1189:
as well as successful efforts by his successor
Tsendenbal to obstruct "de-Stalinization" efforts that could have shed light on the purges, helped solidify the positive regard many Mongolians held of their former leader. Some scholars have suggested the inclination of Mongolians to avoid blaming Choibalsan for the purges is in effect an attempt to exonerate themselves for what happened. Public anger over the violence of the purges falls predominantly on the Soviet Union and the NKVD, with Choibalsan viewed sympathetically (if not pathetically) as a puppet with little choice but to follow Moscow's instructions or else meet the fate of his predecessors Genden and Amar.
1060:
others were transported to gulags in the USSR. As the NKVD effectively managed the purge by staging show trials and carrying out executions, a frequently intoxicated
Choibalsan was sometimes present during torture and interrogations of suspected counterrevolutionaries, including old friends and comrades. Choibalsan rubber-stamped NKVD execution orders and at times personally directed executions. He also added names of political enemies to NKVD arrest lists simply to settle old scores. Nevertheless, even when he attempted to spare victims by recommending leniency in certain cases, NKVD officers often overrode his decision.
278:
1098:
1040:
935:
1213:
1144:
1939 by declaring that the excesses of the purges had been conducted by overzealous party officials while he was away in the USSR, but that he had overseen the arrests of the real criminals. Official blame for the purges fell on
Nasantogtoh, the deputy minister of internal affairs, and his former Soviet handler Kichikov. Later, other henchmen of the purge were arrested and executed, including Luvsansharav, Bayasgalan, Dashtseveg, and Luvsandorj.
25:
1110:
1161:
1017:, Frinovsky delivered a list of 115 counterrevolutionaries and Japanese collaborators to Choibalsan, recommending they be purged. Working through Soviet advisers already embedded within the Ministry of Interior and with a compliant Choibalsan providing symbolic cover, Frinovsky built the purge framework from behind the scenes. He produced arrest lists and assembled an Extraordinary Purge Commission, an NKVD-style
1086:
1025:). They presided over arrest cases, investigations and show trials involving âlamas, espionage and counterrevolution.â The arrest of 65 high-ranking government officials and intelligentsia on the night of Sept 10, 1937, signaled the launch of the purges in earnest. All were accused of spying for Japan as part of a Genden-Demid plot and most confessed under intense torture. The first show trial was staged at
1074:
986:
detention of high ranking politicians without first consulting political superiors. Soon thereafter, 23 high ranking lamas were arrested for participating in a "counter revolutionary center." Following a yearlong trial they were publicly executed in early
October 1937. When Mongolia's procurator general protested the lamas' prosecution, he too was arrested and then shot.
1139:
while NKVD agents and
Interior Ministry officials carried on purge operations from Ulaanbaatar. When he returned to Mongolia, Choibalsan followed Soviet directives and had the highly popular Prime Minister Amar purged. Choibalsan claimed he "had helped anti-government plotters, opposed their arrest,
1050:
What followed was a spasm of violence that lasted nearly 18 months. Choibalsan's troika approved and carried out the execution of more than 18,000 counter-revolutionary lamas. Monks that were not executed were conscripted into the
Mongolian armed forces or otherwise forcibly laicized while 746 of the
985:
Over the next three years, Soviet mentors in the
Ministry of Internal Affairs guided Choibalsan in planning and carrying out the impending purges. Under the direction of his Soviet handler Matvey Petrovich Chopyak, Choibalsan had Internal Affairs Committee rules amended in May 1936 to facilitate the
1196:, however, re-examination of the Socialist Era, and particularly the Great Repression, has occurred and there does seem to be an attempt by some Mongolians to come to terms the country's past in a more general context. In 1991 mass graves of monks executed during the repressions were uncovered near
1188:
In the 50 years following the repressions, any public discourse on the matter was discouraged or condemned. At the time of his death in 1952, Choibalsan was widely mourned as a hero, a patriot, and ultimately a martyr for the cause of
Mongolian independence. Remnants of his strong personality cult,
1143:
With Amar's removal, Choibalsan became
Mongolia's uncontested leader, simultaneously holding the office of prime minister, minister for internal affairs, minister of war, and commander-in-chief of the Mongolian armed forces. Secured in his position, Choibalsan brought the terror to an end in April
1008:
and minister of defense. The following day
Choibalsan, as interior minister, issued Order 366 which declared that many in Mongolia "had fallen under the influence of Japanese spies and provocateurs." Alarmed by Japanese military movements in Manchuria Stalin ordered that month the stationing of
1059:
were also rounded up and killed. Some 25 persons from top positions in the party and government were executed, 187 from the military leadership, 36 of the 51 members of the Central Committee. Following the Russian model, Choibalsan opened gulags in the countryside to imprison dissidents, while
1168:
By the time the purges ended in early 1939, an entire stratum of Mongolian society had effectively been exterminated while much of Mongolia's cultural heritage lay in ruins. Approximately 18,000 lamas were condemned to death while thousands more were forcibly laicized and conscripted into the
1204:. The corpses of hundreds of executed lamas and civilians were unearthed, all killed with a single shot to the base of the skull. At the same time, there have been concerted efforts by various groups to restore many of the temples and monasteries that were destroyed during the purges.
990:
1169:
Mongolian army. More than 700 Buddhist monasteries were destroyed. The old guard revolutionary class, viewed as heavily nationalist, was eliminated; twenty five persons from top positions in the party and government were executed (including former prime ministers
1140:
and neglected the defense of the borders. He betrayed his own country and was a traitor to the revolution." After a coordinated propaganda campaign, Amar was arrested on 7 March 1939 and sent to the USSR, where he was later tried by a Soviet Troika and executed.
958:
in 1931. To defend against possible Japanese military expansion into the Soviet Far East, Stalin sought to stabilize Mongolia politically by eliminating opposition to the Soviet-backed government and securing an agreement to permit the stationing of
834:. Estimates differ, but anywhere between 20,000 and 35,000 "enemies of the revolution" were executed, a figure representing three to five percent of Mongolia's total population at the time. Victims included those accused of espousing
891:, the first prime minister of the revolutionary period, and 14 others were executed without trial after confessing under torture by Soviet agents to conspiring to overthrow the government. Two years later Bodoo's chief accuser,
1177:), 187 from the military leadership, and 36 of the 51 members of the Central Committee. Choibalsan became Mongolia's unquestioned leader backed by Soviet advisors, a growing Red Army presence in the country, and by younger
1152:, the last two living members (besides Choibalsan himself) of the original seven founding members of the MPRP, were also arrested. Dogsom was executed in 1941. Losol died in a Soviet prison before his case came to trial.
949:
and other MPRP elements, particularly Buryat-Mongols, were falsely accused of conspiring with Japanese spies. Over 1,500 people were implicated and 56 were executed. The public hysteria surrounding the
830:
and the growing Soviet influence in the country. As in the Soviet Union, methods of repression included torture, show trials, executions, and imprisonment in remote forced labor camps, often in Soviet
911:, were imprisoned or exiled in a widescale purge of suspected rightwingers as the country launched its "Leftist Period" of more rapid collectivization, land expropriation, and persecution of the
1004:, whose popularity Choibalsan had always resented, died under suspicious circumstances resulting in Choibalsan's promotion to the dual role of sole commander-in-chief of the
1051:
country's monasteries were liquidated. Thousands more dissident intellectuals, political and government officials labeled "enemies of the revolution," as well as ethnic
1121:
Notable victims of Choibalsan's purges include (from left); prime ministers P. Genden and A. Amar, and two of the founding members of the MPRP D. Dogsom and D. Losol
42:
1341:
89:
61:
758:
1029:'s Central Theater from 18 to 20 October 1937. Of the 14 persons accused, 13, including former prime minister (1921) and chief abbot of the
249:
Tserendorj, Internal Affairs Committee head D. Namsrai, deputy minister of internal affairs Nasantogtoh, Bayasgalan, Dashtseveg, and others
2174:
2154:
1249:
1033:
895:, was executed during the Third Party Congress for representing "bourgeois interests". In 1928, several prominent MPRP members including
210:
68:
2134:
2144:
1666:
563:
518:
75:
2179:
1009:
30,000 Red Army troops in Mongolia and had dispatched a large Soviet delegation to Ulaanbaatar under Soviet Deputy NKVD Commissar
2149:
2194:
57:
1927:
1839:
1794:
1751:
1703:
1676:
1649:
1622:
1592:
1567:
1536:
1505:
1388:
1953:
2124:
2109:
2104:
1393:
1013:. Charged with starting the violent purges that he had so effectively carried out in the Soviet Union under NKVD Chief
2184:
2060:
1996:
1963:
1693:
751:
108:
1955:
Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy
1741:
2189:
2129:
916:
692:
1378:
1368:
803:
705:
146:
82:
46:
1127:
Racked with stress, Choibalsan spent six months (August 1938 â January 1939) recuperating and consulting with
2204:
2139:
287:
945:
In 1933â34, in what is viewed as a dress rehearsal for the repressions of 1937â1939, MPRP General Secretary
2169:
2164:
2159:
1383:
1193:
876:
827:
802:'Great Repression') was an 18-month period of heightened political violence and persecution in the
744:
715:
688:
658:
1230:, prime minister of Mongolia from 1928 to 1930 and 1936 to 1939, Mongolian head of state from 1932 to 1936
880:
1612:
1005:
725:
1268:
785:
904:
668:
633:
491:
1766:
Baabar 1999, p. 361: quoting N. Erdene-Ochir, "Extra-Special Commission", Ardyn Erh, No. 153, 1991
1892:
1486:"Tibetan Medicine and Buddhism in the Soviet Union: Research, Repression, and Revival, 1922â1991"
1274:
931:
were blamed, officially expelled from the party, and later executed during the Great Repression.
884:
495:
258:
35:
2094:
1559:
1553:
1485:
1363:
1285:
1243:
1145:
1043:
1022:
938:
908:
823:
678:
487:
368:
242:
231:
1988:
1981:
1831:
1824:
1336:
1307:
928:
317:
297:
292:
1224:, Mongolian head of state from 1924 to 1927 and prime minister of Mongolia from 1932 to 1936
883:(MPRP) resulted in several waves of violent political purges, often instigated and aided by
2199:
1182:
912:
855:
338:
327:
312:
172:
1263:
8:
1331:
900:
797:
613:
398:
307:
269:
246:
136:
919:
throughout the country in 1932, several of the MPRP's most hard-line leftists including
2063:
1466:
1258:
1253:
1238:
1128:
1030:
1001:
776:
408:
388:
358:
348:
322:
302:
2025:
1992:
1959:
1923:
1835:
1790:
1747:
1699:
1672:
1645:
1618:
1588:
1563:
1532:
1501:
1470:
1431:
1302:
1197:
1021:(headed by Choibalsan, with Minister of Justice Tserendorj and former MPRP Secretary
1010:
994:
920:
238:
195:
951:
946:
924:
826:, persecuted thousands of individuals and organizations perceived as threats to the
2100:
1493:
1458:
1221:
1170:
974:
896:
835:
807:
528:
473:
418:
2078:
1639:
1462:
1398:
1346:
1233:
1149:
623:
428:
1497:
1490:
Healers and Empires in Global History: Healing as Hybrid and Contested Knowledge
1358:
1279:
1132:
1014:
888:
851:
378:
168:
1882:
2118:
2029:
1435:
1216:
Monument dedicated to the victims of the repressions in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
1164:
Choibalsan's statue stands in front of the National University in Ulaanbaatar
892:
839:
603:
583:
573:
483:
463:
1449:
Kuromiya, Hiroaki (July 2014). "Stalin's Great Terror and the Asian Nexus".
1227:
1181:
who were more closely aligned with the Soviet Union, such as future leader
1174:
811:
593:
538:
1373:
1324:
1290:
1201:
1178:
1039:
1026:
1018:
847:
277:
205:
1097:
934:
1915:
1212:
1983:
Poisoned Arrows: The Stalin-choibalsan Mongolian Massacres, 1921-1941
1826:
Poisoned arrows: The Stalin-Choibalsan Mongolian massacres, 1921-1941
955:
508:
24:
2013:
1419:
967:
960:
200:
2095:
Prelude to Violence: Show trials and state power in 1930s Mongolia
1887:
1320:
1296:
1109:
1056:
1052:
859:
453:
180:
176:
1160:
806:
between 1937 and 1939. The repressions were an extension of the
1484:
Sablin, Ivan (2019), Hokkanen, Markku; Kananoja, Kalle (eds.),
989:
1085:
1136:
831:
2051:
Kenneth Christie, Robert Cribb, Robert B. Cribb 2002, pg 162
2042:
Kenneth Christie, Robert Cribb, Robert B. Cribb 2002, pg 161
1492:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 81â114,
1323:
connected to Mongolia were imprisoned and killed during the
257:
Elimination of political opponents, consolidation of power,
970:
843:
815:
235:
164:
1692:
DashpuÌrÄv, DanzankhorloogiÄn; Soni, Sharad Kumar (1992).
1665:
Kotkin, Stephen; Elleman, Bruce Allen (12 February 2015).
887:
or Soviet agents and government advisors. In August 1922,
1073:
954:
was spurred in part by Japan's invasion of neighboring
790:
1979:
Sandag, Shagdariin; Kendall, Harry (9 December 1999).
1853:
1851:
1808:
1806:
1717:
1715:
973:
in Mongolia to be liquidated but the political leader
2110:
The Day of Commemoration, 2011, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
1867:
1865:
1863:
810:(also known as the Great Purge) unfolding across the
818:
advisors, under the nominal direction of Mongolia's
1952:Christie, Kenneth; Cribb, Robert (29 August 2003).
1848:
1803:
1712:
1252:, prime minister of Mongolia, 1921, chief abbot of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1980:
1860:
1823:
1920:Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939, Volumes 1-2
2116:
2014:"Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire"
1420:"Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire"
2054:
1691:
1555:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1063:
1046:, member of the Extraordinary Purge Commission
2074:
2072:
1978:
1951:
1664:
752:
1610:
1582:
2011:
1746:. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 46.
1282:, Mongolian head of state from 1930 to 1932
1271:, Mongolian head of state from 1927 to 1929
1246:, Mongolian head of state from 1936 to 1939
915:. After those drastic measures resulted in
2069:
1922:. Stanford University Press. p. 170.
759:
745:
1880:
842:nationalism, and pro-Japanese sentiment.
241:, Extraordinary Purge Commission members
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2061:Mass Buddhist Grave Reported in Mongolia
1789:. London: Faber and Faber. p. 237.
1743:Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan
1587:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 326.
1558:. New York: Facts on File inc. pp.
1531:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 113.
1448:
1211:
1159:
1038:
988:
933:
2103:by Timothy May, Department of History,
1739:
1526:
980:
2117:
1895:from the original on 12 December 2021.
1821:
1784:
1698:. South Asian Publishers. p. 44.
1695:Reign of Terror in Mongolia, 1920-1990
1637:
1551:
1483:
881:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
1611:Baabar; Baabar, Bat-ÄrdÄniÄn (1999).
1417:
1389:Mass killings under communist regimes
870:
1914:
1606:
1604:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1830:. University of Michigan. pp.
1394:Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan
693:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
58:"Stalinist repressions in Mongolia"
13:
2155:Mass killings by communist regimes
1207:
14:
2216:
2088:
1668:Mongolia in the Twentieth Century
1601:
1529:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
1327:in the Soviet Union, among them:
773:Stalinist repressions in Mongolia
2135:20th-century mass murder in Asia
2081:RTĂ News, Thursday, 12 June 2003
2079:Mass grave uncovered in Mongolia
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1000:In August 1937, the 36-year-old
276:
23:
2175:MongoliaâSoviet Union relations
2145:Human rights abuses in Mongolia
2105:University of WisconsinâMadison
2045:
2036:
2012:Christopher, Kaplonski (2004).
2005:
1972:
1945:
1936:
1908:
1899:
1874:
1815:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1733:
1724:
1685:
966:Stalin had ordered for 100,000
879:, infighting within the ruling
34:needs additional citations for
2150:Man-made disasters in Mongolia
1658:
1631:
1583:Bawden; Bawden, C. R. (1989).
1576:
1545:
1520:
1477:
1442:
1411:
1379:1932 armed uprising (Mongolia)
1:
2195:Political history of Mongolia
1881:BBC Films (29 January 2012).
1740:Sabloff, Paula L. W. (2001).
1644:. Monsudar Pub. p. 322.
1638:Baabar, Bat-ÄrdÄniÄn (1999).
1404:
1310:MPRP leader from 1936 to 1940
1194:end of communist rule in 1990
865:
862:were particularly impacted.
814:around the same time. Soviet
1617:. White Horse. p. 355.
1552:Atwood, Christopher (2004).
1527:Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010).
1463:10.1080/09668136.2014.910940
877:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
16:1937â1939 purges in Mongolia
7:
2180:Mongolian People's Republic
2125:1930s disasters in Mongolia
1987:. Westview Press. pp.
1822:Sandag, Shagdariin (2000).
1498:10.1007/978-3-030-15491-2_4
1369:Mongolian People's Republic
1352:
1293:, 20th and last Setsen Khan
1135:, and Stalin in Moscow and
1064:End of the Great Repression
1036:, were sentenced to death.
804:Mongolian People's Republic
791:
147:Mongolian People's Republic
10:
2221:
1958:. Routledge. p. 156.
1671:. Routledge. p. 112.
1614:Twentieth Century Mongolia
1585:Modern History of Mongolia
1314:
1291:Tserendondovyn Navaanneren
1002:Marshal Gelegdorjiin Demid
1250:Sambadondogiin Tserendorj
1155:
1034:Sambadondogiin Tserendorj
780:
253:
227:
219:
186:
160:
152:
142:
134:
125:
2185:Persecution of Buddhists
2097:by Christopher Kaplonski
1418:Kaplonski, Christopher.
905:Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj
496:Second Turkic Khaganates
1883:"Secrets of the Steppe"
1275:Khas-Ochiryn Luvsandorj
1269:Jamtsangiin DamdinsĂŒren
963:troops in the country.
259:Anti-Buddhist sentiment
2190:Persecution of Mongols
2130:20th-century conflicts
1787:The Bloody White Baron
1785:Palmer, James (2008).
1364:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
1319:A number of prominent
1286:Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav
1244:Dansranbilegiin Dogsom
1217:
1165:
1146:Dansranbilegiin Dogsom
1047:
1023:Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav
997:
942:
939:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
909:Navaandorjiin Jadambaa
824:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
369:Munkhkhairkhan culture
243:Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav
232:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
1337:Rinchingiin Elbegdorj
1308:Banzarjavyn Baasanjav
1215:
1163:
1042:
993:Deputy NKVD Chief MP
992:
937:
929:Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav
927:, and Prime Minister
716:Democratic Revolution
2205:Violence in Mongolia
2140:Buddhism in Mongolia
1183:Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
981:The Great Repression
977:resisted the order.
856:political dissidents
828:Mongolian revolution
173:political dissidents
43:improve this article
2170:Mass murder in 1939
2165:Mass murder in 1938
2160:Mass murder in 1937
1942:Baabar 1999, p. 370
1905:Baabar 1999, p. 365
1857:Baabar 1999, p. 358
1812:Baabar 1999, p. 362
1775:Baabar 1999, p. 361
1730:Baabar 1999, p. 359
1721:Baabar 1999, p. 355
1641:History of Mongolia
1451:Europe-Asia Studies
1384:Cultural Revolution
1332:Jamsrangiin Tseveen
1031:Manzushir Monastery
901:Jamsrangiin Tseveen
689:People's Revolution
659:National Revolution
614:Oirat Confederation
399:Deer stones culture
270:History of Mongolia
247:Minister of Justice
137:History of Mongolia
2064:The New York Times
1871:Becker 1992, p. 95
1259:Shirnengiin Ayuush
1254:Manjusri Monastery
1239:Gelegdorjiin Demid
1218:
1166:
1129:Kliment Voroshilov
1048:
1006:Mongolian military
998:
943:
871:Prelude: 1921â1934
792:Ikh KhelmegdĂŒĂŒlelt
679:Chinese occupation
409:Slab-grave culture
389:Ulaanzuukh culture
359:Chemurchek culture
349:Afanasievo culture
196:Summary executions
2101:A Forgotten Purge
1929:978-0-8047-1835-6
1841:978-0-8133-3710-4
1796:978-0-571-23023-5
1753:978-0-924171-90-1
1705:978-1-881318-15-6
1678:978-1-317-46010-7
1651:978-99929-0-038-3
1624:978-1-874267-40-9
1594:978-0-7103-0800-9
1569:978-0-8160-4671-3
1538:978-0-8108-7452-7
1507:978-3-030-15491-2
1303:Zolbingiin Shijee
1264:Ălziitiin Badrakh
1200:, and in 2003 in
1011:Mikhail Frinovsky
921:Zolbingiin Shijee
917:popular uprisings
801:
789:
769:
768:
734:
733:
706:People's Republic
642:
641:
547:
546:
519:Tang protectorate
437:
436:
264:
263:
239:Mikhail Frinovsky
130:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2212:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1986:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1415:
1222:Peljidiin Genden
1171:Peljidiin Genden
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
975:Peljidiin Genden
897:Ajvaagiin Danzan
836:Tibetan Buddhism
808:Stalinist purges
796:
794:
784:
782:
781:ĐŃ
Đ„ŃĐ»ĐŒŃĐłĐŽÒŻÒŻĐ»ŃĐ»Ń
761:
754:
747:
655:
654:
568:9thâ12th century
560:
559:
529:Uyghur Khaganate
474:Rouran Khaganate
450:
449:
419:Chandman culture
345:
344:
280:
266:
265:
211:Ethnic cleansing
129:ĐŃ
Đ„ŃĐ»ĐŒŃĐłĐŽÒŻÒŻĐ»ŃĐ»Ń
128:
126:Great Repression
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2115:
2114:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1482:
1478:
1447:
1443:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1399:Buryat genocide
1355:
1347:Erdene Batkhaan
1317:
1234:Darizavyn Losol
1210:
1208:Notable victims
1158:
1150:Darizavyn Losol
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1066:
983:
913:Buddhist Church
873:
868:
844:Buddhist clergy
765:
736:
735:
726:Modern Mongolia
699:
652:
644:
643:
624:Dzungar Khanate
564:Mongol khanates
557:
556:Medieval period
549:
548:
502:
447:
439:
438:
429:Pazyryk culture
342:
215:
189:
167:, aristocrats,
165:Buddhist clergy
127:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2090:
2089:External links
2087:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2066:, October 1991
2053:
2044:
2035:
2004:
1997:
1971:
1964:
1944:
1935:
1928:
1916:Coox, Alvin D.
1907:
1898:
1873:
1859:
1847:
1840:
1814:
1802:
1795:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1752:
1732:
1723:
1711:
1704:
1684:
1677:
1657:
1650:
1630:
1623:
1600:
1593:
1575:
1568:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1506:
1476:
1441:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Katyn Massacre
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1280:Losolyn Laagan
1277:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1209:
1206:
1157:
1154:
1133:Nikolai Yezhov
1120:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1015:Nikolai Yezhov
982:
979:
952:LkhĂŒmbe Affair
947:Jambyn LkhĂŒmbe
925:Ălziin Badrakh
889:Dogsomyn Bodoo
875:Following the
872:
869:
867:
864:
852:intelligentsia
767:
766:
764:
763:
756:
749:
741:
738:
737:
732:
731:
728:
722:
721:
718:
712:
711:
708:
702:
701:
696:
685:
684:
681:
675:
674:
671:
669:Bogd Khaganate
665:
664:
661:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
639:
636:
630:
629:
626:
620:
619:
616:
610:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
580:
579:
576:
570:
569:
566:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
544:
541:
535:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
515:
514:
511:
505:
504:
499:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
448:
446:Ancient period
445:
444:
441:
440:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
385:
384:
381:
379:Sagsai culture
375:
374:
371:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
351:
343:
337:
336:
333:
332:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
282:
281:
273:
272:
262:
261:
255:
251:
250:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
190:
187:
184:
183:
169:intelligentsia
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
132:
131:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1998:9780813337104
1994:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1965:9781135789688
1961:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Dash Sampilon
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
996:
991:
987:
978:
976:
972:
969:
964:
962:
957:
953:
948:
940:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:Soliin Danzan
890:
886:
882:
878:
863:
861:
858:, and ethnic
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:pan-Mongolist
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
799:
793:
787:
778:
774:
762:
757:
755:
750:
748:
743:
742:
740:
739:
729:
727:
724:
723:
719:
717:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
703:
697:
694:
690:
687:
686:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
660:
657:
656:
651:Modern period
648:
647:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
625:
622:
621:
617:
615:
612:
611:
607:
605:
604:Northern Yuan
602:
601:
597:
595:
592:
591:
587:
585:
584:Mongol Empire
582:
581:
577:
575:
574:Khamag Mongol
572:
571:
567:
565:
562:
561:
553:
552:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
510:
507:
506:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
465:
464:Xianbei state
462:
461:
457:
455:
452:
451:
443:
442:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
380:
377:
376:
372:
370:
367:
366:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
350:
347:
346:
340:
335:
334:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
283:
279:
275:
274:
271:
268:
267:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
230:
226:
223:20,000â35,000
222:
218:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
191:
185:
182:
178:
175:, and ethnic
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2015
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2021:
2017:
2007:
1982:
1974:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1886:
1876:
1825:
1817:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1694:
1687:
1667:
1660:
1640:
1633:
1613:
1584:
1578:
1554:
1547:
1528:
1522:
1511:, retrieved
1489:
1479:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1318:
1299:, last Queen
1228:Anandyn Amar
1191:
1187:
1179:apparatchiks
1175:Anandyn Amar
1167:
1142:
1126:
1049:
1044:Luvsansharav
999:
984:
965:
944:
874:
819:
812:Soviet Union
772:
770:
730:1990âpresent
634:Qing dynasty
594:Yuan dynasty
539:Liao dynasty
458:209 BCâ93 AD
393:1450â1150 BC
383:1500â1000 BC
373:1800â1600 BC
363:2750â1900 BC
353:3300â2500 BC
228:Perpetrators
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2200:Politicides
1513:3 September
1374:Great Purge
1202:Ulaanbaatar
1027:Ulaanbaatar
848:aristocrats
413:1100â300 BC
403:1400â700 BC
339:Prehistoric
206:Mass murder
188:Attack type
2119:Categories
2018:Inner Asia
1457:(5): 787.
1424:Inner Asia
1405:References
866:Background
433:600â300 BC
423:700â300 BC
69:newspapers
2030:1464-8172
1471:154720143
1436:1464-8172
1192:With the
995:Frinovsky
956:Manchuria
885:Comintern
786:romanized
777:Mongolian
710:1924â1992
700:1921â1924
683:1919â1921
673:1911â1919
638:1691â1911
628:1634â1757
618:1399â1634
608:1368â1635
598:1271â1368
588:1206â1368
578:1130â1206
509:Xueyantuo
318:Geography
201:Massacres
156:1937â1939
1918:(1990).
1893:Archived
1353:See also
968:Buddhist
961:Red Army
941:in 1930s
820:de facto
543:907â1125
484:GöktĂŒrks
328:Religion
323:Language
313:Politics
303:Nobility
288:Timeline
143:Location
135:Part of
2024:: 210.
1888:YouTube
1430:: 209.
1321:Buryats
1315:Buryats
1297:Genepil
1057:Kazakhs
1053:Buryats
860:Buryats
822:leader
800:
788::
533:744â840
523:647â682
513:628â646
503:682â744
501:555â630
492:Eastern
478:330â555
454:Xiongnu
308:Culture
181:Kazakhs
177:Buryats
83:scholar
2028:
1995:
1962:
1926:
1838:
1793:
1750:
1702:
1675:
1648:
1621:
1591:
1566:
1535:
1504:
1469:
1434:
1325:purges
1156:Legacy
1103:Dogsom
1079:Genden
1019:troika
907:, and
832:gulags
494:, and
468:93â234
341:period
298:Rulers
293:States
254:Motive
234:, the
220:Deaths
161:Target
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1467:S2CID
1198:Mörön
1137:Sochi
1115:Losol
971:lamas
488:First
90:JSTOR
76:books
2026:ISSN
1993:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1515:2024
1502:ISBN
1432:ISSN
1173:and
1148:and
1091:Amar
1055:and
816:NKVD
798:lit.
771:The
720:1990
698:1921
663:1911
245:and
236:NKVD
179:and
153:Date
62:news
1989:154
1560:130
1494:doi
1459:doi
45:by
2121::
2071:^
2020:.
2016:.
1991:.
1891:.
1885:.
1862:^
1850:^
1834:.
1832:70
1805:^
1714:^
1603:^
1562:.
1500:,
1488:,
1465:.
1455:66
1453:.
1426:.
1422:.
1185:.
1131:,
923:,
903:,
899:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
838:,
795:,
783:,
779::
490:,
171:,
2032:.
2022:7
2001:.
1968:.
1932:.
1844:.
1799:.
1756:.
1708:.
1681:.
1654:.
1627:.
1597:.
1572:.
1541:.
1496::
1473:.
1461::
1438:.
1428:7
775:(
760:e
753:t
746:v
695:)
691:(
498:)
486:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
