157:
51:
390:
495:
backwards. This lasted for only three years; after the liberation of the
Netherlands in 1945, Summer time was abolished for over thirty years, so during those years, standard time was 40 minutes ahead of the original Amsterdam Time. As of 2017, the Netherlands is in line with Central European Time (GMT+1 in the winter, GMT+2 in the summer, which is significantly different from Amsterdam Time).
197:). Instituted in 1869, the Allegheny Observatory's service is believed to have been the first regular and systematic system of time distribution to railroads and cities as well as the origin of the modern standard time system. By 1870 the Allegheny Time service extended over 2,500 miles with 300 telegraph offices receiving time signals.
292:
The members agreed that on Sunday, November 18, 1883, all United States and
Canadian railroads would readjust their clocks and watches to reflect the new five-zone system on a telegraph signal from the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh at exactly noon on the 90th meridian. Although most railroads
329:
established standard time in time zones; the law also instituted daylight saving time (DST). The daylight saving time portion of the law was repealed in 1919 over a presidential veto, but was re-established nationally during World War II. In 2007 the US enacted a federal law formalising the use of
280:
in 1891), an organization of US railroads charged with coordinating schedules and operating standards, became increasingly concerned that if the US government adopted a standard time scheme it would be disadvantageous to its member railroads. William F. Allen, the
Convention secretary, argued that
520:
time" as the standard time across all their offices so that opening and closing times could be synchronised. The Post Office, which usually shared the same building, followed suit. However, protests that time was being dictated by one government department, led to a resolution in parliament to
494:
zone took place on 16 May 1940. The German occupiers ordered the clock to be moved an hour and forty minutes forward. This time was kept in summer and winter throughout 1941 and 1942. It was only in
November 1942 that a different Winter time was introduced, and the time was adjusted one hour
309:
decided not to adopt
Intercolonial Time based on the 60th meridian west of Greenwich, instead adopting Eastern Time, so only four time zones were actually adopted by U.S./Canadian railroads in 1883. Major American observatories, including the Allegheny Observatory, the
458:
or Dutch Time was introduced. Before that, time was measured in different cities; in the east of the country, this was a few minutes earlier than in the west. After that, all parts of the country had the same local time—that of the Wester Tower in
200:
However, almost all railroads out of New York ran on New York time, and railroads west from
Chicago mostly used Chicago time, but between Chicago and Pittsburgh/Buffalo the norm was Columbus time, even on railroads such as the PFtW&C and
865:
281:
North
American railroads should adopt a five-zone standard, similar to the one in use today, to avoid government action. On October 11, 1883, the heads of the major railroads met in
463:(Westertoren/4°53'01.95" E). This time was indicated as GMT +0h 19m 32.13s until 17 March 1937, after which it was simplified to GMT+0h20m. This time zone was also known as the
148:, reflecting the important role the railway companies played in bringing it about. The vast majority of Great Britain's public clocks were standardised to GMT by 1855.
516:
cable between New
Zealand's two main islands became the instigating factor for the establishment of "New Zealand time". In 1868, the Telegraph Department adopted "
693:
561:
to post offices and railway stations around the country. In 1920, radio time signals began broadcasting, greatly increasing the accuracy of the time nationwide.
73:
at some meridian that passes through the region, often near the centre of the region. Historically, standard time was established during the 19th century to aid
807:
339:
770:
217:, as did the east–west lines across Texas; Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads used San Francisco time all the way to
878:
1013:
840:
700:
354:
190:
168:
575:
554:
437:
419:
128:
During the 19th century, scheduled steamships and trains required time standardisation in the industrialized world.
730:
347:
311:
30:
This article is about time synchronisation in a given area. For the concept used in industrial engineering, see
415:
411:
286:
31:
17:
622:
277:
319:
315:
645:
775:
331:
293:
adopted the new system as scheduled, some did so early on
October 7 and others late on December 2. The
245:
222:
726:
557:
in
Wellington, determined the correct time each morning. At 9 a.m. each day, it was transmitted by
400:
361:
269:
253:
210:
194:
182:
177:
used the "Allegheny Time" system, an astronomical timekeeping service which had been developed by
140:
on 1 December 1847, when they switched from local mean time, which varied from place to place, to
509:
In 1868, New Zealand was the first country in the world to establish a nationwide standard time.
404:
178:
113:
373:
326:
616:
260:
advocated standard time to better coordinate international weather observations and resultant
651:
491:
335:
294:
186:
174:
161:
35:
1034:
570:
529:
364:, whose capital St. John's falls almost exactly midway between the meridians anchoring the
90:
252:, a Scottish-born Canadian engineer, proposed worldwide Standard Time at a meeting of the
8:
1016:. National Institute of Standards and Technology Physics Laboratory. 2002. Archived from
504:
472:
273:
261:
226:
141:
74:
77:
and train travel. Applied globally in the 20th century, the geographical regions became
1001:
993:
961:
953:
780:
365:
343:
229:; the Union Pacific Railway was at the other extreme, with only two time zones between
214:
117:
109:
105:
1005:
973:
965:
868:(2007). "Daylight Saving Time". (Report RS22284)). Originally published by wikileaks.
206:
156:
985:
945:
751:
249:
1017:
550:
hours in advance of Greenwich Mean Time. It came into effect on 2 November 1868.
237:
96:
The adoption of standard time, because of the inseparable correspondence between
70:
66:
844:
808:"History of the movement by which the adoption of standard time was consummated"
244:
for North American railroads. In 1872 he revised his proposal to base it on the
596:
257:
241:
225:
had seven time zones between St. Paul and the 1883 west end of the railroad at
218:
86:
1028:
586:
298:
42:
976:(July 1982). "The standardization of time: a sociohistorical perspective".
525:
145:
173:
Until 1883, each United States railroad chose its own time standards. The
302:
997:
957:
904:
581:
558:
517:
455:
265:
82:
50:
893:| Standard Time inducted into North America Railway Hall of Fame, 1999
65:
within a geographical region to a single time standard, rather than a
771:"When it comes to time zones in the United States, it's all business"
591:
533:
513:
476:
460:
369:
97:
78:
949:
933:
389:
372:, voted in 1935 to create a half-hour offset time zone known as the
989:
451:
322:, agreed to provide telegraphic time signals at noon Eastern Time.
202:
137:
89:. A further offset is applied for part of the year in regions with
81:. The standard time in each time zone has come to be defined as an
843:. US Department of the Interior. January 27, 2011. Archived from
282:
724:
683:, ed. Charles North Dowd, (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1930)
484:
480:
160:
Telegraphic equipment used to transmit standard time from the
681:
Charles F. Dowd, A.M., Ph.D.; a narrative of his services ...
306:
230:
62:
891:
North America Railway Hall of Fame: Inductee – Standard Time
814:
4 (1884) 25–50, Appendix 50–89. Hathi Trust Digital Library.
454:
made it desirable to create a standard time. On 1 May 1909,
101:
890:
618:
Biographical Memoir of Samuel Pierpont Langley, 1834–1906
877:
21st Century Competitiveness Act of 2007, Section 3013.
725:
Edmund P. Willis & William H. Hooke (11 May 2009).
240:
proposed four time zones based on the meridian through
104:, solidified the concept of halving the globe into the
27:
Synchronization of clocks within a geographical region
136:
A standardised time system was first used by British
727:"Cleveland Abbe and American Meteorology: 1871–1901"
532:
172°30′E. This was very close to the country's mean
325:
Standard time was not enacted into US law until the
268:. In 1879 he recommended four time zones across the
376:, at three and a half hours behind Greenwich time.
357:in the category "National: Technical Innovations."
334:as the basis of standard time, and the role of the
69:standard. Generally, standard time agrees with the
905:"Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand – Timekeeping"
644:Butowsky, Harry (1989). "Allegheny Observatory".
521:establish a standard time for the whole country.
1026:
812:Proceedings of the American Metrological Society
822:
820:
213:(Missouri) time all the way to its west end at
340:National Institute of Standards and Technology
699:. Ontario Heritage Foundation. Archived from
353:In 1999, standard time was inducted into the
289:and agreed to adopt Allen's proposed system.
817:
859:
418:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
297:serving the Canadian maritime provinces of
276:. The General Time Convention (renamed the
123:
769:Parkinson, J. Robert (February 15, 2004).
205:, which did not run through Columbus. The
828:Keeping Watch: A History of American Time
768:
528:, selected New Zealand time to be at the
438:Learn how and when to remove this message
264:, which had been coordinated using local
643:
479:. At noon in Amsterdam, it was 11:40 in
450:In the Netherlands, introduction of the
155:
49:
802:
800:
798:
614:
524:The director of the Geological Survey,
34:. For the album by Laurence Juber, see
14:
1027:
879:H.R. 2272: 110th CONGRESS House Bills
833:
671:October 1883 Travelers Official Guide
471:, as this was the exact time in both
902:
795:
416:adding citations to reliable sources
383:
615:Walcott, Charles Doolittle (1912).
24:
925:
379:
355:North America Railway Hall of Fame
191:Western University of Pennsylvania
169:Standard time in the United States
144:(GMT). It was also given the name
25:
1046:
978:The American Journal of Sociology
841:"Time Zones of the United States"
576:International Meridian Conference
555:Colonial Time Service Observatory
350:) in interpreting standard time.
694:"Sir Sandford Fleming 1827–1915"
388:
151:
131:
934:"The adoption of standard time"
896:
884:
871:
866:Congressional Research Service.
731:American Meteorological Society
312:United States Naval Observatory
120:that had previously been used.
54:Worldwide time zones at present
932:Ian R. Bartky (January 1989).
762:
744:
718:
686:
674:
665:
637:
608:
498:
13:
1:
752:"Standard time system plaque"
602:
32:Standard time (manufacturing)
623:National Academy of Sciences
278:American Railway Association
7:
564:
320:Yale University Observatory
316:Harvard College Observatory
10:
1051:
776:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
647:Astronomy and Astrophysics
553:For over fifty years, the
502:
332:Coordinated Universal Time
166:
61:is the synchronization of
40:
29:
490:The shift to the current
223:Northern Pacific Railroad
362:Dominion of Newfoundland
270:contiguous United States
254:Royal Canadian Institute
195:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
183:University of Pittsburgh
124:History of standard time
41:Not to be confused with
830:(NY 1990) chapter three
179:Samuel Pierpont Langley
118:various prime meridians
938:Technology and Culture
374:Newfoundland Time Zone
348:U.S. Naval Observatory
327:1918 Standard Time Act
164:
55:
847:on September 26, 2011
652:National Park Service
492:Central European Time
344:Secretary of the Navy
336:Secretary of Commerce
295:Intercolonial Railway
256:on February 8, 1879.
187:Allegheny Observatory
175:Pennsylvania Railroad
162:Allegheny Observatory
159:
53:
36:Standard Time (album)
571:Daylight saving time
412:improve this section
91:daylight saving time
1014:"World Time Scales"
758:. 15 December 2005.
505:Time in New Zealand
370:Greenland Time Zone
287:Grand Pacific Hotel
274:Greenwich Mean Time
189:(then known as the
142:Greenwich Mean Time
75:weather forecasting
881:, January 4, 2007.
826:Michael O'Malley,
366:Atlantic Time Zone
346:(effectively, the
338:(effectively, the
246:Greenwich meridian
215:Deming, New Mexico
165:
110:Western Hemisphere
106:Eastern Hemisphere
56:
1020:on July 29, 1997.
974:Eviatar Zerubavel
909:www.teara.govt.nz
448:
447:
440:
262:weather forecasts
207:Santa Fe Railroad
16:(Redirected from
1042:
1021:
1009:
969:
920:
919:
917:
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903:Phillips, Jock.
900:
894:
888:
882:
875:
869:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
824:
815:
804:
793:
792:
790:
788:
783:on July 25, 2006
779:. Archived from
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250:Sandford Fleming
21:
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950:10.2307/3105430
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926:Further reading
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382:
380:The Netherlands
238:Charles F. Dowd
171:
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134:
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71:local mean time
67:local mean time
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1038:
1037:
1023:
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990:10.1086/227631
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927:
924:
922:
921:
895:
883:
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858:
832:
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761:
743:
717:
706:on 9 July 2014
685:
673:
664:
636:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
597:Universal Time
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
566:
563:
503:Main article:
500:
497:
469:Gorinchem time
456:Amsterdam Time
446:
445:
396:
394:
387:
381:
378:
258:Cleveland Abbe
242:Washington, DC
211:Jefferson City
153:
150:
133:
130:
125:
122:
116:replacing the
114:Prime Meridian
87:Universal Time
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1036:
1033:
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1030:
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874:
867:
862:
851:September 23,
846:
842:
836:
829:
823:
821:
813:
809:
806:W. F. Allen,
803:
801:
799:
787:September 10,
782:
778:
777:
772:
765:
757:
753:
747:
732:
728:
721:
702:
695:
689:
682:
677:
668:
657:September 10,
653:
649:
648:
640:
629:September 10,
625:. p. 248
624:
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619:
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595:
593:
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587:Time standard
585:
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560:
556:
551:
535:
531:
527:
522:
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510:
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496:
493:
488:
486:
483:and 12:40 in
482:
478:
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470:
466:
462:
457:
453:
442:
439:
431:
428:February 2017
421:
417:
413:
407:
406:
402:
397:This section
395:
391:
386:
385:
377:
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371:
367:
363:
358:
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351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
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328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
305:just east of
304:
300:
299:New Brunswick
296:
290:
288:
284:
279:
275:
272:, based upon
271:
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243:
239:
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228:
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220:
216:
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208:
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193:, located in
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152:North America
149:
147:
143:
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132:Great Britain
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115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
59:Standard time
52:
48:
44:
43:Time standard
37:
33:
19:
18:Standard Time
1018:the original
981:
977:
944:(1): 25–56.
941:
937:
912:. Retrieved
908:
898:
886:
873:
861:
849:. Retrieved
845:the original
835:
827:
811:
785:. Retrieved
781:the original
774:
764:
755:
746:
734:. Retrieved
720:
708:. Retrieved
701:the original
688:
680:
676:
667:
655:. Retrieved
646:
639:
627:. Retrieved
617:
610:
552:
536:and exactly
526:James Hector
523:
511:
508:
489:
468:
464:
449:
434:
425:
410:Please help
398:
359:
352:
324:
291:
235:
199:
172:
146:railway time
135:
127:
95:
58:
57:
47:
1035:Time scales
984:(1): 1–23.
499:New Zealand
465:Loenen time
303:Nova Scotia
233:and Ogden.
227:Wallula Jct
112:, with one
914:2 November
710:6 February
603:References
582:Mecca Time
559:Morse code
518:Wellington
342:) and the
318:, and the
266:solar time
167:See also:
79:time zones
1006:144994119
966:111724161
736:29 August
592:Time zone
534:longitude
514:telegraph
477:Gorinchem
461:Amsterdam
399:does not
236:In 1870,
203:LS&MS
98:longitude
1029:Category
565:See also
530:meridian
452:railways
368:and the
138:railways
108:and the
998:2779401
958:3105430
578:of 1884
545:⁄
420:removed
405:sources
285:at the
283:Chicago
219:El Paso
181:at the
1004:
996:
964:
956:
756:Flickr
485:Berlin
481:London
473:Loenen
314:, the
221:. The
83:offset
63:clocks
1002:S2CID
994:JSTOR
962:S2CID
954:JSTOR
704:(PDF)
697:(PDF)
307:Maine
231:Omaha
209:used
85:from
916:2018
853:2011
789:2013
738:2011
712:2014
659:2013
631:2013
475:and
403:any
401:cite
360:The
301:and
102:time
100:and
986:doi
946:doi
467:or
414:by
185:'s
1031::
1000:.
992:.
982:88
980:.
960:.
952:.
942:30
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