Steam locomotive - Knowledge

3168: 4715:, is the last place in the world where one can ride a regularly scheduled passenger train pulled by steam power. The locomotive shed at Wolsztyn is the last of its kind in the world. There are several working locomotives that haul daily commuter service between Wolsztyn, Poznan, Leszo and other neighboring cities. One can partake in footplate courses via The Wolsztyn Experience. There is no place left in the world that still operates daily, non-tourist steam powered commuter/passenger service other than here at Wolsztyn. There are several Polish-built OL49-class 2-6-2 general purpose locomotives and one PT47 class 2-8-2 in regular service. Each May, Wolsztyn is the site of a steam locomotive festival which brings visiting locomotives - often well over a dozen each year all operating. These operations are not done for tourism or museum/historical purposes; this is the last non-diesel rail line on the PKP (Polish State Network) that has been converted to diesel power. 2305: 3192: 1078: 509: 2497:

chimney pipe, and a wire screen covering the wide stack exit. A more efficient design was the Radley and Hunter centrifugal stack patented in 1850 (commonly known as the diamond stack), incorporating baffles so oriented as to induce a swirl effect in the chamber that encouraged the embers to burn out and fall to the bottom as ash. In the self-cleaning smokebox the opposite effect was achieved: by allowing the flue gasses to strike a series of deflector plates, angled in such a way that the blast was not impaired, the larger particles were broken into small pieces that would be ejected with the blast, rather than settle in the bottom of the smokebox to be removed by hand at the end of the run. As with the arrestor, a screen was incorporated to retain any large embers.

1806:) require careful design and adjustment. This has been the object of intensive studies by a number of engineers (and often ignored by others, sometimes with catastrophic consequences). The fact that the draught depends on the exhaust pressure means that power delivery and power generation are automatically self-adjusting. Among other things, a balance has to be struck between obtaining sufficient draught for combustion whilst giving the exhaust gases and particles sufficient time to be consumed. In the past, a strong draught could lift the fire off the grate, or cause the ejection of unburnt particles of fuel, dirt and pollution for which steam locomotives had an unenviable reputation. Moreover, the pumping action of the exhaust has the counter-effect of exerting 2244:. Standard practice evolved to use two independent systems for feeding water to the boiler; either two steam injectors or, on more conservative designs, axle pumps when running at service speed and a steam injector for filling the boiler when stationary or at low speeds. By the 20th century virtually all new-built locomotives used only steam injectors – often one injector was supplied with "live" steam straight from the boiler itself and the other used exhaust steam from the locomotive's cylinders, which was more efficient (since it made use of otherwise wasted steam) but could only be used when the locomotive was in motion and the regulator was open. Injectors became unreliable if the feedwater was at a high temperature, so locomotives with feedwater heaters, 4162: 3852: 3348: 1959:, springing and the motion that includes connecting rods and valve gear. The transmission of the power from the pistons to the rails and the behaviour of the locomotive as a vehicle, being able to negotiate curves, points and irregularities in the track, is of paramount importance. Because reciprocating power has to be directly applied to the rail from 0 rpm upwards, this creates the problem of adhesion of the driving wheels to the smooth rail surface. Adhesive weight is the portion of the locomotive's weight bearing on the driving wheels. This is made more effective if a pair of driving wheels is able to make the most of its axle load, i.e. its individual share of the adhesive weight. 4841:, with positive results. The biofuel was found to burn slightly faster and hotter than coal. The goal of the project is primarily to find a sustainable fuel for historic steam locomotives on tourist railroads, but CSR has also suggested that, in the future, steam locomotives powered by torrefied biomass could be an environmentally and economically superior alternative to diesel locomotives. Also, a large vat containing salt may be used without needing to replenishing the medium. Large heating elements would be one method of recharging the system, however, it is possible to pump molten salt as well, removing the cooled salt and replenishing from facilities which contain a much larger vat. 2332: 3955: 2137:

dissolved solids in the water formed "tough-skinned bubbles" inside the boiler, which in turn were carried into the steam pipes and could blow off the cylinder heads. To overcome the problem, hot mineral-concentrated water was deliberately wasted (blown down) from the boiler periodically. Higher steam pressures required more blowing-down of water out of the boiler. Oxygen generated by boiling water attacks the boiler, and with increased steam pressure the rate of rust (iron oxide) generated inside the boiler increases. One way to help overcome the problem was water treatment. Swengel suggested that these problems contributed to the interest in electrification of railways.

2236:) must be delivered to the boiler to replace that which is exhausted as steam after delivering a working stroke to the pistons. As the boiler is under pressure during operation, feedwater must be forced into the boiler at a pressure that is greater than the steam pressure, necessitating the use of some sort of pump. Hand-operated pumps sufficed for the very earliest locomotives. Later engines used pumps driven by the motion of the pistons (axle pumps), which were simple to operate, reliable and could handle large quantities of water but only operated when the locomotive was moving and could overload the valve gear and piston rods at high speeds. 1723:, the role of the latter being to improve thermal efficiency and eliminate water droplets suspended in the "saturated steam", the state in which it leaves the boiler. On leaving the superheater, the steam exits the dry header of the superheater and passes down a steam pipe, entering the steam chests adjacent to the cylinders of a reciprocating engine. Inside each steam chest is a sliding valve that distributes the steam via ports that connect the steam chest to the ends of the cylinder space. The role of the valves is twofold: admission of each fresh dose of steam, and exhaust of the used steam once it has done its work. 2792:

exhaust steam to create a draught, so the draught is maintained by means of a blower. This is a ring placed either around the base of the chimney, or around the blast pipe orifice, containing several small steam nozzles directed up the chimney. These nozzles are fed with steam directly from the boiler, controlled by the blower valve. When the regulator is open, the blower valve is closed; when the driver intends to close the regulator, he will first open the blower valve. It is important that the blower be opened before the regulator is closed, since without draught on the fire, there may be

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to Europe's higher density of markets. Locomotives that were cheap and rugged and could go large distances over cheaply built and maintained tracks were required. Once the manufacture of engines was established on a wide scale there was very little advantage to buying an engine from overseas that would have to be customised to fit the local requirements and track conditions. Improvements in engine design of both European and US origin were incorporated by manufacturers when they could be justified in a generally very conservative and slow-changing market. With the notable exception of the

4405: 4075: 806: 3127: 2796:– where atmospheric air blows down the chimney, causing the flow of hot gases through the boiler tubes to be reversed, with the fire itself being blown through the firehole onto the footplate, with serious consequences for the crew. The risk of backdraught is higher when the locomotive enters a tunnel because of the pressure shock. The blower is also used to create draught when steam is being raised at the start of the locomotive's duty, at any time when the driver needs to increase the draught on the fire, and to clear smoke from the driver's line of vision. 917: 4432: 2390: 4364:. Raising steam from coal took a matter of hours, and created serious pollution problems. Coal-burning locomotives required fire cleaning and ash removal between turns of duty. Diesel or electric locomotives, by comparison, drew benefit from new custom-built servicing facilities. The smoke from steam locomotives was also deemed objectionable; the first electric and diesel locomotives were developed in response to smoke abatement requirements, although this did not take into account the high level of less-visible pollution in 2435: 2256:

was mounted at a different level. By opening each try-cock and seeing if steam or water vented through it, the level of water in the boiler could be estimated with limited accuracy. As boiler pressures increased the use of try-cocks became increasingly dangerous and the valves were prone to blockage with scale or sediment, giving false readings. This led to their replacement with the sight glass. As with the injectors, two glasses with separate fittings were usually installed to provide independent readings.

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maximum axle loading. A locomotive with a wheel arrangement of two lead axles, two drive axles, and one trailing axle was a high-speed machine. Two lead axles were necessary to have good tracking at high speeds. Two drive axles had a lower reciprocating mass than three, four, five or six coupled axles. They were thus able to turn at very high speeds due to the lower reciprocating mass. A trailing axle was able to support a huge firebox, hence most locomotives with the wheel arrangement of

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any secondary air. To compensate for this some locomotives are fitted with a latch that prevents the firedoor from closing completely whereas others have a small vent on the door that may be opened to allow secondary air to flow through. Though it was considered to design a firedoor that opens inwards into the firebox thus preventing the inconvenience caused on the footplate, such a door would be exposed to the full heat of the fire and would likely deform, thus becoming useless.

2747: 2577: 2489: 2180: 1532: 4751: 432: 1575: 4387: 2317: 1909: 654: 2713: 851: 2876: 1802:, creating the familiar "chuffing" sound of the steam locomotive. The blastpipe is placed at a strategic point inside the smokebox that is at the same time traversed by the combustion gases drawn through the boiler and grate by the action of the steam blast. The combining of the two streams, steam and exhaust gases, is crucial to the efficiency of any steam locomotive, and the internal profiles of the chimney (or, strictly speaking, the 1848: 1727:

cylinder receives two injections of steam per revolution. The first stroke is to the front of the piston and the second stroke to the rear of the piston; hence two working strokes. Consequently, two deliveries of steam onto each piston face in the two cylinders generates a full revolution of the driving wheel. Each piston is attached to the driving axle on each side by a connecting rod, and the driving wheels are connected together by

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1930s, it gained a foothold in North America. The full transition away from steam power in North America took place during the 1950s. In continental Europe, large-scale electrification had replaced steam power by the 1970s. Steam was a familiar technology, adapted well to local facilities, and also consumed a wide variety of fuels; this led to its continued use in many countries until the end of the 20th century.

3437: 1932: 170: 3503: 2067:, a byproduct of sugar refining. In the US, the ready availability and low price of oil made it a popular steam locomotive fuel after 1900 for the southwestern railroads, particularly the Southern Pacific. In the Australian state of Victoria, many steam locomotives were converted to heavy oil firing after World War II. German, Russian, Australian and British railways experimented with using 3749:

leaving the remaining axles to be accounted for by the leading and trailing bogies. Passenger locomotives conventionally had two-axle leading bogies for better guidance at speed; on the other hand, the vast increase in the size of the grate and firebox in the 20th century meant that a trailing bogie was called upon to provide support. In Europe, some use was made of several variants of the

2843:, which allows some limited slack movement. Small dimples called "poling pockets" at the front and rear corners of the locomotive allowed cars to be pushed onto an adjacent track using a pole braced between the locomotive and the cars. In Britain and Europe, North American style "buckeye" and other couplers that handle forces between items of rolling stock have become increasingly popular. 1708: 3452:), where cleanliness was important (e.g. food-production plants) or where steam is readily available (e.g. paper mills and power stations where steam is either a by-product or is cheaply available). The water vessel ("boiler") is heavily insulated, the same as with a fired locomotive. Until all the water has boiled away, the steam pressure does not drop except as the temperature drops. 2117: 3288:, were developed to meet this need on industrial, logging, mine and quarry railways. The common feature of these three types was the provision of reduction gearing and a drive shaft between the crankshaft and the driving axles. This arrangement allowed the engine to run at a much higher speed than the driving wheels compared to the conventional design, where the ratio is 1:1. 1917: 3775:) tended to follow the principles of shunting engines, except that the wheelbase limitation did not apply, so banking engines tended to have more driving wheels. In the US, this process eventually resulted in the Mallet type engine with its many driven wheels, and these tended to acquire leading and then trailing bogies as guidance of the engine became more of an issue. 3745:

typically able to produce about 40 drawbar horsepower per square foot of grate. Tractive force, as noted earlier, is largely determined by the boiler pressure, the cylinder proportions and the size of the driving wheels. However, it is also limited by the weight on the driving wheels (termed "adhesive weight"), which needs to be at least four times the tractive effort.

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example a tramway along the side of the road or in a dockyard. Consequently, only a minority of locomotives in the UK carried bells. Whistles are used to signal personnel and give warnings. Depending on the terrain the locomotive was being used in, the whistle could be designed for long-distance warning of impending arrival, or for more localised use.

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largely negating the need for bright lamps. Thus low-intensity oil lamps continued to be used, positioned on the front of locomotives to indicate the class of each train. Four "lamp irons" (brackets on which to place the lamps) were provided: one below the chimney and three evenly spaced across the top of the buffer beam. The exception to this was the

2195:, is responsible for controlling the locomotive's starting, stopping, and speed, and the fireman is responsible for maintaining the fire, regulating steam pressure and monitoring boiler and tender water levels. Due to the historical loss of operational infrastructure and staffing, preserved steam locomotives operating on the mainline will often have a 3976:, production in the UK was mixed. The larger railway companies built locomotives in their own workshops, with the smaller ones and industrial concerns ordering them from outside builders. A large market for outside builders existed due to the home-build policy exercised by the main railway companies. An example of a pre-grouping works was the one at 3779:

usually a single axle, but a trailing truck was added to larger locomotives to support a larger firebox that could no longer fit between or above the driving wheels. Passenger locomotives had leading bogies with two axles, fewer driving axles, and very large driving wheels in order to limit the speed at which the reciprocating parts had to move.

2375:; however, in recent times under the influence of L.D. Porta, "exaggerated" insulation has been practised for all types of locomotive on all surfaces liable to dissipate heat, such as cylinder ends and facings between the cylinders and the mainframes. This considerably reduces engine warmup time with a marked increase in overall efficiency. 3767:) omitted leading and trailing bogies, both to maximise tractive effort available and to reduce wheelbase. Speed was unimportant; making the smallest engine (and therefore smallest fuel consumption) for the tractive effort was paramount. Driving wheels were small and usually supported the firebox as well as the main section of the boiler. 2002:, is the principal structure onto which the boiler is mounted and which incorporates the various elements of the running gear. The boiler is rigidly mounted on a "saddle" beneath the smokebox and in front of the boiler barrel, but the firebox at the rear is allowed to slide forward and backwards, to allow for expansion when hot. 2803:, the Inspector wrote, "In 1953 twenty-three cases, which were not caused by an engine defect, were reported and they resulted in 26 enginemen receiving injuries. In 1954, the number of occurrences and of injuries were the same and there was also one fatal casualty." They remain a problem, as evidenced by the 2012 incident with 2593:

removed from the exhausted steam to avoid a phenomenon known as priming, a condition caused by foaming in the boiler which would allow water to be carried into the cylinders causing damage because of its incompressibility. The most notable engines employing condensers (Class 25, the "puffers which never puff") worked across the

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term "jerkwater towns" (meaning a small town, a term which today is considered derisive). In Australia and South Africa, locomotives in drier regions operated with large oversized tenders and some even had an additional water wagon, sometimes called a "canteen" or in Australia (particularly in New South Wales) a "water gin".

2859:, they were considered unnecessary. Plough-shaped, sometimes called "cow catchers", they were quite large and were designed to remove obstacles from the track such as cattle, bison, other animals or tree limbs. Though unable to "catch" stray cattle, these distinctive items remained on locomotives until the end of steam. 1622:

is too high, steam production falls, efficiency is lost and water is carried out with the steam into the cylinders, possibly causing mechanical damage. More seriously, if the water level gets too low, the crown sheet (top sheet) of the firebox becomes exposed. Without water on top of the sheet to transfer away the

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would have unacceptable flange forces on tight curves giving excessive flange and rail wear, track spreading and wheel climb derailments. One solution was to remove or thin the flanges on an axle. More common was to give axles end-play and use lateral motion control with spring or inclined-plane gravity devices.

2144:) that not only keeps the inside of the boiler clean and prevents corrosion, but modifies the foam in such a way as to form a compact "blanket" on the water surface that filters the steam as it is produced, keeping it pure and preventing carry-over into the cylinders of water and suspended abrasive matter. 2739:, mounted in the cab, uses a controlled stream of steam condensing into a sealed container of oil. Water from the condensed steam displaces the oil into pipes. The apparatus is usually fitted with sight-glasses to confirm the rate of supply. A later method uses a mechanical pump worked from one of the 4094:

Locomotives for American railroads were nearly always built in the United States with very few imports, except in the earliest days of steam engines. This was due to the basic differences of markets in the United States which initially had many small markets located large distances apart, in contrast

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In the 1920s, the focus in the United States turned to horsepower, epitomised by the "super power" concept promoted by the Lima Locomotive Works, although tractive effort was still the prime consideration after World War I to the end of steam. Goods trains were designed to run faster, while passenger

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was an auxiliary steam engine which provided extra tractive effort for starting. It was a low-speed device, usually mounted on the trailing truck. It was disengaged via an idler gear at a low speed, e.g. 30 km/h. Boosters were widely used in the US and tried experimentally in Britain and France.

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Locomotives used bells and steam whistles from earliest days of steam locomotion. In the United States, India and Canada, bells warned of a train in motion. In Britain, where all lines are by law fenced throughout, bells were only a requirement on railways running on a road (i.e. not fenced off), for

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Crankpin and crosshead bearings carry small cup-shaped reservoirs for oil. These have feed pipes to the bearing surface that start above the normal fill level, or are kept closed by a loose-fitting pin, so that only when the locomotive is in motion does oil enter. In United Kingdom practice, the cups

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in the US) while in motion, thus avoiding stops for water. In the US, small communities often did not have refilling facilities. During the early days of railroading, the crew simply stopped next to a stream and filled the tender using leather buckets. This was known as "jerking water" and led to the

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or water glasses, show the level of water in the boiler and are carefully monitored at all times while the boiler is being fired. Before the 1870s it was more common to have a series of try-cocks fitted to the boiler within reach of the crew; each try cock (at least two and usually three were fitted)

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It has the highest specific heat of any common substance; that is, more thermal energy is stored by heating water to a given temperature than would be stored by heating an equal mass of steel or copper to the same temperature. In addition, the property of vapourising (forming steam) stores additional

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to the wheel. Therefore, if both cranksets could be at "dead centre" at the same time, and the wheels should happen to stop in this position, the locomotive could not start moving. Therefore, the crankpins are attached to the wheels at a 90° angle to each other, so only one side can be at dead centre

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The exhaust steam from the engine cylinders shoots out of a nozzle pointing up the chimney in the smokebox. The steam entrains or drags the smokebox gases with it which maintains a lower pressure in the smokebox than that under the firebox grate. This pressure difference causes air to flow up through

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caused serious and expensive maintenance problems. At no point along its route does the line cross a permanent freshwater watercourse, so bore water had to be relied on. No inexpensive treatment for the highly mineralised water was available, and locomotive boilers were lasting less than a quarter of

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A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local

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In the steam locomotive era, two measures of locomotive performance were generally applied. At first, locomotives were rated by tractive effort, defined as the average force developed during one revolution of the driving wheels at the railhead. This can be roughly calculated by multiplying the total

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Later designs employed three or four cylinders, mounted both inside and outside the frames, for a more even power cycle and greater power output. This was at the expense of more complicated valve gear and increased maintenance requirements. In some cases the third cylinder was added inside simply to

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When the locomotive is running under power, a draught on the fire is created by the exhaust steam directed up the chimney by the blastpipe. Without draught, the fire will quickly die down and steam pressure will fall. When the locomotive is stopped, or coasting with the regulator closed, there is no

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A factor that limits locomotive performance is the rate at which fuel is fed into the fire. In the early 20th century some locomotives became so large that the fireman could not shovel coal fast enough. In the United States, various steam-powered mechanical stokers became standard equipment and were

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gauge, in which the pressure straightens an oval-section coiled tube of brass or bronze connected to a pointer, was introduced in 1849 and quickly gained acceptance, and is still used today. Some locomotives have an additional pressure gauge in the steam chest. This helps the driver avoid wheel-slip

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introduced a safety valve that became popular in Britain during the latter part of the 19th century. Not only was this valve tamper-proof, but tampering by the driver could only have the effect of easing pressure. George Richardson's safety valve was an American invention introduced in 1875, and was

2286:, the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line. Large amounts of heat are wasted if a boiler is not insulated. Early locomotives used lags, shaped wooden staves, fitted lengthways along the boiler barrel, and held in place by hoops, metal bands, the terms and methods are from 1621:

While the locomotive is producing steam, the amount of water in the boiler is constantly monitored by looking at the water level in a transparent tube, or sight glass. Efficient and safe operation of the boiler requires keeping the level in between lines marked on the sight glass. If the water level

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The steam generated in the boiler not only moves the locomotive, but is also used to operate other devices such as the whistle, the air compressor for the brakes, the pump for replenishing the water in the boiler and the passenger car heating system. The constant demand for steam requires a periodic

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The fire-tube boiler has internal tubes connecting the firebox to the smokebox through which the combustion gases flow transferring heat to the water. All the tubes together provide a large contact area, called the tube heating surface, between the gas and water in the boiler. Boiler water surrounds

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steam locomotive (No. 3463) via donation from its previous owner in Kansas, the Great Overland Station Museum. They hope to use it as a platform for developing "the world's cleanest, most powerful passenger locomotive", capable of speeds up to 130 mph (210 km/h). Named "Project 130",

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articulated configuration, which was used for both freight and passenger service. Mallet locomotives went through a similar transformation, evolving from bank engines into huge mainline locomotives with much larger fireboxes; their driving wheels were also increased in size in order to allow faster

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As locomotive types began to diverge in the late 19th century, freight engine designs at first emphasised tractive effort, whereas those for passenger engines emphasised speed. Over time, freight locomotive size increased, and the overall number of axles increased accordingly; the leading bogie was

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The weight of the locomotive is roughly proportional to the power output; the number of axles required is determined by this weight divided by the axleload limit for the trackage where the locomotive is to be used. The number of driving wheels is derived from the adhesive weight in the same manner,

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locomotive during the nationalisation process in the late 1940s. The locomotive was heavily tested but several design faults (such as coal firing and sleeve valves) meant that this locomotive and the other part-built locomotives were scrapped. The cab-forward design was taken by Bulleid to Ireland,

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The firedoor is used to cover the firehole when coal is not being added. It serves two purposes, first, it prevents air being drawn over the top of the fire, rather forcing it to be drawn through it. The second purpose is to safeguard the train crew against blowbacks. It does, however, have a means

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The steam generated in the boiler fills the space above the water in the partially filled boiler. Its maximum working pressure is limited by spring-loaded safety valves. It is then collected either in a perforated tube fitted above the water level or by a dome that often houses the regulator valve,

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Scale builds up in the boiler and prevents adequate heat transfer, and corrosion eventually degrades the boiler materials to the point where it needs to be rebuilt or replaced. Start-up on a large engine may take hours of preliminary heating of the boiler water before sufficient steam is available.

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zu Berlin), the locomotive ran on a circular track in the factory yard. It was the first locomotive to be built on the European mainland and the first steam-powered passenger service; curious onlookers could ride in the attached coaches for a fee. It is portrayed on a New Year's badge for the Royal

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Steam engines have considerably less thermal efficiency than modern diesels, requiring constant maintenance and labour to keep them operational. Water is required at many points throughout a rail network, making it a major problem in desert areas, as are found in some regions of the United States,

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Firedoors come in multiple designs, the most basic of which is a single piece which is hinged on one side and can swing open onto the footplate. This design has two issues. First, it takes up much room on the footplate, and second, the draught will tend to pull it completely shut, thus cutting off

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and at each end of trains, increasing the danger of missing signals, especially on busy tracks. Locomotive stopping distances were also normally much greater than the range of headlights, and the railways were well-signalled and fully fenced to prevent livestock and people from straying onto them,

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were incorporated. The most common type for locomotives was the exhaust steam feedwater heater that piped some of the exhaust through small tanks mounted on top of the boiler or smokebox or into the tender tank; the warm water then had to be delivered to the boiler by a small auxiliary steam pump.

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Wood-burners emit large quantities of flying sparks which necessitate an efficient spark-arresting device generally housed in the smokestack. Many different types were fitted, the most common early type being the Bonnet stack that incorporated a cone-shaped deflector placed before the mouth of the

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in the US) were provided on some main lines to allow locomotives to replenish their water supply without stopping, from rainwater or snowmelt that filled the trough due to inclement weather. This was achieved by using a deployable "water scoop" fitted under the tender or the rear water tank in the

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point determines the moment when the valve blocks a steam port, "cutting off" admission steam and thus determining the proportion of the stroke during which steam is admitted into the cylinder; for example a 50% cut-off admits steam for half the stroke of the piston. The remainder of the stroke is

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locomotives built during World War I, in the United States, steam locomotive manufacture was always semi-customised. Railroads ordered locomotives tailored to their specific requirements, though some basic design features were always present. Railroads developed some specific characteristics; for

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in which the swivelling movement of a single axle truck controls the lateral displacement of the front driving axle (and in one case the second axle too). This was mostly applied to 8-coupled express and mixed traffic locomotives, and considerably improved their ability to negotiate curves whilst

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A more popular type of firedoor consists of a two-piece sliding door operated by a single lever. There are tracks above and below the firedoor which the door runs along. These tracks are prone to becoming jammed by debris and the doors required more effort to open than the aforementioned swinging

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and its constituents, who added an extra lamp iron each side of the smokebox, and the arrangement of lamps (or in daylight, white circular plates) told railway staff the origin and destination of the train. On all vehicles, equivalent lamp irons were also provided on the rear of the locomotive or

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are trailed from oil reservoirs into pipes leading to the respective component. The rate of oil supplied is controlled by the size of the bundle of yarn and not the speed of the locomotive, so it is necessary to remove the trimmings (which are mounted on wire) when stationary. However, at regular

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is mounted on the engine instead of the air pump, to create the vacuum required to power the brake system. A secondary ejector or crosshead vacuum pump is used to maintain the vacuum in the system against the small leaks in the pipe connections between carriages and wagons. Vacuum brakes were the

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Swengel went on to note that "at low temperature and relatively low boiler outputs", good water and regular boiler washout was an acceptable practice, even though such maintenance was high. As steam pressures increased, however, a problem of "foaming" or "priming" developed in the boiler, wherein

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American practice for many years was to use built-up bar frames, with the smokebox saddle/cylinder structure and drag beam integrated therein. In the 1920s, with the introduction of "superpower", the cast-steel locomotive bed became the norm, incorporating frames, spring hangers, motion brackets,

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Railroads generally preferred locomotives with fewer axles, to reduce maintenance costs. The number of axles required was dictated by the maximum axle loading of the railroad in question. A builder would typically add axles until the maximum weight on any one axle was acceptable to the railroad's

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centred by springs/inverted rockers/geared rollers that help to guide the locomotive through curves. These usually take on weight – of the cylinders at the front or the firebox at the rear – when the width exceeds that of the mainframes. Locomotives with multiple coupled-wheels on a rigid chassis

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The Whyte notation, used in most English-speaking and Commonwealth countries, represents each set of wheels with a number. These numbers typically represented the number of unpowered leading wheels, followed by the number of driving wheels (sometimes in several groups), followed by the number of

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Early steam locomotives had two cylinders, one either side, and this practice persisted as the simplest arrangement. The cylinders could be mounted between the mainframes (known as "inside" cylinders), or mounted outside the frames and driving wheels ("outside" cylinders). Inside cylinders drive

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do. Water was a constant logistical problem, and condensing engines were devised for use in desert areas. These engines had huge radiators in their tenders and instead of exhausting steam out of the funnel it was captured, passed back to the tender and condensed. The cylinder lubricating oil was

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Early locomotives were fitted with a valve controlled by a weight suspended from the end of a lever, with the steam outlet being stopped by a cone-shaped valve. As there was nothing to prevent the weighted lever from bouncing when the locomotive ran over irregularities in the track, thus wasting

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have often been deemed a complication in Britain, however, locomotives fitted with the beams have usually been less prone to loss of traction due to wheel-slip. Suspension using equalizing levers between driving axles, and between driving axles and trucks, was standard practice on North American

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around the turn of the 20th century and later diesel-electric locomotives spelled the beginning of a decline in the use of steam locomotives, although it was some time before they were phased out of general use. As diesel power (especially with electric transmission) became more reliable in the

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Classification is indirectly connected to locomotive performance. Given adequate proportions of the rest of the locomotive, power output is determined by the size of the fire, and for a bituminous coal-fuelled locomotive, this is determined by the grate area. Modern non-compound locomotives are

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The tractive effort is only the "average" force, as not all effort is constant during the one revolution of the drivers. At some points of the cycle, only one piston is exerting turning moment and at other points, both pistons are working. Not all boilers deliver full power at starting, and the

3148:

Compound locomotives were used from 1876, expanding the steam twice or more through separate cylinders – reducing thermal losses caused by cylinder cooling. Compound locomotives were especially useful in trains where long periods of continuous efforts were needed. Compounding contributed to the

2058:

The fuel used depended on what was economically available to the railway. In the UK and other parts of Europe, plentiful supplies of coal made this the obvious choice from the earliest days of the steam engine. Until 1870, the majority of locomotives in the United States burned wood, but as the

4457:

Dramatic increases in the cost of diesel fuel prompted several initiatives to revive steam power. However, none of these has progressed to the point of production and, as of the early 21st century, steam locomotives operate only in a few isolated regions of the world and in tourist operations.

3724:

in a given territory. However, as the pressure grew to run faster goods and heavier passenger trains, tractive effort was seen to be an inadequate measure of performance because it did not take into account speed. Therefore, in the 20th century, locomotives began to be rated by power output. A

4124:

Steam locomotives required regular and, compared to a diesel-electric engine, frequent service and overhaul (often at government-regulated intervals in Europe and the US). Alterations and upgrades regularly occurred during overhauls. New appliances were added, unsatisfactory features removed,

1726:

The cylinders are double-acting, with steam admitted to each side of the piston in turn. In a two-cylinder locomotive, one cylinder is located on each side of the vehicle. The cranks are set 90° out of phase. During a full rotation of the driving wheel, steam provides four power strokes; each

498:

area in 1804 and had a ready audience of colliery (coal mine) owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the colliery railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of the steam locomotive. Trevithick continued his own steam propulsion

2448:

The earliest locomotives did not show the pressure of steam in the boiler, but it was possible to estimate this by the position of the safety valve arm which often extended onto the firebox back plate; gradations marked on the spring column gave a rough indication of the actual pressure. The

3609:. These broadly represented locomotives which could be substituted for each other in service, but most commonly a class represented a single design. As a rule classes were assigned some sort of code, generally based on the wheel arrangement. Classes also commonly acquired nicknames, such as 2009:

at each end to form a rigid structure. When inside cylinders are mounted between the frames, the plate frames are a single large casting that forms a major support element. The axleboxes slide up and down to give some sprung suspension, against thickened webs attached to the frame, called

3410:(PRR) also built turbine locomotives, but with a direct-drive gearbox. However, all designs failed due to dust, vibration, design flaws or inefficiency at lower speeds. The final one remaining in service was the N&W's, retired in January 1958. The only truly successful design was the 3227:

were the two most popular. They had a single boiler and two engine units (sets of cylinders and driving wheels): both of the Garratt's engine units were on swivelling frames, whereas one of the Mallet's was on a swivelling frame and the other was fixed under the boiler unit. A few

2783:

are closed with simple corks, but these have a piece of porous cane pushed through them to admit air. It is customary for a small capsule of pungent oil (aniseed or garlic) to be incorporated in the bearing metal to warn if the lubrication fails and excess heating or wear occurs.

174: 173: 171: 4497:, and made its first run on 1 August 2008. It entered main line service later in 2008. As of 2009 over half-a-dozen projects to build working replicas of extinct steam engines are going ahead, in many cases using existing parts from other types to build them. Examples include 5297:

Locomotive dictionary; an illustrated vocabulary of terms which designate American Railroad locomotives, their parts, attachments and details of construction, with definitions and illustrations of typical British locomotive practice; five thousand one hundred and forty-eight

175: 4565:, David Wardale put forward the concept of a high-speed high-efficiency "Super Class 5 4-6-0" locomotive for future steam haulage of tour trains on British main lines. The idea was formalised in 2001 by the formation of 5AT Project dedicated to developing and building the 3008:

door. In order to address this some firedoors use powered operation which utilized a steam or air cylinder to open the door. Among these are the butterfly doors which pivot at the upper corner, the pivoting action offers low resistance to the cylinder that opens the door.

2894:

When night operations began, railway companies in some countries equipped their locomotives with lights to allow the driver to see what lay ahead of the train, or to enable others to see the locomotive. Headlights were originally oil or acetylene lamps, but when electric

1922: 1921: 1918: 3537: 2038:

that carries the water and fuel. Often, locomotives working shorter distances do not have a tender and carry the fuel in a bunker, with the water carried in tanks placed next to the boiler. The tanks can be in various configurations, including two tanks alongside

1923: 177: 4054:), inspired by the Prussian class P8. Many of the Swedish steam locomotives were preserved during the Cold War in case of war. During the 1990s, these steam locomotives were sold to non-profit associations or abroad, which is why the Swedish class B, class S ( 3595:

The UIC classification is used mostly in European countries apart from the United Kingdom. It designates consecutive pairs of wheels (informally "axles") with a number for non-driving wheels and a capital letter for driving wheels (A=1, B=2, etc.) So a Whyte

2915:

In some countries, heritage steam operation continues on the national network. Some railway authorities have mandated powerful headlights on at all times, including during daylight. This was to further inform the public or track workers of any active trains.

4352:

ion is at saturation concentration. The resulting build-up of scale restricts the flow of water in pipes. In boilers, the deposits impair the flow of heat into the water, reducing the heating efficiency and allowing the metal boiler components to overheat.

2409:

manufacturer. The danger of these devices was that the driving crew could be tempted to add weight to the arm to increase pressure. Most early boilers were fitted with a tamper-proof "lockup" direct-loaded ball valve protected by a cowl. In the late 1850s,

2732:. More sophisticated methods of delivering the substance were soon developed. Tallow adheres well to cylinder walls and is more effective than mineral oil in resisting the action of water. It remains a constituent of modern steam cylinder oil formulation. 4104:

had a preference for the Belpaire firebox. In the United States, large-scale manufacturers constructed locomotives for nearly all rail companies, although nearly all major railroads had shops capable of heavy repairs and some railroads (for example, the

172: 3112:(commonly used in stationary engines) in the 20th century. Stephenson valve gear was generally placed within the frame and was difficult to access for maintenance; later patterns applied outside the frame were more readily visible and maintained. 319:

had proved that steam locomotives could perform such duties. Robert Stephenson and Company was the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives in the first decades of steam for railways in the United Kingdom, the United States, and much of Europe.

2504:

fitted with self-cleaning smokeboxes were identified by a small cast oval plate marked "S.C.", fitted at the bottom of the smokebox door. These engines required different disposal procedures and the plate highlighted this need to depot staff.

3629:

piston area by 85% of the boiler pressure (a rule of thumb reflecting the slightly lower pressure in the steam chest above the cylinder) and dividing by the ratio of the driver diameter over the piston stroke. However, the precise formula is

3394:, more may have been built. The Turbomotive ran from 1935 to 1949, when it was rebuilt into a conventional locomotive because many parts required replacement, an uneconomical proposition for a "one-off" locomotive. In the United States, 365:, with railways fully converting to electric and diesel power beginning in the late 1930s. The majority of steam locomotives were retired from regular service by the 1980s, although several continue to run on tourist and heritage lines. 4125:

cylinders improved or replaced. Almost any part of the locomotive, including boilers, was replaced or upgraded. When service or upgrades got too expensive the locomotive was traded off or retired. On the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad two

1920: 1555:

the firebox to stop the metal from becoming too hot. This is another area where the gas transfers heat to the water and is called the firebox heating surface. Ash and char collect in the smokebox as the gas gets drawn up the chimney (

4292:

locomotives (introduced in 1943) were the only class of steam locomotive to be wholly conceived, designed and built in Western Australia, while the Midland workshops notably participated in the Australia-wide construction program of

3783:

locomotives needed to pull heavier loads at speed. This was achieved by increasing the size of grate and firebox without changes to the rest of the locomotive, requiring the addition of a second axle to the trailing truck. Freight

2659:, use a steam-driven air compressor mounted on the side of the boiler to create the compressed air needed to power the brake system. Air brakes were the predominant form of train braking in most countries during the steam era. 3995:

and the Southern Railway) all built most of their own locomotives, only buying locomotives from outside builders when their own works were fully occupied (or as a result of government-mandated standardisation during wartime).

2360:

cloth stuffed with asbestos fibre were fixed to the boiler, on separators so as not quite to touch the boiler. However, asbestos is currently banned in most countries for health reasons. The most common modern-day material is

4297:– these wartime locomotives were built at Midland in Western Australia, Clyde Engineering in New South Wales, Newport in Victoria and Islington in South Australia and saw varying degrees of service in all Australian states. 4007:

locomotives which supposedly combined the best features from each region. Although a policy of dieselisation was adopted in 1955, BR continued to build new steam locomotives until 1960, with the final engine being named

2540:

The use of live steam and exhaust steam injectors also assists in the pre-heating of boiler feedwater to a small degree, though there is no efficiency advantage to live steam injectors. Such pre-heating also reduces the

1719:

or throttle, the purpose of which is to control the amount of steam leaving the boiler. The steam then either travels directly along and down a steam pipe to the engine unit or may first pass into the wet header of a

2545:

that a boiler might experience when cold water is introduced directly. This is further helped by the top feed, where water is introduced to the highest part of the boiler and made to trickle over a series of trays.

3448:, which is charged with steam (actually water at a temperature well above boiling point, (100 °C (212 °F)) from a stationary boiler. Fireless locomotives were used where there was a high fire risk (e.g. 2636:

Steam locomotives usually have their own braking system, independent from the rest of the train. Locomotive brakes employ large shoes which press against the driving wheel treads. They can be either air brakes or

2453:

urged that each contender have a proper mechanism for reading the boiler pressure, and Stephenson devised a nine-foot vertical tube of mercury with a sight-glass at the top, mounted alongside the chimney, for his

3214:

Very powerful locomotives tend to be longer than those with lower power output, but long rigid-framed designs are impracticable for the tight curves frequently found on narrow-gauge railways. Various designs for

2219:

All locomotives are fitted with a variety of appliances. Some of these relate directly to the operation of the steam engine; others are for signalling, train control or other purposes. In the United States, the

1550:

which hold the fuel in a bed as it burns. Ash falls through the grate into an ashpan. If oil is used as the fuel, a door is needed for adjusting the air flow, maintaining the firebox, and cleaning the oil jets.

2990:

Booster engines were also fitted to tender trucks in the US and known as auxiliary locomotives. Two and even three truck axles were connected together using side rods which limited them to slow-speed service.

1566:

The pressure in the boiler has to be monitored using a gauge mounted in the cab. Steam pressure can be released manually by the driver or fireman. If the pressure reaches the boiler's design working limit, a

1794:

at the expense of efficiency, is used to pull away from a standing start, whilst a cut-off as low as 10% is used when cruising, providing reduced tractive effort, and therefore lower fuel/water consumption.

2419:

was a notable exception to this rule, retaining the direct-loaded type until the end of its separate existence, because it was considered that such a valve lost less pressure between opening and closing.

664:

Before the arrival of British imports, some domestic steam locomotive prototypes were built and tested in the United States, including John Fitch's miniature prototype. A prominent full sized example was

2587:

Steam locomotives consume vast quantities of water because they operate on an open cycle, expelling their steam immediately after a single use rather than recycling it in a closed loop as stationary and

6893: 3304:

locomotives were produced with the cab and the firebox at the front of the locomotive and the tender behind the smokebox, so that the engine appeared to run backwards. This was only possible by using

4697:

it aims to break the world steam-train speed record set by LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard in the UK at 126 mph (203 km/h). However, any demonstration of the project's claims is yet to be seen.

1775:, actuated from the driving axle or from the crankpin; the valve gear includes devices that allow reversing the engine, adjusting valve travel and the timing of the admission and exhaust events. The 491:, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency. 463:

though no record of it working there has survived. On 21 February 1804, the first recorded steam-hauled railway journey took place as another of Trevithick's locomotives hauled a train along the

3308:. Southern Pacific selected this design to provide air free of smoke for the engine driver to breathe as the locomotive passed through mountain tunnels and snow sheds. Another variation was the 3153:, in which the high-pressure stage was attached directly to the boiler frame; in front of this was pivoted a low-pressure engine on its own frame, which takes the exhaust from the rear engine. 2113:

case of a large tank engine; the fireman remotely lowered the scoop into the trough, the speed of the engine forced the water up into the tank, and the scoop was raised again once it was full.

3488:

Under unusual conditions (lack of coal, abundant hydroelectricity) some locomotives in Switzerland were modified to use electricity to heat the boiler, making them electric-steam locomotives.

4439:

in 1910 and restored 2005–2007 by the Uruguayan Railfan Association (AUAR). The photo shows the locomotive with a passenger tourist train in March 2013 at a Montevideo railway station museum.

4021:

in 1971. Since then, a few specialised manufacturers have continued to produce small locomotives for narrow gauge and miniature railways, but as the prime market for these is the tourist and

176: 6403: 4040:

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, most Swedish steam locomotives were manufactured in Britain. Later, however, most steam locomotives were built by local factories including NOHAB in

3167: 702:, was the first commercial US-built locomotive to run in America; it was intended as a demonstration of the potential of steam traction rather than as a revenue-earning locomotive. The 1919: 1539:

A boiler consists of a firebox where the fuel is burned, a barrel where water is turned into steam, and a smokebox which is kept at a slightly lower pressure than outside the firebox.

3684: 2716:"Wakefield" brand displacement lubricator mounted on a locomotive boiler backplate. Through the right-hand sight glass a drip of oil (travelling upwards through water) can be seen. 4689: 4676:

project was started in the US with the goal of creating a modern higher-speed steam locomotive, incorporating the improvements proposed by Livio Dante Porta and others, and using

4673: 1077: 4700:

In Germany, a small number of fireless steam locomotives are still working in industrial service, e.g. at power stations, where an on-site supply of steam is readily available.

4685: 7178:

article about the PRR Altoona shops "Where 14,000 Labored" by Mark Smith, Michelle Giroux and Jay Williams, Locomotive & Railway Preservation magazine, July–August 1987,

2958:(AWS) in-cab signalling, which automatically applied the brakes when a signal was passed at "caution". In Britain, these became mandatory in 1956. In the United States, the 4267:– the largest conventional locomotive ever to operate in Australia, weighing 260 tons. However, the title of largest locomotive ever used in Australia goes to the 263-ton 4368:

smoke, especially when idling. In some countries, however, power for electric locomotives is derived from steam generated in power stations, which are often run by coal.

1780:

driven by the expansive force of the steam. Careful use of cut-off provides economical use of steam and in turn, reduces fuel and water consumption. The reversing lever (

4109:

and the Pennsylvania Railroad, which had two erecting shops) constructed locomotives entirely in their own shops. Companies manufacturing locomotives in the US included

3276:

For locomotives where a high starting torque and low speed were required, the conventional direct drive approach was inadequate. "Geared" steam locomotives, such as the

1822:

making large improvements in thermal efficiency and a significant reduction in maintenance time and pollution. A similar system was used by some early gasoline/kerosene

3149:

dramatic increase in power achieved by André Chapelon's rebuilds from 1929. A common application was in articulated locomotives, the most common being that designed by

4558:

established American Coal Enterprises to develop a modernised coal-fired steam locomotive. His ACE 3000 concept attracted considerable attention, but was never built.

2415:

designed to release the steam only at the moment when the pressure attained the maximum permitted. This type of valve is in almost universal use at present. Britain's

323:

Towards the end of the steam era, a longstanding British emphasis on speed culminated in a record, still unbroken, of 126 miles per hour (203 kilometres per hour) by

243:

are mechanically connected to the locomotive's main wheels. Fuel and water supplies are usually carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in a

871: 420:

Museum in Columbus, US. The authenticity and date of this locomotive is disputed by some experts and a workable steam train would have to await the invention of the

5028: 4121:. Altogether, between 1830 and 1950, over 160,000 steam locomotives were built in the United States, with Baldwin accounting for the largest share, nearly 70,000. 1971:

Locomotives with total adhesion, where all of the wheels are coupled together, generally lack stability at speed. To counter this, locomotives often fit unpowered

2644:

Because of the limited braking force provided by locomotive-only brakes, many steam locomotives were fitted with a train brake. These came in two main varieties;

1810:

on the side of the piston receiving steam, thus slightly reducing cylinder power. Designing the exhaust ejector became a specific science, with engineers such as

5024:

Steam locomotives are a popular topic for coin collectors. The 1950 Silver 5 Peso coin of Mexico has a steam locomotive on its reverse as the prominent feature.

3518: 6595: 4815:

Many tourist railroads use oil-fired steam locomotives (or have converted their locomotives to run on oil) to reduce their environmental footprint, and because

1637:

Although the boiler is typically placed horizontally, for locomotives designed to work in locations with steep slopes it may be more appropriate to consider a

932:, however, it suffered from the lack of coal in the area and was replaced with horse traction after all the woods nearby had been cut down. The first Russian 4017:

Some independent manufacturers produced steam locomotives for a few more years, with the last British-built industrial steam locomotive being constructed by

3035:

allow for smaller diameter outside cylinders, and hence reduce the width of the locomotive for use on lines with a restricted loading gauge, for example the

2694:

and braking in wet or icy weather. On American locomotives, the sandboxes, or sand domes, are usually mounted on top of the boiler. In Britain, the limited

2304: 5499: 4692:(SRI), an organisation set up to explore the use of steam traction in a modern railway setup. The group have received the last surviving (but non-running) 4280:

in England. Most steam locomotives used in Western Australia were built in the United Kingdom, though some examples were designed and built locally at the

2191:, and the crew is usually protected from the elements by a cab. A crew of at least two people is normally required to operate a steam locomotive. One, the 7324: 5660: 3104:

and outside admission were relatively easy to construct, but inefficient and prone to wear. Eventually, slide valves were superseded by inside admission

2641:. In addition, they nearly always have a handbrake to keep the locomotive stationary when there is no steam pressure to power the other braking systems. 1614:. Periodic stops are required to refill the tanks; an alternative was a scoop installed under the tender that collected water as the train passed over a 6882:"The Steam Locomotive In America, Its Development in the Twentieth Century", Alfred W. Bruce, First Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc 1952, p. 262 2059:

Eastern forests were cleared, coal gradually became more widely used until it became the dominant fuel worldwide in steam locomotives. Railways serving

9899: 9552: 8326: 2533:

The rare economiser type differed in that it extracted residual heat from the exhaust gases. An example of this is the pre-heater drum(s) found on the

6251: 9585: 2141: 6969: 6157: 3570:

un-powered trailing wheels. For example, a yard engine with only 4 driven wheels, without any leading or trailing wheels, would be categorised as a

6183: 4722:

delivered eight steam locomotives to rack railways in Switzerland and Austria between 1992 and 1996. Four of them are now the main traction on the

571:. It was intended to work on the Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on static display at the 7473: 7413: 2934:

Early bells and whistles were sounded through pull-string cords and levers. Automatic bell ringers came into widespread use in the US after 1910.

2804: 637:. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives used on railways in the UK, US and much of Europe. The 6411: 4408: 4004: 3881:

steam locomotive with around 11,000 produced both in Russia and other countries such as Czechoslovakia, Germany, Sweden, Hungary and Poland. The

4485:

railways in Wales. The Hunslet Engine Company was revived in 2005, and began building steam locomotives on a commercial basis. A standard-gauge

4761: 4003:(BR) allowed the former Big Four companies (now designated as "Regions") to continue to produce their own designs, but also created a range of 3517:, except that a steam engine instead of a diesel engine is used to drive a generator. Three such locomotives were built by the French engineer 2832:

system. Together these control slack between the locomotive and train, absorb minor impacts and provide a bearing point for pushing movements.

3576:

wheel arrangement. A locomotive with a 4-wheel leading truck, followed by 6 drive wheels, and a 2-wheel trailing truck, would be classed as a

3000:

to allow some air to pass over the top of the fire (referred to as "secondary air") to complete the combustion of gases produced by the fire.

3321:

where he moved after nationalisation, where he developed the "turfburner". This locomotive was more successful, but was scrapped due to the

2132:

energy without increasing the temperature… water is a very satisfactory medium for converting thermal energy of fuel into mechanical energy.

1055:

the time normally expected. In the days of steam locomotion, about half the total train load was water for the engine. The line's operator,

5735: 4258: 3305: 9547: 8331: 8233: 4939: 4461:

As early as 1975, railway enthusiasts in the United Kingdom began building new steam locomotives. That year, Trevor Barber completed his

460: 255: 2835:

In Canadian and American practice, all of the forces between the locomotive and cars are handled through the coupler – particularly the

7769: 4602: 4509: 4306: 3582:. Different arrangements were given names which usually reflect the first usage of the arrangement; for instance, the "Santa Fe" type ( 2005:

European locomotives usually use "plate frames", where two vertical flat plates form the main chassis, with a variety of spacers and a

1610:

replacement of water in the boiler. The water is kept in a tank in the locomotive tender or wrapped around the boiler in the case of a

6324: 5493: 4961:. According to author Van Allsburg, this locomotive was the inspiration for the story and it was used in the production of the movie. 2331: 5953: 4356:

The reciprocating mechanism on the driving wheels of a two-cylinder single expansion steam locomotive tended to pound the rails (see

3191: 3078:

of the 999 new British Rail standard class steam locomotives across all types used 2-cylinder configurations for easier maintenance.

2614:) were fitted with condensing apparatus to prevent steam from escaping into the railway tunnels. These were still being used between 2551: 412:

in the US during 1794. Some sources claim Fitch's model was operable already by the 1780s and that he demonstrated his locomotive to

6433: 4826:

An organization called the Coalition for Sustainable Rail (CSR) is developing an environmentally friendly coal substitute made from

2902:

Britain did not adopt bright headlights as they would affect night vision and so could mask the low-intensity oil lamps used in the

5061:

in 1869. The coin recreates a popular image from the ceremony with steam locomotives from each company facing each other while the

4566: 3981: 1042:

The arid nature of south Australia posed distinctive challenges to their early steam locomotion network. The high concentration of

6447: 4477:. From the 1990s onwards, the number of new builds being completed rose dramatically with new locos completed by the narrow-gauge 3991:

Between 1923 and 1947, the Big Four railway companies (the Great Western Railway, the London, Midland & Scottish Railway, the

2224:

mandated the use of certain appliances over the years in response to safety concerns. The most typical appliances are as follows:

5404: 4576: 4527: 4010: 2735:

As speeds and distances increased, mechanisms were developed that injected thick mineral oil into the steam supply. The first, a

1547: 251:

in this general design include electrically powered boilers, turbines in place of pistons, and using steam generated externally.

676:

Many of the earliest locomotives for commercial use on American railroads were imported from Great Britain, including first the

7624: 4949:

The Polar Express is recreated on many heritage railroads in the United States, including the North Pole Express pulled by the

4812:

is working with the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Heritage Rail in an effort to continue running steam locomotives on coal.

4390: 4281: 4026: 3958: 3411: 2615: 2078:

were modified to use electrically heated boilers, consuming around 480 kW of power collected from an overhead line with a

508: 107: 7414:"Railway Extension Across the Andes: reactivation and modernisation of existing fleet of 75 cm gauge 2-10-2 steam locomotives" 1834:) – the exhaust gas volume was vented through a cooling tower, allowing the steam exhaust to draw more air past the radiator. 9578: 8726: 7896: 7244: 7216: 6996: 6677: 6652: 5701: 5619: 5310: 4381: 4268: 3589: 3383: 2828:

at each end to absorb compressive loads ("buffets"). The tensional load of drawing the train (draft force) is carried by the

2248:

with the tanks in contact with the boiler and condensing locomotives sometimes used reciprocating steam pumps or turbopumps.

1771:

on a driving axle. The movement of the valves in the steam chest is controlled through a set of rods and linkages called the

79: 8355: 6110:"La Locomotive a Vapeur", Andre Chapelon, English Translation by George W. Carpenter, Camden Miniature Steam Services 2000, 2093:

A number of tourist lines and heritage locomotives in Switzerland, Argentina and Australia have used light diesel-type oil.

1990:(American Type Atlantic) were called free steamers and were able to maintain steam pressure regardless of throttle setting. 9655: 4850: 4161: 3943: 3523: 2890:, with two oil lamps signifying an express passenger service, and a high-intensity electric lamp added for safety standards 1630:, a temperature-sensitive device, ensured a controlled venting of steam into the firebox to warn the fireman to add water. 9609: 3262:, designed for very fast running, suffered recurring and ultimately unfixable slippage problems throughout their careers. 6908: 4194: 4190: 3422:. Despite functioning correctly, only three were built. Two of them are preserved in working order in museums in Sweden. 3378:

Steam turbines were created as an attempt to improve the operation and efficiency of steam locomotives. Experiments with

3172: 2947: 891:), but neither could be returned to working order after being dismantled, moved and reassembled. On 7 December 1835, the 720: 9661: 6450:. Oxford English Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/105090. Archived from 86: 7695: 5038: 4737:

2-10-0 locomotive to new standards with modifications such as roller bearings, light oil firing and boiler insulation.

4614: 4583: 4520: 2954:

From the early 20th century operating companies in such countries as Germany and Britain began to fit locomotives with

2196: 1786:

in the US), or screw-reverser (if so equipped), that controls the cut-off, therefore, performs a similar function to a

666: 159: 4849:

Steam locomotives have been present in popular culture since the 19th century. Folk songs from that period including "

3474:

Mixed power locomotives, utilising both steam and diesel propulsion, have been produced in Russia, Britain and Italy.

8144: 8093: 7743: 7705: 7166: 7089: 6957: 6933: 6867: 6606: 6141: 6115: 6098: 6082: 5881: 5357: 4791: 4638: 4595: 4534: 4498: 3992: 3232:

locomotives were also designed, with a third engine unit under the tender. Other less common variations included the

2884: 2856: 1936: 1895: 1869: 1694: 1672: 1503: 1477: 792: 766: 126: 60: 4340:. Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be deposited as off-white solids on the inside the surfaces of pipes and 3732:

British railway companies have been reluctant to disclose figures for drawbar horsepower and have usually relied on

1877: 1485: 820: 774: 9571: 5611: 5118: 4544:

project in the United States. One of the group's goals is to surpass the steam locomotive speed record held by the

3913: 3909: 3851: 3347: 3141: 2405:

steam, the weight was later replaced by a more stable spring-loaded column, often supplied by Salter, a well-known

2086:; they were used because Switzerland was suffering a coal shortage because of the War, but had access to plentiful 1735:", when the connecting rod is on the same axis as the crankpin on the driving wheel, the connecting rod applies no 1641:

or one mounted such that the boiler remains horizontal but the wheels are inclined to suit the slope of the rails.

884: 638: 405: 378: 308: 31: 9431: 9426: 7501: 3016:

Numerous variations on the basic locomotive occurred as railways attempted to improve efficiency and performance.

2855:

was usually fixed to the front end of locomotives, although in European and a few other railway systems including

93: 8674: 8629: 8514: 8375: 8226: 8157: 5958: 5054: 4397: 3615:(a small shunting locomotive), representing notable (and sometimes uncomplimentary) features of the locomotives. 2221: 1524:

were evaluated they were not widely used, except for some 1,000 locomotives in Hungary which used the water-tube

728: 620: 408:

around 1787. An early working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer

304: 9649: 3253:, containing two engines in one rigid frame, were also tried, but were not notably successful. For example, the 9894: 9814: 9438: 7478: 6133: 5204: 5069: 4966: 4946:

in Florida, connecting the Harry Potter section of Universal Studios with the Islands of Adventure theme park.

4925: 3469: 3259: 3071: 1873: 1676: 1481: 770: 331: 307:, in 1825. Rapid development ensued; in 1830 George Stephenson opened the first public inter-city railway, the 64: 8390: 7331: 6525:((Reprint: Dover Publications, New York 1979) ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 146–149. 6350: 5668: 4025:

sector, the demand for such locomotives is limited. In November 2008, a new build main line steam locomotive,

3635: 3390:, a largely successful attempt to prove the efficiency of steam turbines. Had it not been for the outbreak of 8395: 7123: 4101: 2852: 937: 300: 75: 8176: 3720:

Tractive effort is a measure of the heaviest load a locomotive can start or haul at very low speed over the

2600:

Some British and American locomotives were equipped with scoops which collected water from "water troughs" (

2030:

Water gauge. Here the water in the boiler is at the "top nut", higher than the normal maximum working level.

416:. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks. The model still exists at the 9059: 8365: 6720: 6259: 4879: 4809: 4447: 4207: 3507: 3399: 2779:

stops (such as a terminating station platform), oil finding its way onto the track can still be a problem.

2580: 609: 9618: 3954: 334:

achieved speeds upwards of 150 mph, though this was never officially proven. In the United States, larger

9925: 9419: 9409: 6973: 6630:

Cyclopedia of Engineering, Volume III, Editor Louis Derr, American Technical Society Chicago 1919, p. 224

6161: 5133: 4954: 4436: 4294: 4277: 4219: 4114: 4106: 3841: 3199: 3176: 3105: 2563: 2208: 1798:

Exhaust steam is directed upwards out of the locomotive through the chimney, by way of a nozzle called a

1626:, it softens and fails, letting high-pressure steam into the firebox and the cab. The development of the 1436: 1072: 925: 704: 689: 236: 17: 6229: 5053:

program, the quarter representing the US state of Utah depicts the ceremony where the two halves of the

3885:

numbered 9,129 locomotives, built between 1890 and 1928. Around 7,000 units were produced of the German

3558:

Steam locomotives are categorised by their wheel arrangement. The two dominant systems for this are the

879:

Foundry dated 1816. Another locomotive was built using the same system in 1817. They were to be used on

9920: 9684: 9069: 8704: 8219: 7596: 7417: 7361: 7312: 7110: 7022: 6299: 4629: 4545: 4541: 4186: 3882: 3878: 3733: 3514: 3092:

Early locomotives used a simple valve gear that gave full power in either forward or reverse. Soon the

3031:

cranks built into the driving axle; outside cylinders drive cranks on extensions to the driving axles.

2908: 2550:

fitted this arrangement to the high end of his domeless coned boilers. Other British lines such as the

2411: 929: 709: 563: 324: 145: 9748: 6060:

article on the sharp increase in availability brought about in this respect by the application of the

4804:

The future use of steam locomotives in the United Kingdom is in doubt because of government policy on

9764: 9624: 8719: 8619: 8449: 7524: 6804: 5189: 5113: 4621: 4377: 4285: 4215: 3483: 3382:

using direct-drive and electrical transmissions in various countries proved mostly unsuccessful. The

3297: 3180: 2547: 2316: 2214: 2156: 1060: 944: 374: 225: 165:

was the first steam locomotive to officially reach 100 mph (160 km/h), on 30 November 1934.

7927:

Modern Locomotive Practice: A Treatise on the Design, Construction, and Working of Steam Locomotives

6376: 6093:

How Steam Locomotives Really Work, P.W.B. Semmens and A.J. Goldfinch, Oxford University Press 2000,

5076:

is centered on the idea of a steam train traveling among the stars. Miyazawa's novel later inspired

4551:

when the 5550 is completed and for the 5550 to fill in a huge gap in steam locomotive preservation.

2368:

The lagging is protected by a close-fitted sheet-metal casing known as boiler clothing or cleading.

956: 9724: 9414: 9052: 7387: 6787: 5394:

Ellis, Hamilton (1968). The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways. pp. 24–30. Hamlyn Publishing Group.

5218: 5033: 4943: 4929: 4861: 4486: 4110: 3862: 3379: 3373: 2955: 2903: 1858: 1466: 1051: 755: 591: 258:

during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century.

5923: 5639: 4905:'s Harry Potter series. They have also been featured in many children's television shows, such as 4819:

can be easier to obtain than coal of the proper type and sizing for locomotives. For example, the

4540:

projects. These United Kingdom based new build projects are further complemented by the new build

3137: 2824:

In British and European (except former Soviet Union countries) practice, locomotives usually have

2140:

In the 1970s, L.D. Porta developed a sophisticated system of heavy-duty chemical water treatment (

228:

to the point where it becomes gaseous and its volume increases 1,700 times. Functionally, it is a

9930: 8067: 6835: 5931: 5873: 5739: 5572: 5535: 5194: 5058: 5046: 4681: 4633: 4490: 3271: 2825: 2819: 2160: 1862: 1815: 1665: 1470: 977: 906: 759: 629: 587: 421: 417: 151:

is officially the fastest steam locomotive, reaching 126 mph (203 km/h) on 3 July 1938.

53: 9700: 7183: 4153:

engines were converted into two-cylinder engines in 1942, because of high maintenance problems.

2348:

Improved insulating methods included applying a thick paste containing a porous mineral such as

835:; it was initially limited to animal traction and converted to steam traction early 1831, using 596: 9807: 9692: 9676: 9448: 9380: 9251: 9140: 8525: 8489: 8430: 7261: 5174: 5152: 4144: 4018: 3611: 3216: 3184: 3162: 3097: 3067: 2691: 2279: 2079: 1543: 1029: 933: 694: 684: 572: 335: 312: 272: 8206: 7574: 5326: 2044: 1606:, the difficulties during development exceeded the will to increase efficiency by that route. 959:

built in 1860, has never been taken out of service, and is still used for special excursions.

623:, north-east England, which was the first public steam railway in the world. In 1829, his son 100: 9841: 9772: 9732: 9632: 9542: 9528: 8604: 8504: 8425: 8321: 7913: 6830: 5691: 5635: 5607:

The Railway Track and Its Long Term Behaviour: A Handbook for a Railway Track of High Quality

5605: 5549: 4854: 4773: 4654: 4645: 4590: 4118: 4078: 3928: 3407: 3329: 3093: 3025: 2959: 2880: 2867:. Many systems used the pilot and other design features to produce a distinctive appearance. 2759: 2440: 2416: 2048: 2035: 1782: 1776: 1056: 409: 339: 7968: 7814: 5591: 4074: 3351: 2950:" indicator. The indicator shows either a black disk or a yellow and black "exploding" disk. 862:

In Germany, the first working steam locomotive was a rack-and-pinion engine, similar to the

9866: 9823: 9793: 9388: 8712: 8693: 8400: 6744: 5586: 5259: 5128: 4820: 4474: 4251: 3965: 3403: 3309: 3063: 2736: 2698:

precludes this, so the sandboxes are mounted just above, or just below, the running plate.

2611: 2534: 2429: 2278:. Two of the earliest steam locomotives used wooden lagging to insulate their boilers: the 2052: 2040: 964: 805: 688:. However, a domestic locomotive-manufacturing industry was soon established. In 1830, the 8589: 7885:

Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom

7672: 5963: 4769: 2554:

fitted some locomotives with the top feed inside a separate dome forward of the main one.

8: 8420: 8380: 7888: 7836: 6015:. No. (Special Introductory Issue). Atlantic Transport Publishers. pp. xl–xli. 5199: 5179: 4950: 4907: 4723: 4333: 4312: 3905: 3760: 3713:

is usually set at 0.85, but lower on engines that have maximum cutoff limited to 50–75%.

3497: 3431: 3336: 3126: 3121: 3075: 2656: 2589: 2501: 2372: 2287: 2271: 2168: 2083: 2018:

design study using welded tubular frames gave a rigid frame with a 30% weight reduction.

1028:

line opened in 1844. Three years later, in 1847, the first fully Swiss railway line, the

670: 495: 358: 8653: 8186: 3236:, which had two boilers back-to-back on a common frame, with two separate engine units. 9881: 9523: 9452: 9384: 9153: 9144: 8854: 8579: 8370: 8303: 8171: 7858: 7435: 6451: 5717: 5381: 5233: 5162: 5157: 5081: 4894: 4869: 4609: 4478: 4404: 4361: 4227: 3606: 3563: 3285: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3203: 2687: 2265: 2014:

smokebox saddle and cylinder blocks into a single complex, sturdy but heavy casting. A

1986: 1623: 1591: 1542:

Solid fuel, such as wood, coal or coke, is thrown into the firebox through a door by a

1043: 982: 916: 893: 552: 425: 259: 208:

that provides the force to move itself and other vehicles by means of the expansion of

7137: 3592:. These names were informally given and varied according to region and even politics. 9876: 9871: 9846: 9518: 9505: 9255: 9074: 8459: 8313: 8140: 8111:

The American Steam Locomotive; Vol. 1. The Evolution of the American Steam Locomotive

8089: 7892: 7701: 7240: 7212: 7179: 7162: 7085: 7064: 6953: 6929: 6863: 6757: 6724: 6698: 6673: 6648: 6485:

Scott, Ron; GN Large Atlantics (Profile Publications Berks UK – no date), p. 129

6137: 6111: 6094: 6078: 6024: 6016: 5877: 5697: 5615: 5353: 5306: 5184: 5167: 5050: 5010: 4974: 4889: 4431: 4329: 4231: 4182: 4170: 4166: 3445: 3281: 3250: 3245: 3220: 3207: 2767: 2514: 2444:. The right-hand one shows boiler pressure, the one on the left steam chest pressure. 2389: 2192: 1819: 1768: 1599: 1047: 955:. The oldest continually working steam engine in the world also runs in Austria: the 910: 836: 624: 583: 558: 413: 362: 296: 292: 281: 7262:"New Motors on Railroads: Electric and Gasoline Cars Replacing the Steam Locomotive" 6860:

American Locomotives, an Engineering History 1830–1880, Revised and Expanded Edition

6130:

American Locomotives, an Engineering History 1830–1880, Revised and Expanded Edition

5854: 5435:

Pennsy Power: Steam and Electric Locomotives of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1900-1957

4924:

The Hogwarts Express also appears in the Harry Potter series of films, portrayed by

2528:

Introducing cold water into a boiler reduces power, and from the 1920s a variety of

1811: 9780: 9756: 9740: 9668: 9148: 8415: 8360: 8251: 7600: 6187: 6057: 5504: 5302: 4987: 4958: 4898: 4834: 4660: 4022: 3977: 3973: 3947: 2860: 2829: 2771: 2743:. In both cases, the supply of oil is proportional to the speed of the locomotive. 2645: 2619: 2529: 2283: 2148: 2087: 1999: 1517: 724: 678: 616: 501: 285: 8569: 7000: 5516: 5295: 4210:(12) near Newcastle. In Queensland, steam locomotives were locally constructed by 2434: 1731:

to transmit power from the main driver to the other wheels. Note that at the two "

9856: 9787: 9513: 8663: 8564: 7293: 7266: 6817: 5228: 5077: 5031:, minted 11 June 2003, shows on the obverse an early model steam locomotive (the 4918: 4913: 4693: 4337: 4239: 4211: 3726: 3387: 3317: 3277: 2450: 2353: 2245: 1972: 1960: 1952: 1791: 1638: 1611: 867: 634: 555: 393: 316: 262:

built the first steam locomotive known to have hauled a load over a distance at

189: 7628: 3725:

variety of calculations and formulas were applied, but in general railways used

1943: 9861: 9851: 9716: 8735: 8658: 8648: 8609: 8549: 8544: 8509: 8405: 8385: 8336: 5761: 5258:

Comparable figures for the last-built British Railways freight locomotive, the

5238: 5073: 4805: 4734: 4516: 4482: 4365: 4341: 4066:) locomotives can now be seen in Britain, the Netherlands, Germany and Canada. 3939: 3901: 3866: 3768: 3559: 3551: 3449: 3313: 3150: 3059: 2971: 2836: 2751: 2672: 2479: 2237: 2164: 2127:

Water is essential for the operation of a steam locomotive. As Swengel argued:

1827: 1752: 1014: 991: 952: 568: 538: 480: 472: 277: 155: 8474: 7355: 7306: 7239:. Australian Railway Historical Society (Western Australian Division), Perth. 7104: 6702: 5508: 4041: 3415: 1571:

opens automatically to reduce the pressure and avoid a catastrophic accident.

839:. The first steam locomotive in service in Europe outside of France was named 522: 141: 9914: 9563: 8638: 8584: 8559: 8554: 8479: 8454: 7450: 6640: 6028: 6020: 5897: 5138: 4874: 4727: 4096: 3985: 3924: 3395: 3369: 3355: 3322: 2925: 2695: 2667: 2631: 2542: 2394: 2282:, the first commercially successful steam locomotive, built in 1812, and the 2152: 2096:

Water was supplied at stopping places and locomotive depots from a dedicated

1760: 1603: 1595: 1525: 987: 828: 642: 547: 531: 514: 488: 452: 357:

Beginning in the early 1900s, steam locomotives were gradually superseded by

303:, was the first steam locomotive to haul passengers on a public railway, the 267: 244: 185: 7711: 6216:

The American Steam Locomotive, Vol. 1, The Evolution of the Steam Locomotive

5985: 4970:, produced in 1990, was named "one of the best computer games of the year". 3046:

Most British express-passenger locomotives built between 1930 and 1950 were

2942: 2568: 2270:

The term for pipe and boiler insulation is "lagging" which derives from the

1535:

A steam locomotive with the boiler and firebox exposed (firebox on the left)

888: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 8599: 8484: 8464: 7627:. The Pennsylvania Railroad T1 Steam Locomotive Trust. 2016. Archived from 7529: 7388:"The 5AT project to develop a modern steam locomotive for British railways" 6728: 5088: 5062: 5014: 4978: 4902: 4677: 4555: 4443: 4412: 4289: 4272: 4000: 3886: 3872:

The most-manufactured single class of steam locomotive in the world is the

3751: 3721: 3391: 3109: 2976: 2899:

became available in the late 1880s, they quickly replaced the older types.

2775: 2755: 2746: 2680: 2663: 2652:. These allowed the driver to control the brakes on all cars in the train. 2649: 2576: 2459: 2406: 2384: 2275: 2179: 2105: 1732: 1728: 1711: 1627: 1568: 1531: 843:, which on 5 May 1835 hauled a train on the first line in Belgium, linking 699: 542: 476: 229: 181: 7747: 4320:

Australia and South Africa. In places where water is available, it may be

4131:

locomotives were dismantled; the boilers were placed onto two new Class T

3419: 641:

opened a year later making exclusive use of steam power for passenger and

235:

In most locomotives, the steam is admitted alternately to each end of its

9800: 9708: 8614: 8594: 8574: 8494: 8268: 7918: 5349: 5223: 5209: 4884: 4357: 4345: 4203: 4137:

locomotives and the residual wheel machinery made into a pair of Class U

3756:

restricting overall locomotive wheelbase and maximising adhesion weight.

3301: 3101: 3040: 3036: 2721: 2707: 2638: 2488: 2252: 2121: 2101: 2097: 2006: 1968:

locomotives to maintain even wheel loads when operating on uneven track.

1964: 1720: 948: 880: 389: 193: 27:

Railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine

8734: 7650: 5449:"High-Capacity Locomotive for Fast Service" Railway Age Vol. 106, No. 25 4386: 4246:. Locomotives constructed at the Newport shops ranged from the nA class 2839:, long standard on American railroad rolling stock – and its associated 2026: 1908: 1574: 431: 8534: 8499: 8469: 8410: 8346: 8278: 8256: 8242: 7786: 6761: 6473: 5722:

Life of Richard Trevithick: With an Account of His Inventions, Volume 1

5213: 5123: 4982: 4494: 4344:. This precipitation is principally caused by thermal decomposition of 4321: 3087: 2840: 2729: 2712: 2362: 2060: 1772: 1679: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1594:

greater than that of a typical fire-tube boiler led engineers, such as

1021: 814: 653: 456: 401: 354:) and has a tractive effort of 135,375 pounds-force (602,180 newtons). 263: 205: 8187:

TV and Radio programmes from the BBC archives celebrating steam trains

6191: 3819:

s. In the United States this led to a convergence on the dual-purpose

3096:

allowed the driver to control cut-off; this was largely superseded by

400:

inventor, built a small-scale prototype of a steam road locomotive in

9402: 9397: 9370: 8683: 8293: 8288: 8273: 8260: 7431: 6753: 5271: 4936: 4827: 4711:, approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) from the historic city of 4665:

MS&LR/GCR 567, Ruddington Great Central Railway, Northern Section

4349: 3894: 3455:

Another class of fireless locomotive is a compressed-air locomotive.

2875: 2800: 2793: 2740: 2601: 2349: 2241: 2233: 2068: 1831: 1799: 1787: 1748: 1615: 898: 850: 499:

experiments through another trio of locomotives, concluding with the

484: 351: 338:

allowed the development of very large, heavy locomotives such as the

221: 8211: 6404:"Disneyland's Trains Save Money by Switching to Used French Fry Oil" 4712: 4504:, BR Class 3MT No. 82045, BR Class 2MT No. 84030, Brighton Atlantic 2912:

tender for when the locomotive was running tender- or bunker-first.

2610:

Steam locomotives working on underground railways (such as London's

1847: 1654: 1520:

was standard practice for steam locomotive. Although other types of

1455: 744: 42: 9098: 8809: 8688: 8283: 8196: 7138:"Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive classification @ Everything2.com" 6354: 5263: 5095: 4816: 4704: 4419: 4243: 4223: 3187:

is enabled by pivots at the ends of the locomotive's central frame.

2896: 2799:

Blowbacks were fairly common. In a 1955 report on an accident near

2483: 2357: 2188: 2075: 844: 823:

outside the United Kingdom and North America was opened in 1829 in

397: 343: 217: 8191: 7294:"The Construction of and Performance Obtained from the Oil Engine" 4867:

Steam locomotives are often portrayed in fictional works, notably

902: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9103: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9047: 8643: 8539: 8201: 6914:, December 1937, drawing pp. 32–33 on multi-cylinders arrangement 6645:

Red for danger: a history of railway accidents and railway safety

6061: 4995:, not currently in use, which displays a basic steam locomotive. 4992: 4838: 4830: 4325: 4235: 3984:. Other works included one at Boston (an early GNR building) and 3827: 3255: 2520:

adopted and used elsewhere including Australia and South Africa.

2064: 1956: 1823: 980:. The first independently designed locomotive in Germany was the 973: 266:

in 1804, although he produced an earlier locomotive for trial at

6523:

A history of the American locomotive, its development: 1830–1880

6273: 6237: 5003: 4964:

A number of computer and video games feature steam locomotives.

4032:, was tested on UK mainlines for eventual charter and tour use. 3717:

tractive effort also decreases as the rotating speed increases.

3436: 2034:

Generally, the largest locomotives are permanently coupled to a

962:

In 1838, the third steam locomotive to be built in Germany, the

9490: 9461: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8938: 8906: 8886: 8844: 8839: 8824: 8819: 8784: 8769: 8298: 8106:, Train Hobby Publications, Studfield, 1998. (Australian steam) 6647:(3rd ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 33. 4928:

in a special Hogwarts livery. The Polar Express appears in the

4719: 4708: 4424: 4178: 4149: 4139: 4127: 3890: 3874: 3857: 3803: 3797: 3602:

designation would be an equivalent to a 2-C-1 UIC designation.

3584: 3406:(N&W) railways all built turbine-electric locomotives. The 2725: 2690:

from which sand can be deposited on top of the rail to improve

1931: 1744: 1736: 1521: 995: 824: 240: 6434:"Grand Canyon Railway receives culture and preservation award" 3709:

is a factor that depends on the effective cut-off. In the US,

3312:, with the cab situated halfway along the boiler. In England, 2463:

at startup, by warning if the regulator opening is too great.

2356:

blocks. In the latter days of steam, "mattresses" of stitched

439:

The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was the

9495: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9466: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8933: 8928: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8864: 8859: 8849: 8834: 8829: 8814: 8804: 8796: 8789: 8779: 8774: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8440: 7800: 7770:"Steam lines face double threat in crackdown on coal-burning" 6472:"lag, n.2". OED Online. March 2018. Oxford University Press. 5267: 5094:

Charge Man, a Robot Master from the fifth installment of the

4263: 4248: 4198: 4133: 4083: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4045: 3980:, which maintained and built some of the locomotives for the 3936: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3791: 3785: 3598: 3588:) is so called because the first examples were built for the 3578: 3572: 3546: 3513:

A steam-electric locomotive uses electric transmission, like

3502: 3132: 3054: 3048: 2676: 2594: 1976: 1378:

Pilot truck (pony truck if single axle) / Leading bogie

1025: 347: 209: 7552: 7066:

Locomotive Practice and Performance in the Twentieth Century

7026: 6300:"The Steam Engine Is Set to Return to Grand Canyon Railways" 4973:

There are two notable examples of steam locomotives used as

4659:

BR 84030 & LBSCR 32424 Beachy Head, both being built at

2352:, or attaching shaped blocks of insulating compound such as 2240:

later replaced the pump, while some engines transitioned to

2187:

A steam locomotive is normally controlled from the boiler's

1935:

Steam-cleaning the running gear of an "H" class locomotive,

1707: 1248:

Equalising beams / Equalising levers / Equalising bars

1081:

The main components of a steam locomotive (click to enlarge)

612:, which was the first steam locomotive to work in Scotland. 505:

in 1808, first in the world to haul fare-paying passengers.

7992:

The Railway Locomotive, What it is and Why it is What it is

4680:

as solid fuel. The fuel has been recently developed by the

4206:, the other 25 locomotives were built at Eveleigh (13) and 3729:

to measure tractive force at speed in actual road testing.

2116: 2082:. These locomotives were significantly less efficient than 2015: 943:

In 1837, the first steam railway started in Austria on the

832: 669:"steam wagon" which was demonstrated on a loop of track in 213: 7861:. International Institute for Children's Literature, Osaka 388:

The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along

284:, was the first commercially successful steam locomotive. 8001:(thirteenth edition, three volumes, Wiesbaden, 1909–1914) 6407: 5765: 4081:(builder No. 58045), built by Baldwin in 1924, is a 3536: 1578:

Aftermath of a boiler explosion on a railway locomotive,

212:. It is fuelled by burning combustible material (usually 8192:

Database of surviving steam locomotives in North America

7725: 7434:(November 2016). "Trixie and the Meirion Mill Railway". 7391: 7106:"Study In Steel - London Midland & Scottish Railway" 6862:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 213–214. 5451:. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation. 24 June 1939. 5371: 5369: 4833:. In early 2019, they performed a series of tests using 4238:, while in the early days locomotives were built at the 4090:

locomotive. It is still in use today on the Skunk Train.

2720:

The pistons and valves on the earliest locomotives were

1005:

The first steam locomotives operating in Italy were the

451:

built by Trevithick in 1802. It was constructed for the

30:"Steam railway" redirects here. For the periodical, see 8197:

UK heritage railways and preserved locomotives database

5405:"Magnificent Mallard: World's fastest steam locomotive" 4844: 2597:

desert of South Africa from the 1950s until the 1980s.

909:. It was the 118th engine from the locomotive works of 8006:

Locomotive Breakdowns, Emergencies, and their Remedies

6588: 6044:

The British Steam Railway Locomotive from 1825 to 1925

4718:

The Swiss company Dampflokomotiv- und Maschinenfabrik

4048:. One of the most successful types was the class "B" ( 3912: – including 86 engines built for the 3554:) locomotive typical of 19th-century American practice 2863:

usually replaced the pilot with small steps, known as

1790:

in an automobile – maximum cut-off, providing maximum

7859:"One Hundred Japanese Books for Children (1946–1979)" 7597:"Beachy Head section on the Bluebell Railway website" 7376:. British Transport Commission. 1962. pp. 15–16. 5736:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive | Rhagor" 5366: 4572:

Locations where new builds are taking place include:

3638: 3444:

In a fireless locomotive the boiler is replaced by a

3100:

and similar patterns. Early locomotive designs using

2987:) gauge engines in the world to have such equipment. 2975:

On the narrow-gauged New Zealand railway system, six

404:. A full-scale rail steam locomotive was proposed by 8736:

Steam locomotive wheel arrangements (Whyte notation)

7919:

The evolution of the steam locomotive (1803 to 1898)

7744:"Reference work of DLM AG 2-10-0 locomotive 52 8055" 3705:

is the diameter of the driving wheel in inches, and

1563:

in the US) by the exhaust steam from the cylinders.

1020:

The first railway line over Swiss territory was the

7697:

The Red Devil and Other Tales from the Age of Steam

6377:"Take a Veggie Oil-Fueled Trip to the Grand Canyon" 4911:, based on characters from the books by Awdry, and 4569:, but it never received any major railway backing. 4563:

The Red Devil and Other Tales from the Age of Steam

3605:On many railroads, locomotives were organised into 600:in 1814, another in 1815, and a (newly identified) 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9900:History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830 8079:The Locomotive and Things You Should Know About it 7188: 7161:, J. Parker Lamb, Indiana University Press, 2003, 6928:. Penryn, England: Atlantic Transport Publishers. 6325:"Grand Canyon excursion honors late Trains editor" 5716: 5492: 4823:runs its steam locomotives on used vegetable oil. 4300: 3693:is the bore of the cylinder (diameter) in inches, 3678: 2675:and countries that adopted its practices, such as 330:, however there are long-standing claims that the 8118:Локомотивы отечественных железных дорог 1845–1955 7922:, (London: The Railway Publishing Co., 1899) 6579: 6011:Hilton, John (1986). "Steam Locomotive Boilers". 5634: 3463: 2962:also fitted their locomotives with such devices. 2766:Lubricating the frame components (axle bearings, 2557: 2466: 9912: 7673:"American Coal Enterprises – ACE3000 et al" 6510:(seventh ed.). London: Virtue & Co Ltd. 5091:, features monsters based on steam locomotives. 4857:" are a mainstay of American music and culture. 3739: 2662:The primary competitor to the air brake was the 2371:Effective lagging is particularly important for 936:started in 1837 with locomotives purchased from 586:, a former miner working as an engine-wright at 6717:Handbook for Railway Steam Locomotive Enginemen 6536: 6534: 6532: 6274:"NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service)" 4860:Many steam locomotive toys have been made, and 4409:Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad 425 4218:also manufactured steam locomotives locally at 2762:showing pierced cork stoppers to oil reservoirs 9593: 8124:Locomotives of fatherland's railways 1845–1955 7781: 7779: 7082:The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925 6917: 6064:exhaust to Gresley Pacifics in the early 1960s 5843:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 24–30. 5838: 5825:(reprint ed.). Lewes, UK: The Book Guild. 5784: 5375: 5343: 4730:in Austria, where they run 90% of the trains. 3701:is boiler pressure in pounds per square inch, 1975:mounted on two-wheeled trucks or four-wheeled 428:, who pioneered the use of steam locomotives. 254:Steam locomotives were first developed in the 32:Rail transport periodical § Steam Railway 9579: 8720: 8227: 7619: 7617: 7230: 7228: 6926:Compound locomotives, an international survey 6923: 6891: 6218:. Davenport, Iowa: MidWest Rail Publications. 5834: 5832: 5799: 5145: 4758:The examples and perspective in this section 4427:on Steam Special Train in Moscow 11 July 2010 4230:constructed most of their locomotives at its 3328:The only preserved cab forward locomotive is 3219:were developed to overcome this problem. The 887:and in Luisenthal on the Saar (today part of 866:, designed by the British locomotive pioneer 7962:The Development of British Locomotive Design 7575:"84030 page on the Bluebell Railway website" 7474:"Newly-built steam loco takes to the tracks" 7069:. Cambridge, England: W Heffer and Sons Ltd. 6952:, Tempus Publishing, Gloucestershire, 2006, 6823: 6774: 6715: 6567: 6529: 6176: 6035: 5592:Volume 150, IPC Business Press, 2004, p. 11. 5503:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4991:. The other is the original coat of arms of 4684:in a collaboration between the university's 3846: 3491: 3477: 2227: 2074:During World War 2, a number of Swiss steam 8034:Practical Questions on Locomotive Operating 7776: 7286: 7052:. London: Cassell and Company. p. 389. 6970:"Electric-steam locomotives of Switzerland" 6580:Hollingsworth, Brian; Cook, Arthur (1987). 6514: 5432: 4100:example, the Pennsylvania Railroad and the 2104:or gantries. In the UK, the US and France, 1876:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1484:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 773:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 9586: 9572: 8727: 8713: 8234: 8220: 7614: 7259: 7225: 7056: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 5870:History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 5829: 5814: 5603: 4776:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 4435:2-6-0 type "N3" steam locomotive built by 4307:Retirement of steam locomotives by country 4202:; the first five were built at Clyde with 3156: 2552:London, Brighton & South Coast Railway 2202: 1017:line, in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. 990:in 1841. The first locomotive produced by 561:. Another well-known early locomotive was 435:Trevithick's 1802 Coalbrookdale locomotive 7970:Steam Engine Construction and Maintenance 7366: 6895:How a Steam Locomotive Works: a New Guide 6797: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 5986:"Overland Locomotive:Feed Water Problems" 5476: 4792:Learn how and when to remove this message 4415:, US, for the daily tourist train in 1993 4396:, a new express locomotive built for the 4348:ions but also happens in cases where the 3058:types with three or four cylinders (e.g. 2671:predominant form of train braking in the 2472:Spark arrestor and self-cleaning smokebox 1896:Learn how and when to remove this message 1695:Learn how and when to remove this message 1587:the coal bed and keeps the fire burning. 1504:Learn how and when to remove this message 793:Learn how and when to remove this message 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 8013:Pocket Edition of Locomotive Engineering 7234: 7159:Perfecting The American Steam Locomotive 7121:British Railways' Last Steam Locomotive 7115: 6994: 6742:"January–December 1953; First Edition". 6695:A practical treatise on the steam engine 6672:. Manila, Philippines: Rex. p. 46. 6584:. London: Salamander Books. p. 192. 5461: 4567:5AT Advanced Technology Steam Locomotive 4442: 4430: 4418: 4403: 4385: 4160: 4073: 3982:Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway 3953: 3923: 3850: 3679:{\displaystyle t={\frac {cPd^{2}s}{D}},} 3535: 3501: 3435: 3346: 3190: 3166: 3125: 2941: 2874: 2745: 2711: 2575: 2567: 2487: 2433: 2388: 2193:train driver or engineer (North America) 2178: 2147:Some steam locomotives have been run on 2115: 2025: 1942: 1930: 1915: 1907: 1706: 1602:. Although he tested the concept on the 1573: 1530: 915: 849: 804: 652: 521: 507: 430: 168: 154: 140: 8113:, Midwest Rail Publication, Iowa, 1967. 7978:Locomotive Compounding and Superheating 7882: 7693: 7577:. Bluebell-railway.co.uk. 14 April 2008 7471: 7267:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 7237:A History of W.A.G.R. Steam Locomotives 7194: 6401: 6395: 6213: 6198: 5805: 5793:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5532:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5500:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5274:) and 39,667 lbf (176,450 N). 5098:series is based on a steam locomotive. 5087:Another Japanese televisual franchise, 5037:) on Austria's first railway line, the 4733:The same company also rebuilt a German 4079:California Western Railroad No. 45 3175:Garratt locomotive, built in 1952 to a 1927:Steam locomotive 2-8-2 at train station 14: 9913: 7522: 7357:"Cleaning and inspecting a locomotive" 7325:"Wisconisin DNR – Carbonate chemistry" 7084:. London: Bracken Books. p. 123. 7079: 6488: 6158:"The Swiss Electric-Steam Locomotives" 6010: 5867: 5841:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 5790: 5689: 5566: 5529: 5420:Loco Profile 24: Pennsylvania Duplexii 5378:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 5293: 4626:LNER 2001 Cock O' The North, Doncaster 4282:Western Australian Government Railways 3425: 3384:London, Midland & Scottish Railway 3339:were built with a cab forward design. 3140:that pulled Lenin's funeral train, in 3108:, though there were attempts to apply 1951:Running gear includes the brake gear, 9567: 8708: 8241: 8215: 7499: 7430: 7206: 7062: 7047: 6857: 6555: 6549: 6540: 6520: 6127: 5820: 4953:locomotive, which is operated by the 4726:; the four others were built for the 4382:Steam locomotives of the 21st century 4269:New South Wales AD60 class locomotive 4189:both built steam locomotives for the 3590:Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 3265: 2919: 2492:Typical self-cleaning smokebox design 1435:Descriptions of these components are 734: 8088:(Oxford University Press, US, 2004) 8041:Recent Development of the Locomotive 7985:Development of the Locomotive Engine 7374:Diesel Traction Manual for Enginemen 7260:Meiklejohn, Bernard (January 1906). 6692: 6667: 6639: 6505: 6474:http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/105062 6297: 5823:Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive 5462:M. Grant, Roderick (December 1941). 5417: 4845:Steam locomotives in popular culture 4744: 4165:The 200th steam locomotive built by 3414:MT3, used for hauling iron ore from 2979:were fitted with boosters, the only 2937: 2724:by the enginemen dropping a lump of 2523: 2393:The boiler safety valves lifting on 2259: 2120:A locomotive takes on water using a 1874:adding citations to reliable sources 1841: 1677:adding citations to reliable sources 1648: 1482:adding citations to reliable sources 1449: 1050:) used in locomotive boilers on the 771:adding citations to reliable sources 738: 578: 532:Darlington Railway Centre and Museum 224:) to heat water in the locomotive's 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 8084:P. W. B. Semmens, A. J. Goldfinch, 8050:(third edition, Philadelphia, 1913) 6818:"Glossary of Terms and Definitions" 6709: 5928:National Museum of American History 5738:. Museumwales.ac.uk. Archived from 5464:"Riding the Gargantua of the Rails" 4837:to evaluate the performance of the 4191:New South Wales Government Railways 3697:is the cylinder stroke, in inches, 3173:South Australian Railways 400 class 1034:, from Zürich to Baden was opened. 913:and stood under patent protection. 721:National Museum of American History 633:, which was entered in and won the 24: 7906: 7523:Glancy, Jonathan (2 August 2008). 7140:. Everything2.com. 2 February 2003 6402:Cochran, Jason (2 February 2009). 6050: 6041: 5346:Richard Trevithick; Giant of Steam 4069: 3993:London & North Eastern Railway 2965: 2686:Steam locomotives are fitted with 2365:, or wrappings of aluminium foil. 2295:Lagging on Early Steam Locomotives 1076: 945:Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway 874:in the Royal Berlin Iron Foundry ( 712:, was a notable early locomotive. 25: 9942: 8151: 8100:A Lifetime of Railway Photography 8086:How Steam Locomotives Really Work 8008:(seventh edition, New York, 1911) 7948:Economical Working of Locomotives 7448: 6605:: 3. 29 July 1938. Archived from 6353:. 25 October 2020. Archived from 5810:. Cannwood Press. pp. 18–19. 5604:Tzanakakis, Konstantinos (2013). 5013:representing Utah, depicting the 4851:I've Been Working on the Railroad 4740: 4252: 3919: 3531: 3342: 2502:British Railways standard classes 2423: 2021: 1937:Chicago and North Western Railway 1759:in the US) and a crankpin on the 1308:Throttle lever / Regulator lever 1294:Regulator valve / Throttle valve 9788:1829 Rainhill Trials locomotives 7851: 7829: 7807: 7793: 7762: 7736: 7718: 7687: 7665: 7643: 7589: 7567: 7545: 7516: 7493: 7472:Roberts, David (3 August 2008). 7465: 7453:. Hunslet Hunslet Engine Company 7442: 7424: 7406: 7380: 6788:"1955 Dunstable accident report" 6543:Mechanical Engineering: Railways 6160:. 7 January 2010. Archived from 5855:"John Stevens American Inventor" 5762:"Steam train anniversary begins" 5119:List of steam technology patents 5002: 4749: 3914:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 3910:London and North Western Railway 3142:the Museum of the Moscow Railway 2378: 2330: 2315: 2303: 1947:Running gear of steam locomotive 1846: 1714:of an operating steam locomotive 1653: 1644: 1454: 920:First locomotive in Russia. 1834 743: 727:The replica is preserved at the 648: 639:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 379:Category:Early steam locomotives 309:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 41: 8515:Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie 7999:Die Schule des Lokomotivführers 7876: 7525:"New steam locomotive unveiled" 7479:Darlington & Stockton Times 7349: 7317: 7300: 7253: 7200: 7172: 7152: 7130: 7098: 7073: 7041: 7015: 6988: 6962: 6950:The Steam Locomotive: a History 6942: 6924:Van Riemsdijk, John T. (1994). 6902: 6885: 6876: 6851: 6811: 6780: 6768: 6735: 6686: 6661: 6633: 6624: 6573: 6561: 6479: 6466: 6440: 6426: 6369: 6343: 6317: 6291: 6266: 6254:Coalition for Sustainable Rail 6244: 6222: 6150: 6121: 6104: 6087: 6067: 6004: 5978: 5959:Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania 5946: 5916: 5890: 5861: 5847: 5754: 5728: 5710: 5683: 5653: 5628: 5612:Springer Science+Business Media 5597: 5579: 5560: 5550:"Engineering and railway works" 5542: 5523: 5485: 5470: 5455: 5252: 5055:First transcontinental railroad 5045:can still be seen today in the 4930:animated movie of the same name 4301:The end of steam in general use 3239: 2251:Vertical glass tubes, known as 2222:Federal Railroad Administration 2169:Disneyland Railroad Locomotives 1837: 1664:needs additional citations for 897:ran for the first time between 729:Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania 621:Stockton and Darlington Railway 487:in South Wales. Accompanied by 305:Stockton and Darlington Railway 248: 52:needs additional citations for 9895:History of steam road vehicles 9619:Murdoch's model steam carriage 8137:The fire burns much better ... 8055:Practical Locomotive Operating 7889:The Donning Company Publishers 7730:Coalition for Sustainable Rail 6999:. Lnwrs.org.uk. Archived from 6754:International Printing Company 6134:Johns Hopkins University Press 6075:The fire burns much better ... 5441: 5426: 5411: 5397: 5388: 5337: 5319: 5294:Fowler, George Little (1906). 5287: 5205:High-pressure steam locomotive 5070:Night on the Galactic Railroad 4926:GWR 4900 Class 5972 Olton Hall 4690:Sustainable Rail International 4674:Coalition for Sustainable Rail 4328:" to form, composed mainly of 4156: 3835: 3623: 3618: 3506:Heilmann locomotive No. 8001, 3470:Steam diesel hybrid locomotive 3464:Steam diesel hybrid locomotive 3458: 3354:steam turbine locomotive with 3291: 3260:Pennsylvania Railroad class T1 3115: 2701: 2558:Condensers and water re-supply 2467:Spark arrestors and smokeboxes 2400:, creating a false smoke trail 1059:, was an early adopter of the 332:Pennsylvania Railroad class S1 13: 1: 8202:Advanced Steam Traction Trust 7050:Cassell's Engineer's Handbook 6909:"Steam Still Rules the Rails" 6831:"Railway Regulation Act 1842" 5898:""DeWitt Clinton" Locomotive" 5569:Our Home Railways, volume one 5281: 3740:Relation to wheel arrangement 3359: 3081: 3011: 2870: 2770:and bogie pivots) depends on 2051:) or one between the frames ( 1579: 1066: 938:Robert Stephenson and Company 719:was on static display in the 604:in 1816. He also constructed 301:Robert Stephenson and Company 9650:The Coalbrookdale locomotive 8177:Resources in other libraries 7941:Cost of Locomotive Operation 7625:"FAQ Section – The T1 Trust" 7502:"60163 Tornado is on the go" 6721:British Transport Commission 5640:"American Steam Locomotives" 5517:UK public library membership 4880:The Little Engine That Could 4810:Heritage Railway Association 4686:Institute on the Environment 4668:VR V499, Victoria, Australia 4554:In 1980, American financier 4437:Beyer, Peacock & Company 4295:Australian Standard Garratts 4278:Beyer, Peacock & Company 4143:switchers with new boilers. 3944:Bristol Temple Meads station 3296:In the United States on the 3177:Beyer, Peacock & Company 3138:De Glehn compound locomotive 3019: 2666:, in which a steam-operated 1256:Generator / Turbo generator 1158:Trailing truck / Rear bogie 1037: 934:Tsarskoye Selo steam railway 610:Kilmarnock and Troon Railway 567:, built 1813–14 by engineer 541:'s successful twin-cylinder 7: 9656:The Pen-y-Darren locomotive 8046:Wright and Swift (editors) 7929:(Manchester, England, 1903) 7700:. Published by the author. 7500:Staff (22 September 2008). 7025:. Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from 6858:White, John H. Jr. (1997). 6521:White, John H. Jr. (1968). 6128:White, John H. Jr. (1997). 5477:Kratville, William (1972). 5422:. Profile Publications Ltd. 5134:Timeline of railway history 5101: 4955:Steam Railroading Institute 4772:, discuss the issue on the 4622:Darlington Locomotive Works 4489:"Tornado" was completed at 4220:Islington Railway Workshops 4115:American Locomotive Company 4107:Norfolk and Western Railway 3904:were built, and 943 of the 3842:List of locomotive builders 3515:diesel-electric locomotives 3332:in Sacramento, California. 3144:at Paveletsky Rail Terminal 2994: 2572:Watering a steam locomotive 2564:Condensing steam locomotive 2209:Steam locomotive components 2199:travelling with the train. 2183:A locomotive crew in France 1618:located between the rails. 1184:Running board / Foot board 1084: 1073:Steam locomotive components 690:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 10: 9947: 8029:(Cambridge, England, 1912) 7955:Modern British Locomotives 7801:"Everett Railroad Testing" 7553:"Hengist official website" 7308:"Overhaul of a locomotive" 6723:. 1957. pp. 126–127. 6214:Swengel, Frank M. (1967). 5795:. Oxford University Press. 5661:"The Legacy of John Fitch" 5433:Pennypacker, Bert (1962). 5146:Types of steam locomotives 5106: 5039:Kaiser Ferdinands-Nordbahn 4630:Pennsylvania Railroad 5550 4542:Pennsylvania Railroad 5550 4375: 4371: 4304: 4187:Eveleigh Railway Workshops 3883:Russian locomotive class O 3879:Russian locomotive class E 3839: 3734:continuous tractive effort 3495: 3481: 3467: 3429: 3418:in Sweden to the ports of 3367: 3269: 3243: 3160: 3119: 3085: 3023: 2923: 2817: 2813: 2805:BR Standard Class 7 70013 2705: 2629: 2625: 2561: 2512: 2508: 2477: 2427: 2382: 2263: 2212: 2206: 2063:farming operations burned 1993: 1747:transmits power through a 1340:Connecting rod / Main rod 1288:Side rods / Coupling rods 1164:Valve chest / Steam chest 1090:Key to numbered components 1070: 1061:diesel-electric locomotive 968:, was manufactured by the 809:A 1848 scale model of the 710:Mohawk and Hudson Railroad 615:In 1825, Stephenson built 590:, developed up to sixteen 422:high-pressure steam engine 383: 372: 368: 29: 9890: 9834: 9642: 9602: 9537: 9504: 9447: 9379: 9250: 9139: 9068: 8742: 8672: 8628: 8523: 8450:AAR type A switcher truck 8439: 8345: 8312: 8250: 8172:Resources in your library 8081:(Clinton, Illinois, 1914) 7883:Broggie, Michael (2014). 7815:"Darlington Coat of Arms" 7651:"The Ultimate Steam Page" 7235:Gunzburg, Adrian (1984). 6997:"LNWR Locomotive classes" 6805:Oxford English Dictionary 6351:"History - Sugar Express" 5706:– via Google Books. 5690:Yetman, David S. (2010). 5624:– via Google Books. 5481:. Kratville Publications. 5190:Electric-steam locomotive 5114:History of rail transport 4378:List of heritage railways 4286:Midland Railway Workshops 4216:South Australian Railways 4035: 3847:Most-manufactured classes 3508:Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest 3492:Steam-electric locomotive 3484:Electric-steam locomotive 3478:Electric-steam locomotive 3298:Southern Pacific Railroad 2846: 2786: 2548:George Jackson Churchward 2228:Steam pumps and injectors 2215:Category:locomotive parts 2157:Grand Canyon Railway 4960 1445: 1434: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1087: 1002:, was delivered in 1848. 821:The first railway service 715:As of 2021, the original 375:History of rail transport 9662:The Newcastle locomotive 8126:Transport, Moscow, 1995 7451:"About Hunslet Steam Co" 7209:Locomotives of Australia 6582:The Great Book of Trains 6476:. Accessed May 22, 2018. 5868:Stover, John F. (1987). 5779:iron master's tram rails 5573:Frederick Warne & Co 5245: 5219:Steam turbine locomotive 4944:Universal Orlando Resort 4111:Baldwin Locomotive Works 3950:(square-topped) firebox. 3863:Varshavsky Rail Terminal 3807:s. Similarly, passenger 3374:Steam turbine locomotive 2981:3 ft 6 in 2956:Automatic Warning System 2683:, during the steam era. 2655:Air brakes, invented by 1052:Trans-Australian Railway 970:Maschinenbaufirma Übigau 876:Königliche Eisengießerei 870:. Built in June 1816 by 708:, built in 1831 for the 592:Killingworth locomotives 465:4 ft 4 in 449:Coalbrookdale Locomotive 9449:Articulated locomotives 9439:2-4-4-2+2-8-8-2+2-4-4-2 9381:Articulated locomotives 9252:Articulated locomotives 9141:Articulated locomotives 8120:Транспорт, Москва, 1995 8022:(Adrian Michigan, 1912) 7839:. Heraldry of the World 7817:. Heraldry of the World 7694:Wardale, David (1998). 7080:Ahrons, E. L. (1987) . 7063:Allen, Cecil J (1949). 6836:UK Statute Law Database 6820:, accessed 21 Feb. 2012 6506:Bell, A Morton (1950). 5932:Smithsonian Institution 5874:Purdue University Press 5839:Hamilton Ellis (1968). 5821:Young, Robert (2000) . 5791:Payton, Philip (2004). 5536:Oxford University Press 5530:Payton, Philip (2004). 5382:Hamlyn Publishing Group 5376:Hamilton Ellis (1968). 5344:Anthony Burton (2000). 5195:Geared steam locomotive 5047:Technisches Museum Wien 5029:Biedermeier Period coin 4682:University of Minnesota 4634:Pottstown, Pennsylvania 4487:LNER Peppercorn Pacific 4360:), thus requiring more 4147:'s fleet of 3-cylinder 3900:In Britain, 863 of the 3325:of the Irish railways. 3272:Geared steam locomotive 3217:articulated locomotives 3157:Articulated locomotives 2820:Buffer (rail transport) 2737:displacement lubricator 2203:Fittings and appliances 2174: 2161:Grand Canyon Railway 29 1963:connecting the ends of 1300:Driving wheel / Driver 978:Johann Andreas Schubert 907:Bavarian Ludwig Railway 872:Johann Friedrich Krigar 858:made in the early 1850s 494:Trevithick visited the 418:Ohio Historical Society 311:, after the success of 9541:Other notation forms: 8490:Krauss-Helmholtz bogie 7837:"Swindon Coat of Arms" 7211:. A.H. and A.W. Reed. 6892:Dominic Wells (2015). 6670:Industrial Lubrication 6668:Niño, Emanuel (1997). 6541:Snell, John B (1971). 6448:"Lagging – definition" 6234:www.portatreatment.com 5962:. 2021. Archived from 5924:"John Bull Locomotive" 5872:. West Lafayette, IN: 5806:Garnett, A.F. (2005). 5696:. Dog Ear Publishing. 5554:British History Online 5331:British History Online 5175:Cab forward locomotive 5153:Articulated locomotive 4589:, both being built at 4454: 4448:South African Class 26 4440: 4428: 4416: 4401: 4174: 4102:Great Northern Railway 4091: 3969: 3951: 3869: 3680: 3555: 3510: 3441: 3365: 3211: 3188: 3163:Articulated locomotive 3145: 3098:Walschaerts valve gear 3068:SR Merchant Navy Class 2951: 2891: 2763: 2750:Big-end bearing (with 2717: 2622:into the early 1960s. 2584: 2581:South African Class 25 2573: 2493: 2445: 2401: 2184: 2134: 2124: 2031: 1948: 1940: 1928: 1913: 1912:Running gear animation 1715: 1583: 1536: 1360:Air pump / Compressor 1082: 926:first steam locomotive 921: 859: 817: 661: 573:Science Museum, London 534: 519: 436: 197: 166: 152: 9842:Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot 9633:London Steam Carriage 9415:0-6-2+2-4-2-4-2+2-6-0 8505:Radial steering truck 8322:AAR wheel arrangement 8207:UK Steam Train Photos 8062:Railways of the World 8048:Locomotive Dictionary 8011:Fisher and Williams, 7420:on 28 September 2007. 7048:Adams, Henry (1908). 6898:(Hardcover ed.). 6693:Rigg, Arthur (1878). 6596:"Cass City Chronicle" 6184:"West Coast and R711" 5636:National Park Service 5567:Gordon, W.J. (1910). 5509:10.1093/ref:odnb/2637 4940:Hogwarts Express ride 4935:An elaborate, themed 4655:Severn Valley Railway 4646:Great Central Railway 4608:, all being built at 4591:Didcot Railway Centre 4561:In 1998, in his book 4446: 4434: 4422: 4407: 4389: 4376:Further information: 4164: 4119:Lima Locomotive Works 4077: 3957: 3929:Great Western Railway 3927: 3854: 3681: 3539: 3519:Jean Jacques Heilmann 3505: 3439: 3408:Pennsylvania Railroad 3404:Norfolk & Western 3400:Chesapeake & Ohio 3350: 3335:In France, the three 3330:Southern Pacific 4294 3194: 3170: 3129: 3094:Stephenson valve gear 3072:LNER Gresley Class A3 3026:Cylinder (locomotive) 2960:Pennsylvania Railroad 2945: 2881:Great Western Railway 2878: 2749: 2715: 2583:condensing locomotive 2579: 2571: 2491: 2437: 2417:Great Western Railway 2392: 2213:Further information: 2182: 2129: 2119: 2071:to fire locomotives. 2029: 1946: 1934: 1926: 1911: 1710: 1577: 1534: 1346:Smokestack / Chimney 1080: 1057:Commonwealth Railways 928:was built in 1834 by 919: 853: 808: 656: 588:Killingworth Colliery 525: 511: 434: 340:Union Pacific Big Boy 180: 158: 144: 9867:John Urpeth Rastrick 8332:Swiss classification 8104:Photographer Profile 8057:(Philadelphia, 1913) 8043:(Philadelphia, 1913) 7980:(Philadelphia, 1907) 7207:Oberg, Leon (1975). 7127:23 March 1960 p. 355 6745:The Railway Magazine 6612:on 26 September 2007 5587:The Railway Magazine 5466:. Popular Mechanics. 5418:Reed, Brian (1972). 5129:Reciprocating motion 4908:Thomas & Friends 4864:is a popular hobby. 4855:Ballad of John Henry 4821:Grand Canyon Railway 4770:improve this section 4760:may not represent a 4475:Meirion Mill Railway 4313:electric locomotives 4311:The introduction of 4261:, up to the H class 4193:. These include the 3966:East Coast Main Line 3942:steam locomotive at 3636: 3337:Heilmann locomotives 3310:Camelback locomotive 3181:Société Franco-Belge 3064:LMS Coronation Class 2977:Kb 4-8-4 locomotives 2612:Metropolitan Railway 2590:marine steam engines 2535:Franco-Crosti boiler 2430:Pressure measurement 2373:fireless locomotives 2310:The Salamanca (1812) 2076:shunting locomotives 1870:improve this section 1673:improve this article 1478:improve this section 1314:Valve gear / Motion 1031:Spanisch Brötli Bahn 767:improve this section 196:(video 34.4 MB) 61:improve this article 8743:Single engine types 8053:Roberts and Smith, 7787:"Torrefied Biomass" 7714:on 6 February 2010. 7555:. 72010-hengist.org 7029:on 20 February 2008 6603:Cass City Chronicle 6056:See section of the 5665:www.craven-hall.org 5407:. 17 February 2018. 5200:Heilmann locomotive 5180:Compound locomotive 4951:Pere Marquette 1225 4942:is featured in the 4724:Brienz Rothorn Bahn 4605:The Unknown Warrior 4579:County of Glamorgan 4530:County of Glamorgan 4512:The Unknown Warrior 4469:) gauge locomotive 4400:, completed in 2008 4334:magnesium hydroxide 4324:, which can cause " 4169:(TF 1164) from the 3498:Heilmann locomotive 3440:Fireless locomotive 3432:Fireless locomotive 3426:Fireless locomotive 3200:Tan-y-Bwlch Station 3122:Compound locomotive 2657:George Westinghouse 2500:Locomotives of the 2438:Pressure gauges on 1767:in the US) or to a 1430:Coupler / Coupling 1404:Pilot / Cowcatcher 1170:Grate / Fire grate 1046:in the well water ( 671:Hoboken, New Jersey 627:built in Newcastle 342:, which weighs 540 325:LNER Class A4 4468 276:, built in 1812 by 160:LNER Class A3 4472 146:LNER Class A4 4468 9926:British inventions 9882:Richard Trevithick 9725:Killingworth Billy 9506:Geared locomotives 9432:2-10-10-10-10-10-2 8580:Klien-Lindner axle 8327:UIC classification 8304:Dual Control Stand 8020:Modern Locomotives 7997:Brosius and Koch, 7675:. Martynbane.co.uk 7436:Narrow Gauge World 7023:"Scots Dictionary" 7003:on 2 December 2008 6976:on 18 October 2010 6558:, pp. 114–124 6545:. London: Longman. 6414:on 18 January 2017 6357:on 25 October 2020 6240:on 7 January 2014. 6164:on 18 October 2010 5876:. pp. 35–36. 5768:. 21 February 2004 5724:. E.&F.N.Spon. 5718:Francis Trevithick 5671:on 31 October 2020 5494:"Blenkinsop, John" 5352:. pp. 85–94. 5234:Triplex locomotive 5163:Fairlie locomotive 5158:Garratt locomotive 5082:Galaxy Express 999 4895:Chris Van Allsburg 4870:The Railway Series 4703:The small town of 4610:Llangollen Railway 4455: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4402: 4276:Garratt, built by 4228:Victorian Railways 4175: 4092: 3970: 3952: 3870: 3676: 3564:UIC classification 3556: 3511: 3442: 3366: 3266:Geared locomotives 3251:Duplex locomotives 3234:Fairlie locomotive 3212: 3204:Fairlie locomotive 3196:David Lloyd George 3189: 3146: 3074:). From 1951, all 2952: 2920:Bells and whistles 2892: 2764: 2718: 2585: 2574: 2494: 2446: 2402: 2274:term for a wooden 2266:Thermal insulation 2185: 2125: 2032: 1949: 1941: 1929: 1914: 1716: 1624:heat of combustion 1598:, to consider the 1592:thermal efficiency 1584: 1537: 1424:Water compartment 1326:Pedestal / Saddle 1268:Superheater tubes 1083: 1044:magnesium chloride 949:Vienna-Floridsdorf 922: 860: 837:Seguin locomotives 818: 735:Continental Europe 667:Col. John Steven's 662: 602:Killingworth Billy 535: 520: 437: 426:Richard Trevithick 363:diesel locomotives 260:Richard Trevithick 198: 167: 153: 76:"Steam locomotive" 9921:Steam locomotives 9908: 9907: 9877:Robert Stephenson 9872:George Stephenson 9847:Timothy Hackworth 9596:steam locomotives 9561: 9560: 8702: 8701: 8605:Road–rail vehicle 8590:Luttermöller axle 8460:Articulated bogie 8314:Wheel arrangement 8158:Library resources 8135:J.J.G. Koopmans: 8077:C. L. Dickerson, 8039:G. R. Henderson, 8027:Modern Locomotive 7939:G. R. Henderson, 7898:978-1-57864-914-3 7631:on 24 August 2019 7394:on 15 August 2012 7246:978-0-589-07173-8 7218:978-0-589-07173-8 7197:, pp. 25–26. 6775:BTC Handbook 1957 6679:978-971-23-2178-8 6654:978-0-7153-7292-0 6568:BTC Handbook 1957 6436:. 15 August 2017. 6298:Robinson, Jalyn. 6230:"Porta Treatment" 6132:. Baltimore, MD: 6073:J.J.G. Koopmans: 5703:978-1-60844-475-5 5621:978-3-642-36051-0 5515:(Subscription or 5312:978-0-912318-20-2 5185:Duplex locomotive 5168:Mallet locomotive 5065:is being driven. 5059:Promontory Summit 5051:50 State Quarters 5049:. As part of the 4985:, which displays 4981:. One is that of 4890:The Polar Express 4862:railway modelling 4802: 4801: 4794: 4678:torrefied biomass 4601:, GWR 4709 & 4473:which ran on the 4411:being readied in 4398:British main line 4330:calcium carbonate 4232:Newport Workshops 4214:. Similarly, the 4208:Cardiff Workshops 4183:Clyde Engineering 4171:Powerhouse Museum 4167:Clyde Engineering 3974:1923 Grouping Act 3765:switching engines 3671: 3446:steam accumulator 3246:Duplex locomotive 3208:Festiniog Railway 2938:Automatic control 2904:semaphore signals 2861:Switching engines 2524:Feedwater heating 2515:Mechanical stoker 2449:promoters of the 2340:(1829; a replica) 2260:Boiler insulation 2149:alternative fuels 1924: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1600:water-tube boiler 1514: 1513: 1506: 1443: 1442: 1013:, running on the 976:, built by Prof. 911:Robert Stephenson 803: 802: 795: 584:George Stephenson 579:George Stephenson 559:Middleton Railway 551:first ran on the 414:George Washington 293:George Stephenson 282:Middleton Railway 194:pusher locomotive 178: 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 9938: 9781:Stourbridge Lion 9757:Lancashire Witch 9749:The Royal George 9741:Locomotion No. 1 9669:Catch Me Who Can 9612:fardier à vapeur 9588: 9581: 9574: 9565: 9564: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8706: 8705: 8475:Cleminson system 8236: 8229: 8222: 8213: 8212: 8163:Steam locomotive 8139:NL-Venray 2006, 8130: 8064:(New York, 1914) 7990:Vaughn Pendred, 7987:(New York, 1907) 7983:Angus Sinclair, 7957:(New York, 1907) 7943:(New York, 1906) 7936:(New York, 1905) 7934:Model Locomotive 7902: 7887:(4th ed.). 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7783: 7774: 7773: 7772:. 9 August 2019. 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7750:on 18 March 2009 7746:. Archived from 7740: 7734: 7733: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7710:. Archived from 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7621: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7601:Bluebell Railway 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7416:. Archived from 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7390:. Archived from 7384: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7330:. Archived from 7329: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7232: 7223: 7222: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7176: 7170: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7134: 7128: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6972:. Archived from 6966: 6960: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6921: 6915: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6697:. London: Spon. 6690: 6684: 6683: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6637: 6631: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6527: 6526: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6503: 6486: 6483: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6410:. Archived from 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6262:on 5 April 2013. 6258:. Archived from 6248: 6242: 6241: 6236:. Archived from 6226: 6220: 6219: 6211: 6196: 6195: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6125: 6119: 6108: 6102: 6091: 6085: 6077:NL-Venray 2006, 6071: 6065: 6058:LNER Class A1/A3 6054: 6048: 6047: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5966:on 29 April 2021 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5742:on 15 April 2011 5732: 5726: 5725: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5667:. Archived from 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5601: 5595: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5512: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5437:. Alvin Staufer. 5430: 5424: 5423: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5303:Railroad Gazette 5291: 5275: 5256: 5006: 4988:Locomotion No. 1 4959:Owosso, Michigan 4899:Hogwarts Express 4835:Everett Railroad 4797: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4753: 4752: 4745: 4661:Bluebell Railway 4468: 4464: 4275: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4201: 4152: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4086: 4065: 4060:) and class E2 ( 4059: 4053: 4023:heritage railway 4001:British Railways 3978:Melton Constable 3893: 3877: 3860: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3761:shunting engines 3727:dynamometer cars 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3646: 3601: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3549: 3527: 3364: 3361: 3258: 3135: 3057: 3051: 2986: 2982: 2909:Southern Railway 2772:capillary action 2334: 2319: 2307: 2284:Locomotion No. 1 2246:tank locomotives 2153:used cooking oil 2088:hydroelectricity 2000:locomotive frame 1998:The chassis, or 1989: 1961:Equalising beams 1925: 1901: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1850: 1842: 1700: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1657: 1649: 1581: 1546:, onto a set of 1518:fire-tube boiler 1509: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1458: 1450: 1092: 1085: 798: 791: 787: 784: 778: 747: 739: 725:Washington, D.C. 679:Stourbridge Lion 659:Stourbridge Lion 617:Locomotion No. 1 608:in 1817 for the 502:Catch Me Who Can 479:ironworks, near 470: 466: 446: 442: 406:William Reynolds 202:steam locomotive 179: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9904: 9886: 9857:William Murdoch 9830: 9638: 9598: 9592: 9562: 9557: 9533: 9500: 9451: 9443: 9420:2-6-6-2+2-6-6-2 9383: 9375: 9254: 9246: 9151: 9143: 9135: 9073: 9064: 8738: 8733: 8703: 8698: 8668: 8624: 8565:Equalising beam 8519: 8435: 8341: 8308: 8255: 8246: 8240: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8149: 8128: 8121: 8109:Swengel, F. M. 8074:(Chicago, 1914) 8015:(Chicago, 1911) 7932:Henry Greenly, 7909: 7907:Further reading 7899: 7879: 7874: 7864: 7862: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7842: 7840: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7785: 7784: 7777: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7708: 7692: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7656: 7654: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7470: 7466: 7456: 7454: 7447: 7443: 7429: 7425: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7337:on 12 July 2017 7334: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7287: 7277: 7275: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7177: 7173: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7124:Railway Gazette 7120: 7116: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7078: 7074: 7061: 7057: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 6993: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6922: 6918: 6912:Popular Science 6907: 6903: 6890: 6886: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6714: 6710: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6578: 6574: 6566: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6539: 6530: 6519: 6515: 6504: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6331:. 26 April 2022 6323: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6212: 6199: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6126: 6122: 6109: 6105: 6092: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6055: 6051: 6040: 6036: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5992:. 21 March 1927 5984: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5866: 5862: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5837: 5830: 5819: 5815: 5804: 5800: 5789: 5785: 5771: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5602: 5598: 5584: 5580: 5575:. pp. 7–9. 5565: 5561: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5475: 5471: 5460: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5431: 5427: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5342: 5338: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5229:Tank locomotive 5148: 5143: 5109: 5104: 5080:'s successful " 5078:Leiji Matsumoto 5022: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5007: 4967:Railroad Tycoon 4919:Oliver Postgate 4914:Ivor the Engine 4875:Rev W. V. Awdry 4847: 4798: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4767: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4694:ATSF 3460 class 4617:Prince of Wales 4466: 4462: 4384: 4374: 4342:heat exchangers 4338:calcium sulfate 4309: 4303: 4271: 4262: 4247: 4240:Phoenix Foundry 4197: 4159: 4148: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4082: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4038: 3922: 3889: 3873: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3769:Banking engines 3742: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3645: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3597: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3545: 3534: 3521: 3500: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3461: 3434: 3428: 3376: 3368:Main articles: 3362: 3345: 3318:SR Leader class 3294: 3274: 3268: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3165: 3159: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3090: 3084: 3053: 3047: 3028: 3022: 3014: 2997: 2984: 2980: 2968: 2966:Booster engines 2946:A typical AWS " 2940: 2928: 2922: 2873: 2857:New South Wales 2849: 2822: 2816: 2807:Oliver Cromwell 2789: 2774:: trimmings of 2710: 2704: 2634: 2628: 2566: 2560: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2486: 2478:Main articles: 2469: 2451:Rainhill trials 2432: 2426: 2412:John Ramsbottom 2387: 2381: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2308: 2297: 2296: 2268: 2262: 2238:Steam injectors 2230: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2177: 2142:Porta Treatment 2047:), one on top ( 2024: 1996: 1985: 1973:carrying wheels 1916: 1902: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1867: 1851: 1840: 1826:manufacturers ( 1792:tractive effort 1701: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1670: 1658: 1647: 1639:vertical boiler 1612:tank locomotive 1590:The search for 1510: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1475: 1459: 1448: 1088: 1075: 1069: 1040: 924:In Russia, the 868:John Blenkinsop 813:in a museum at 799: 788: 782: 779: 764: 748: 737: 651: 635:Rainhill Trials 581: 556:rack-and-pinion 468: 464: 444: 440: 394:William Murdoch 386: 381: 371: 317:Rainhill Trials 247:coupled to it. 169: 162:Flying Scotsman 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9944: 9934: 9933: 9931:Steam vehicles 9928: 9923: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9862:Matthew Murray 9859: 9854: 9852:William Hedley 9849: 9844: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9811: 9804: 9797: 9785: 9777: 9769: 9761: 9753: 9745: 9737: 9736:(1817 or 1818) 9729: 9721: 9717:Steam Elephant 9713: 9705: 9697: 9689: 9681: 9673: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9630: 9622: 9616: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9599: 9591: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9568: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9510: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9394: 9392: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9261: 9259: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8732: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8680: 8678: 8675:exhaust system 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8635: 8633: 8630:Exhaust system 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8610:Trailing wheel 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8550:Carrying wheel 8547: 8545:Beugniot lever 8542: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8510:Scheffel bogie 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8446: 8444: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8337:Whyte notation 8334: 8329: 8324: 8318: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8265: 8263: 8248: 8247: 8239: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152:External links 8150: 8148: 8147: 8133: 8114: 8107: 8098:Gerald A Dee, 8096: 8082: 8075: 8072:The Locomotive 8065: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8036:(Boston, 1913) 8032:W. G. Knight, 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8004:G. L. Fowler, 8002: 7995: 7994:(London, 1908) 7988: 7981: 7976:J. F. Gairns, 7974: 7973:(London, 1921) 7967:E. L. Ahrons, 7965: 7964:(London, 1914) 7960:E. L. Ahrons, 7958: 7953:A. I. Taylor, 7951: 7950:(London, 1906) 7944: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7897: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7850: 7828: 7806: 7792: 7775: 7761: 7735: 7717: 7706: 7686: 7664: 7653:. Trainweb.org 7642: 7613: 7588: 7566: 7544: 7515: 7492: 7464: 7441: 7423: 7405: 7379: 7365: 7348: 7316: 7299: 7285: 7252: 7245: 7224: 7217: 7199: 7187: 7171: 7151: 7129: 7114: 7097: 7090: 7072: 7055: 7040: 7014: 6995:LNWR Society. 6987: 6961: 6941: 6934: 6916: 6901: 6884: 6875: 6868: 6850: 6839:. 30 July 1842 6822: 6810: 6796: 6779: 6767: 6734: 6708: 6685: 6678: 6660: 6653: 6641:Rolt, L. T. C. 6632: 6623: 6587: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6528: 6513: 6487: 6478: 6465: 6454:on 29 May 2018 6439: 6425: 6394: 6383:. 2 April 2021 6368: 6342: 6316: 6290: 6265: 6243: 6221: 6197: 6175: 6149: 6142: 6136:. p. 85. 6120: 6103: 6086: 6066: 6049: 6046:. Vol. 1. 6034: 6003: 5977: 5945: 5915: 5902:American Rails 5889: 5882: 5860: 5846: 5828: 5813: 5798: 5783: 5753: 5727: 5709: 5702: 5693:Without a Prop 5682: 5652: 5627: 5620: 5596: 5578: 5559: 5541: 5522: 5484: 5469: 5454: 5440: 5425: 5410: 5396: 5387: 5365: 5358: 5336: 5318: 5311: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5239:Whyte Notation 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5074:Kenji Miyazawa 5008: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4846: 4843: 4806:climate change 4800: 4799: 4764:of the subject 4762:worldwide view 4757: 4755: 4748: 4742: 4741:Climate change 4739: 4735:DR Class 52.80 4670: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4636: 4627: 4624: 4612: 4593: 4586:Lady of Legend 4523:Lady of Legend 4515:project, GWR " 4491:Hopetown Works 4373: 4370: 4366:diesel exhaust 4305:Main article: 4302: 4299: 4257:built for the 4158: 4155: 4071: 4068: 4037: 4034: 3921: 3920:United Kingdom 3918: 3902:GWR 5700 Class 3867:St. Petersburg 3848: 3845: 3840:Main article: 3837: 3834: 3773:helper engines 3741: 3738: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3560:Whyte notation 3552:Whyte notation 3533: 3532:Categorisation 3530: 3528:in the 1890s. 3496:Main article: 3493: 3490: 3482:Main article: 3479: 3476: 3468:Main article: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3450:oil refineries 3430:Main article: 3427: 3424: 3380:steam turbines 3344: 3343:Steam turbines 3341: 3316:developed the 3314:Oliver Bulleid 3300:, a series of 3293: 3290: 3270:Main article: 3267: 3264: 3244:Main article: 3241: 3238: 3202:, Gwynedd - a 3161:Main article: 3158: 3155: 3151:Anatole Mallet 3120:Main article: 3117: 3114: 3086:Main article: 3083: 3080: 3060:GWR 6000 Class 3024:Main article: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3010: 2996: 2993: 2972:booster engine 2967: 2964: 2939: 2936: 2924:Main article: 2921: 2918: 2872: 2869: 2848: 2845: 2837:Janney coupler 2818:Main article: 2815: 2812: 2788: 2785: 2760:Blackmoor Vale 2752:connecting rod 2703: 2700: 2673:United Kingdom 2627: 2624: 2562:Main article: 2559: 2556: 2525: 2522: 2513:Main article: 2510: 2507: 2480:Spark arrestor 2474: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2441:Blackmore Vale 2428:Main article: 2425: 2424:Pressure gauge 2422: 2383:Main article: 2380: 2377: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2261: 2258: 2229: 2226: 2207:Main article: 2204: 2201: 2176: 2173: 2165:U.S. Sugar 148 2023: 2022:Fuel and water 2020: 2010:"hornblocks". 1995: 1992: 1904: 1903: 1854: 1852: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1828:Advance-Rumely 1753:connecting rod 1703: 1702: 1661: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1512: 1511: 1462: 1460: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1196:Ashpan hopper 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178:Safety valves 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132:Smokebox door 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1071:Main article: 1068: 1065: 1039: 1036: 1015:Napoli-Portici 992:Henschel-Werke 953:Deutsch-Wagram 847:and Brussels. 801: 800: 751: 749: 742: 736: 733: 705:DeWitt Clinton 698:, designed by 682:and later the 650: 647: 580: 577: 569:William Hedley 539:Matthew Murray 481:Merthyr Tydfil 461:United Kingdom 385: 382: 370: 367: 336:loading gauges 278:Matthew Murray 256:United Kingdom 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9943: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9889: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9685:Puffing Billy 9682: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626:Puffing Devil 9623: 9620: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9589: 9584: 9582: 9577: 9575: 9570: 9569: 9566: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9536: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9427:2-8-8-8-8-8-2 9425: 9424: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9071: 9070:Divided drive 9067: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8725: 8723: 8718: 8716: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8585:Leading wheel 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8570:Gölsdorf axle 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8560:Driving wheel 8558: 8556: 8555:Coupled wheel 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8522: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8480:Grovers bogie 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8455:Arnoux system 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8366:Bagnall–Price 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8253: 8249: 8244: 8237: 8232: 8230: 8225: 8223: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8146: 8145:90-6464-013-0 8142: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8095: 8094:0-19-860782-2 8091: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8068:M. M. Kirkman 8066: 8063: 8060:E. Prothero, 8059: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8025:C. E. Allen, 8024: 8021: 8018:T. A. Annis, 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7952: 7949: 7946:W. E. Dalby, 7945: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7925:C. E. Wolff, 7924: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7860: 7854: 7838: 7832: 7816: 7810: 7802: 7796: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7771: 7765: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7707:0-9529998-0-3 7703: 7699: 7698: 7690: 7674: 7668: 7652: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7576: 7570: 7554: 7548: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7503: 7496: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7468: 7452: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7333: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7289: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7229: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7168: 7167:0-253-34219-8 7164: 7160: 7155: 7139: 7133: 7126: 7125: 7118: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7093: 7091:1-85170-103-6 7087: 7083: 7076: 7068: 7067: 7059: 7051: 7044: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6958:0-7524-3916-2 6955: 6951: 6945: 6937: 6935:0-906899-61-3 6931: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6910: 6905: 6897: 6896: 6888: 6879: 6871: 6869:0-8018-5714-7 6865: 6861: 6854: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6826: 6819: 6814: 6807: 6806: 6800: 6789: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6756:: 287. 1953. 6755: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6681: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6627: 6608: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6544: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6482: 6475: 6469: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6435: 6429: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6382: 6381:Men's Journal 6378: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6255: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6217: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6145: 6143:0-8018-5714-7 6139: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6116:0-9536523-0-0 6113: 6107: 6100: 6099:0-19-856536-4 6096: 6090: 6084: 6083:90-6464-013-0 6080: 6076: 6070: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5885: 5883:0-911198-81-4 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5842: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5600: 5594:Google Books. 5593: 5589: 5588: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5444: 5436: 5429: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5400: 5391: 5384:. p. 20. 5383: 5379: 5372: 5370: 5361: 5359:1-85410-878-6 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5298:illustrations 5290: 5286: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5210:Steam dummies 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5140: 5139:Dieselisation 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5016: 5012: 5011:state quarter 5005: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4979:coats of arms 4976: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4796: 4793: 4785: 4782:February 2022 4775: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4728:Schafbergbahn 4725: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4672:In 2012, the 4667: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4650:BR 77021, TBA 4649: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4598:Betton Grange 4594: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4537:Betton Grange 4532: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4145:Union Pacific 4141: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4097:USRA standard 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4070:United States 4067: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3986:Horwich Works 3983: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3933:Calcot Grange 3930: 3926: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3908:class of the 3907: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3843: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3542:Gov. Stanford 3538: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3471: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396:Union Pacific 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3370:Steam turbine 3357: 3356:air preheater 3353: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3323:dieselisation 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3110:poppet valves 3107: 3106:piston valves 3103: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2988: 2985:1,067 mm 2978: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2944: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2926:Train whistle 2917: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2887:Bradley Manor 2882: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2696:loading gauge 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2650:vacuum brakes 2647: 2642: 2640: 2633: 2632:Railway brake 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2543:thermal shock 2538: 2536: 2531: 2521: 2516: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2431: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2379:Safety valves 2376: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2339: 2333: 2328: 2325:No. 1, (1825) 2324: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2106:water troughs 2103: 2100:connected to 2099: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2084:electric ones 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:pannier tanks 2042: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1991: 1988: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1910: 1900: 1897: 1889: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1855:This section 1853: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:back pressure 1805: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:driving wheel 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729:coupling rods 1724: 1722: 1713: 1712:Thermal image 1709: 1699: 1696: 1688: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1662:This section 1660: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1645:Steam circuit 1642: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1604:LNER Class W1 1601: 1597: 1596:Nigel Gresley 1593: 1588: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1526:Brotan boiler 1523: 1519: 1508: 1505: 1497: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1463:This section 1461: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1274:Leaf springs 1273: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216:Boiler tubes 1215: 1209: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1079: 1074: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:August Borsig 985: 984: 979: 975: 971: 967: 966: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 895: 890: 886: 882: 877: 873: 869: 865: 857: 854:Photo of the 852: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829:Saint-Etienne 826: 822: 816: 812: 807: 797: 794: 786: 783:February 2017 776: 772: 768: 762: 761: 757: 752:This section 750: 746: 741: 740: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 706: 701: 697: 696: 691: 687: 686: 681: 680: 674: 672: 668: 660: 655: 649:United States 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 598: 593: 589: 585: 576: 574: 570: 566: 565: 564:Puffing Billy 560: 557: 554: 550: 549: 544: 540: 533: 529: 524: 517: 516: 510: 506: 504: 503: 497: 492: 490: 489:Andrew Vivian 486: 482: 478: 474: 469:1,321 mm 462: 458: 455:ironworks in 454: 453:Coalbrookdale 450: 433: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 380: 376: 366: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 328: 321: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 288: 283: 279: 275: 274: 269: 268:Coalbrookdale 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 195: 191: 187: 186:Schiefe Ebene 184:climbing the 183: 164: 163: 157: 150: 149: 143: 139: 131: 128: 120: 117:November 2021 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 9822: 9815:Perseverance 9813: 9806: 9799: 9792: 9779: 9771: 9765:Twin Sisters 9763: 9755: 9747: 9739: 9731: 9723: 9715: 9707: 9699: 9691: 9683: 9675: 9667: 9625: 9611: 9595: 9077:engine types 8600:Railway tire 8526:running gear 8485:Jacobs bogie 8465:Bissel truck 8254:positioning 8162: 8136: 8129:(in Russian) 8127: 8123: 8122:(Rakov V.A. 8117: 8110: 8103: 8099: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7917: 7884: 7877:Bibliography 7863:. Retrieved 7853: 7841:. Retrieved 7831: 7819:. Retrieved 7809: 7795: 7764: 7752:. Retrieved 7748:the original 7738: 7729: 7720: 7712:the original 7696: 7689: 7677:. Retrieved 7667: 7655:. Retrieved 7645: 7633:. Retrieved 7629:the original 7604:. Retrieved 7591: 7579:. Retrieved 7569: 7557:. Retrieved 7547: 7535:. Retrieved 7530:The Guardian 7528: 7518: 7506:. Retrieved 7495: 7483:. Retrieved 7477: 7467: 7455:. Retrieved 7444: 7426: 7418:the original 7408: 7396:. Retrieved 7392:the original 7382: 7373: 7368: 7351: 7339:. Retrieved 7332:the original 7319: 7302: 7288: 7276:. Retrieved 7271: 7265: 7255: 7236: 7208: 7202: 7195:Broggie 2014 7190: 7174: 7158: 7154: 7142:. Retrieved 7132: 7122: 7117: 7100: 7081: 7075: 7065: 7058: 7049: 7043: 7031:. Retrieved 7027:the original 7017: 7005:. Retrieved 7001:the original 6990: 6980:14 September 6978:. Retrieved 6974:the original 6964: 6949: 6948:David Ross, 6944: 6925: 6919: 6911: 6904: 6894: 6887: 6878: 6859: 6853: 6841:. Retrieved 6834: 6825: 6813: 6803: 6799: 6782: 6777:, p. 53 6770: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6716: 6711: 6694: 6688: 6669: 6663: 6644: 6635: 6626: 6616:26 September 6614:. Retrieved 6607:the original 6602: 6590: 6581: 6575: 6570:, p. 40 6563: 6551: 6542: 6522: 6516: 6507: 6481: 6468: 6456:. Retrieved 6452:the original 6442: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6412:the original 6397: 6385:. Retrieved 6380: 6371: 6361:19 September 6359:. Retrieved 6355:the original 6345: 6333:. Retrieved 6328: 6319: 6307:. Retrieved 6303: 6293: 6281:. Retrieved 6277: 6268: 6260:the original 6253: 6246: 6238:the original 6233: 6224: 6215: 6178: 6166:. Retrieved 6162:the original 6152: 6129: 6123: 6106: 6089: 6074: 6069: 6052: 6043: 6037: 6012: 6006: 5994:. Retrieved 5989: 5980: 5968:. Retrieved 5964:the original 5957: 5948: 5936:. Retrieved 5927: 5918: 5906:. Retrieved 5901: 5892: 5869: 5863: 5849: 5840: 5822: 5816: 5808:Steel Wheels 5807: 5801: 5792: 5786: 5777: 5770:. Retrieved 5756: 5744:. Retrieved 5740:the original 5730: 5721: 5712: 5692: 5685: 5673:. Retrieved 5669:the original 5664: 5655: 5645:14 September 5643:. Retrieved 5630: 5606: 5599: 5585: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5553: 5544: 5531: 5525: 5498: 5487: 5478: 5472: 5463: 5457: 5448: 5443: 5434: 5428: 5419: 5413: 5399: 5390: 5377: 5345: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5301:. New York: 5296: 5289: 5254: 5093: 5089:Super Sentai 5086: 5067: 5063:golden spike 5042: 5032: 5027:The 20 euro 5026: 5023: 5015:golden spike 4986: 4977:on heraldic 4972: 4965: 4963: 4948: 4934: 4923: 4912: 4906: 4903:J.K. Rowling 4888: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4859: 4848: 4825: 4814: 4803: 4788: 4779: 4759: 4732: 4717: 4702: 4699: 4671: 4640: 4616: 4604: 4597: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4556:Ross Rowland 4553: 4547: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4511: 4505: 4500: 4470: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4413:Pennsylvania 4392: 4355: 4318: 4310: 4290:WAGR S class 4259:narrow gauge 4204:streamlining 4176: 4123: 4117:(ALCO), and 4093: 4087: 4039: 4028: 4016: 4011:Evening Star 4009: 3998: 3990: 3971: 3960: 3940:Grange class 3932: 3899: 3887:DRB Class 52 3871: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3764: 3758: 3752:Bissel bogie 3750: 3747: 3743: 3731: 3722:ruling grade 3719: 3715: 3688: 3627: 3610: 3604: 3594: 3568: 3557: 3541: 3512: 3487: 3473: 3454: 3443: 3392:World War II 3377: 3334: 3327: 3295: 3275: 3249: 3240:Duplex types 3213: 3195: 3185:Articulation 3147: 3136:oil burning 3102:slide valves 3091: 3045: 3033: 3029: 3015: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2969: 2953: 2933: 2929: 2914: 2901: 2893: 2886: 2864: 2850: 2834: 2823: 2806: 2798: 2790: 2781: 2776:worsted yarn 2765: 2756:coupling rod 2734: 2719: 2685: 2681:South Africa 2664:vacuum brake 2661: 2654: 2643: 2639:steam brakes 2635: 2616:King's Cross 2609: 2602: 2599: 2586: 2539: 2527: 2518: 2499: 2495: 2475: 2460:Bourdon tube 2455: 2447: 2439: 2407:spring scale 2403: 2396: 2385:Safety valve 2370: 2367: 2347: 2337: 2322: 2276:barrel stave 2269: 2253:water gauges 2250: 2231: 2218: 2197:support crew 2186: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2109: 2102:water cranes 2095: 2092: 2073: 2057: 2033: 2012: 2004: 1997: 1982: 1970: 1965:leaf springs 1950: 1892: 1883: 1868:Please help 1856: 1838:Running gear 1807: 1803: 1797: 1781: 1764: 1756: 1742: 1733:dead centres 1725: 1717: 1691: 1682: 1671:Please help 1666:verification 1663: 1636: 1632: 1628:fusible plug 1620: 1608: 1589: 1585: 1569:safety valve 1565: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1541: 1538: 1515: 1500: 1491: 1476:Please help 1464: 1320:Superheater 1222:Journal box 1144:Coal bunker 1089: 1041: 1030: 1019: 1010: 1006: 1004: 999: 981: 969: 963: 961: 942: 923: 892: 881:pit railways 875: 863: 861: 855: 841:The Elephant 840: 819: 810: 789: 780: 765:Please help 753: 716: 714: 703: 700:Peter Cooper 693: 683: 677: 675: 663: 658: 643:goods trains 628: 614: 605: 601: 595: 594:, including 582: 562: 546: 536: 527: 513: 500: 493: 477:Pen-y-darren 448: 438: 387: 356: 326: 322: 315:at the 1829 295:and his son 286: 271: 264:Pen-y-darren 253: 234: 230:steam engine 220:or, rarely, 201: 199: 161: 147: 138: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 9801:Sans Pareil 9709:Wylam Dilly 9693:Steam Horse 9410:2-8-8-8-8-2 9242:4-8-4+4-8-4 9237:4-8-2+2-8-4 9232:4-8-0+0-8-4 9227:2-8-2+2-8-2 9222:2-8-0+0-8-2 9215:4-6-4+4-6-4 9210:4-6-2+2-6-4 9205:4-6-0+0-6-4 9200:2-6-2+2-6-2 9195:2-6-0+0-6-2 9190:0-6-2+2-6-0 9185:0-6-0+0-6-0 9178:4-4-2+2-4-4 9173:2-4-2+2-4-2 9168:2-4-0+0-4-2 9163:0-4-0+0-4-0 8615:Train wheel 8595:Radial axle 8575:Journal box 8495:Mason Bogie 8431:Walschaerts 8269:Cab forward 8116:Раков В.А. 7914:G. 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