903:ρ = 1.225 kg/m). The GP 11 bullet set off the militaries of countries like Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom at the onset of and after World War I to develop and field similar full metal jacket boat tail spitzer bullets to improve the maximum effective range and long range performance of the full metal jacket flat based spitzer bullet designs they used. The useful maximum effective range is defined by the maximum range of a small-arms projectile while still maintaining the minimum kinetic energy required to put unprotected personnel out of action, which is generally believed to be 15 kilogram-meters (147 J / 108 ft⋅lbf).
617:
1342:
763:
236:
219:
633:
42:
856:
879:(G1 BC) of 0.505 to 0.514 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable) and had a maximum terminal range of approximately 5,500 m (6,015 yd) under Swiss chosen atmospheric conditions (altitude = 800 m (2,625 ft), air pressure = 649 mm (25.55 in) Hg, temperature = 7 °C (45 °F)) equaling ICAO Standard Atmosphere conditions at 653.2 m (2,143 ft) (
259:
31:
802:
cartridge adopted by U.S. armed forces in 1906. The ball, M1906 rounds had a muzzle velocity of 823 m/s (2,700 ft/s) and had a maximum terminal range of approximately 3,117 m (3,409 yd) and can be identified by their silver-colored bullets. The cupro-nickel alloy was found to foul
957:
m/94 service ammunition with a 10.1 grams (156 gr) long round-nosed bullet (B-projectile) fired at a muzzle velocity of 725 m/s (2,379 ft/s) up to the early phase of World War II and
Norwegian occupation by German in 1940. From 1941 onwards Sweden, which remained neutral during World
706:
was adopted by the German Army and Navy in 1903 and had a maximum terminal range of approximately 3,700 m (4,050 yd). The combination of increased muzzle velocity and improved bullet aerodynamics provided a much flatter bullet trajectory, which increased the probability of hitting an
923:). It was loaded with a 9 grams (138.9 gr) spitzer bullet fired at a muzzle velocity of 850 m/s (2,789 ft/s) with 3,251 J (2,398 ft⋅lbf) muzzle energy from a 589 mm (23.2 in) long barrel. It had a maximum terminal range of 3,700 m (4,050 yd).
140:, that is defined by the maximum range of a small-arms projectile while still maintaining the minimum kinetic energy required to put unprotected personnel out of action, which is generally believed to be 15 kilogram-meters (147 J / 108 ft⋅lbf).
380:ρ = 1.225 kg/m) and had a maximum terminal range of approximately 4,400 m (4,812 yd). Even by 21st century standards 800 m (870 yd) typical effective supersonic range is regarded as normal for a standard military rifle round.
940:
loaded with 14.2 g (219 gr) spitzer bullets with a boat tail fired at a muzzle velocity of 760 m/s (2,493 ft/s) bullets. The 8×63mm patron m/32 ammunition was not developed as general service ammunition but for anti-aircraft and
945:
and had an effective range of approximately 3,600 m (3,937 yd) on which the impact energy was 20 kilogram-meters (196 J / 145 ft⋅lbf), and a maximum terminal range of approximately 5,500 m (6,015 yd) when fired from a
958:
War II, adopted m/41 service ammunition loaded with a 9.1 grams (140 gr) spitzer bullet (D-projectile) fired at a muzzle velocity of 800 m/s (2,625 ft/s). Besides a pointed nose the m/41 D-projectile also had a boat tail.
660:. During a late 19th and early 20th century improvement program tasked with remedying the M/88's propellant compression and excessive barrel (grooves) wear problems, the German ordnance authority began to prefer spitzer bullets by 1898.
119:
The development of spitzer bullets and long-range volley sights for service rifles changed military doctrines. Area targets at ranges up to 1,420–2,606 m (1,550–2,850 yd) could be subject to rifle fire. With improvements in
766:
Five bullets used in United States military loadings from left to right: M1903 bullet, M1906 ball, M1 ball, M2 ball, and M2 Armor-Piercing (AP) bullet. Black paint has chipped off the tip of AP bullet during rough handling. The
694:(G1 BC) of approximately 0.321 to 0.337 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable), along with a dimensionally redesigned chambering and bore (designated as "S-bore") and new double-base (based on nitrocellulose and
598:
ammunition was introduced, which featured a lead-cored, cupro-nickel-over-steel-jacketed, pointed boat-tail bullet weighing 15.0 g (232 grains). It had been designed to improve the long-range performance of the issued
184:
through improved projectile design. Stronger metal casings were being used to contain cartridge propellants, making small arms more powerful but not any more accurate. Designers knew that bullets with a lower
667:
aerodynamic bullet, credited to the independent ballistician Arthur
Gleinich, was tested in 1902 and officially adopted on 3 April 1903. After several shape revisions it entered mass production in 1904. The
847:(G1 BC) of approximately 0.467. The .303 British Mark VII cartridge had a muzzle velocity of 744 m/s (2,441 ft/s) and a maximum terminal range of approximately 2,743 m (3,000 yd).
147:. Before, during and after World War I, militaries adopted even more aerodynamically refined spitzer projectiles by combining a pointed nose with a slightly tapered base at the rear, called a
871:
cartridge loaded with a 11.3 grams (174 gr) spitzer full metal jacket bullet. Besides a pointed nose, the GP 11 bullet also had a boat tail to further lower the drag coefficient (C
690:
cartridge, which was loaded with a relatively lightweight 9.9 grams (153 gr) spitzer bullet with a slightly increased diameter of 8.2 mm (0.323 in) that had a
1196:
294:
The original 1886 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel cartridge was an innovative service cartridge design, since it was the first military cartridge to use single-base smokeless,
714:, "heavy spitzer") boat tail projectile had a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of 0.557 to 0.593 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable) and was loaded in the
85:, which was developed for military purposes in the late 19th and early 20th century, was a major design improvement compared to earlier rounder or flatter-tipped
652:
the Gewehr-Prüfungskommission (G.P.K.) (Rifle
Testing Commission) was responsible for improving the accuracy and performance of the 1888 pattern military
782:
exposed for reliable functioning in self-loading firearms, while the earlier M1903 bullet is positioned to illustrate the longer neck of the preceding
746:
was mainly issued for aerial combat and as of 1918 in the later stages of World War I to infantry machine gunners. Fifteen years after World War I the
197:, making it more stable in flight and less susceptible to lateral drift caused by crosswinds. By retaining a higher impact velocity, bullets with high
1038:
710:
At the onset of World War I, Germany developed an aerodynamically further refined bullet. This 12.8 grams (198 gr) full metal jacket s.S. (
702:
loading, which delivered a greatly improved muzzle velocity of 878 m/s (2,880 ft/s) from a 740 millimetres (29.1 in) barrel. The
340:
was also the first military rifle projectile that had a boat tail – a streamlined tapered base – to further minimize air resistance in flight.
155:
which increased the terminal maximum ranges of fully-powered rifle cartridges to between 4,115 and 5,500 m (4,500 and 6,010 yd).
836:
152:
306:
in 1884. The original 1886 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel was loaded with a 15.0 grams (231 gr) cupro-nickel-jacketed lead-cored flat-nosed
1085:
The 8mm (7,92X57) Mauser
Cartridge, Ballistics of the F.N. Rifle, Cal. 7,9 m/m Streamlined Pointed Bullet with Tapered Base (197.5 gr.)
356:(G1 BC) of 0.568 to 0.581 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable). Fired at 700 m/s (2,300 ft/s) muzzle velocity the
1166:
794:
bullet design from
Gleinich. Now referred to as a 'spitzer' design, the new 9.7 grams (150 gr) flat base projectile that had a
205:
and be lethal at greater ranges. It was these requirements that drove military thinking in the years prior to the First World War.
827:(G1 BC) of approximately 0.338. The 7.62×54mmR M1908 Type L cartridge had a muzzle velocity of 865 m/s (2,838 ft/s).
287:
bullet was designed by
Captain Georges Raymond Desaleux, in order to improve the ballistic performance of the existing French
1376:
1190:
1136:
775:
into the bullet. The four spitzer bullets used in the .30-06 Springfield cartridge case were loaded with a nearly identical
1284:
180:
From the mid to late 19th century, European military research had started to examine how to maximise available small arms
883:ρ = 1.150 kg/m). At 780 m/s (2,559 ft/s) muzzle velocity the standard GP 11 ball spitzer bullet retained
1167:"The 8mm (7,92×57) Mauser Cartridge, Ballistics of the F.N. Rifle, Cal. 7,9mm Light Pointed Bullet (154 gr.) S Patrone"
1270:
193:) would decelerate less rapidly and therefore travel further. A lower drag coefficient also flattens the projectile's
45:
21st-century plastic-tipped bullets. Ballistic Tips: Hornady 17 gr. V-Max 17HMR, .308 Winchester
Unknown Manufacturer
1116:
1551:
1425:
1222:
600:
17:
998:
1027:
1559:
912:
321:
The new 1898 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel cartridge loaded with
Desaleux's new lighter 12.8 grams (198 gr)
868:
1369:
974:
896:
735:
677:
373:
776:
98:
798:(G1 BC) of approximately 0.405 with a cupro-nickel alloy jacket was incorporated into the M1906
790:
In 1906, United States ordnance authorities arranged to purchase the production license for the
102:
843:
cartridge variant loaded with an 11.3 grams (174 gr) flat base spitzer bullet that had a
1435:
876:
844:
824:
795:
691:
353:
198:
46:
1314:
937:
112:, which makes them decelerate less rapidly. Lowering the drag coefficient leads to improved
1455:
1362:
1271:
The
Spanish Modelo 1893 Mauser Rifle by Paul Scarlata • Shooting Times • September 23, 2010
1170:
1084:
136:
at more than 3,000 m (3,280 yd). The indirect firing method exploits the maximal
105:
54:
336:
and a greatly improved maximum effective range. Besides having a pointed nose section the
8:
1410:
1299:
1211:
113:
90:
62:
53:
bullet meant to confer the aerodynamic advantage of the spitzer bullet (for example, see
1095:
722:
had a maximum terminal range of approximately 4,700 m (5,140 yd) and retained
684:
1450:
1430:
799:
1414:
1112:
1002:
840:
1580:
1531:
1503:
1420:
1406:
1132:
699:
579:
The downrange performance tables above show the superior velocity retention of the
186:
109:
82:
916:
1541:
1288:
1200:
819:
service round variant loaded with the "L" 9.61-gram (148.3 gr) Лёгкая Пуля (
772:
329:
181:
137:
1281:
1257:
947:
812:
295:
202:
94:
58:
1191:
8×57mm IS cartridge portrait - Totgesagte leben länger, Wild und Hund 11/2006
1141:
859:
Swiss 7.5×55mm GP 11 Full Metal Jacket, Armor
Piercing, and Tracer projectiles
771:
indentation around each bullet is where the leading edge of the case would be
1574:
1535:
1475:
1440:
942:
695:
649:
315:
133:
129:
1346:
816:
1508:
683:
differed internally. The Gewehr-Prüfungskommission program resulted in the
616:
303:
1139:
for an Improved Form for Projectiles for Hand-Firearms can be found under
1071:
1056:
1401:
1385:
1154:
900:
892:
880:
864:
739:
731:
657:
377:
369:
280:
144:
121:
1341:
1325:
954:
762:
656:
ammunition and Germany's weapons chambered for M/88 ammunition like the
151:, which further reduced drag in flight. These projectiles were known as
1518:
1460:
884:
723:
653:
361:
333:
194:
143:
Spitzer bullets greatly increased the lethality of the battlefields of
125:
78:
1234:
235:
1526:
1498:
1493:
1465:
768:
672:
nose was externally pointed like the French design and its shape was
307:
288:
218:
34:
1888 pattern M/88 (left) alongside the 1903 pattern 7.92×57mm Mauser
632:
1488:
1483:
754:
became the standard issue ball ammunition for the German military.
299:
590:
Note: The air density ρ used to correlate these tables is unknown.
332:
of 700 m/s (2,300 ft/s), providing a somewhat flatter
41:
1393:
783:
673:
352:
spitzer nose profile combined with the boat tail resulted in a
318:
achieving a muzzle velocity of 628 m/s (2,060 ft/s).
86:
1354:
1282:
FN Mauser Model 98 Rifle and Carbine Operator's Manual page 28
1258:"History of the .303 British Calibre Service Ammunition Round"
1089:
830:
275:
The spitzer bullet design was first introduced in 1898 as the
1109:
Die Deutschen Militargewehre und Maschinenpistolen: 1871-1945
855:
779:
325:
50:
1078:
644:/ heavy pointed bullet) boat-tailed full metal jacket bullet
163:
The name "spitzer" is an anglicized form of the German word
1137:
Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken Aktien-Gesellschaft
258:
718:. At 760 m/s (2,493 ft/s) muzzle velocity the
1155:
Patent US 841861 A Projectile for hand-firearms (1907).
726:
velocity up to and past 1,000 m (1,100 yd) (V
30:
1096:
FN Mauser Model 98 rifle and carbine operator's manual
742:ρ = 1.225 kg/m). From its 1914 introduction the
89:
because pointed nose shapes were less susceptible to
707:
individual target at most typical combat distances.
77:) is a pointed projectile that is primarily used in
628:
fired from a 600 millimetres (23.6 in) barrel.
364:
velocity up to and past 800 m (870 yd) (V
128:meant that fixed machine gun squads could deliver
1106:
124:at the turn of the 20th century, the addition of
1572:
1025:
1227:
262:Technical drawings of the French 1898 pattern
1370:
1021:
1019:
823:, "Light Bullet") spitzer bullet that had a
837:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
831:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1377:
1363:
1255:
1223:20th Century German Military Arms and Ammo
1016:
887:velocity up to 800 m (870 yd) (V
167:, literally meaning "pointed projectile".
97:. By adding a point, projectiles made for
911:In 1913, the ordnance authorities of the
1069:
1054:
854:
761:
631:
615:
343:
257:
40:
29:
1249:
14:
1573:
996:
990:
624:and the further improved 1914 pattern
620:Ballistic tables for the 1903 pattern
314:bullet designed by lieutenant colonel
175:
1358:
328:mono-metal spitzer bullet achieved a
1315:Swedish Military Rifles 1894 - 1995
1235:"Rifle, Short Magazine Lee Enfield"
1028:"The Practical Range of Small Arms"
926:
906:
24:
1044:from the original on 5 March 2015.
25:
1592:
1334:
806:
1340:
997:Petzal, David E. (7 July 2014).
757:
636:A 1914 pattern 7.92×57mm Mauser
611:
252:8×50mmR Lebel service cartridges
234:
217:
1384:
1319:
1308:
1293:
1275:
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1237:. The Lee-Enfield Rifle Website
1216:
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953:Sweden and Norway loaded their
936:In 1932, Sweden introduced the
921:7mm Cartucho para Mauser Tipo S
601:Hotchkiss Mle 1914 machine guns
348:The 1898 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel
1125:
1100:
1063:
1048:
968:
875:). The GP 11 projectile had a
850:
13:
1:
1345:The dictionary definition of
1072:"The 8x50R Lebel (8mm Lebel)"
1057:"The 8x50R Lebel (8mm Lebel)"
983:
975:Maximum effective rifle range
606:
302:) gunpowder as developed by
158:
7:
1131:The patent assigned by the
999:"Understanding VLD Bullets"
482:1898 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel
384:1886 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel
291:service cartridge of 1886.
10:
1597:
1111:(in German). p. 133.
1107:Götz, Hans-Dieter (1974).
170:
91:external ballistic factors
1550:
1517:
1474:
1392:
1300:"Swedish Kulspruta m/36".
1212:Die Patrone 7.92mm (8x57)
931:
899:conditions at sea level (
738:conditions at sea level (
376:conditions at sea level (
270:
242:Loaded with 1898 pattern
225:Loaded with 1886 pattern
153:spitzer boat-tail bullets
961:
897:ICAO Standard Atmosphere
736:ICAO Standard Atmosphere
374:ICAO Standard Atmosphere
839:officially adopted the
750:was phased out and the
594:In 1932, 8×50mmR Lebel
208:
860:
787:
645:
629:
267:
199:ballistic coefficients
66:
47:Plastic-tipped bullets
38:
1035:The American Rifleman
877:ballistic coefficient
858:
845:ballistic coefficient
841:.303 British Mark VII
825:ballistic coefficient
796:ballistic coefficient
765:
712:schweres Spitzgeschoß
692:ballistic coefficient
642:schweres Spitzgeschoß
635:
619:
354:ballistic coefficient
344:Downrange performance
261:
44:
33:
27:Type of bullet design
1326:"6.5x55 Ammunition".
1303:forgottenweapons.com
1026:Kjellgren, G. L. M.
915:issued a redesigned
55:very-low-drag bullet
688:or 7.92×57mm Mauser
487:
389:
176:Design requirements
63:hollow-point bullet
1451:Total metal jacket
1287:2012-05-10 at the
1199:2011-10-01 at the
1142:US PAT No. RE12927
1037:. pp. 40–44.
1003:Field & Stream
938:8×63mm patron m/32
861:
803:the bore quickly.
800:.30-06 Springfield
788:
678:full metal jacket
646:
630:
583:compared with its
481:
383:
268:
201:would retain more
114:external ballistic
83:pointed nose shape
67:
39:
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1426:Full metal jacket
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16:(Redirected from
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917:7×57mm Mauser
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289:8×50mmR Lebel
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130:plunging fire
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1560:Boxer primer
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1411:Hollow point
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1239:. Retrieved
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1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
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1006:. Retrieved
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867:adopted the
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792:Spitzgeschoß
791:
789:
752:s.S. Patrone
751:
747:
744:s.S. Patrone
743:
734:1.07) under
720:s.S. Patrone
719:
716:s.S. Patrone
715:
711:
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703:
685:
680:Spitzgeschoß
679:
670:Spitzgeschoß
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665:Spitzgeschoß
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638:s.S. Patrone
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372:1.13) under
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304:Paul Vieille
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122:machine guns
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103:intermediate
74:
70:
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35:
1431:Hollow-base
1386:Handloading
1193:(in German)
919:cartridge (
901:air density
895:1.1) under
881:air density
865:Switzerland
851:Switzerland
740:air density
658:Gewehr 1888
587:predecessor
378:air density
281:French Army
145:World War I
126:clinometers
116:behaviour.
75:spire point
1519:Propellant
1415:Soft point
1177:2013-02-14
984:References
885:supersonic
817:7.62×54mmR
786:cartridge.
724:supersonic
676:, but the
362:supersonic
334:trajectory
195:trajectory
79:small-arms
57:) and the
1527:Gunpowder
1499:Rock salt
1494:Flechette
1466:Wadcutter
1421:Frangible
1407:Expanding
863:In 1911,
769:cannelure
748:S Patrone
704:S Patrone
686:S Patrone
622:S Patrone
607:1902–1918
308:wadcutter
159:Etymology
149:boat tail
36:S Patrone
1575:Category
1489:Buckshot
1484:Birdshot
1285:Archived
1197:Archived
1039:Archived
955:6.5×55mm
674:patented
300:Poudre B
298:based, (
1581:Bullets
1446:Spitzer
1135:to the
1008:13 June
777:tangent
773:crimped
650:Germany
596:Balle N
585:Balle M
581:Balle D
484:Balle D
386:Balle M
358:Balle D
350:Balle D
338:Balle D
323:Balle D
312:Balle M
310:-style
285:Balle D
279:by the
277:Balle D
264:Balle D
244:balle D
227:balle M
171:History
87:bullets
1552:Primer
1538:, etc)
1394:Bullet
1241:13 May
1115:
932:Sweden
784:.30-03
663:A new
541:18.30
446:75.61
443:31.71
283:. The
271:France
266:bullet
81:. The
1504:Sabot
1348:spitz
1042:(PDF)
1031:(PDF)
962:Notes
780:ogive
544:44.0
538:5.60
535:3.01
532:1.43
529:0.54
526:0.12
515:2000
512:1500
509:1000
486:load
440:9.83
437:5.27
434:2.39
431:0.81
428:0.14
417:2000
414:1500
411:1000
388:load
326:brass
93:like
61:of a
51:rifle
1509:Slug
1402:Cast
1243:2010
1113:ISBN
1010:2018
893:Mach
732:Mach
728:1000
654:M/88
573:240
570:278
567:342
564:388
561:448
558:521
555:607
552:700
506:800
503:600
500:400
497:200
475:160
472:197
469:255
466:290
463:335
460:397
457:488
454:628
408:800
405:600
402:400
399:200
370:Mach
209:1898
101:and
95:drag
73:(or
69:The
1461:Wax
889:800
648:In
366:800
132:or
1577::
1413:,
1033:.
1018:^
1001:.
891:≈
730:≈
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603:.
523:0
494:0
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368:≈
189:(C
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873:d
640:(
191:d
65:.
20:)
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