74. 5739: 5735: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5369: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5280:(6): 493–496. 5279: 5275: 5271: 5270:Brown, Barnum 5265: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5232: 5230: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4780: 4778: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4621:"Stegosaurus" 4616: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4556: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4527: 4524: 4513: 4510: 4499: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4443:for the 1904 4442: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4250:Brachiosaurus 4246: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4238:Tanycolagreus 4234: 4233: 4228: 4227: 4226:Ornitholestes 4222: 4221: 4220:Stokesosaurus 4216: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4196:Saurophaganax 4192: 4191: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4158:symmetrodonts 4155: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4112: 4111:Brachyphyllum 4107: 4097: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4077:glycogen body 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4042: 4033: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3925:ornithischian 3922: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835:pelvic region 3832: 3828: 3823: 3820:Juveniles of 3813: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3749: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3727:Hesperosaurus 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3638:Hesperosaurus 3633: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3540: 3535: 3523: 3522:Hesperosaurus 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504:by Carpenter 3503: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3457:Majungasaurus 3453: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438:Alcovasaurus, 3435: 3432:was named by 3431: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3405:Hoplitosaurus 3401: 3398: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3297:type specimen 3294: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205:Hesperosaurus 3202: 3198: 3197:Late Jurassic 3194: 3193:S. mjosi 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159:, with their 3158: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3146:Hesperosaurus 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3075: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2924: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2821:(GSAU 201201) 2818: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2712:Hesperosaurus 2706: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2469:Isaberrysaura 2463: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2388:Bashanosaurus 2382: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2089:Hesperosaurus 2083: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2051:Stegosaurinae 2049: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1984:Stegosauridae 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1945:Isaberrysaura 1939: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1767:Hesperosaurus 1763: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1752:South America 1750:and possibly 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732:Stegosauridae 1728: 1727:Stegosauria. 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:Pliensbachian 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647:Hesperosaurus 1644: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550:neural spines 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1535:Hesperosaurus 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1489:Hesperosaurus 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1345: 1342:(orange) and 1341: 1336: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1314: 1313:Sauriermuseum 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254:Rabbit Valley 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951: 950:Hoplitosaurus 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 899: 894: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 843:The greatest 841: 839: 835: 832:. The other, 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754: 749: 741: 737: 732: 728: 726: 725: 720: 719: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 656: 645: 643: 638: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 615: 614:stegosaurians 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 590: 585: 583: 582: 577: 576: 571: 570: 565: 564: 559: 555: 554: 549: 548: 543: 542: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 512:United States 509: 505: 501: 497: 496:Late Jurassic 493: 489: 467: 425: 424: 410: 407: 401: 400: 396: 395: 393: 390: 386: 378: 377: 370: 365: 364: 357: 356: 354: 349: 342: 341: 333: 330: 326: 321: 316: 315: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300:Stegosaurinae 295: 292: 291: 288: 287:Stegosauridae 282: 279: 278: 275: 269: 266: 263: 262: 259: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 182: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 157: 153: 148: 142: 138: 134: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 62:155–145 58: 54: 50: 49:Late Jurassic 44: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9067: 8958: 8888:Wuerhosaurus 8886: 8880: 8879: 8871: 8864: 8846:Thyreosaurus 8844: 8837: 8830: 8824:Alcovasaurus 8822: 8815: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8774: 8769:Kentrosaurus 8767: 8743: 8735: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8696:Lexovisaurus 8694: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8607: 8567:Ornithischia 8552:Ornithischia 8504: 8500:Ornithischia 8495: 8486: 8420: 8414: 8386:. Retrieved 8375: 8363:. Retrieved 8359: 8350: 8342: 8337: 8332:. McFarland. 8329: 8312: 8308: 8300:Camptosaurus 8299: 8295: 8287: 8278: 8274: 8264: 8239: 8236:Paleobiology 8235: 8229: 8220: 8210: 8201: 8191: 8158: 8155:Paleobiology 8154: 8148: 8105: 8101: 8091: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8038: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7979: 7974: 7955: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7876: 7872: 7859: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7743:(1): 47–62. 7740: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7674: 7670: 7660: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7608: 7602: 7577: 7574:Paleobiology 7573: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7529:. Retrieved 7522:the original 7493: 7489: 7476: 7463: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7372: 7369:Paleobiology 7368: 7364: 7334: 7316: 7274: 7270: 7257: 7245:. Retrieved 7241:the original 7236: 7226: 7217: 7182: 7178: 7175:HENNIG 1915" 7172: 7164: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7088: 7084: 7046:10141/622747 7020: 7016: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6924:(1): 28–46. 6921: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6827: 6823: 6800: 6794: 6775: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6678: 6674: 6661: 6634: 6630: 6617: 6598: 6592: 6549: 6545: 6532: 6499: 6495: 6482: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6393:(1): 65–78. 6390: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6368: 6363: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6268: 6264: 6224: 6216: 6199: 6188: 6186: 6181:February 27, 6179:. Retrieved 6164: 6157: 6148: 6142: 6123: 6089: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6034: 6030: 6021: 6013: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5976: 5972: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5863: 5857: 5838: 5815:. Retrieved 5804:The Guardian 5803: 5793: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5666: 5662: 5637:. Retrieved 5633: 5576: 5572: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5500:. Retrieved 5495: 5428: 5424: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5305: 5299: 5291: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5252:. Retrieved 5247: 5238: 5228: 5193: 5189: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5064:Marsh, O. C. 5020: 5016: 5006:Marsh, O. C. 4981:. Retrieved 4977: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4861: 4857: 4801: 4797: 4794:Marsh, 1887" 4791: 4787: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4728:Marsh, O. C. 4682: 4678: 4672: 4624: 4615: 4582: 4576: 4484: 4482: 4436: 4435: 4429: 4418: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4322: 4318: 4315:Camarasaurus 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4280:Camptosaurus 4278: 4272: 4268:Camarasaurus 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4244:Brontosaurus 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4214:Marshosaurus 4212: 4208:Ceratosaurus 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4177:Ceratosaurus 4176: 4172: 4162:triconodonts 4147: 4139:Mesadactylus 4137: 4131: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4091:Paleoecology 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4015: 4011: 4007:Plateosaurus 4005: 4001:Erlikosaurus 3999: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3893:spectroscopy 3880: 3878: 3873: 3870:Kentrosaurus 3869: 3867: 3857: 3847:histological 3842: 3839:Kentrosaurus 3838: 3821: 3819: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3757: 3754: 3726: 3714: 3712: 3708:Histological 3703:surface area 3699:Kentrosaurus 3698: 3696: 3690: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3665:Edaphosaurus 3663: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3632:Stegosaurus' 3631: 3629: 3618: 3614: 3595: 3589: 3573: 3572: 3568:Kentrosaurus 3567: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3529:Paleobiology 3521: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3482:Dong Zhiming 3475: 3471: 3455: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3417:Lexovisaurus 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3387:S. ungulatus 3386: 3383:S. ungulatus 3382: 3377: 3374:S. ungulatus 3373: 3370:S. ungulatus 3369: 3366:S. ungulatus 3365: 3361: 3356:nomen dubium 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342:resurrected 3335: 3327: 3319: 3309: 3305: 3302:nomen dubium 3301: 3292: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3263:Wuerhosaurus 3262: 3257:ages of the 3229: 3224: 3221:nomen dubium 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161:type species 3156: 3152:Wuerhosaurus 3150: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3094: 3050:S. ungulatus 3049: 3046:S. ungulatus 3045: 3037:S. ungulatus 3036: 3033:S. ungulatus 3032: 3027: 3023: 3016:Kimmeridgian 3011: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2816: 2812: 2790:Wuerhosaurus 2788: 2784: 2783: 2760: 2759: 2727: 2726: 2710: 2709: 2670: 2669: 2653: 2652: 2624:Kentrosaurus 2622: 2621: 2589: 2588: 2572: 2571: 2541: 2540: 2519:Alcovasaurus 2517: 2516: 2484: 2483: 2467: 2466: 2436: 2435: 2403: 2402: 2386: 2385: 2356: 2349: 2244: 2243: 2227: 2226: 2205:Kentrosaurus 2203: 2202: 2172:Alcovasaurus 2170: 2169: 2153: 2152: 2106:Wuerhosaurus 2104: 2103: 2087: 2086: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2020: 2019: 2003: 2002: 1960: 1959: 1943: 1942: 1912: 1911: 1888: 1887: 1855: 1854: 1838: 1837: 1807:Ankylosauria 1805: 1779: 1765: 1761:Wuerhosaurus 1759: 1755: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1725:sister group 1721:Ankylosauria 1686: 1667:S. ungulatus 1666: 1646: 1638:S. ungulatus 1637: 1634:S. ungulatus 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1587: 1576: 1573:Kentrosaurus 1572: 1560: 1558: 1545: 1541:Kentrosaurus 1539: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1472: 1470: 1462:S. ungulatus 1461: 1445: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1416: 1413:rhamphotheca 1408: 1394: 1388: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1361:S. ungulatus 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1321: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1277: 1266:Stegosaurus" 1265: 1252:skeleton in 1249: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223:Stegosaurus' 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1197: 1191: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1161: 1153: 1148: 1132: 1117: 1108: 1097: 1082: 1080: 1071:S. ungulatus 1070: 1047:S. ungulatus 1046: 1042: 1039:Barnum Brown 1029: 1025: 1021: 1009: 1005: 998:S. ungulatus 997: 993: 989: 987: 982: 974: 970: 963:S. ungulatus 962: 954: 948: 944: 940: 938: 922:S. ungulatus 921: 917: 905: 903: 898:S. ungulatus 897: 882:Hypsirhophus 881: 873: 870:S. ungulatus 869: 865: 861: 857: 844: 842: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 808: 804: 786: 777: 773: 769: 762:Hypsirhophus 761: 751: 745: 739: 735: 722: 716: 712: 708: 700: 696: 680: 669:Arthur Lakes 660: 659: 654: 641: 636: 619: 618: 609: 601: 592: 586: 579: 575:Camarasaurus 573: 567: 561: 557: 552: 551: 547:S. ungulatus 546: 545: 540: 539: 520:Kimmeridgian 422: 421: 420: 408: 399:Hypsirhophus 397: 375: 374: 362: 361: 339: 338: 329:Type species 313: 312: 264: 248: 242:Ornithischia 232: 219: 160: 53:Kimmeridgian 42: 36: 9024:iNaturalist 8989:Stegosaurus 8983:Wikispecies 8959:Stegosaurus 8881:Stegosaurus 8832:Dacentrurus 8790:Paranthodon 8631:Stegosauria 8609:Stegosauria 8579:Stegosauria 8509:Thyreophora 8458:Stegosauria 8421:Stegosaurus 8365:January 10, 8345:. ABC-CLIO. 8296:Stegosaurus 8047:Stegosaurus 7772:Stegosaurus 7733:Stegosaurus 7704:Stegosaurus 7671:Stegosaurus 7548:Stegosaurus 7404:Stegosaurus 7365:Stegosaurus 7237:Smithsonian 6984:(2), 68-76. 6416:11336/67876 6189:Stegosaurus 5977:Stegosaurus 5725:Stegosaurus 5254:January 10, 5229:Stegosaurus 5124:Stegosaurus 5070:Stegosaurus 4955:10088/30429 4937:Stegosaurus 4858:Stegosaurus 4788:Stegosaurus 4734:Stegosauria 4673:Stegosaurus 4487:skeleton, " 4485:Stegosaurus 4461:Smithsonian 4437:Stegosaurus 4419:Stegosaurus 4407:Stegosaurus 4383:Stegosaurus 4379:Stegosaurus 4371:Stegosaurus 4361:Stegosaurus 4357:Stegosaurus 4353:Stegosaurus 4345:Stegosaurus 4323:Stegosaurus 4311:Apatosaurus 4303:Stegosaurus 4256:Apatosaurus 4202:Torvosaurus 4185:Stegosaurus 4173:Stegosaurus 4123:Hoplosuchus 4069:Stegosaurus 4065:Stegosaurus 4061:Stegosaurus 4016:Stegosaurus 4012:Stegosaurus 3989:Stegosaurus 3985:Stegosaurus 3981:Stegosaurus 3971:were 140.1 3969:Stegosaurus 3964:Stegosaurus 3957:Stegosaurus 3950:Stegosaurus 3946:Stegosaurus 3938:Stegosaurus 3934:gastroliths 3930:Stegosaurus 3921:Stegosaurus 3902:endothermic 3885:ectothermic 3881:Stegosaurus 3874:Stegosaurus 3858:Stegosaurus 3843:Stegosaurus 3822:Stegosaurus 3787:Stegosaurus 3773:Stegosaurus 3758:Stegosaurus 3715:Stegosaurus 3691:Stegosaurus 3680:Stegosaurus 3670:Stegosaurus 3655:pelycosaurs 3647:Stegosaurus 3643:Stegosaurus 3590:Stegosaurus 3574:Stegosaurus 3555:Stegosaurus 3551:Stegosaurus 3514:Stegosaurus 3486:Stegosaurus 3466:crocodylian 3352:Stegosaurus 3344:D. laticeps 3329:nomen nudum 3320:Stegosaurus 3310:Stegosaurus 3275:Stegosaurus 3236:Hekou Group 3209:Stegosaurus 3181:Stegosaurus 3157:Stegosaurus 3129:Stegosaurus 3121:Stegosaurus 3116:S. sulcatus 3056:in 1910 by 3012:Stegosaurus 3008:Stegosaurus 2985:Stegosaurus 2970:Stegosaurus 2966:Stegosaurus 2817:Stegosaurus 2814:Hekou Group 2672:Dacentrurus 2591:Paranthodon 2367:Stegosauria 2353:Hekou Group 2022:Dacentrurus 1857:Paranthodon 1819:Stegosauria 1756:Stegosaurus 1740:Stegosaurus 1736:Paul Sereno 1693:bony plates 1689:ankylosaurs 1625:Stegosaurus 1614:Stegosaurus 1588:Stegosaurus 1498:, although 1446:Stegosaurus 1438:metric tons 1429:Stegosaurus 1425:Stegosaurus 1417:Stegosaurus 1409:Stegosaurus 1373:Stegosaurus 1369:Stegosaurus 1352:Stegosaurus 1330:Description 1305:Stegosaurus 1301:Stegosaurus 1299:Sophie the 1294:Stegosaurus 1278:Stegosaurus 1250:Stegosaurus 1239:Stegosaurus 1227:Stegosaurus 1219:Stegosaurus 1215:Stegosaurus 1211:Stegosaurus 1207:Stegosaurus 1198:Stegosaurus 1178:Stegosaurus 1174:Stegosaurus 1162:Stegosaurus 1154:Stegosaurus 1149:Stegosaurus 1098:Stegosaurus 1083:Stegosaurus 1043:Stegosaurus 1026:Stegosaurus 1006:Stegosaurus 994:Stegosaurus 990:Stegosaurus 975:Stegosaurus 955:Stegosaurus 941:Stegosaurus 928:in 1910 by 866:Stegosaurus 845:Stegosaurus 822:Stegosaurus 818:Stegosaurus 805:Stegosaurus 778:Stegosaurus 774:Stegosaurus 770:Stegosaurus 740:S. stenops, 701:Stegosaurus 661:Stegosaurus 642:Stegosaurus 637:Stegosaurus 620:Stegosaurus 602:Stegosaurus 600:functions. 593:Stegosaurus 563:Apatosaurus 558:Stegosaurus 553:S. sulcatus 488:herbivorous 481:roof-lizard 423:Stegosaurus 412:Marsh, 1881 380:Marsh, 1887 367:Marsh, 1879 345:Marsh, 1887 314:Stegosaurus 293:Subfamily: 274:Stegosauria 258:Thyreophora 141:Hekou Group 43:Stegosaurus 9080:Stegosaurs 9074:Categories 8922:See also: 8817:Adratiklit 8710:Yanbeilong 8588:see below↓ 8491:Dinosauria 8384:. BBC News 7700:Allosaurus 6007:: 143–150. 5382:1611.08760 5358:1508.03729 4896:: 407–426. 4551:References 4319:Diplodocus 4307:Allosaurus 4298:Nanosaurus 4292:Dryosaurus 4274:Barosaurus 4262:Diplodocus 4190:Allosaurus 4128:pterosaurs 3801:S. stenops 3791:Allosaurus 3776:thagomizer 3769:Allosaurus 3743:Thagomizer 3689:Plates of 3672:plates to 3659:Dimetrodon 3464:or even a 3452:Madagascar 3348:S. stenops 3306:S. stenops 3225:S. stenops 3217:S. armatus 3095:S. stenops 3028:S. stenops 3000:Como Bluff 2989:S. stenops 2981:Cañon City 2655:Adratiklit 2229:Adratiklit 1705:Sinemurian 1651:keratinous 1630:S. stenops 1618:osteoderms 1607:S. stenops 1561:S. stenops 1554:bifurcated 1546:S. stenops 1530:S. stenops 1526:S. stenops 1518:transverse 1510:atlas bone 1442:short tons 1405:archosaurs 1357:S. stenops 1344:S. stenops 1323:Allosaurus 1243:Allosaurus 1235:S. stenops 1158:Pittsburgh 1142:, and the 1118:S. stenops 1030:S. stenops 1022:S. stenops 1010:S. stenops 983:S. stenops 971:S. stenops 918:S. stenops 906:S. stenops 874:S. stenops 850:Cañon City 789:Como Bluff 724:Allosaurus 718:Diplodocus 713:S. armatus 589:quadrupeds 581:Allosaurus 569:Diplodocus 541:S. stenops 404:Cope, 1878 226:Dinosauria 161:S. stenops 32:Stegoceras 8474:Kingdom: 8108:: 26495. 8030:268195570 8022:0077-7749 7909:249064466 7518:129933940 7367:Plates". 7247:April 30, 7209:132746786 7113:130249498 7055:0272-4634 6854:1932-6203 6756:219234316 6524:258802937 6425:128632458 6355:134302379 6295:129246092 5812:0261-3077 5639:April 20, 5540:: 127–44. 5502:April 20, 5156:129981252 5104:130058870 5045:131001110 4983:April 17, 4949:: 1–143. 4818:198149935 4768:130078453 4709:140688875 4607:267286799 4449:St. Louis 4402:King Kong 4144:docodonts 4106:Araucaria 3675:Alligator 3564:Carpenter 3462:hadrosaur 3378:S. duplex 3280:Taohelong 3163:becoming 3020:Tithonian 1778:of Raven 1772:cladogram 1653:sheaths. 1506:axis bone 1436:4.5 1110:King Kong 1057:in 1940. 945:S. marshi 665:Bone Wars 624:Bone Wars 524:Tithonian 494:from the 409:Diracodon 199:Kingdom: 193:Eukaryota 143:of China. 131:Possible 57:Tithonian 9003:52570674 8968:Wikidata 8934:Category 8924:Timeline 8839:Miragaia 8482:Chordata 8480:Phylum: 8476:Animalia 8388:July 18, 8183:87272836 8140:27199098 8083:84869720 7984:Archived 7901:35614213 7851:23433029 7843:23613282 7804:86613451 7531:June 13, 7444:44506996 7436:17748675 7389:89139852 7299:85417112 7063:90752660 6950:, 45-52. 6872:31721771 6824:PLOS ONE 6713:55613546 6653:53328847 6584:55613546 6474:19324778 5984:Archived 5964:25740841 5915:35815600 5817:July 12, 5770:10930309 5762:17187254 5703:25901727 5663:PLOS ONE 5613:26466098 5573:PLOS ONE 5453:85673680 5431:(4): 1. 5181:(1919). 5066:(1887). 5008:(1879). 4933:(1914). 4730:(1877). 4495:See also 4455:for the 4232:Coelurus 4130:such as 4117:Glyptops 4081:glycogen 3831:coracoid 3442:Miragaia 3408:in 1902. 3316:in 2013. 2729:Miragaia 2246:Miragaia 1794:Eurypoda 1784:Eurypoda 1742:than to 1711:) Lower 1583:coracoid 1569:acromion 1501:Miragaia 1480:anterior 1452:Skeleton 1440:(5 1338:Size of 1286:Portugal 854:Colorado 764:to be a 689:shingles 677:holotype 516:Portugal 389:Synonyms 280:Family: 213:Chordata 209:Phylum: 203:Animalia 189:Domain: 9042:1366418 8256:2400253 8163:Bibcode 8131:4873811 8110:Bibcode 8061:Bibcode 7881:Bibcode 7784:Bibcode 7745:Bibcode 7594:1548133 7498:Bibcode 7416:Bibcode 7408:Science 7279:Bibcode 7187:Bibcode 7156:4162574 7136:Bibcode 7093:Bibcode 7025:Bibcode 6978:Palaios 6863:6853308 6832:Bibcode 6801:Science 6736:Bibcode 6683:Bibcode 6554:Bibcode 6504:Bibcode 6465:2674496 6395:Bibcode 6374:: 41-83 6273:Bibcode 5955:4387493 5742:Bibcode 5694:4406738 5671:Bibcode 5604:4605687 5581:Bibcode 5433:Bibcode 5136:Bibcode 5084:Bibcode 5025:Bibcode 4748:Bibcode 4687:Bibcode 4587:Bibcode 4149:Docodon 3973:newtons 3864:in Utah 3827:scapula 3795:process 3723:display 3599:baculum 3177:dubious 3018:-lower 2960:Species 1578:triceps 1565:scapula 1514:centrum 1482:to the 1091:shingle 1016:at the 1000:at the 799:of the 766:synonym 514:and in 508:Fossils 475: 306:Genus: 9029:473676 9016:230581 8974:Q14388 8281:: 922. 8254: 8181: 8138: 8128: 8081: 8028: 8020: 7962: 7934: 7907: 7899: 7873:Nature 7849: 7841: 7802: 7714: 7681: 7615: 7592: 7558:: 56A. 7516: 7442: 7434: 7387: 7341: 7297: 7207: 7154: 7128:Nature 7111: 7061: 7053: 6870: 6860: 6852: 6782: 6754: 6711: 6651: 6605: 6582: 6522: 6472: 6462: 6423: 6353: 6319: 6293: 6233: 6207: 6172: 6130: 6096: 5962: 5952: 5913: 5870: 5845: 5810: 5768: 5760: 5701: 5691: 5611: 5601: 5451: 5312: 5154: 5102: 5043: 4868: 4816: 4766: 4707: 4605: 4295:, and 4271:, and 4160:, and 4146:(like 3996:Sophie 3992:'s 3783:et al. 3582:fibula 3560:Bakker 3340:Bakker 3255:Albian 3251:Aptian 3213:et al. 3191:, and 1770:. 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