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celebrated for the color and energy of his prose, as well as his interdisciplinary knowledge, critics such as Scott, Richard
Dawkins, and Daniel Dennett have concerns that the theory has gained undeserved credence among non-scientists because of Gould's rhetorical skills. Philosopher John Lyne and biologist Henry Howe believed punctuated equilibrium's success has much more to do with the nature of the geological record than the nature of Gould's rhetoric. They state, a "re-analysis of existing fossil data has shown, to the increasing satisfaction of the paleontological community, that Eldredge and Gould were correct in identifying periods of evolutionary stasis which are interrupted by much shorter periods of evolutionary change."
1393:
these species become modified and improved, others will have to be improved in a corresponding degree, or they will be exterminated. Each new form, also, as soon as it has been improved, will be able to spread over the open and continuous area, and will thus come into competition with many other forms ... the new forms produced on large areas, which have already been victorious over many competitors, will be those that will spread most widely, and will give rise to the greatest number of new varieties and species. They will thus play a more important role in the changing history of the organic world.
74:
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42:
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1213:—understood in the sense that evolution proceeds at a single uniform speed, called "constant speedism" by Dawkins—is a "caricature of Darwinism" and "does not really exist". His second argument, which follows from the first, is that once the caricature of "constant speedism" is dismissed, we are left with one logical alternative, which Dawkins terms "variable speedism". Variable speedism may also be distinguished one of two ways: "
616:
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1160:, Eldredge and Gould relied upon ordinary speciation, particularly Ernst Mayr's concept of allopatric speciation. Lastly, and perhaps most significantly, quantum evolution took no position on the issue of stasis. Although Simpson acknowledged the existence of stasis in what he called the bradytelic mode, he considered it (along with rapid evolution) to be unimportant in the larger scope of evolution. In his
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speedists", on the other hand, advance that "evolutionary rates fluctuate continuously from very fast to very slow and stop, with all intermediates. They see no particular reason to emphasize certain speeds more than others. In particular, stasis, to them, is just an extreme case of ultra-slow evolution. To a punctuationist, there is something very special about stasis."
1377:... that immigration and isolation are necessary elements. ... Although isolation is of great importance in the production of new species, on the whole I am inclined to believe that largeness of area is still more important, especially for the production of species which shall prove capable of enduring for a long period, and of spreading widely."
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English professor Heidi Scott argues that Gould's talent for writing vivid prose, his use of metaphor, and his success in building a popular audience of nonspecialist readers altered the "climate of specialized scientific discourse" favorably in his promotion of punctuated equilibrium. While Gould is
1181:, when it is actually a form of gradualism. This is because even though evolutionary change appears instantaneous between geological sedimentary layers, change is still occurring incrementally, with no great change from one generation to the next. To this end, Gould later commented that "Most of our
836:
studies could revitalize various aspects of paleontology and macroevolution. Tom Schopf, who organized that year's meeting, assigned Gould the topic of speciation. Gould recalls that "Eldredge's 1971 publication had presented the only new and interesting ideas on the paleontological implications of
1041:
Much confusion has arisen over what proponents of punctuated equilibrium actually argued, what mechanisms they advocated, how fast the punctuations were, what taxonomic scale their theory applied to, how revolutionary their claims were intended to be, and how punctuated equilibrium related to other
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in clarifying the meaning of stasis adds, "In claiming that species typically undergo no further evolutionary change once speciation is complete, they are not claiming that there is no change at all between one generation and the next. Lineages do change. But the change between generations does not
845:
Eldredge recalls that after much discussion the pair "each wrote roughly half. Some of the parts that would seem obviously the work of one of us were actually first penned by the other—I remember for example, writing the section on Gould's snails. Other parts are harder to reconstruct. Gould edited
1251:
Dawkins also emphasizes that punctuated equilibrium has been "oversold by some journalists", but partly due to
Eldredge and Gould's "later writings". Dawkins contends that the hypothesis "does not deserve a particularly large measure of publicity". It is a "minor gloss," an "interesting but minor
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Throughout a great and open area, not only will there be a greater chance of favourable variations, arising from the large number of individuals of the same species there supported, but the conditions of life are much more complex from the large number of already existing species; and if some of
867:
The fossil record includes well documented examples of both phyletic gradualism and punctuational evolution. As such, much debate persists over the prominence of stasis in the fossil record. Before punctuated equilibrium, most evolution biologists considered stasis to be rare or unimportant. The
1369:
Darwin wrote that "the periods during which species have undergone modification, though long as measured in years, have probably been short in comparison with the periods during which they retain the same form." Thus punctuationism in general is consistent with Darwin's conception of evolution.
1221:
speedism". Eldredge and Gould, proposing that evolution jumps between stability and relative rapidity, are described as "discrete variable speedists", and "in this respect they are genuinely radical." They assert that evolution generally proceeds in bursts, or not at all. "Continuously variable
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Simpson stated, "Evolutionary change is so nearly the universal rule that a state of motion is, figuratively, normal in evolving populations. The state of rest, as in bradytely, is the exception and it seems that some restraint or force must be required to maintain it." Despite such differences
807:
discontinuity (or "sudden jumps") found in the fossil record. Mayr later complimented
Eldredge and Gould's paper, stating that evolutionary stasis had been "unexpected by most evolutionary biologists" and that punctuated equilibrium "had a major impact on paleontology and evolutionary biology."
950:, which cannot be stabilized by conventional gene flow. As time went on biologists like Gould moved away from wedding punctuated equilibrium to allopatric speciation, particularly as evidence accumulated in support of other modes of speciation. Gould, for example, was particularly attracted to
923:
are diluted by the population's large size and are unable to reach fixation, due to such factors as constantly changing environments. If this is the case, then the transformation of whole lineages should be rare, as the fossil record indicates. Smaller populations on the other hand, which are
1247:
regards the apparent gaps represented in the fossil record as documenting migratory events rather than evolutionary events. According to
Dawkins, evolution certainly occurred but "probably gradually" elsewhere. However, the punctuational equilibrium model may still be inferred from both the
1265:
is especially critical of Gould's presentation of punctuated equilibrium. Dennett argues that Gould alternated between revolutionary and conservative claims, and that each time Gould made a revolutionary statement—or appeared to do so—he was criticized, and thus retreated to a traditional
1289:
accused Gould of being "something of an intellectual fraud" for using claims that were "well known from the time of Darwin" (that evolution displayed "periods of long stasis interspersed with periods of rapid change") to support distinct but more "grandiose" claims regarding
53:(below), is a more gradual, continuous model of evolution – with accumulation of small incremental changes represented by slanted bars that split at branch-points, where two separate modes of life are feasible but of which, each prospers best with divergent specializations.
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Rapidly evolving peripherally isolated populations may be the place of origin of many evolutionary novelties. Their isolation and comparatively small size may explain phenomena of rapid evolution and lack of documentation in the fossil record, hitherto puzzling to the
932:
is especially intense, as peripheral isolated populations exist at the outer edges of ecological tolerance. If most evolution happens in these rare instances of allopatric speciation then evidence of gradual evolution in the fossil record should be rare. This
1132:, regarded by Gould as "the greatest and most biologically astute paleontologist of the twentieth century." Simpson's conjecture was that according to the geological record, on very rare occasions evolution would proceed very rapidly to form entirely new
985:, species which are morphologically indistinguishable, but whose proteins have diverged sufficiently to suggest they have been separated for millions of years. Fossil evidence of reproductively isolated extant species of sympatric Olive Shells (
1354:
states that "Species of different genera and classes have not changed at the same rate, or in the same degree. In the oldest tertiary beds a few living shells may still be found in the midst of a multitude of extinct forms... The
Silurian
1101:"Since we proposed punctuated equilibria to explain trends, it is infuriating to be quoted again and again by creationists – whether through design or stupidity, I do not know – as admitting that the fossil record includes no
1419:
that may underlie abrupt morphological transitions during evolution. Consequently, consideration of mechanisms of phylogenetic change that have been found in reality to be non-gradual is increasingly common in the field of
970:'s theories of developmental and genetic homeostasis. However this hypothesis was rejected over time, as evidence accumulated against it. Other plausible mechanisms which have been suggested include: habitat tracking,
846:
the entire manuscript for better consistency. We sent it in, and Schopf reacted strongly against it—thus signaling the tenor of the reaction it has engendered, though for shifting reasons, down to the present day."
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the subject—so I asked Schopf if we could present the paper jointly." According to Gould "the ideas came mostly from Niles, with yours truly acting as a sounding board and eventual scribe. I coined the term
880:
examining 58 published studies on speciation patterns in the fossil record showed that 71% of species exhibited stasis, and 63% were associated with punctuated patterns of evolutionary change. According to
1144:
of organisms. This hypothesis differs from punctuated equilibrium in several respects. First, punctuated equilibrium was more modest in scope, in that it was addressing evolution specifically at the
1397:
Thus punctuated equilibrium is incongruous with some of Darwin's ideas regarding the specific mechanisms of evolution, but generally accords with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
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research program. Punctuated equilibrium differs from Mayr's ideas mainly in that
Eldredge and Gould placed considerably greater emphasis on stasis, whereas Mayr was concerned with explaining the
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level. Simpson's idea was principally concerned with evolution at higher taxonomic groups. Second, Eldredge and Gould relied upon a different mechanism. Where
Simpson relied upon a
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was considered the "standard" model of speciation. This model was popularized by Ernst Mayr in his 1954 paper "Change of genetic environment and evolution," and his classic volume
1113:
Although there exist some debate over how long the punctuations last, supporters of punctuated equilibrium generally place the figure between 50,000 and 100,000 years.
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and seemingly "rapid" episodes of gradual evolution could give the appearance of instantaneous change, since 10,000 years seldom registers in the geological record.
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885:, "it seems clear then that stasis is common, and that had not been predicted from modern genetic studies." A paramount example of evolutionary stasis is the fern
49:
stability followed by rare bursts of evolutionary change via rapid cladogenesis – vertical equilibrium states separated by horizontal "jump" phases. In contrast,
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According to early versions of punctuated equilibrium, "peripheral isolates" are considered to be of critical importance for speciation. However, Darwin wrote, "
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The punctuational nature of punctuated equilibrium has engendered perhaps the most confusion over
Eldredge and Gould's theory. Gould's sympathetic treatment of
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as applied to the fossil record. Although the sudden appearance of species and its relationship to speciation was proposed and identified by Mayr in 1954,
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1294:, despite the "rate of species turnover nothing to do with the traits within species—only with the relative frequency of species showing these traits".
1086:," led some biologists to conclude that Gould's punctuations were occurring in single-generation jumps. This interpretation has frequently been used by
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Although punctuated equilibrium generally applies to sexually reproducing organisms, some biologists have applied the model to non-sexual species like
891:. Based on paleontological evidence it has remained unchanged, even at the level of fossilized nuclei and chromosomes, for at least 180 million years.
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Some critics jokingly referred to the theory of punctuated equilibrium as "evolution by jerks", which reportedly prompted punctuationists to describe
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974:, the Stenseth-Maynard Smith stability hypothesis, constraints imposed by the nature of subdivided populations, normalizing clade selection, and
1030:
713:. Cladogenesis is the process by which a species splits into two distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another.
660:
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1424:, particularly in studies of the origin of morphological novelty. A description of such mechanisms can be found in the multi-authored volume
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1321:, who appealed to the imperfection of the record as the favored explanation. When presenting his ideas against the prevailing influences of
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Abstract
Profiles of Structural Stability Point to Universal Tendencies, Family-Specific Factors, and Ancient Connections between Languages
4097:
Atkinson, Quentin D.; Meade, Andrew; Venditti, Chris; Greenhill, Simon J.; Pagel, Mark (2008). "Languages Evolve in
Punctuational Bursts".
268:
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It is often incorrectly assumed that he insisted that the rate of change must be constant, or nearly so, but even the first edition of
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language family there. Although his model has raised considerable interest, it does not command majority support within linguistics.
1365:
is among the few brachiopods surviving today but also known from fossils over 500 million years old. In the fourth edition (1866) of
3511:(1996). The Blind Watchmaker, p. 228. Dawkins' exception to this rule is the non-adaptive evolution observed in molecular evolution.
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Allopatric speciation suggests that species with large central populations are stabilized by their large volume and the process of
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which suggested that gradual evolution was seldom seen in the fossil record and argued that Ernst Mayr's standard mechanism of
93:
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1329:, which envisaged species being supernaturally created at intervals, Darwin needed to forcefully stress the gradual nature of
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Koeslag, J. H. (1990). "Koinophilia groups sexual creatures into species, promotes stasis, and stabilizes social behaviour".
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The sudden appearance of most species in the geologic record and the lack of evidence of substantial gradual change in most
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and wrote most of our 1972 paper, but Niles is the proper first author in our pairing of Eldredge and Gould." In his book
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has proposed a punctuated equilibrium model for language histories, with reference particularly to the prehistory of the
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The importance of isolation in forming species had played a significant part in Darwin's early thinking, as shown in his
994:
According to Gould, "stasis may emerge as the theory's most important contribution to evolutionary science." Philosopher
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as well as Simpson himself—have argued that punctuated equilibrium is little more than quantum evolution relabeled.
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1979:
1345:, "Better begin with this: If species really, after catastrophes, created in showers world over, my theory false."
1314:
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17:
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720:, the idea that evolution generally occurs uniformly by the steady and gradual transformation of whole lineages (
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Lyne, John; Howe, Henry F. (1986). ""Punctuated equilibria": Rhetorical dynamics of a scientific controversy".
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705:. When significant evolutionary change occurs, the theory proposes that it is generally restricted to rare and
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observation of stasis and examples of rapid and episodic speciation events documented in the fossil record.
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2843:"Phylogenetic topology and timing of New Zealand olive shells are consistent with punctuated equilibrium"
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wrinkle on the surface of neo-Darwinian theory," and "lies firmly within the neo-Darwinian synthesis".
120:
2610:(1974). "Morphological Transformation, the Fossil Record, and the Mechanisms of Evolution: A Debate".
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also failed to grasp the implication(s), primarily because they did not think at geological scales".
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Alternative explanations for the punctuated pattern of evolution observed in the fossil record. Both
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missed this insight because they had not studied evolutionary theory and either did not know about
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361:
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Wake, David B.; Roth, G.; Wake, M. H. (1983). "On the problem of stasis in organismal evolution".
2118:"Trémaux on species: A theory of allopatric speciation (and punctuated equilibrium) before Wagner"
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Punctuational evolution has been argued to explain changes in folktales and mythology over time.
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This article is about the theory in evolutionary biology. For the theory of social change, see
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A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber sky : a phylogenetic reconstruction of Palaeolithic mythology
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Punctuated equilibrium has also been cited as contributing to the hypothesis that species are
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for most of its geological history. This state of little or no morphological change is called
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2413:"Fossilized nuclei and chromosomes reveal 180 million years of genomic stasis in royal ferns"
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is virtually nonexistent in the fossil record, and that stasis dominates the history of most
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he had downplayed its importance. He explained the reasons for his revised view as follows:
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Gemmell, Michael R.; Trewick, Steven A.; Hills, Simon F. K.; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2019).
2771:
2703:; Maynard Smith, John (1984). "Coevolution in ecosystems: Red Queen evolution or stasis?".
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2340:"Speciation in real time and historical-archaeological and its absence in geological time"
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proposed an "anticipation of the theory of punctuated equilibrium of Gould and Eldredge."
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4068:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 249. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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2513:"Punctuated equilibrium and positive Darwinian evolution in vesicular stomatitis virus."
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record, and to portray contemporary evolutionary biology as advancing neo-saltationism.
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sp.) also confirm morphological stasis in multiple lineages over three million years.
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1857:(1969). "An evolutionary microcosm: Pleistocene and recent history of the land snail
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p. 450–451, 487–490, 499–501. Redwood City CA: Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company.
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de Brito Neto, S. G.; Fernando Alves, E.; Cavalcante e Almeida Sá, Mariana (2017).
2237:
2049:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p.
1914:
1897:
1820:
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1681:
1671:
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1621:
1598:
1239:
1133:
763:. Eldredge and Gould proposed that the degree of gradualism commonly attributed to
320:
6339:
5293:
3737:
Scott, Heidi (2007). "Stephen Jay Gould and the Rhetoric of Evolutionary Theory".
2337:
925:
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2394:
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1766:. London, UK: Allen and Unwin. pp. 157–180 – via Blackwell Publishing.
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in his terminology) comprised 90% of evolution. More modern studies, including a
273:
263:
125:
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1467:, accounting for anywhere from 10 to 33% of the total divergence in vocabulary.
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methods claims to show that punctuational bursts play an important factor when
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1318:
1286:
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882:
833:
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784:
764:
728:
355:
258:
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Polyphemus (Aa. Th. 1137) A phylogenetic reconstruction of a prehistoric tale.
3785:
3750:
3280:
1105:. Transitional forms are generally lacking at the species level, but they are
799:
generally recognize the 1972 Eldredge and Gould paper as the basis of the new
73:
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5534:
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4956:
4951:
4554:
3563:
3352:
Tempo and mode in evolution: genetics and paleontology 50 years after Simpson
2359:
1736:
1597:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 193–223. Archived from
1416:
1338:
1322:
1166:
1153:
1067:
877:
694:
506:
178:
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between the two models, earlier critiques—from such eminent commentators as
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6992:
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208:
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6825:
6610:
6309:
6128:
5873:
5744:
5473:
5008:
4838:
4744:
4702:
1801:(1971). "The allopatric model and phylogeny in Paleozoic invertebrates".
1525:
1520:
1087:
1062:
975:
536:
253:
203:
5313:
2529:"Punctuated Evolution Caused by Selection of Rare Beneficial Mutations."
41:
7078:
7073:
6790:
6525:
6065:
5734:
5635:
5557:
5544:
5178:
4978:
4865:
4843:
4796:
4791:
4739:
4707:
4622:
4473:
4412:
4327:
4270:
4224:
3710:"Stephen Jay Gould, "Punctuated Equilibrium's Threefold History," 2002"
3686:
3591:
3434:
2882:
Michaux, B. (1989). "Morphological variation of species through time".
2724:
2468:
1954:
1832:
1676:
1667:
1626:
1617:
1334:
1079:
934:
780:
740:
721:
310:
233:
188:
168:
82:
4121:
2859:
2842:
2292:"Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered."
6740:
5868:
5719:
5328:
4946:
4694:
4073:
4022:
1918:
1824:
1686:
1636:
1330:
1000:
916:
698:
569:
183:
103:
3583:
3426:
2716:
2339:
1816:
981:
Evidence for stasis has also been corroborated from the genetics of
7192:
6952:
6657:
5771:
4973:
2559:
1341:. He privately expressed concern, noting in the margin of his 1844
1177:
Punctuated equilibrium is often portrayed to oppose the concept of
937:
was alluded to by Mayr in the closing paragraph of his 1954 paper:
559:
158:
3570:(1994). "Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution".
2840:
2661:"An evaluation of stabilizing selection as a mechanism for stasis"
7093:
5156:
4870:
4477:
4312:
2544:
Futuyma, Douglas (1987). "On the role of species in anagenesis".
1310:
1149:
1145:
849:
John Wilkins and Gareth Nelson have argued that French architect
735:
published a landmark paper developing their theory and called it
690:
3469:
872:, for example, believed that phyletic gradual evolution (called
2945:
Brett, Carlton E.; Ivany, Linda C.; Schopf, Kenneth M. (1996).
1266:
neo-Darwinian position. Gould responded to Dennett's claims in
987:
768:
615:
4096:
1571:"Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism"
1189:
or had not considered its translation to geological time. Our
999:
accumulate. Instead, over time, the species wobbles about its
779:
Punctuated equilibrium originated as a logical consequence of
5077:
4239:
2031:
954:
work on the importance of reproductive isolating mechanisms.
947:
3484:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Chapter 9. (p. 224-252)
2847:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
1359:
differs but little from the living species of this genus".
832:
in 1971. The symposium focused its attention on how modern
4225:
All you need to know about Punctuated Equilibrium (almost)
3538:
Dawkins, Richard (1996). The Blind Watchmaker, p. 245-246.
1740:. Vol. 94. pp. 137–139 – via Google Books.
1561:
1313:—from their initial appearance until their extinction—has
2589:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p.
2279:
2277:
1205:
to correcting, in his view, the wide confusion regarding
924:
isolated from the parental stock, are decoupled from the
4173:
Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée / New Comparative Mythology
1400:
2410:
2411:
Bomfleur, B.; McLoughlin, S.; Vajda, V. (March 2014).
2274:
2015:. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 78–85.
3847:
The Richness of Life: The Essential Stephen Jay Gould
3003:. New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 54–84.
2699:
1577:. San Francisco, CA: Freeman Cooper. pp. 82–115.
3562:
2979:
2511:
Nichol, S.T, Joan Rowe, and Walter M. Fitch (1993).
1732:"Punctuated equilibrium — a different way of seeing"
1415:
has identified dynamical and physical mechanisms of
904:
When Eldredge and Gould published their 1972 paper,
697:, the population will become stable, showing little
3408:"Character change, speciation, and the higher taxa"
2804:Koeslag, J.H. (1995). On the engine of speciation.
2100:
Time Frames: The evolution of punctuated equilibria
1722:
1720:
966:causes of stasis. Gould was initially attracted to
830:
Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America
811:A year before their 1972 Eldredge and Gould paper,
716:Punctuated equilibrium is commonly contrasted with
45:The punctuated equilibrium model (top) consists of
2154:Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record
2042:
2013:Evolution: what the fossils say and why it matters
1996:Stephen Jay Gould: Reflections on His View of Life
1959:"Speciational Evolution or Punctuated Equilibria."
1172:
962:Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the
856:
828:The Eldredge and Gould paper was presented at the
4064:Bowern, Claire; Koch, Harold, eds. (2004-03-18).
3832:. Vol. 101, no. Feb. 9. pp. 34–35.
3208:The Face that Demonstrates the Farce of Evolution
2951:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2938:
2750:Natural Selection: Domains, Levels and Challenges
2401:. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 11–39.
2399:New Approaches to Speciation in the Fossil Record
2372:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2186:New approaches to speciation in the fossil record
1762:. In Huxley, J.; Hardy, A.C.; Ford, E.B. (eds.).
928:effects of gene flow. In addition, pressure from
7290:
3322:. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, p. 26.
2944:
2658:
1965:. New York: Cornell University Press, pp. 21-48.
1717:
3381:
2527:Elena S.F., V.S. Cooper, and R. Lenski (1996).
2516:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2148:
2146:
2009:"Punk eek, Transitional Formsand Quote Miners."
1998:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 127-145.
1029:, thereby providing a stronger framework for a
3673:. New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 282-299.
3330:
3328:
3201:
2258:. Columbia University Press. New York, p. 203.
1793:
1791:
34:. For the album by Wino (Scott Weinrich), see
5933:
4638:
4255:
3989:
3466:. Reprint. Columbia University Press, p. xxv.
3103:
3067:
2917:. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, p.
2822:
2798:
2755:
2602:
2206:. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, p.
2115:
1760:"Change of genetic environment and evolution"
1665:
654:
3823:
2990:"Punctuated equilibrium in fact and theory."
2752:. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 132.
2654:
2652:
2404:
2219:
2188:. New York : Columbia University Press.
2175:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, p. 86.
2167:
2165:
2143:
2026:Paldontologie, Entwicklungslehre und Genetik
1889:"Gradualism, punctuated equilibrium and the
1776:
1666:Eldredge, Niles; Gould, Stephen Jay (1972).
1587:
5947:
3499:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., p. 227.
3325:
3211:. Nashville, TN: Word Publishing. pp.
3036:
2464:
2462:
2397:In Erwin, D. H. & Anstey, R. L. (eds).
2125:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
1788:
1757:
1726:
1124:was a controversial hypothesis advanced by
5940:
5926:
4645:
4631:
4262:
4248:
4063:
3983:
2932:Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest
2830:. New York: Chapman and Hall. p. 126.
2646:. Princeton University Press, pp. 139-141.
2072:
2070:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
661:
647:
4120:
3378:. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, p. 390.
3356:Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
3073:"The genetics of stasis and punctuations"
2970:
2884:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2858:
2684:
2649:
2162:
1978:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.
1685:
1675:
1635:
1625:
1097:In an often quoted remark, Gould stated,
1016:
894:
7104:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
5879:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
4652:
4177:Les mythes Ă©volueraient par ponctuations
3771:
3732:
3730:
3340:. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, p. 206
2459:
2310:
2261:
2152:Benton, Michael and David Harper (2009)
2116:Wilkins, John S.; Nelson, G. J. (2008).
1797:
1615:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1061:
1036:
40:
4221:- by Bruce Lieberman and Niles Eldredge
4143:; Dan Dediu mail, Stephen C. Levinson,
3798:
3694:"Evolution: The Pleasures of Pluralism"
3168:
3150:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
3140:
2881:
2761:
2665:Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol
2543:
2344:Academia Journal of Scientific Research
2316:McCarthy, T. & Rubridge, B. (2005)
2067:
1992:"The Legacy of Punctuated equilibrium."
1941:
1744:
1531:Punctuated equilibrium in social theory
899:
32:Punctuated equilibrium in social theory
14:
7291:
4054:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3405:
3262:"The structure of evolutionary theory"
3136:. pp. 765, 778, 1001, 1005, 1009.
2659:Lieberman, B. S.; Dudgeon, S. (1996).
2386:Erwin, D. H. and Anstey, R. L (1995).
1883:
1384:of 1844. But by the time he wrote the
709:events of branching speciation called
6596:Psychological effects of Internet use
5921:
5642:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
4626:
4243:
3999:"Punctuated equilibrium comes of age"
3736:
3727:
3259:
3235:
3128:
3012:
2935:. Cambridge, U.K.: Icon Books, p. 96.
2184:Erwin, D. H. and R. L. Anstey (1995)
2037:
1877:
1853:
1548:
1401:Supplemental modes of rapid evolution
825:might suggest a possible resolution.
4581:
3977:. London: John Murray. 5th edition,
3961:. London: John Murray. 5th edition,
3944:. London: John Murray. 5th edition,
3849:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.,
3349:Fitch, W. J. and F. J. Ayala (1995)
3046:. Harvard University Press. p.
2999:In Albert Somit and Steven Peterson
2914:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
2586:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
2497:"On punctuated equilibria (letter)."
2203:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
2045:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
1961:In Albert Somit and Steven Peterson
1275:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
1116:
1090:to characterize the weakness of the
6576:Digital media use and mental health
4605:
4219:Scholarpedia: Punctuated equilibria
3885:
3799:Trivers, Robert (October 4, 2012).
1452:and his objections to the proposed
1209:. His first point is to argue that
24:
6207:Automatic and controlled processes
5047:Evolutionary developmental biology
3882:. London: John Murray, p. 119-120.
3801:"Fraud in the Imputation of Fraud"
3393:. New York: Columbia Univ. Press,
3108:. New York, NY: Springer. p.
2896:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1989.tb01577.x
2388:"Speciation in the fossil record."
1433:
1422:evolutionary developmental biology
1304:
25:
7340:
6616:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
4233:- by Jerry Adler and John Carey,
4189:
2947:"Coordinated stasis: An overview"
2614:. Vol. 7. pp. 305–306.
2156:New York: John Wiley & Sons,
1450:indigenous languages of Australia
815:published a paper in the journal
7267:
7254:
7242:
7241:
6641:Mobile phones and driving safety
5901:
5892:
5891:
4604:
4592:
4580:
4569:
4568:
4204:Punctuated Equilibrium at Twenty
3826:"Why we need evolution by jerks"
3106:Sociobiology, Sense or Nonsense?
3018:"The return of hopeful monsters"
2320:. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.
1465:languages split from one another
628:
627:
614:
72:
6544:Computer-mediated communication
5704:Extended evolutionary synthesis
4893:Gene-centered view of evolution
4154:
4090:
4057:
4044:
3967:
3951:
3934:
3917:
3870:
3855:
3836:
3817:
3792:
3765:
3702:
3676:
3661:
3646:
3631:
3613:
3598:
3556:
3541:
3532:
3514:
3502:
3487:
3456:
3399:
3368:The Major Features of Evolution
3359:
3343:
3309:
3253:
3229:
3195:
3175:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
3116:
3097:
3061:
3030:
3026:. Vol. 86. pp. 22–30.
3006:
2923:
2902:
2875:
2834:
2816:
2739:
2693:
2636:
2596:
2574:
2537:
2521:
2505:
2482:
2380:
2331:
2248:
2213:
2191:
2178:
2109:
2089:
2018:
2001:
1984:
1173:Multiple meanings of gradualism
1057:
857:Evidence from the fossil record
621:Evolutionary biology portal
6821:Empathising–systemising theory
6124:female intrasexual competition
6061:Evolutionarily stable strategy
5832:Hologenome theory of evolution
5699:History of molecular evolution
4925:Evolutionarily stable strategy
4814:Last universal common ancestor
4269:
4052:The rise and fall of languages
3867:. London: John Murray, p. 301.
3249:. Vol. 2. pp. 34–37.
3241:"Evolution as fact and theory"
2764:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2222:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1968:
1847:
1770:
1668:"3rd draft (final, published)"
1459:Separately, recent work using
1427:Origination of Organismal Form
1272:, and in his technical volume
1107:abundant between larger groups
1013:describes this very process."
580:Creation–evolution controversy
334:History of evolutionary theory
36:Punctuated Equilibrium (album)
27:Theory in evolutionary biology
13:
1:
7181:Standard social science model
6234:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
5626:Renaissance and Enlightenment
3911:The Virginia Quarterly Review
3900:"Confessions of a Darwinist."
3845:and Steven Rose, ed. (2007).
2972:10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00085-5
2784:10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80297-8
2686:10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00097-1
1542:
7029:Missing heritability problem
6621:Social aspects of television
6244:Evolution of nervous systems
6212:Computational theory of mind
5837:Missing heritability problem
5464:Gamete differentiation/sexes
3712:. 2019-10-19. Archived from
3697:The New York Review of Books
3690:The New York Review of Books
3040:Growth of Biological Thought
2473:Animal Species and Evolution
2242:10.1016/0022-5193(83)90335-1
1470:
1269:The New York Review of Books
1225:
910:Animal Species and Evolution
565:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
7275:Evolutionary biology portal
4599:Evolutionary biology Portal
3774:Quarterly Journal of Speech
3464:Tempo and Mode in Evolution
3390:Tempo and Mode in Evolution
3337:Tempo and Mode in Evolution
2620:10.1007/978-1-4615-6944-2_8
2318:The Story of Earth and Life
2256:Tempo and Mode in Evolution
1994:In Warren D. Allmon et al.
1784:. New York, NY: John Wiley.
1573:. In Schopf, T.J.M. (ed.).
1478:
1162:Major Features of Evolution
1082:who advocated the idea of "
10:
7345:
7236:Evolutionary psychologists
7109:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
7024:Human–animal communication
6736:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
6586:Imprinted brain hypothesis
6554:Human–computer interaction
5469:Life cycles/nuclear phases
5021:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3692:, June 12, pp. 34-37; and
3687:"Darwinian Fundamentalism"
2104:Princeton University Press
2024:Schindewolf, Otto (1936).
1976:The Borderlands of Science
1588:Eldredge, N., ed. (1985).
1461:computational phylogenetic
1437:
1404:
1301:as "evolution by creeps."
1229:
1183:paleontological colleagues
1158:adaptive fitness landscape
860:
774:
689:that proposes that once a
600:Nature-nurture controversy
29:
7230:
7156:Environmental determinism
7127:Cultural selection theory
7119:
7014:Evolutionary epistemology
7001:
6928:evolutionary neuroscience
6890:
6883:
6781:
6656:
6601:Rank theory of depression
6524:
6448:
6350:
6156:
6149:
6103:Parent–offspring conflict
6012:
5955:
5887:
5787:
5712:
5616:
5543:
5499:
5354:
5258:
5075:
5034:
4967:Parent–offspring conflict
4903:
4772:Earliest known life forms
4693:
4660:
4564:
4511:
4460:
4403:
4351:
4305:
4277:
3786:10.1080/00335638609383764
3751:10.1080/07350190709336705
3652:Dawkins, Richard (1996).
3637:Dawkins, Richard (1996).
3604:Dawkins, Richard (1996).
3547:Dawkins, Richard (1996).
3493:Dawkins, Richard (1996).
3281:10.1080/14746700500039800
3225:– via Google Books.
3189:– via Google Books.
3164:– via Google Books.
3080:Annual Review of Genetics
3001:The Dynamics of Evolution
2534:272 (June 21): 1802-1804.
2171:Futuyma, Douglas (2005).
1974:Shermer, Michael (2001).
1963:The Dynamics of Evolution
1618:"2nd draft (unpublished)"
957:
739:. Their paper built upon
727:In 1972, paleontologists
487:Evolutionary neuroscience
462:Evolutionary epistemology
442:Evolutionary anthropology
422:Applications of evolution
7049:Cultural group selection
6933:Biocultural anthropology
6626:Societal impacts of cars
6559:Media naturalness theory
6249:Fight-or-flight response
5820:Cultural group selection
5684:The eclipse of Darwinism
5656:On the Origin of Species
5631:Transmutation of species
4442:Nonecological speciation
4151:,7(9), 2012, e451982012.
3973:Darwin, Charles (1869).
3957:Darwin, Charles (1869).
3940:Darwin, Charles (1869).
3925:On the Origin of Species
3923:Darwin, Charles (1859).
3876:Darwin, Charles (1871).
3864:On the Origin of Species
3861:Darwin, Charles (1859).
3667:Dennett, Daniel (1995).
2828:Did Darwin Get it Right?
2477:Harvard University Press
1616:Eldredge, Niles (1972).
1516:Evolutionary capacitance
1511:Critical juncture theory
1407:Rapid modes of evolution
1367:On the Origin of Species
1351:On the Origin of Species
477:Evolutionary linguistics
472:Evolutionary game theory
447:Evolutionary computation
7249:Evolutionary psychology
7213:Sociocultural evolution
7054:Dual inheritance theory
6511:Personality development
5972:Theoretical foundations
5949:Evolutionary psychology
5825:Dual inheritance theory
5664:History of paleontology
4206:- by Donald R. Prothero
4113:10.1126/science.1149683
3927:. London: John Murray.
3898:Eldredge, Niles (2006)
3670:Darwin's Dangerous Idea
3406:Wright, Sewall (1982).
3387:Simpson, G. G. (1944).
3365:Simpson, G. G. (1953).
3334:Simpson, G. G. (1944).
3172:Darwin's Dangerous Idea
2642:Niles Eldredge (1989).
2437:10.1126/science.1249884
2354:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2352:10.15413/ajsr.2017.0413
2254:Simpson, G. G. (1944).
1506:Court Jester Hypothesis
1375:I can by no means agree
1337:promoted by his friend
1333:in accordance with the
1327:progressive creationism
1285:Evolutionary biologist
1258:Darwin's Dangerous Idea
1199:dedicates a chapter in
1191:evolutionary colleagues
590:Objections to evolution
497:Evolutionary psychology
492:Evolutionary physiology
437:Evolutionary aesthetics
416:Fields and applications
398:History of paleontology
7299:Punctuated equilibrium
7171:Social constructionism
7166:Psychological nativism
7141:Biological determinism
7089:Recent human evolution
7084:Punctuated equilibrium
6907:Behavioral epigenetics
6902:evolutionary economics
6871:Variability hypothesis
6816:Emotional intelligence
6549:Engineering psychology
6239:Evolution of the brain
5513:Punctuated equilibrium
4834:Non-adaptive radiation
4782:Evolutionary arms race
4547:Punctuated equilibrium
4503:Character displacement
4323:Reproductive isolation
4292:Laboratory experiments
4212:- by Wesley Elsberry,
4210:Punctuated Equilibria?
4200:- by Stephen Jay Gould
4197:Punctuated Equilibrium
4050:Dixon, R.M.W. (1997).
3462:Simpson, G. G. (1984)
3320:Punctuated equilibrium
3104:Ruse, Michael (1985).
2929:Sterelny, Kim (2007).
2267:Campbell, N.A. (1990)
2028:. Berlin: Borntraeger.
1764:Evolution as a Process
1703:Cite journal requires
1653:Cite journal requires
1575:Models in Paleobiology
1395:
1130:George Gaylord Simpson
1071:
1017:Hierarchical evolution
944:
895:Theoretical mechanisms
870:George Gaylord Simpson
839:punctuated equilibrium
679:punctuated equilibrium
522:Speciation experiments
502:Experimental evolution
457:Evolutionary economics
279:Recent human evolution
137:Processes and outcomes
54:
7198:Multilineal evolution
7161:Nature versus nurture
7120:Theoretical positions
6968:Functional psychology
6963:Evolutionary medicine
6938:Biological psychiatry
6646:Texting while driving
6636:Lead–crime hypothesis
6496:Cognitive development
6481:Caregiver deprivation
5992:Gene selection theory
5805:Evolutionary medicine
5679:Mendelian inheritance
5387:Biological complexity
5375:Programmed cell death
5067:Phenotypic plasticity
4787:Evolutionary pressure
4777:Evidence of evolution
4675:Timeline of evolution
4428:Ecological speciation
4343:Evidence of evolution
4227:- by Douglas Theobald
4166:Les Cahiers de l'AARS
3975:The Origin of Species
3959:The Origin of Species
3942:The Origin of Species
3879:The Origin of Species
3824:Turner, John (1984).
3699:, June 26, pp. 47-52.
2307:(2): 115-151. (p.145)
2007:Prothero, D. (2007).
1867:Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool
1536:Punctuated gradualism
1413:developmental biology
1390:
1219:continuously variable
1187:allopatric speciation
1065:
1037:Common misconceptions
1023:Darwinian individuals
1010:The Beak of the Finch
972:stabilizing selection
939:
906:allopatric speciation
823:allopatric speciation
797:historians of science
793:peripatric speciation
745:geographic speciation
737:punctuated equilibria
683:punctuated equilibria
482:Evolutionary medicine
427:Biosocial criminology
393:History of speciation
306:Evolutionary taxonomy
269:Timeline of evolution
44:
7314:Evolutionary ecology
7309:Evolutionary biology
7151:Cultural determinism
6958:Evolutionary biology
6943:Cognitive psychology
6891:Academic disciplines
6539:Cognitive ergonomics
6506:Language acquisition
6486:Childhood attachment
6299:Wason selection task
6193:Behavioral modernity
5982:Cognitive revolution
5965:Evolutionary thought
5779:Teleology in biology
5674:Blending inheritance
5052:Genetic assimilation
4915:Artificial selection
4654:Evolutionary biology
4231:Enigmas of Evolution
4181:Mythologie française
4066:Australian Languages
3655:The Blind Watchmaker
3640:The Blind Watchmaker
3625:The Blind Watchmaker
3607:The Blind Watchmaker
3550:The Blind Watchmaker
3526:The Blind Watchmaker
3496:The Blind Watchmaker
3481:The Blind Watchmaker
3269:Theology and Science
3169:Dennett, D. (1996).
3147:The Blind Watchmaker
3086:: 12. Archived from
3037:Mayr, Ernst (1982).
2612:Evolutionary Biology
2518:90 (Nov.): 10424-28.
2502:276 (5311): 337-341.
2086:100 (August): 12-18.
1990:Geary, Dana (2008).
1758:Mayr, Ernst (1954).
1501:Convergent evolution
1417:tissue morphogenesis
1202:The Blind Watchmaker
1152:interaction between
1078:, the controversial
921:beneficial mutations
900:Punctuational change
675:evolutionary biology
452:Evolutionary ecology
66:Evolutionary biology
7218:Unilineal evolution
6983:Population genetics
6768:Sexy son hypothesis
6706:Hormonal motivation
6686:Concealed ovulation
6227:Dual process theory
6098:Parental investment
5842:Molecular evolution
5800:Ecological genetics
5669:Transitional fossil
5459:Sexual reproduction
5299:endomembrane system
5228:pollinator-mediated
5184:dolphins and whales
4962:Parental investment
4432:Parallel speciation
4214:TalkOrigins Archive
4015:1993Natur.366..223G
3914:82 (Spring): 32-53.
3566:; Jackson, Jeremy;
2963:1996PPP...127....1B
2824:Maynard Smith, John
2776:1990JThBi.144...15K
2677:1996PPP...127..229L
2547:American Naturalist
2429:2014Sci...343.1376B
2423:(6177): 1376–1377.
2234:1983JThBi.101..211W
1911:1983Natur.305..269R
1782:Genetic Homeostasis
1430:(MIT Press; 2003).
1299:phyletic gradualism
1211:phyletic gradualism
1156:and a shift in the
1126:Columbia University
1076:Richard Goldschmidt
1031:hierarchical theory
888:Osmunda claytoniana
785:genetic revolutions
757:genetic homeostasis
718:phyletic gradualism
699:evolutionary change
554:Social implications
542:Universal Darwinism
532:Island biogeography
467:Evolutionary ethics
432:Ecological genetics
378:Molecular evolution
316:Transitional fossil
144:Population genetics
60:Part of a series on
51:phyletic gradualism
7176:Social determinism
7059:Fisher's principle
7019:Great ape language
7009:Cultural evolution
6978:Philosophy of mind
6811:Division of labour
6773:Westermarck effect
6721:Mating preferences
6631:Distracted driving
6365:Literary criticism
6222:Domain specificity
6202:modularity of mind
5815:Cultural evolution
4930:Fisher's principle
4859:Handicap principle
4849:Parallel evolution
4713:Adaptive radiation
4512:Speciation in taxa
4447:Assortative mating
4183:, 252, 2013, 8-12.
3991:Gould, Stephen Jay
3905:2013-12-24 at the
3716:on 19 October 2019
3374:2019-04-21 at the
3260:Ayala, F. (2005).
3016:(June–July 1976).
2995:2018-01-26 at the
2393:2019-03-23 at the
2297:2018-05-08 at the
1677:10.5531/sd.paleo.7
1627:10.5531/sd.paleo.4
1496:Catastrophe theory
1491:Adaptive radiation
1103:transitional forms
1072:
761:empirical research
707:geologically rapid
585:Theistic evolution
517:Selective breeding
229:Parallel evolution
194:Adaptive radiation
55:
7329:Stephen Jay Gould
7319:Rate of evolution
7284:
7283:
7262:Psychology portal
7226:
7225:
7069:Hologenome theory
7039:Unit of selection
7034:Primate cognition
6948:Cognitive science
6879:
6878:
6750:Sexual attraction
6726:Mating strategies
6491:Cinderella effect
6421:Moral foundations
6325:Visual perception
6217:Domain generality
6186:Facial expression
6134:Sexual dimorphism
6093:Natural selection
6039:Hamiltonian spite
5915:
5914:
5531:Uniformitarianism
5484:Sex-determination
4989:Sexual dimorphism
4984:Natural selection
4888:Unit of selection
4854:Signalling theory
4620:
4619:
4498:Secondary contact
4470:Hybrid speciation
4418:Natural selection
4405:Isolating factors
4009:(6452): 223–227,
3069:Maynard Smith, J.
2860:10.1111/jzs.12342
2629:978-1-4615-6946-6
2475:. Cambridge, MA:
2060:978-0-674-00613-3
1905:(5932): 269–272.
1891:Origin of Species
1730:(15 April 1982).
1292:species selection
1215:discrete variable
1122:Quantum evolution
1117:Quantum evolution
1048:quantum evolution
968:I. Michael Lerner
952:Douglas Futuyma's
930:natural selection
863:Rate of evolution
834:microevolutionary
733:Stephen Jay Gould
671:
670:
362:Origin of Species
164:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
7336:
7304:Biology theories
7271:
7258:
7245:
7244:
6888:
6887:
6884:Related subjects
6671:Adult attachment
6198:Cognitive module
6154:
6153:
6141:Social selection
6115:Costly signaling
6110:Sexual selection
5997:Modern synthesis
5942:
5935:
5928:
5919:
5918:
5905:
5895:
5894:
5694:Modern synthesis
5454:Multicellularity
5449:Mosaic evolution
5334:auditory ossicle
5016:Social selection
4999:Flowering plants
4994:Sexual selection
4647:
4640:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4608:
4607:
4596:
4584:
4583:
4572:
4571:
4423:Sexual selection
4352:Geographic modes
4264:
4257:
4250:
4241:
4240:
4184:
4158:
4152:
4142:
4124:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4074:10.1075/cilt.249
4061:
4055:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4023:10.1038/366223a0
3987:
3981:
3971:
3965:
3955:
3949:
3938:
3932:
3921:
3915:
3896:
3883:
3874:
3868:
3859:
3853:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3805:Psychology Today
3796:
3790:
3789:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3706:
3700:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3620:Dawkins, Richard
3617:
3611:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3560:
3554:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3521:Dawkins, Richard
3518:
3512:
3509:Dawkins, Richard
3506:
3500:
3491:
3485:
3476:Dawkins, Richard
3473:
3467:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3445:. Archived from
3412:
3403:
3397:
3385:
3379:
3363:
3357:
3347:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3291:. Archived from
3266:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3165:
3137:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3050:. Archived from
3045:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3010:
3004:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2942:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2759:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2671:(1–4): 229–238.
2656:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2600:
2594:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2541:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2509:
2503:
2486:
2480:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2408:
2402:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2335:
2329:
2314:
2308:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2217:
2211:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2093:
2087:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1919:10.1038/305269a0
1881:
1875:
1874:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1679:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1578:
1559:
1444:In linguistics,
1240:Push of the past
1084:hopeful monsters
942:palaeontologist.
759:, and their own
663:
656:
649:
636:
631:
630:
623:
619:
618:
595:Level of support
388:Current research
373:Modern synthesis
368:Before synthesis
321:Extinction event
79:Darwin's finches
76:
57:
56:
21:
18:Stasis (biology)
7344:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7280:
7222:
7208:Neoevolutionism
7115:
7099:Species complex
7064:Group selection
7002:Research topics
6997:
6973:Neuropsychology
6875:
6861:Substance abuse
6783:Sex differences
6777:
6691:Coolidge effect
6652:
6564:Neuroergonomics
6529:
6520:
6444:
6346:
6280:Folk psychology
6161:
6145:
6015:
6008:
5951:
5946:
5916:
5911:
5883:
5810:Group selection
5783:
5708:
5612:
5539:
5501:Tempo and modes
5495:
5350:
5254:
5071:
5030:
4906:
4899:
4876:Species complex
4689:
4680:History of life
4656:
4651:
4621:
4616:
4560:
4543:Paleopolyploidy
4507:
4462:Hybrid concepts
4456:
4399:
4347:
4317:Species complex
4301:
4273:
4268:
4192:
4187:
4159:
4155:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4062:
4058:
4049:
4045:
3995:Eldredge, Niles
3988:
3984:
3972:
3968:
3956:
3952:
3939:
3935:
3922:
3918:
3907:Wayback Machine
3897:
3886:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3856:
3841:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3807:
3797:
3793:
3780:(2): 132–147 .
3770:
3766:
3739:Rhetoric Review
3735:
3728:
3719:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3681:
3677:
3666:
3662:
3651:
3647:
3636:
3632:
3618:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3584:10.2307/2410098
3561:
3557:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3492:
3488:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3427:10.2307/2408092
3410:
3404:
3400:
3386:
3382:
3376:Wayback Machine
3364:
3360:
3348:
3344:
3333:
3326:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3264:
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3234:
3230:
3223:
3200:
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3187:
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3121:
3117:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:Natural History
3011:
3007:
2997:Wayback Machine
2984:
2980:
2943:
2939:
2928:
2924:
2907:
2903:
2880:
2876:
2839:
2835:
2821:
2817:
2807:J. theor. Biol.
2803:
2799:
2760:
2756:
2746:Williams, G. C.
2744:
2740:
2717:10.2307/2408397
2701:Stenseth, N. C.
2698:
2694:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2604:Eldredge, Niles
2601:
2597:
2579:
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2489:Eldredge, Niles
2487:
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2395:Wayback Machine
2385:
2381:
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2364:
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2299:Wayback Machine
2288:Eldredge, Niles
2282:
2275:
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2253:
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2096:Eldredge, Niles
2094:
2090:
2084:Natural History
2075:
2068:
2061:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1953:
1942:
1882:
1878:
1865:) in Bermuda".
1852:
1848:
1817:10.2307/2406508
1799:Eldredge, Niles
1796:
1789:
1775:
1771:
1756:
1745:
1725:
1718:
1704:
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1563:Eldredge, Niles
1560:
1549:
1545:
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1481:
1473:
1442:
1440:Language change
1436:
1434:Language change
1411:Recent work in
1409:
1403:
1317:, including by
1315:long been noted
1307:
1305:Darwin's theory
1245:Richard Dawkins
1242:
1236:Species complex
1232:Species problem
1228:
1217:speedism" and "
1207:rates of change
1197:Richard Dawkins
1175:
1128:paleontologist
1119:
1092:paleontological
1060:
1052:mass extinction
1039:
1025:, and not just
1019:
1005:Jonathan Weiner
983:sibling species
960:
919:. New and even
902:
897:
868:paleontologist
865:
859:
801:paleobiological
791:and especially
777:
751:'s theories of
693:appears in the
667:
626:
613:
612:
605:
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555:
547:
546:
417:
409:
408:
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327:
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274:Human evolution
264:History of life
248:
247:Natural history
240:
239:
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130:
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6591:Mind-blindness
6588:
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6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6167:
6165:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6117:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6051:Baldwin effect
6048:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5945:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5922:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5650:Charles Darwin
5647:
5646:
5645:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Non-ecological
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5528:
5519:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5361:
5359:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5339:nervous system
5336:
5331:
5326:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5159:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4839:Origin of life
4836:
4831:
4826:
4824:Microevolution
4821:
4819:Macroevolution
4816:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4757:Common descent
4754:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4735:Baldwin effect
4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4590:
4578:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4551:Macroevolution
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4485:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4452:Haldane's rule
4449:
4444:
4439:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4378:
4375:Founder effect
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4309:
4307:
4306:Basic concepts
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4207:
4201:
4191:
4190:External links
4188:
4186:
4185:
4160:Julien d'Huy,
4153:
4089:
4082:
4056:
4043:
3982:
3966:
3950:
3933:
3916:
3884:
3869:
3854:
3835:
3816:
3791:
3764:
3745:(2): 120–141.
3726:
3701:
3675:
3660:
3645:
3630:
3612:
3597:
3578:(2): 360–375.
3568:Hayek, Lee-Ann
3564:Cheetham, Alan
3555:
3540:
3531:
3513:
3501:
3486:
3468:
3455:
3452:on 2011-08-28.
3421:(3): 427–443.
3398:
3380:
3358:
3342:
3324:
3308:
3252:
3228:
3221:
3203:Hanegraaff, H.
3194:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3166:
3160:
3138:
3115:
3096:
3093:on 2010-12-06.
3060:
3057:on 2016-06-23.
3029:
3005:
2978:
2937:
2922:
2901:
2890:(3): 239–255.
2874:
2853:(1): 209–220.
2833:
2815:
2797:
2754:
2738:
2711:(4): 870–880.
2692:
2648:
2635:
2628:
2595:
2573:
2560:10.1086/284724
2554:(3): 465–473.
2536:
2520:
2504:
2481:
2458:
2403:
2379:
2330:
2309:
2273:
2260:
2247:
2212:
2190:
2177:
2161:
2142:
2131:(2): 179–206.
2108:
2088:
2066:
2059:
2030:
2017:
2000:
1983:
1967:
1940:
1885:Rhodes, F.H.T.
1876:
1863:Poecilozonites
1846:
1811:(1): 156–167.
1787:
1769:
1743:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1705:|journal=
1663:
1655:|journal=
1582:
1581:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1446:R. M. W. Dixon
1435:
1432:
1402:
1399:
1319:Charles Darwin
1306:
1303:
1287:Robert Trivers
1263:Daniel Dennett
1261:, philosopher
1227:
1224:
1174:
1171:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1059:
1056:
1038:
1035:
1033:of evolution.
1018:
1015:
959:
956:
901:
898:
896:
893:
883:Michael Benton
861:Main article:
858:
855:
851:Pierre Trémaux
813:Niles Eldredge
783:'s concept of
776:
773:
765:Charles Darwin
729:Niles Eldredge
669:
668:
666:
665:
658:
651:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
624:
607:
606:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
575:Social effects
572:
567:
562:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
406:
405:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
301:Classification
298:
293:
288:
283:
282:
281:
271:
266:
261:
259:Common descent
256:
254:Origin of life
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
129:
128:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
87:
86:
77:
69:
68:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7341:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7287:
7277:
7276:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7257:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7203:Neo-Darwinism
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7188:Functionalism
7186:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7146:Connectionism
7144:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7136:indeterminism
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:Schizophrenia
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6841:Mental health
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6716:Mate guarding
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6676:Age disparity
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6606:Schizophrenia
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6531:Mental health
6527:
6526:Human factors
6523:
6517:
6516:Socialization
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6476:paternal bond
6473:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6341:
6340:NaĂŻve physics
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6306:Motor control
6304:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6264:Ophidiophobia
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6254:Arachnophobia
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6181:Display rules
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6083:Kin selection
6081:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6011:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:Adaptationism
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5938:
5936:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5852:Phylogenetics
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5755:Structuralism
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5730:Catastrophism
5728:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Neo-Darwinism
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:Reinforcement
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5535:Catastrophism
5532:
5529:
5527:
5526:Macromutation
5523:
5522:Micromutation
5520:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5429:Immune system
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:symbiogenesis
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4957:Kin selection
4955:
4953:
4952:Genetic drift
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4556:
4555:Chronospecies
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4488:Reinforcement
4486:
4483:
4482:Recombination
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4107:(5863): 588.
4106:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4083:9789027295118
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4047:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3831:
3830:New Scientist
3827:
3820:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:, p. 250-251.
3609:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3298:on 2018-09-23
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3222:9781418515096
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3188:
3186:9780684824710
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3161:9780393315707
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:For reply see
3119:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:(1–4): 1–20.
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2326:1-77007-148-2
2323:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2102:. Princeton:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1737:New Scientist
1733:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1710:
1697:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1604:on 2020-01-13
1600:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:Charles Lyell
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:catastrophism
1320:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1167:Sewall Wright
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:genetic drift
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1068:macromutation
1064:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
955:
953:
949:
943:
938:
936:
931:
927:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
892:
890:
889:
884:
879:
878:meta-analysis
875:
871:
864:
854:
852:
847:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
819:
814:
809:
806:
805:morphological
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:developmental
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:fossil record
692:
688:
684:
681:(also called
680:
676:
664:
659:
657:
652:
650:
645:
644:
642:
641:
635:
625:
622:
617:
611:
610:
609:
608:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
551:
550:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
507:Phylogenetics
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
413:
412:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:Before Darwin
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
331:
330:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
244:
243:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
179:Genetic drift
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
134:
133:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
84:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
47:morphological
43:
37:
33:
19:
7286:
7273:
7260:
7247:
7234:
7083:
6993:Sociobiology
6851:Neuroscience
6831:Intelligence
6377:Anthropology
6330:Color vision
6315:Multitasking
6294:Flynn effect
6289:Intelligence
6271:Folk biology
6014:Evolutionary
5864:Polymorphism
5847:Astrobiology
5795:Biogeography
5750:Saltationism
5740:Orthogenesis
5725:Alternatives
5654:
5640:
5573:Cospeciation
5568:Cladogenesis
5517:Saltationism
5512:
5474:Mating types
5397:Color vision
5382:Avian flight
5304:mitochondria
5042:Canalisation
4920:Biodiversity
4665:Introduction
4609:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4546:
4389:Ring species
4338:Cospeciation
4333:Cladogenesis
4282:Introduction
4234:
4196:
4180:
4172:
4168:, 15, 2012;
4165:
4156:
4148:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4065:
4059:
4051:
4046:
4006:
4002:
3985:
3979:pp. 121-122.
3974:
3969:
3963:pp. 120-121.
3958:
3953:
3941:
3936:
3924:
3919:
3909:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3846:
3843:Gould, S. J.
3838:
3829:
3819:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:
3794:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3742:
3738:
3718:. Retrieved
3714:the original
3704:
3696:
3689:
3683:Gould, S. J.
3678:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3615:
3605:
3600:
3575:
3571:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3534:
3524:
3516:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3447:the original
3418:
3414:
3401:
3395:pp. 205-206.
3388:
3383:
3367:
3361:
3351:
3345:
3335:
3319:
3311:
3300:. Retrieved
3293:the original
3272:
3268:
3255:
3244:
3239:(May 1981).
3231:
3207:
3197:
3171:
3146:
3133:
3122:
3118:
3105:
3099:
3088:the original
3083:
3079:
3063:
3052:the original
3039:
3032:
3021:
3008:
3000:
2981:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2912:
2904:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2770:(1): 15–35.
2767:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2668:
2664:
2643:
2638:
2611:
2608:Gould, S. J.
2598:
2584:
2576:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2484:
2472:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2398:
2382:
2368:cite journal
2343:
2333:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2302:Paleobiology
2301:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2158:pp. 123-124.
2153:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2044:
2039:Gould, S. J.
2033:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1986:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1808:
1802:
1781:
1778:Lerner, I.M.
1772:
1763:
1735:
1696:cite journal
1646:cite journal
1606:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1590:
1584:Reprinted in
1583:
1574:
1474:
1458:
1454:Pama–Nyungan
1443:
1425:
1410:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1256:
1255:In his book
1254:
1250:
1243:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1176:
1161:
1120:
1112:
1096:
1088:creationists
1073:
1058:Saltationism
1044:saltationism
1040:
1020:
1008:
996:Kim Sterelny
993:
986:
980:
961:
945:
940:
926:homogenizing
914:
909:
903:
886:
873:
866:
848:
842:
838:
827:
816:
810:
778:
749:I. M. Lerner
743:'s model of
736:
726:
715:
711:cladogenesis
702:
682:
678:
672:
527:Sociobiology
512:Paleontology
360:
296:Biogeography
291:Biodiversity
209:Coextinction
199:Co-operation
174:Polymorphism
99:Introduction
7132:Determinism
7044:Coevolution
6988:Primatology
6826:Gender role
6731:Orientation
6611:Screen time
6468:Affectional
6450:Development
6129:Mate choice
6056:By-products
6024:Adaptations
5987:Cognitivism
5874:Systematics
5745:Mutationism
5563:Catagenesis
5491:Snake venom
5424:Eusociality
5402:in primates
5392:Cooperation
5320:In animals
5140:butterflies
5113:Cephalopods
5103:Brachiopods
5035:Development
5009:Mate choice
4762:Convergence
4745:Coevolution
4703:Abiogenesis
4611:WikiProject
4371:Centrifugal
3316:S. J. Gould
3237:Gould, S.J.
3142:Dawkins, R.
3130:Gould, S.J.
3014:Gould, S.J.
2986:S. J. Gould
2909:S. J. Gould
2644:Time Frames
2581:S. J. Gould
2493:S. J. Gould
2469:Mayr, Ernst
2284:S. J. Gould
2198:S. J. Gould
2077:S. J. Gould
1955:Mayr, Ernst
1855:Gould, S.J.
1728:Gould, S.J.
1591:Time Frames
1567:Gould, S.J.
1526:Koinophilia
1521:Gene orders
1150:synergistic
1042:ideas like
976:koinophilia
843:Time Frames
537:Systematics
346:Renaissance
224:Convergence
214:Contingency
204:Coevolution
7324:Speciation
7293:Categories
7079:Population
7074:Lamarckism
6920:behavioral
6898:Behavioral
6846:Narcissism
6791:Aggression
6581:Hypophobia
6571:Depression
6458:Attachment
6440:Universals
6404:Psychology
6382:Biological
6370:Musicology
6360:Aesthetics
6259:Basophobia
6066:Exaptation
6044:Reciprocal
5735:Lamarckism
5713:Philosophy
5636:David Hume
5598:Peripatric
5593:Parapatric
5578:Ecological
5558:Anagenesis
5553:Allopatric
5545:Speciation
5509:Gradualism
5434:Metabolism
5294:chromosome
5284:Eukaryotes
5062:Modularity
4979:Population
4905:Population
4866:Speciation
4844:Panspermia
4797:Extinction
4792:Exaptation
4767:Divergence
4740:Cladistics
4728:Reciprocal
4708:Adaptation
4474:Polyploidy
4436:Allochrony
4413:Adaptation
4381:Parapatric
4363:Peripatric
4359:Allopatric
4328:Anagenesis
4271:Speciation
4122:1885/33371
3810:2023-02-26
3720:2022-02-16
3302:2007-04-22
3275:(1): 104.
2228:(2): 212.
2081:"Opus 200"
1873:: 407–532.
1608:2018-01-27
1543:References
1486:Speciation
1438:See also:
1405:See also:
1335:gradualism
1230:See also:
1179:gradualism
1080:geneticist
1001:phenotypic
935:hypothesis
789:allopatric
781:Ernst Mayr
741:Ernst Mayr
722:anagenesis
311:Cladistics
234:Extinction
219:Divergence
189:Speciation
169:Adaptation
83:John Gould
6924:cognitive
6916:Affective
6801:Cognition
6755:Sexuality
6741:Pair bond
6501:Education
6158:Cognition
6076:Inclusive
6016:processes
6004:Criticism
5869:Protocell
5720:Darwinism
5608:Sympatric
5357:processes
5245:Tetrapods
5194:Kangaroos
5120:Dinosaurs
5057:Inversion
5026:Variation
4947:Gene flow
4940:Inclusive
4750:Mutualism
4695:Evolution
4395:Sympatric
4175:1, 2013;
3759:144947503
3658:, p. 251.
3643:, p. 250.
3628:, p. 241.
3572:Evolution
3553:, p. 240.
3529:, p. 245.
3415:Evolution
3134:Structure
2869:213493738
2812:, 401-409
2705:Evolution
2360:2315-7712
2173:Evolution
2106:, p. 120.
1825:2246/6568
1804:Evolution
1687:2246/6567
1637:2246/6564
1471:Mythology
1331:evolution
1226:Criticism
917:gene flow
818:Evolution
771:species.
570:Dysgenics
286:Phylogeny
184:Gene flow
154:Diversity
149:Variation
7193:Memetics
6953:Ethology
6911:genetics
6746:Physical
6711:Jealousy
6666:Activity
6472:maternal
6428:Religion
6416:Morality
6394:Language
6275:taxonomy
6088:Mismatch
6034:Cheating
6029:Altruism
5897:Category
5772:Vitalism
5767:Theistic
5760:Spandrel
5444:Morality
5439:Monogamy
5314:plastids
5279:Flagella
5235:Reptiles
5216:sea cows
5199:primates
5108:Molluscs
5086:Bacteria
4974:Mutation
4907:genetics
4883:Taxonomy
4829:Mismatch
4809:Homology
4723:Cheating
4718:Altruism
4575:Category
4492:evidence
4297:Glossary
4235:Newsweek
4149:PLoS ONE
4139:29740420
4131:18239118
3997:(1993),
3903:Archived
3685:(1997).
3622:(1996).
3478:(1996).
3443:28568042
3372:Archived
3246:Discover
3205:(1998).
3144:(1996).
3132:(2002).
3071:(1983).
2993:Archived
2826:(1989).
2748:(1992).
2733:28555824
2568:83546424
2495:(1997).
2471:(1963).
2453:38248823
2445:24653037
2391:Archived
2295:Archived
2290:(1977).
2286:, &
2137:19203015
2079:(1991).
2041:(2002).
1957:(1992).
1935:32953263
1887:(1983).
1841:28562952
1780:(1954).
1569:(1972).
1479:See also
1134:families
964:putative
912:(1963).
874:horotely
634:Category
560:Eugenics
402:timeline
383:Evo-devo
341:Overview
159:Mutation
121:Evidence
116:Glossary
7094:Species
6866:Suicide
6701:Fantasy
6681:Arousal
6463:Bonding
6352:Culture
6176:Display
6163:Emotion
6071:Fitness
5960:History
5788:Related
5618:History
5479:Meiosis
5414:Empathy
5409:Emotion
5309:nucleus
5250:Viruses
5240:Spiders
5152:Mammals
5135:Insects
4935:Fitness
4871:Species
4670:Outline
4587:Commons
4539:Fossils
4529:Insects
4478:Klepton
4367:Quantum
4313:Species
4287:History
4100:Science
4039:4253816
4031:8232582
4011:Bibcode
3592:2410098
3523:(1996)
3435:2408092
3318:(2007)
3289:4293004
3177:288–289
3152:230-236
2988:(1992)
2959:Bibcode
2792:2200930
2772:Bibcode
2725:2408397
2673:Bibcode
2532:Science
2500:Science
2425:Bibcode
2417:Science
2269:Biology
2230:Bibcode
2098:(1985)
1980:97-116.
1927:6353241
1907:Bibcode
1833:2406508
1362:Lingula
1357:Lingula
1311:species
1146:species
1142:classes
1027:classes
948:viruses
775:History
691:species
685:) is a
126:History
109:Outline
7272:
7259:
7246:
6836:Memory
6796:Autism
6763:female
6696:Desire
6433:Origin
6409:Speech
6399:Origin
6171:Affect
5907:Portal
5583:Hybrid
5419:Ethics
5261:organs
5223:Plants
5209:lemurs
5204:humans
5189:horses
5179:hyenas
5167:wolves
5162:canids
5096:origin
4534:Plants
4385:Clines
4137:
4129:
4080:
4037:
4029:
4003:Nature
3946:p. 551
3929:p. 313
3757:
3590:
3441:
3433:
3287:
3219:
3183:
3158:
2911:2002.
2867:
2790:
2731:
2723:
2626:
2583:2002.
2566:
2451:
2443:
2358:
2324:
2200:2002.
2135:
2057:
1933:
1925:
1898:Nature
1839:
1831:
1386:Origin
1238:, and
1140:, and
1138:orders
1050:, and
1003:mean.
988:Amalda
958:Stasis
769:fossil
703:stasis
687:theory
632:
356:Darwin
6806:Crime
6389:Crime
6320:Sleep
6310:skill
6150:Areas
5370:Death
5365:Aging
5344:brain
5130:Fungi
5091:Birds
5004:Fungi
4802:Event
4685:Index
4519:Birds
4135:S2CID
4035:S2CID
3851:p. 6.
3755:S2CID
3588:JSTOR
3450:(PDF)
3431:JSTOR
3411:(PDF)
3296:(PDF)
3285:S2CID
3265:(PDF)
3213:40-45
3091:(PDF)
3076:(PDF)
3055:(PDF)
3044:(PDF)
2865:S2CID
2721:JSTOR
2564:S2CID
2449:S2CID
2121:(PDF)
1931:S2CID
1829:JSTOR
1602:(PDF)
1595:(PDF)
1382:Essay
1343:Essay
94:Index
6759:male
6120:Male
5857:Tree
5329:hair
5269:Cell
5172:dogs
5157:cats
5147:Life
5125:Fish
5078:taxa
4524:Fish
4127:PMID
4078:ISBN
4027:PMID
3439:PMID
3217:ISBN
3181:ISBN
3156:ISBN
2919:872.
2788:PMID
2729:PMID
2624:ISBN
2491:and
2441:PMID
2374:link
2356:ISSN
2322:ISBN
2133:PMID
2055:ISBN
1923:PMID
1837:PMID
1709:help
1659:help
1325:and
755:and
731:and
104:Main
6658:Sex
6335:Eye
5355:Of
5324:eye
5274:DNA
5259:Of
5076:Of
4117:hdl
4109:doi
4105:319
4070:doi
4019:doi
4007:366
3782:doi
3747:doi
3580:doi
3423:doi
3277:doi
3110:216
3048:617
2967:doi
2955:127
2892:doi
2855:doi
2810:177
2780:doi
2768:144
2713:doi
2681:doi
2669:127
2616:doi
2556:doi
2552:130
2433:doi
2421:343
2348:doi
2238:doi
2226:101
2208:875
2051:775
2011:In
1915:doi
1903:305
1871:138
1821:hdl
1813:doi
1682:hdl
1672:doi
1632:hdl
1622:doi
1007:'s
787:by
724:).
673:In
81:by
7295::
4553:·
4549:·
4545:·
4480:·
4476:·
4434:·
4387:·
4373:·
4369:·
4365:·
4179:.
4164:.
4147:,
4133:.
4125:.
4115:.
4103:.
4076:.
4033:,
4025:,
4017:,
4005:,
4001:,
3993:;
3887:^
3828:.
3803:.
3778:72
3776:.
3753:.
3743:26
3741:.
3729:^
3586:.
3576:48
3574:.
3437:.
3429:.
3419:56
3417:.
3413:.
3327:^
3283:.
3271:.
3267:.
3243:.
3215:.
3179:.
3154:.
3125::
3084:17
3082:.
3078:.
3020:.
2965:.
2953:.
2949:.
2888:38
2886:.
2863:.
2851:58
2849:.
2845:.
2786:.
2778:.
2766:.
2727:.
2719:.
2709:38
2707:.
2679:.
2667:.
2663:.
2651:^
2622:.
2606:;
2591:39
2562:.
2550:.
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2431:.
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2370:}}
2366:{{
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1943:^
1929:.
1921:.
1913:.
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1895:.
1869:.
1859:P.
1835:.
1827:.
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1698:}}
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1054:.
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677:,
7134:/
6926:/
6922:/
6918:/
6909:/
6900:/
6761:/
6757:/
6748:/
6528:/
6474:/
6470:/
6308:/
6282:/
6273:/
6200:/
6160:/
6122:/
5941:e
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