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The starling has a sharpened or curved extreme, sometimes called the nose. The cutwater may be of concrete or masonry, but is often capped with a steel angle to resist abrasion, focusing force at a single point to fracture floating pieces of ice striking the pier. In cold climates, the starling is
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for the vertical load of the bridge piers, so would typically be symmetrical. Other symmetrical starlings may be used on tidal stretches of rivers because of bi-directional flow, requiring dual cutwaters; at low tide,
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Depending on their shape and location, some starlings may accumulate river debris, mud and other objects, potentially creating navigational hazards or hindering downstream water flow.
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typically sloped by about 20 to 45° from vertical, so current pushing against part-submerged ice tends to lift and shear it; this can be known as a
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or collisions with flood-borne debris. They may also form an important part of the structure of the bridge, spreading the weight of the piers.
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or similar construction. Starlings may be shaped to ease the flow of the water around the bridge, reducing the damage caused by
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On a narrow bridge, a cutwater shape can be carried up to the top of the parapet, to provide a pedestrian refuge.
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is used for such a structure shaped with water flow in mind, as a pier or starling with a diamond point. A
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252:(1st ed.). Chicago: Chicago Gillette Pub. Co. pp. 179–195.
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220:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 8–75.
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Raymond, William G.; Riggs, Henry E.; Sadler, Walter C. (1937).
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138:(the fence-like structures around the piers are pile-supported
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235:(5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 163.
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121:. This is distinct from a sloping top to shed the rain.
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249:The Ideals of Engineering Architecture
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233:The Elements of Railroad Engineering
132:Middletown–Portland railroad bridge
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216:Urquhart, Leonard Church (1959).
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16:Support structure in engineering
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246:Fowler, Charles Evan (1929).
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100:Starlings may form part of a
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218:Civil Engineering Handbook
197:. Encyclopaedia Britannia
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94:Old Wye Bridge, Chepstow
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275:Hydraulic engineering
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165:Dolphin (structure)
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270:Bridge components
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199:. Retrieved
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33:architecture
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25:Tower Bridge
150:Refuges on
264:Categories
195:"cutwater"
181:References
175:Icebreaker
170:Breakwater
136:swing span
119:starkwater
76:starkwater
70:The term
159:See also
102:buttress
72:cutwater
41:sterling
37:starling
201:4 April
65:erosion
59:) of a
49:pilings
45:bulwark
61:bridge
53:bricks
111:scour
85:Shape
57:piers
203:2024
39:(or
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31:In
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