483:
1053:. High endemism is reported in this area and it is hypothesized this is due to many independent evolutions. This region results in high diversification due to global warming, tectonic activity, and oceanic currents. Modern regions of high speciation of squat lobsters includes seamounts near ocean trenches in the West Pacific, but squat lobsters are found in a range of habitats including continental shelfs, ridges, and abyssal seabeds. The hotspot distribution of squat lobsters in shallow waters seems to mirror the distribution of deep-sea species.
942:. The systematics of squat lobsters and the classification of deep-sea squat lobsters is an area of active research due to the limited fossil record. Deep-sea squat lobsters, exist at depths greater than 200m, are classified in the Mundidiae and Munidopsidae families of the superfamily Galatheoidea. Deep-sea squat lobsters display greater morphological divergences and lower genetic divergences evolutionary compared to their shallow-water counterparts. In early classifications, squat lobsters were placed in the superfamily
31:
890:
58:
317:
2129:
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2144:
412:, with females having proportionally shorter chelipeds. The following three pairs of pereiopods are somewhat smaller than the chelipeds and are without claws, but are otherwise similar; they are used for walking. The fifth pair of pereiopods are much smaller than the preceding pairs, and are held inconspicuously under the carapace. They each end in a tiny chela, and are generally believed to be used for cleaning the body, especially the
569:. Early larval stages are found mostly near the sea surface, but older larval and juvenile stages have a wide vertical distribution through the water column, and adults become almost purely benthic, with only a few vertical migrations in their remaining lifetime. In these migrations, they will form large swarms (up to 200 m vertically, and up to 10 km horizontally) in which they rely the selective tidal stream for feeding.
2180:
2168:
431:, which flank the telson. The pleon is usually curled under the thorax, such that only the first three somites are visible from above. The form of the pleopods varies between the sexes. In females, the first one or two pairs are missing, while the remaining pairs are uniramous, and have long setae, to which the eggs can be attached. In males, the first two pairs are formed into
479:, the spherical egg is a uniform dark color. In stage II, the optic lobe and appendages begin formation. Stage III is when the abdominal segments and terminal spines begin to develop. In stage IV, there is pigmentation of the ocular lobe, segmentation of the maxillipeds, and cardiac movement. In the fifth and final stage, the eyes are enlarged and the abdomen is extended.
505:
Squat lobster aggregation is theorized to be proportional to the amount of available organic particulate carbon reaching the seafloor. As such, many species of benthic squat lobsters aggregate into groups of very high population density around a number of different types of highly productive areas of
470:
or number of eggs increases with smaller sized eggs and increasing body size of the parent. This results in increasing incubation time and consequently, increased egg volume. The trend of larger numbers of eggs and smaller sized eggs is mostly found in lower latitudes and cooler temperatures in order
724:
are known to mate during the intermolt period. Squat lobster mating was shown to be unrelated to the female molt period, unlike many other crustacean species; instead, mating occurs when most females are found to be ovigerous and there is no or only minor molting activity, i.e the intermolt period.
396:
The mouthparts consist of six pairs of appendagesâ three posterior cephalic appendages and the first three pairs of thoracic appendages. While their function was traditionally believed to be limited to food handling, the mouthparts have a more complex movement pattern that allows them to perform a
950:
of the family
Porcellanidae. This relationship, however, was re-examined in the late 21st-century. Molecular and morphological data indicate that Galatheoidea is not a monophyletic group; Galatheidae, Porcellanidae, Kiwaidae, and Chirostylidae have independent origins. Galatheoidea is the largest
652:
and found that injected serotonin elicits aggressive postures and behaviors, including increased likelihood and intensity of aggressive reactions to real or artificial squat lobsters, while injected octopamine reduced instances of aggressive behavior, including increasing the likelihood of escape
627:
Squat lobsters are generally unaggressive toward each other, but instances can occur in particular scenarios. Individuals among dense populations will make decisions about whether to hunt for food or engage in deposit feeding on the basis of minimizing aggressive interactions. In general, squat
614:
to the surveillance submersible, hence why this behavior was so often observed. In general, it is thought that this behavior may be a mechanism to increase the perceived size of the squat lobster as an aggressive or perhaps illusory display to ward off predators, as well as an active "fishing"
995:
likely exist. It is likely that squat lobsters underwent deep sea colonization multiple times in evolutionary history. Squat lobsters underwent rapid diversification in the late
Oligocene through the Miocene likely due to a variety of selection pressures, beginning in the Southwest Pacific.
392:
with square facets, which is typical of the "reflecting superposition" form of eye. Many deep-sea species have reduced eyes, and reduced movement of the eyestalks. In the families
Munididae and Galatheidae, there is often a row of setae close to the eyes, forming "eyelashes".
585:
are able to aggregate in the pelagic region due to a number of unique features as compared to benthic squat lobsters, including fast swimming speeds, reduced density, reduced sinking rates as a result of greater morphological surface area, and optimized aerobic metabolism.
446:
has previously been explored in regards to outer morphology; however, the external change in body shaped has influence on the internal anatomical features as well. The use of micro-computer tomography and 3D reconstruction have brought to light anatomical disparity within
636:
behavior. When aggressive displays do occur, as a result of competition for mates or food, the aggressive behavior is ignored 70% of the time, met with submission 20% of the time, and met with reciprocal aggression 10% of the time. A 2001 study examined the effects of
623:
While squat lobsters look like true lobsters, they are more closely related to hermit crabs. Instead of carrying shells on their backs, they squeeze their bodies into crevices and leave their claws exposed to defend themselves from predators or other squat lobsters.
531:
tubeworms, but they are also attracted to the three-dimensional structures found in them. Burrows, crevices, or debris from shipwrecks are suggested to serves as shelter against predators, as well as food accumulation sites. A variety of squat lobster called
1974:
Schnabel, Kareen E.; Cabezas, Patricia; McCallum, Anna; MacPherson, Enrique; Ahyong, Shane T. & Baba, Keiji (2011). "Worldwide distribution patterns of marine squat lobsters". In Poore, Gary; Ahyong, Shane & Joanne Taylor (eds.).
368:, wide and often serrated in some genera, and long, narrow, and flanked with "supraorbital spines" in others. The degree of ornamentation on the surface of the carapace also varies widely, and there are almost always at least a few
547:
Squat lobster species found on seamounts typically have smaller bodies with shorter larval stages, as opposed to rise and ridge habitats. It has been suggested that this is due to the difference in substrates at these habitats.
1388:
Rowden, A. A., Schnabel, K. E., Schlacher, T. A., Macpherson, E., Ahyong, S. T., & Richer de Forges, B. (2010). Squat lobster assemblages on seamounts differ from some, but not all, deepâsea habitats of comparable depth.
590:
also exhibit ontogenetic migration through larvae accumulation in highly productive nearshore waters, which then move toward the mid-continental shelf as they mature, and move completely offshore around full maturation.
951:
superfamily in the
Anomura suborder, which is reflected in the wide range of habitats of species belonging to this "superfamily." Few morphological characteristics distinguish squat lobsters from other families in the
1028:
Generally, species richness of deep-sea squat lobsters increases with proximity to the equator and the
Western Pacific. A split in the galatheid fauna exists between the Eastern Pacific, containing much less species
312:
or abdomen. The pleon only being partly flexed under the cephalothorax and the cephalothorax being more long than it is broad makes the squat lobster a morphological intermediate between a lobster and crab.
474:
The development period of the embryo consists of five distinct stages in which the lasts several months. Throughout the five stages, both the diameter and volume of the egg increases. In the first stage of
439:
to the female during mating; the first pair is often missing. The remaining pleopods can be similar to those of the females, or reduced in size, or entirely absent. In both sexes, the uropods are biramous.
334:
The cephalothorax is made of 19 body segments (somites), although the divisions are not obvious and are most easily inferred from the paired appendages. From front to back, these are the two pairs of
2021:
610:
were observed most frequently in all conditions with their claws extended into the water column, perpendicular to the substrate. In the case of this study, the behavior was thought to be an
1412:"Habitat utilization, demography, and behavioral observations of the squat lobster, Eumunida picta (Crustacea: Anomura: Eumunididae), on western North Atlantic deep-water coral habitats"
2049:"Rapid radiation and cryptic speciation in squat lobsters of the genus Munida (Crustacea, Decapoda) and related genera in the South West Pacific: molecular and morphological evidence"
835:. Commercial fishing for squat lobsters in El Salvador began in the early 1980s; production increased markedly in the 2001 season, and has continued to grow, now making up 98% of the
1186:"Evolutionary morphology of the organ systems in squat lobsters and porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomala): An insight into carcinization: Carcinization In Galatheoidea"
1286:
Gustavo A. Lovrich & Martin Thiel (2011). "Ecology, physiology, feeding and trophic role of squat lobsters". In Gary Poore; Shane Ahyong & Joanne Taylor (eds.).
258:
occupying caves above sea level. More than 900 species have been described, in around 60 genera. Some species form dense aggregations, either on the sea floor or in the
1682:"Descriptions of eleven new species of squat lobsters (Crustacea: Anomura) from seamounts around the Yap and Mariana Trenches with notes on DNA barcodes and phylogeny"
687:
is a deep-sea species that feeds only on sunken wood, including trees washed out to sea and timber from shipwrecks. Squat lobsters are large enough to be caught by
594:
In 2020, a study of squat lobsters determined that these crustaceans are far more diverse than previously thought. Through this study, 16 new species within the
566:
278:
in some ways, but are somewhat flattened dorsoventrally, and are typically smaller, ranging from 0.7 to 3.5 inches in length. Squat lobsters vary in postorbital
1150:
Keiji Baba; Shane T. Ahyong & Enrique
Macpherson (2011). "Morphology of marine squat lobsters". In Gary Poore; Shane Ahyong & Joanne Taylor (eds.).
598:
genera were described. It was also revealed that diversity of squat lobsters in the
Atlantic Ocean is relatively poor in comparison with the Pacific Ocean.
284:
867:. In an effort to conserve stocks, the Chilean government instituted quotas for squat lobsters, and the fishery is closely monitored. In New Zealand,
955:. Hence, deep-sea squat lobsters were classified in the Chirostyloidea superfamily in 2012 as DNA sequencing indicated that squat lobsters are not a
518:
or wood falls, and shipwrecks. Squat lobsters seem to aggregate in these areas because they are associated with the fauna that thrives in them, like
1009:
670:
1860:
are not monophyletic â molecular and morphological phylogeny of the squat lobsters (Decapoda: Anomura) with recognition of a new superfamily".
725:
These species of squat lobster also displayed very short interbrood intervals, or time between mating, generally not longer than a few days.
2212:
347:
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fronts, headland fronts, and shallow internal waves. Density of these aggregations are, on average, 2700 individuals per cubic meter.
1527:"Serotonin and octopamine elicit stereotypical agonistic behaviors in the squat lobster Munida quadrispina (Anomura, Galatheidae)"
300:. As in other decapod crustaceans, the bilaterally symmetrical body of a squat lobster may be divided into two main regions: the
408:(claw), and are therefore known as the "chelipeds"; they can be more than six times the body length, although some groups show
1644:
Ingo S. Wehrtmann & Enzo Acuña (2011). "Squat lobster fisheries". In Gary Poore; Shane Ahyong & Joanne Taylor (eds.).
1988:
1862:
1657:
1299:
1163:
397:
variety of functions such as prey- and sediment-gathering, sediment transfer, and sediment sorting/particle rejection. In
1784:"Depth as a driver of evolution and diversification of ancient squat lobsters (Decapoda, Galatheoidea, Phylladiorhynchus)"
1726:"Deep Under the Sea: Unraveling the Evolutionary History of the Deep-Sea Squat Lobster Paramunida (Decapoda, Munididae)"
959:. For example, Chirostylidae and Kiwaidae are distantly related to the other squat lobsters, and are closer related to
851:, squat lobsters are heavily exploited, especially following a large increase in fishing effort in the 2007 season. In
991:
Squat lobsters contain a total of around 60 genera, divided into over 900 recognized species; more than 120
401:, the farther the mouthparts are located from the mouth, the more complex in movement and functional scheme they are.
404:
The most conspicuous appendages are the pereiopods, and the largest of these is the first pair. These each end in a
2205:
1782:
RodrĂguez-Flores, P. C.; Macpherson, E.; Schnabel, K. E.; Ahyong, S. T.; Corbari, L.; Machordom, A. (2022-06-01).
741:
dishes. As well as being used for human consumption, there is demand for squat lobster meat to be used as feed in
2974:
2969:
1459:
RodrĂguez-Flores, Paula C.; Buckley, David; Macpherson, Enrique; Corbari, Laure; Machordom, Annie (2020-03-03).
847:, aggregations of squat lobsters are avoided, as the fishermen fear the squat lobsters will clog their nets. In
2172:
358:. The cephalothorax is covered with a thick carapace, which may extend forwards in front of the eyes to form a
339:
343:
427:. The first somite is narrower than the succeeding somites, and the last pair of pleopods are modified into
2184:
1095:
1724:
Cabezas, Patricia; SanmartĂn, Isabel; Paulay, Gustav; Macpherson, Enrique; Machordom, Annie (2012-03-04).
2964:
2935:
2829:
2198:
1906:
1038:
282:
length (measured from the eye socket to the rear edge), from 90 millimetres (3.5 in) in the case of
1236:"Functional mouthpart morphology of the squat lobster Munida sarsi , with comparison to other anomurans"
2894:
451:. Differences have been found in the ventral vessel system between porcelain crabs and squat lobsters.
2048:
1783:
1340:
2279:
1569:"Reproductive biology of two species of squat lobsters â female receptivity and interbrood intervals"
983:. Squat lobsters continue to be described in both the Chirostyloidea and Galatheoidea superfamilies.
898:
57:
2724:
2419:
2373:
2148:
456:
274:
The two main groups of squat lobsters share most features of their morphology. They resemble true
2954:
2875:
1609:
562:
906:
Broadly, squat lobsters are classified into two superfamilies: Chirostyloidea and
Galatheoidea.
2705:
2531:
2503:
2392:
2255:
2160:
1341:"Gonadal development of female red squat lobsters (Pleuroncodes monodon H Milne Edwards, 1837)"
809:
In
Central America, the primary species of squat lobster targeted by fisheries is a species of
39:
1920:
2887:
2272:
1063:
796:
683:
557:
255:
250:. They are distributed worldwide in the oceans, and occur from near the surface to deep sea
2917:
2672:
2558:
2517:
2510:
2496:
2331:
1567:
Espinoza-Fuenzalida, Nuxia L.; Acuña, Enzo; Hinojosa, Ivan A.; Thiel, Martin (2012-01-01).
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8:
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2632:
2626:
2584:
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2461:
2433:
2367:
1465:) unveils Tethyan vicariance and evolutionary patterns shared by shallow-water relatives"
1185:
1034:
992:
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for squat lobsters. Experimental fisheries have occurred in several countries, including
629:
606:
In a resting posture, squat lobsters rest their claws on the substrate in front of them.
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into the water column from the benthos at different stages in development, an example of
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52:
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Despite their worldwide distribution and great abundance, there are few functioning
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1980:
1947:
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1339:
Flores, Andrés; Brown, Donald I.; Queirolo, Dante; Ahumada, Mauricio (2020-05-01).
1291:
1255:
1197:
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has been considered as a potential fisheries resource, particularly to feed farmed
692:
1921:
Ahyong, Shane T.; Baba, Keiji; MacPherson, Enrique & Poore, Gary C.B. (2010).
1356:
2812:
2775:
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2619:
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2314:
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869:
816:
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de Grave, Sammy; Pentcheff, N. Dean; Ahyong, Shane T.; et al. (2009).
1875:
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2412:
2386:
2005:
1531:
Journal of
Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology
1410:
Nizinski, Martha S.; McClain-Counts, Jennifer P.; Ross, Steve W. (2023-03-01).
947:
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642:
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231:
153:
1943:
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1411:
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which caused a shift in gonads and the pleonal neuromeres for squat lobsters.
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2900:
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1817:
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form aggregations in warm summer waters of the Pacific Ocean associated with
520:
452:
443:
436:
405:
326:
301:
223:
185:
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In March 2022 it was reported that a squat lobster, possibly from the genus
388:
also project on stalks from the front of the carapace; these are made up of
2835:
2792:
2638:
2320:
2266:
2261:
2080:
1883:
1825:
1757:
1526:
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1209:
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935:
923:
811:
688:
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525:
448:
385:
259:
227:
158:
99:
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were found to almost exclusively reside on some type of structure, mostly
2524:
1923:"A new classification of the Galatheoidea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura)"
1073:
1050:
960:
927:
915:
840:
824:
820:
777:
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746:
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243:
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119:
44:
2003:
1808:
1781:
1489:
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30:
2923:
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1952:
1460:
1201:
1058:
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galatheoid squat lobsters have been found in strata dating back to the
968:
844:
734:
733:
Flesh from these animals is often commercially sold in restaurants as "
515:
511:
389:
351:
296:
219:
205:
200:
167:
1480:
1184:
Keiler, Jonas; Richter, Stefan; Wirkner, Christian S. (January 2015).
863:, beginning in 1953. By the mid-1960s, effort had largely switched to
2859:
2190:
2128:
1899:"A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans"
1566:
1069:
1046:
976:
972:
964:
931:
848:
769:
742:
700:
674:
638:
467:
381:
355:
330:(Kiwaidae); two pereiopods have broken off on the animal's left side.
247:
190:
177:
129:
89:
69:
1855:
2761:
2155:
2143:
2103:
1013:
980:
919:
836:
696:
678:
666:
540:
362:; this is highly variable among squat lobsters, being vestigial in
321:
279:
235:
109:
827:, for instance, the commercial catch is generally referred to as "
2342:
1973:
1930:
952:
765:
738:
737:" or sometimes dishonestly called "lobster" when incorporated in
551:
432:
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275:
239:
139:
1723:
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2786:
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2426:
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2167:
1325:
Ecology, Physiology, Feeding and Trophic Role of Squat Lobsters
1005:
997:
852:
773:
754:
428:
424:
79:
1610:"Maine senator attempts to blow whistle on 'impostor lobster'"
1285:
2864:
2398:
2232:
1072:. This was the first record of a living squat lobster in the
856:
785:
758:
661:
Squat lobsters feed on a variety of foods, with some species
309:
1008:. No fossils are currently assigned to the Chirostyloidea.
691:, and can thus form a "direct trophic shortcut" between the
419:
The pleon is made up of six somites, each bearing a pair of
2568:
1643:
843:, with annual catches peaking at 13,708 t in 2005. In
681:, and occasionally cannibals. Some are highly specialised;
413:
369:
1409:
1338:
780:, but commercial exploitation is currently restricted to
2096:"'Squat lobster' photobombs Shackleton's Endurance ship"
2004:
Schweitzer, Carrie E. & Feldmann, Rodney M. (2000).
1856:
Schnabel, K.E.; Ahyong, S.T. & Maas, E.W. (2011). "
1416:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2124:
2047:
Machordom, Annie; Macpherson, Enrique (2004-11-01).
1680:
Dong, Dong; Gan, Zhibin; Li, Xinzheng (2021-03-12).
1461:"Deep-sea squat lobster biogeography (Munidopsidae:
1183:
1045:(with more than 300 species) and the region of
753:, a pigment that helps to colour the meat of farmed
618:
182:
2046:
416:, which are in a cavity protected by the carapace.
2010:(Decapoda) in the fossil record and new Tertiary
2946:
288:, down to only a few millimetres in the case of
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1037:for squat lobsters is the "coral triangle", or
815:. There is a great deal of confusion over both
471:to accommodate for the longer incubation time.
320:Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the
552:Ontogenetic migrations and pelagic aggregation
16:Decapod crustaceans in the infraorder Anomura
2206:
823:, and the exact species is often unknown. In
1960:
1524:
1321:
495:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1607:
1525:Antonsen, B. L.; Paul, D. H. (1997-10-20).
859:squat lobster fisheries initially targeted
486:Squat lobsters can form dense aggregations.
2213:
2199:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1322:Lovrich, Gustavo A; Thiel, Martin (2011).
226:. They are found in the two superfamilies
29:
1951:
1807:
1686:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1679:
1584:
1488:
1435:
1281:
1279:
1277:
855:, production reached 492 t in 2008.
601:
170:included but traditionally excluded taxa
1840:
1233:
902:, are closely related to squat lobsters.
888:
481:
455:is also responsible for the loss of the
315:
222:with long tails held curled beneath the
1620:
986:
749:. This is in part because they contain
490:
2947:
2220:
2022:Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum
1274:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1062:, had been filmed on the wreck of the
500:
2194:
2053:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1890:
1863:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1788:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1777:
1775:
1719:
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1715:
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1125:
1123:
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1119:
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1115:
971:), the mole crabs in the superfamily
2093:
1405:
1403:
1384:
1382:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1234:Garm, A.; HĂžeg, J. T. (2000-08-18).
1090:
1088:
308:, or head, and the thorax), and the
13:
2033:
1772:
1712:
1666:
1557:
1513:
1224:
1172:
1112:
14:
2986:
2120:
1400:
1379:
1308:
1085:
884:
619:Aggression and agonistic behavior
242:, alongside groups including the
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2127:
2094:Amos, Jonathan (11 March 2022).
1742:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01560.x
1012:may belong either in the family
56:
2087:
1997:
1914:
1608:David Sharp (October 3, 2006).
1601:
1452:
1023:
435:, and are used to transfer the
1332:
1041:, especially in the region of
788:. The main target species are
711:Squat lobsters, in particular
462:
269:
1:
2014:(Decapoda) from the Americas"
1977:The biology of squat lobsters
1646:The Biology of Squat Lobsters
1573:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1357:10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105508
1288:The Biology of Squat Lobsters
1152:The Biology of Squat Lobsters
1079:
1033:and the Western Pacific. The
218:are dorsoventrally flattened
1328:. CLAYTON: CSIRO PUBLISHING.
1068:, which sank in 1915 in the
728:
628:lobsters exhibit no lasting
7:
2830:Austromegabalanus psittacus
2065:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.001
1907:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
1876:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.011
1800:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107467
1100:www.montereybayaquarium.org
1039:Indo-Australian Archipelago
706:
514:, sites of food falls like
338:, six pairs of mouthparts (
10:
2991:
2895:Paralithodes camtschaticus
1698:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab003
656:
2933:
2821:
2760:
2567:
2341:
2280:Macrobrachium rosenbergii
2226:
1944:10.11646/zootaxa.2676.1.4
1437:10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103953
975:, and the small families
899:Neopetrolisthes maculatus
496:Aggregation and migration
372:(bristles), which can be
262:, and a small number are
234:, which form part of the
174:
166:
150:
145:
53:Scientific classification
51:
37:
28:
23:
2725:Portunus trituberculatus
2420:Metanephrops challengeri
2374:California spiny lobster
1586:10.1163/193724012x626601
879:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
632:, nor do they engage in
615:strategy to catch prey.
457:caridoid escape reaction
2876:Lysiosquillina maculata
423:, and terminating in a
376:in some members of the
304:(itself made up of the
2975:Arthropod common names
2970:Commercial crustaceans
2706:Ovalipes australiensis
2532:Scyllarides herklotsii
2504:Panulirus penicillatus
2393:Japanese spiny lobster
2256:Cryphiops caementarius
903:
602:Claw position behavior
487:
331:
40:Munidopsis serricornis
2888:Oratosquilla oratoria
2273:Litopenaeus setiferus
2006:"First notice of the
1543:10.1007/s003590050134
1260:10.1007/s002270000318
1190:Journal of Morphology
926:contain the families
910:contain the families
892:
747:shrimp or prawn farms
695:at the bottom of the
684:Munidopsis andamanica
630:dominance hierarchies
567:ontogenetic migration
558:Pleuroncodes planipes
485:
354:), and five pairs of
319:
2918:Tasmanian giant crab
2673:Hypothalassia acerba
2559:Tristan rock lobster
2518:Parribacus japonicus
2511:Panulirus versicolor
2497:Panulirus pascuensis
2332:Xiphopenaeus kroyeri
2187:at Wikimedia Commons
2175:at Wikimedia Commons
1983:. pp. 149â182.
1652:. pp. 297â322.
1294:. pp. 183â221.
987:Evolutionary history
839:resources landed in
791:Pleuroncodes monodon
720:Pleuroncodes monodon
491:Ecology and behavior
294:and some species of
2800:Procambarus clarkii
2739:Scylla paramamosain
2661:Gecarcinus ruricola
2633:Chinese mitten crab
2627:Chaceon quinquedens
2585:Callinectes similis
2578:Callinectes sapidus
2462:Panulirus echinatus
2434:Nephrops norvegicus
2368:Arctides guineensis
1910:. Suppl. 21: 1â109.
1428:2023DSRI..19303953N
1252:2000MarBi.137..123G
1035:center of diversity
993:undescribed species
665:, while others are
506:the deep sea, like
501:Benthic aggregation
350:and three pairs of
291:Galathea intermedia
264:commercially fished
2965:Edible crustaceans
2807:Orconectes virilis
2718:Portunus pelagicus
2655:Florida stone crab
2645:Declawing of crabs
2483:Panulirus longipes
2469:Panulirus guttatus
2301:Penaeus esculentus
2221:Edible crustaceans
2135:Crustaceans portal
1345:Fisheries Research
1202:10.1002/jmor.20311
957:monophyletic group
904:
831:", but is in fact
648:Munida quadrispina
612:avoidance response
563:vertical migration
508:hydrothermal vents
488:
477:embryo development
332:
252:hydrothermal vents
2942:
2941:
2842:Galathea strigosa
2553:Thymops birsteini
2539:Scyllarides latus
2490:Panulirus ornatus
2476:Panulirus homarus
2441:Palinurus elephas
2427:Thenus orientalis
2294:Pandalus borealis
2287:Palaemon serratus
2183:Media related to
2171:Media related to
1990:978-0-643-10172-2
1659:978-0-643-10172-2
1481:10.1111/zsc.12414
1469:Zoologica Scripta
1301:978-0-643-10172-2
1165:978-0-643-10172-2
1158:. pp. 1â37.
861:Cervimunida johni
803:Cervimunida johni
784:, and chiefly to
714:Cervimunida johni
693:primary producers
410:sexual dimorphism
213:
212:
2982:
2613:Cancer productus
2599:Cancer bellianus
2592:Cancer irroratus
2546:Scyllarus arctus
2455:Panulirus cygnus
2380:Homarus gammarus
2362:American lobster
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2170:
2159:Data related to
2158:
2147:Data related to
2146:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2044:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1981:CSIRO Publishing
1971:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1811:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1736:(6): 1878â1896.
1721:
1710:
1709:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1650:CSIRO Publishing
1641:
1618:
1617:
1614:Associated Press
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1407:
1398:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1306:
1305:
1292:CSIRO Publishing
1283:
1272:
1271:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1181:
1170:
1169:
1156:CSIRO Publishing
1147:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1092:
829:P. planipes
817:scientific names
797:P. planipes
541:Lophelia pertusa
285:Munidopsis aries
184:
146:Groups included
61:
60:
33:
21:
20:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2929:
2817:
2813:Signal crayfish
2776:Astacus astacus
2756:
2752:Soft-shell crab
2699:Orithyia sinica
2620:Chaceon fenneri
2563:
2448:Panulirus argus
2406:Jasus edwardsii
2350:
2345:
2337:
2326:Whiteleg shrimp
2315:Processa edulis
2308:Penaeus monodon
2249:Crangon crangon
2231:
2222:
2219:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2092:
2088:
2045:
2034:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1972:
1961:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1854:
1841:
1780:
1773:
1722:
1713:
1678:
1667:
1660:
1642:
1621:
1606:
1602:
1565:
1558:
1523:
1514:
1457:
1453:
1408:
1401:
1387:
1380:
1337:
1333:
1320:
1309:
1302:
1284:
1275:
1232:
1225:
1182:
1173:
1166:
1148:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1096:"Squat lobster"
1094:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1026:
1002:Middle Jurassic
989:
948:porcelain crabs
894:Porcelain crabs
887:
870:Munida gregaria
865:P. monodon
833:P. monodon
731:
709:
659:
621:
604:
574:Munida gregaria
554:
503:
498:
493:
465:
272:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:Squat lobsters
2940:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2912:Squilla mantis
2908:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Goose barnacle
2852:
2849:Glyptolithodes
2845:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2746:Scylla serrata
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2712:Pie crust crab
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2667:Horsehair crab
2664:
2657:
2652:
2650:Dungeness crab
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2606:Cancer pagurus
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2413:Jasus lalandii
2409:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2387:Ibacus peronii
2383:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2163:at Wikispecies
2152:
2151:at Wikispecies
2149:Chirostyloidea
2139:
2138:
2122:
2121:External links
2119:
2117:
2116:
2086:
2059:(2): 259â279.
2032:
1996:
1989:
1959:
1913:
1889:
1870:(2): 157â168.
1839:
1771:
1711:
1692:(2): 306â355.
1665:
1658:
1619:
1600:
1579:(4): 565â574.
1556:
1537:(5): 501â510.
1512:
1475:(3): 340â356.
1451:
1399:
1391:Marine Ecology
1378:
1331:
1307:
1300:
1273:
1246:(1): 123â138.
1240:Marine Biology
1223:
1171:
1164:
1111:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1025:
1022:
988:
985:
946:alongside the
908:Chirostyloidea
886:
885:Classification
883:
875:Chinook salmon
730:
727:
708:
705:
663:filter feeding
658:
655:
643:octopaminergic
634:territorialist
620:
617:
603:
600:
553:
550:
535:Emmunida picta
528:estimentiferan
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
464:
461:
271:
268:
232:Chirostyloidea
216:Squat lobsters
211:
210:
209:
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154:Chirostyloidea
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48:
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34:
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24:Squat lobster
15:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
2987:
2976:
2973:
2971:
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2966:
2963:
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2937:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:Squat lobster
2904:
2902:
2901:Red king crab
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:Mantis shrimp
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
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2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
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2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:Ranina ranina
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:Menippe adina
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:Maja squinado
2682:
2680:
2677:
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2600:
2596:
2594:
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2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
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2527:
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2522:
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2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
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2417:
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2400:
2396:
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2372:
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2360:
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2250:
2246:
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2239:
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2225:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:Chirostylidae
2169:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2105:
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2054:
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2037:
2028:
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2023:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:Chirostylidae
2000:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
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1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:New Caledonia
1040:
1036:
1032:
1021:
1019:
1018:Chirostylidae
1015:
1011:
1010:Pristinaspina
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
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940:Porcellanidae
937:
933:
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912:Chirostylidae
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782:Latin America
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450:
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168:Cladistically
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27:
22:
19:
2922:
2910:
2905:
2893:
2886:
2874:
2847:
2840:
2836:Coconut crab
2828:
2805:
2798:
2793:Paranephrops
2791:
2774:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2639:Chionoecetes
2637:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2551:
2544:
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2439:
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2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2385:
2378:
2366:
2330:
2321:Shrimp paste
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2267:Indian prawn
2262:Dried shrimp
2254:
2247:
2240:
2161:Galatheoidea
2107:. Retrieved
2099:
2089:
2056:
2052:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1976:
1935:
1929:
1916:
1905:
1892:
1867:
1861:
1858:Galatheoidea
1857:
1809:10261/266186
1791:
1787:
1733:
1729:
1689:
1685:
1645:
1603:
1576:
1572:
1534:
1530:
1490:10261/200285
1472:
1468:
1463:Leiogalathea
1462:
1454:
1419:
1415:
1394:
1390:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1287:
1243:
1239:
1193:
1189:
1151:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1030:
1027:
1024:Distribution
990:
961:hermit crabs
944:Galatheoidea
936:Munidopsidae
924:Galatheoidea
905:
897:
878:
868:
864:
860:
832:
828:
821:common names
812:Pleuroncodes
810:
808:
801:
795:
789:
763:
732:
718:
712:
710:
703:at the top.
682:
660:
646:
639:serotonergic
626:
622:
607:
605:
596:Leiogalathea
593:
587:
582:
572:
571:
556:
555:
546:
539:
533:
527:
524:mussels and
519:
504:
473:
466:
449:Galatheoidea
442:
418:
403:
399:Munida Sarsi
398:
395:
384:. A pair of
363:
333:
325:
305:
295:
289:
283:
273:
260:water column
244:hermit crabs
228:Galatheoidea
215:
214:
159:Galatheoidea
136:Infraorder:
126:(unranked):
100:Malacostraca
38:
18:
2525:Sagmariasus
2185:Galatheidae
2012:Galatheidae
1953:10261/42217
1196:(1): 1â21.
1074:Weddell Sea
1051:Philippines
928:Galatheidae
916:Eumunididae
841:El Salvador
825:El Salvador
778:New Zealand
751:astaxanthin
653:responses.
645:systems in
588:M. gregaria
583:M. gregaria
579:river plume
516:whale falls
463:Development
378:Galatheidae
365:Chirostylus
352:maxillipeds
270:Description
256:one species
238:infraorder
220:crustaceans
196:Lithodoidea
120:Pleocyemata
45:Galatheidae
2949:Categories
2924:Thalassina
2870:Langostino
2679:Jonah crab
2029:: 147â165.
1794:: 107467.
1422:: 103953.
1351:: 105508.
1105:2023-03-27
1080:References
1059:Munidopsis
969:Paguroidea
965:king crabs
845:Costa Rica
743:fish farms
735:langostino
701:carnivores
699:, and the
675:scavengers
669:-feeders,
512:cold seeps
374:iridescent
356:pereiopods
348:maxillules
297:Uroptychus
248:mole crabs
206:Paguroidea
201:Lomisoidea
116:Suborder:
90:Arthropoda
2860:King crab
2100:bbc.co.uk
2073:1055-7903
1938:: 57â68.
1834:247772934
1818:1055-7903
1750:0014-3820
1730:Evolution
1706:0024-4082
1595:0278-0372
1551:0340-7594
1507:213494922
1499:0300-3256
1446:0967-0637
1373:213011895
1365:0165-7836
1268:0025-3162
1070:Antarctic
1065:Endurance
1047:Indonesia
977:Lomisidae
973:Hippoidea
932:Munididae
849:Nicaragua
770:Argentina
766:fisheries
729:Fisheries
679:predators
468:Fecundity
390:ommatidia
382:Munididae
340:mandibles
191:Hippoidea
178:Aegloidea
130:Reptantia
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
2936:Category
2762:Crayfish
2343:Lobsters
2109:11 March
2104:BBC News
2081:15336662
1884:21095236
1826:35351636
1758:22671553
1397:, 63-83.
1218:26260996
1210:25156549
1049:and the
1029:richness
1014:Kiwaidae
981:Aeglidae
920:Kiwaidae
837:demersal
707:Breeding
697:food web
667:detritus
608:E. picta
561:perform
433:gonopods
421:pleopods
344:maxillae
336:antennae
322:holotype
306:cephalon
280:carapace
276:lobsters
110:Decapoda
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
2960:Anomura
2348:slipper
2346:(incl.
1931:Zootaxa
1766:7933932
1424:Bibcode
1248:Bibcode
953:Anomura
896:, like
857:Chilean
739:seafood
657:Feeding
429:uropods
360:rostrum
254:, with
240:Anomura
236:decapod
140:Anomura
106:Order:
96:Class:
2822:Others
2787:Cherax
2782:Marron
2770:Acocil
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2242:Acetes
2233:prawns
2228:Shrimp
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1006:Europe
998:Fossil
938:, and
918:, and
853:Panama
800:, and
776:, and
774:Mexico
755:salmon
425:telson
2865:Krill
2569:Crabs
2399:Jasus
2353:spiny
2017:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1902:(PDF)
1830:S2CID
1762:S2CID
1503:S2CID
1369:S2CID
1214:S2CID
786:Chile
759:trout
414:gills
406:chela
370:setae
310:pleon
2111:2022
2077:PMID
2069:ISSN
1985:ISBN
1936:2676
1880:PMID
1822:PMID
1814:ISSN
1754:PMID
1746:ISSN
1702:ISSN
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1591:ISSN
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1442:ISSN
1361:ISSN
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1264:ISSN
1206:PMID
1160:ISBN
979:and
963:and
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2061:doi
1948:hdl
1940:doi
1872:doi
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