647:
480:
448:
216:
40:
575:
599:
563:
635:
623:
587:
611:
395:
508:(DISH) which is the calcification or ossification of the ligaments surrounding the vertebrae. This degeneration causes stiffness and sometimes even curvature in the lumbar and thoraco-lumbar spinal region. Burgeoning evidence suggests that long-term running may mitigate age-related degeneration within lumbar intervertebral discs
526:
commonly have calcium deposits (ectopic calcification) in the cartilage endplate and sometimes in the disc itself. Herniated discs are also found to have a higher degree of cellular senescence than non-herniated discs. In addition to scoliosis, which is the lateral 'S' curvature of the spine, the
487:
One effect of aging and disc degeneration is that the nucleus pulposus begins to dehydrate and the concentration of proteoglycans in the matrix decreases, thus limiting the ability of the disc to absorb shock. This general shrinking of disc size is partially responsible for the common decrease in
333:
The intervertebral disc functions to separate the vertebrae from each other and provides the surface for the shock-absorbing gel of the nucleus pulposus. The nucleus pulposus of the disc functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each intervertebral disc under compressive
408:
A spinal disc herniation, commonly referred to as a slipped disc, can happen when unbalanced mechanical pressures substantially deform the anulus fibrosus, allowing part of the nucleus to obtrude. These events can occur during peak physical performance, during traumas, or as a result of chronic
415:
infection. Both the deformed anulus and the gel-like material of the nucleus pulposus can be forced laterally or posteriorly, distorting local muscle function and putting pressure on the nearby nerve. This can give symptoms typical of nerve root entrapment, which can vary between
496:. Since the fissures are formed in the anulus fibrosus due to osteo-arthritic bones or degeneration in general, the inner nucleus pulposus can seep out and put pressure on any number of vertebral nerves. A herniated disc can cause mild to severe pain such as
646:
257:. The nucleus pulposus contains loose fibers suspended in a mucoprotein gel. The nucleus of the disc acts as a shock absorber, absorbing the impact of the body's activities and keeping the two vertebrae separated. It is the remnant of the
300:
During development and at birth, vertebral discs have some vascular supply to the cartilage endplates and the anulus fibrosus. These quickly deteriorate leaving almost no direct blood supply in healthy adults.
488:
height as humans age. The anulus fibrosus also becomes weaker with age and has an increased risk of tearing. In addition, the cartilage endplates begin thinning, fissures begin to form, and there is
472:
Before age 40, approximately 25% of people show evidence of disc degeneration at one or more levels. Beyond age 40, more than 60% of people show evidence of disc degeneration at one or more levels on
370:, resulting in a shift of extracellular fluid from the outside to the inside of the nucleus pulposus. The amount of glycosaminoglycans (and hence water) decreases with age and degeneration.
249:. Type I is concentrated toward the edge of the ring, where it provides greater strength. The stiff laminae can withstand compressive forces. The fibrous intervertebral disc contains the
522:
While this may not cause pain in some people, in others it may cause chronic pain. Other spinal disorders can affect the morphology of intervertebral discs. For example, patients with
527:
fused vertebrae can also experience other abnormalities such as kyphosis (hunchback) which shows in old age, or lordosis (swayback), which is often present in pregnancy and obesity.
253:
and this helps to distribute pressure evenly across the disc. This prevents the development of stress concentrations which could cause damage to the underlying vertebrae or to their
929:"The human lumbar intervertebral disc: Evidence for changes in the biosynthesis and denaturation of the extracellular matrix with growth, maturation, ageing, and degeneration"
1027:
Capoor, Manu N.; Ruzicka, Filip; Schmitz, Jonathan E.; James, Garth A.; Machackova, Tana; Jancalek, Radim; Smrcka, Martin; Lipina, Radim; Ahmed, Fahad S. (3 April 2017).
280:(second cervical segment). The axis acts as a post around which the atlas can rotate, allowing the neck to swivel. There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the neck (
152:
292:) region. Discs are named by the vertebral body above and below. For example, the disc between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae is designated "C5-6".
1485:
1170:
695:
321:. In healthy patients, this corresponds to the size of the intervertebral disc. The size of the space can be altered in pathological conditions such as
598:
454:
showing a fragment of an intervertebral disc demonstrating degenerative fibrocartilage with loss of nuclei and nests of chondrocytes, as seen in
128:
846:
Fardon, David F.; Williams, Alan L.; Dohring, Edward J.; Murtagh, F. Reed; Gabriel
Rothman, Stephen L.; Sze, Gordon K. (November 2014).
1135:
1663:
2024:
1478:
1452:
1256:
505:
1791:
2306:
1609:
634:
622:
1836:
586:
1471:
1742:
1323:
Mitchell, Ulrike H.; Bowden, Jennifer A.; Larson, Robert E.; Belavy, Daniel L.; Owen, Patrick J. (21 February 2020).
927:
Antoniou, J.; Steffen, T.; Nelson, F.; Winterbottom, N.; Hollander, A. P.; Poole, R. A.; Aebi, M.; Alini, M. (1996).
428:
and decreased homeostatic performance. The disc is not physically slipped; it bulges, usually in just one direction.
1973:
1737:
501:
892:
Roberts S, Evans H, Trivedi J, Menage J (April 2006). "Histology and pathology of the human intervertebral disc".
1786:
1683:
1542:
1209:
1841:
1678:
1537:
610:
1968:
147:
2017:
1963:
1647:
1029:"Propionibacterium acnes biofilm is present in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing microdiscectomy"
574:
781:"Tracing notochord-derived cells using a Noto-cre mouse: implications for intervertebral disc development"
1856:
1778:
652:
Polarised light microscopy image of the annulus fibrosus, showing the concentric layers of fibrous tissue
17:
476:(MRI). These degenerative changes are a normal part of the ageing process and do not correlate to pain.
1643:
1231:
473:
1457:
2258:
675:
479:
467:
455:
1325:"Long-term running in middle-aged men and intervertebral disc health, a cross-sectional pilot study"
2291:
2082:
1809:
1729:
1583:
111:
2010:
1945:
1940:
1658:
431:
Another kind of herniation, of the nucleus pulposus, can happen as a result of the formation of
2263:
2121:
1982:
1846:
690:
680:
663:
403:
159:
135:
123:
70:
2301:
2268:
1987:
1801:
1769:
1578:
1566:
1447:
264:
There is one disc between each pair of vertebrae, except for the first cervical segment, the
1143:
1094:
Williams, F. M. K.; Manek, N. J.; Sambrook, P. N.; Spector, T. D.; MacGregor, A. J. (2007).
2296:
1814:
1336:
1040:
685:
562:
489:
8:
1909:
1874:
1828:
1719:
1634:
1285:
421:
411:
359:
1340:
1044:
409:
deterioration (typically accompanied with poor posture), and has been associated with a
2253:
1917:
1408:
1383:
1359:
1324:
1201:
1071:
1028:
1004:
977:
805:
780:
447:
432:
281:
193:
80:
1399:
953:
928:
779:
McCann, Matthew; Owen J. Tamplin; Janet
Rossant; Cheryle A. Séguin (25 October 2011).
756:
721:
2169:
2143:
1711:
1413:
1364:
1305:
1193:
1117:
1076:
1058:
1009:
958:
909:
869:
810:
761:
743:
604:
Median sagittal section through the occipital bone and first three cervical vertebrae
355:
1205:
500:
and treatment for herniated discs range from physical therapy to surgery.(see also:
2138:
2048:
1955:
1614:
1529:
1510:
1403:
1395:
1354:
1344:
1297:
1185:
1166:
1107:
1066:
1048:
999:
989:
948:
940:
901:
859:
828:
800:
792:
778:
751:
733:
700:
493:
367:
246:
207:
to hold the vertebrae together, and to function as a shock absorber for the spine.
189:
87:
58:
2213:
2181:
1932:
1922:
1571:
1561:
1349:
1053:
864:
847:
548:
363:
266:
242:
116:
1463:
1189:
2186:
2174:
2033:
1625:
1553:
1096:"Schmorl's nodes: Common, highly heritable, and related to lumbar disc disease"
276:
238:
1384:"Ectopic calcification: gathering hard facts about soft tissue mineralization"
2285:
2235:
2218:
2164:
2101:
1653:
1062:
994:
747:
140:
1171:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lumbar Spine in People without Back Pain"
215:
2128:
1896:
1417:
1368:
1121:
1080:
1013:
913:
873:
814:
765:
347:
65:
1301:
1197:
962:
39:
2159:
2116:
2087:
1905:
1693:
1519:
1309:
905:
543:("ring"). However, modern English also spells the word more phonetically
425:
417:
2223:
796:
451:
351:
1112:
1095:
944:
165:
2208:
2200:
2066:
1597:
670:
523:
517:
459:
318:
258:
254:
200:
551:, where the moon blocks the sun except for a bright ring around it.
2228:
2133:
2061:
2056:
1498:
1164:
497:
420:, numbness, chronic and/or acute pain, either locally or along the
343:
339:
322:
285:
204:
185:
738:
394:
366:. Increasing the amount of negatively charged aggrecan increases
2002:
1169:; Modic, Michael T.; Malkasian, Dennis; Ross, Jeffrey S. (1994).
926:
335:
978:"Insight into neural mechanisms underlying discogenic back pain"
1760:
289:
1430:
Federative
Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998).
1502:
1494:
314:
196:
99:
83:
1460:—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
1093:
845:
378:
Anything arising from the intervertebral disc may be termed
225:
Intervertebral discs consist of an outer fibrous ring, the
1322:
274:
is a ring around the roughly cone-shaped extension of the
203:), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a
1026:
891:
640:
Lumbar and sacral plexus. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
628:
Lumbar and sacral plexus. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
592:
Posterior longitudinal ligament, in the thoracic region
1226:
1224:
1222:
504:) Other degeneration of the vertebral column includes
1219:
976:Yang, G; Liao, W; Shen, M; Mei, H (November 2018).
696:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
435:on the intervertebral disc. This is referred to as
382:in particular when referring to associated pain as
227:
anulus (or annulus) fibrosus disci intervertebralis
1493:
2283:
1165:Jensen, Maureen C.; Brant-Zawadzki, Michael N.;
720:Urban, Jill PG; Roberts, Sally (11 March 2003).
229:, which surrounds an inner gel-like center, the
975:
338:notochord cells, small chondrocyte-like cells,
334:loads. The nucleus pulposus consists of large
2018:
1479:
1142:. Reed Group. 1 December 2012. Archived from
982:The Journal of International Medical Research
539:means "little ring"; it is the diminutive of
1381:
1257:"Diagnosis & Treatment of Low Back Pain"
719:
616:Costovertebral articulations. Anterior view.
483:3D medical animation still shot of scoliosis
304:
1979:ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium
887:
885:
883:
220:Cervical vertebra with intervertebral disc
2025:
2011:
1518:
1486:
1472:
1286:"Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis"
354:. Attached to each aggrecan molecule are
38:
1664:Tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint
1407:
1358:
1348:
1111:
1070:
1052:
1003:
993:
952:
863:
804:
755:
737:
722:"Degeneration of the intervertebral disc"
506:diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
317:photograph as the space between adjacent
880:
478:
446:
393:
373:
325:(infection of the intervertebral disc).
237:consists of several layers (laminae) of
214:
1283:
1087:
848:"Lumbar Disc Nomenclature: Version 2.0"
424:served by the entrapped nerve, loss of
14:
2284:
2006:
1467:
1837:intraarticular sternocostal ligament
1458:Cross section image: pembody/body12a
554:
969:
288:) region, and 5 in the lower back (
24:
2032:
25:
2318:
1743:posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
1441:
1290:American Journal of Roentgenology
933:Journal of Clinical Investigation
284:) region, 12 in the middle back (
1974:interosseous sacroiliac ligament
1738:anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
645:
633:
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
561:
502:Intervertebral disc arthroplasty
398:Stages of spinal disc herniation
1684:posterior atlantoaxial ligament
1543:posterior longitudinal ligament
1424:
1375:
1316:
1277:
1249:
1178:New England Journal of Medicine
1158:
1136:"Intervertebral Disc Disorders"
1128:
785:Disease Models & Mechanisms
442:
1842:radiate sternocostal ligaments
1679:anterior atlantoaxial ligament
1538:anterior longitudinal ligament
1020:
920:
839:
821:
772:
713:
580:Artificial intervertebral disc
350:that aggregates by binding to
295:
13:
1:
2307:Bones of the vertebral column
1969:posterior sacroiliac ligament
1400:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65313-8
706:
389:
182:intervertebral fibrocartilage
2246:Intervertebral disc disorder
2245:
1964:anterior sacroiliac ligament
1648:Transverse ligament of atlas
1350:10.1371/journal.pone.0229457
1054:10.1371/journal.pone.0174518
865:10.1016/j.spinee.2014.04.022
530:
511:
210:
7:
1382:Giachelli CM (March 1999).
1190:10.1056/NEJM199407143310201
657:
328:
313:is typically defined on an
10:
2323:
1644:Cruciate ligament of atlas
1100:Arthritis & Rheumatism
661:
515:
474:magnetic resonance imaging
465:
401:
2259:Degenerative disc disease
2244:
2199:
2152:
2109:
2100:
2075:
2047:
2040:
1954:
1931:
1904:
1895:
1873:
1855:
1827:
1800:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1728:
1710:
1692:
1633:
1624:
1596:
1551:
1527:
1509:
676:Degenerative disc disease
468:Degenerative disc disease
456:degenerative disc disease
311:intervertebral disc space
305:Intervertebral disc space
158:
146:
134:
122:
110:
98:
93:
76:
64:
54:
49:
37:
32:
1810:Costotransverse ligament
1792:Intra-articular ligament
1584:intertransverse ligament
995:10.1177/0300060518799902
437:vertical disc herniation
184:) lies between adjacent
1946:inferior pubic ligament
1941:superior pubic ligament
1659:Apical ligament of dens
1236:connect.mheducation.com
412:Propionibacterium acnes
105:discus intervertebralis
2264:Spinal disc herniation
2122:Ankylosing spondylitis
1983:sacrotuberous ligament
1847:costoxiphoid ligaments
1432:Terminologia Anatomica
691:Lumbar spinal stenosis
681:Spinal disc herniation
664:anatomical terminology
484:
463:
404:Spinal disc herniation
399:
222:
160:Anatomical terminology
71:Musculoskeletal system
2269:Facet joint arthrosis
2083:Scheuermann's disease
1988:sacrospinous ligament
1579:interspinous ligament
1567:supraspinous ligament
1302:10.2214/ajr.130.3.588
1232:"McGraw-Hill Connect"
829:"Intervertebral disc"
482:
450:
397:
374:Clinical significance
218:
1815:Lumbocostal ligament
1448:Intervertebral Discs
906:10.2106/JBJS.F.00019
894:J Bone Joint Surg Am
686:Spinal decompression
192:. Each disc forms a
1720:iliolumbar ligament
1606:intervertebral disc
1453:Spinal Disc Summary
1434:. Stuttgart: Thieme
1341:2020PLoSO..1529457M
1284:Resnick, D (1978).
1045:2017PLoSO..1274518C
547:, as with the term
360:chondroitin sulfate
178:intervertebral disc
44:Intervertebral disc
33:Intervertebral disc
1918:Obturator membrane
1146:on 21 October 2012
797:10.1242/dmm.008128
726:Arthritis Res Ther
662:This article uses
485:
464:
400:
223:
194:fibrocartilaginous
81:Fibrocartilaginous
27:Cartilage of spine
2277:
2276:
2195:
2194:
2170:Spondylolisthesis
2096:
2095:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1891:
1890:
1823:
1822:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1592:
1591:
1167:Obuchowski, Nancy
1113:10.1002/art.22789
988:(11): 4427–4436.
945:10.1172/JCI118884
900:(Suppl 2): 10–4.
858:(11): 2538–2539.
852:The Spine Journal
555:Additional images
356:glycosaminoglycan
174:
173:
169:
16:(Redirected from
2314:
2153:non inflammatory
2139:Spondylodiscitis
2107:
2106:
2049:Spinal curvature
2045:
2044:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1902:
1901:
1787:Radiate ligament
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1631:
1630:
1615:nucleus pulposus
1554:vertebral arches
1530:vertebral bodies
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1215:on 13 June 2020.
1214:
1208:. Archived from
1175:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1056:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1007:
997:
973:
967:
966:
956:
924:
918:
917:
889:
878:
877:
867:
843:
837:
836:
833:Physio-pedia.com
825:
819:
818:
808:
776:
770:
769:
759:
741:
717:
701:Spelling of disc
649:
637:
625:
613:
601:
589:
577:
565:
494:subchondral bone
368:oncotic pressure
358:(GAG) chains of
251:nucleus pulposus
247:type II collagen
241:made up of both
231:nucleus pulposus
190:vertebral column
166:edit on Wikidata
163:
88:spinal vertebrae
59:Vertebral column
42:
30:
29:
21:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2292:Skeletal system
2282:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2254:Schmorl's nodes
2240:
2214:Upper back pain
2191:
2182:Spinal stenosis
2148:
2092:
2071:
2036:
2031:
2001:
1992:
1950:
1933:Pubic symphysis
1927:
1923:Obturator canal
1887:
1869:
1851:
1819:
1802:Costotransverse
1796:
1747:
1724:
1706:
1688:
1620:
1610:anulus fibrosus
1588:
1572:nuchal ligament
1562:ligamenta flava
1547:
1505:
1492:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1380:
1376:
1335:(2): e0229457.
1321:
1317:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1212:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1092:
1088:
1039:(4): e0174518.
1025:
1021:
974:
970:
939:(4): 996–1003.
925:
921:
890:
881:
844:
840:
827:
826:
822:
777:
773:
718:
714:
709:
667:
660:
653:
650:
641:
638:
629:
626:
617:
614:
605:
602:
593:
590:
581:
578:
569:
568:Anulus fibrosus
566:
557:
549:annular eclipse
535:The Latin word
533:
520:
514:
470:
445:
433:Schmorl's nodes
406:
392:
384:discogenic pain
376:
364:keratan sulfate
331:
307:
298:
235:anulus fibrosus
221:
213:
170:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2187:Facet syndrome
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2175:Retrolisthesis
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2144:Pott's disease
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:Spinal disease
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1770:Costovertebral
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1730:Sacrococcygeal
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1626:Synovial joint
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1442:External links
1440:
1437:
1436:
1423:
1374:
1315:
1296:(3): 588–589.
1276:
1248:
1218:
1157:
1127:
1086:
1019:
968:
919:
879:
838:
820:
771:
711:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
659:
656:
655:
654:
651:
644:
642:
639:
632:
630:
627:
620:
618:
615:
608:
606:
603:
596:
594:
591:
584:
582:
579:
572:
570:
567:
560:
556:
553:
532:
529:
516:Main article:
513:
510:
466:Main article:
444:
441:
402:Main article:
391:
388:
375:
372:
330:
327:
306:
303:
297:
294:
239:fibrocartilage
219:
212:
209:
172:
171:
162:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
126:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
91:
90:
78:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2319:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2236:Radiculopathy
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:Low back pain
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Spondylolysis
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Spondylopathy
2099:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:pelvic girdle
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1875:Costochondral
1872:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1857:Interchondral
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1694:Zygapophysial
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Alar ligament
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1635:Atlanto-axial
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:Am. J. Pathol
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1106:(5): 855–60.
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
964:
960:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
884:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
834:
830:
824:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
767:
763:
758:
753:
749:
745:
740:
739:10.1186/ar629
735:
732:(3): 120–30.
731:
727:
723:
716:
712:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
665:
648:
643:
636:
631:
624:
619:
612:
607:
600:
595:
588:
583:
576:
571:
564:
559:
558:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
528:
525:
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
481:
477:
475:
469:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
414:
413:
405:
396:
387:
385:
381:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:fibrils, and
341:
337:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
302:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
217:
208:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
167:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
130:
127:
125:
121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:
97:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2302:Back anatomy
2279:
2129:Sacroiliitis
2110:inflammatory
1978:
1883:no ligaments
1882:
1865:no ligaments
1864:
1829:Sternocostal
1702:no ligaments
1701:
1672:no ligaments
1671:
1605:
1431:
1426:
1394:(3): 671–5.
1391:
1387:
1377:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:
1210:the original
1184:(2): 69–73.
1181:
1177:
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:the original
1140:MDGuidelines
1139:
1130:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1036:
1032:
1022:
985:
981:
971:
936:
932:
922:
897:
893:
855:
851:
841:
832:
823:
791:(1): 73–82.
788:
784:
774:
729:
725:
715:
544:
540:
536:
534:
521:
486:
471:
443:Degeneration
436:
430:
410:
407:
383:
379:
377:
348:proteoglycan
332:
310:
308:
299:
275:
271:
265:
263:
250:
234:
230:
226:
224:
181:
177:
175:
129:A03.2.02.003
104:
2297:Soft tissue
2160:Spondylosis
2117:Spondylitis
2088:Torticollis
1906:Syndesmoses
1779:Head of rib
1712:Lumbosacral
1520:Syndesmosis
1241:29 November
426:muscle tone
418:paresthesia
296:Development
94:Identifiers
18:Spinal disc
2286:Categories
2224:Coccydynia
1956:Sacroiliac
1150:1 December
707:References
452:Micrograph
390:Herniation
380:discogenic
352:hyaluronan
336:vacuolated
2209:Neck pain
2201:Back pain
2067:Scoliosis
2041:Deforming
1670:Lateral:
1598:Symphysis
1511:Vertebral
1499:ligaments
1264:Spine.org
1063:1932-6203
748:1478-6354
671:Back pain
531:Etymology
524:scoliosis
518:Scoliosis
512:Scoliosis
490:sclerosis
460:HPS stain
422:dermatome
319:vertebrae
259:notochord
255:endplates
211:Structure
201:symphysis
186:vertebrae
2229:Sciatica
2134:Discitis
2062:Lordosis
2057:Kyphosis
1642:Medial:
1418:10079244
1369:32084224
1329:PLOS ONE
1206:33787081
1122:17530687
1081:28369127
1033:PLOS ONE
1014:30270809
914:16595436
874:24768732
815:22028328
766:12723977
658:See also
498:sciatica
344:aggrecan
340:collagen
329:Function
323:discitis
286:thoracic
282:cervical
205:ligament
86:between
77:Function
1409:1866412
1360:7034897
1337:Bibcode
1269:30 June
1198:8208267
1072:5378350
1041:Bibcode
1005:6259376
963:8770872
806:3255545
545:annulus
492:of the
188:in the
117:D007403
55:Part of
50:Details
1897:Pelvis
1761:Thorax
1495:Joints
1416:
1406:
1367:
1357:
1310:415581
1308:
1204:
1196:
1120:
1079:
1069:
1061:
1012:
1002:
961:
954:507515
951:
912:
872:
813:
803:
764:
757:165040
754:
746:
537:anulus
290:lumbar
270:. The
243:type I
233:. The
66:System
2076:Other
1503:torso
1260:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
1202:S2CID
1174:(PDF)
315:X-ray
272:atlas
267:atlas
197:joint
164:[
153:10446
100:Latin
84:joint
1497:and
1414:PMID
1365:PMID
1306:PMID
1271:2022
1243:2015
1194:PMID
1152:2012
1118:PMID
1077:PMID
1059:ISSN
1010:PMID
959:PMID
910:PMID
870:PMID
811:PMID
762:PMID
744:ISSN
541:anus
362:and
346:, a
309:The
277:axis
245:and
180:(or
141:1684
124:TA98
112:MeSH
1908:of
1552:Of
1528:Of
1501:of
1404:PMC
1396:doi
1392:154
1355:PMC
1345:doi
1298:doi
1294:130
1186:doi
1182:331
1108:doi
1067:PMC
1049:doi
1000:PMC
990:doi
949:PMC
941:doi
902:doi
860:doi
801:PMC
793:doi
752:PMC
734:doi
199:(a
176:An
148:FMA
136:TA2
2288::
1981::
1412:.
1402:.
1390:.
1386:.
1363:.
1353:.
1343:.
1333:15
1331:.
1327:.
1304:.
1292:.
1288:.
1262:.
1234:.
1221:^
1200:.
1192:.
1180:.
1176:.
1138:.
1116:.
1104:57
1102:.
1098:.
1075:.
1065:.
1057:.
1047:.
1037:12
1035:.
1031:.
1008:.
998:.
986:46
984:.
980:.
957:.
947:.
937:98
935:.
931:.
908:.
898:88
896:.
882:^
868:.
856:14
854:.
850:.
831:.
809:.
799:.
787:.
783:.
760:.
750:.
742:.
728:.
724:.
458:.
439:.
386:.
261:.
2026:e
2019:t
2012:v
1650:)
1646:(
1617:)
1608:(
1487:e
1480:t
1473:v
1420:.
1398::
1371:.
1347::
1339::
1312:.
1300::
1273:.
1245:.
1188::
1154:.
1124:.
1110::
1083:.
1051::
1043::
1016:.
992::
965:.
943::
916:.
904::
876:.
862::
835:.
817:.
795::
789:5
768:.
736::
730:5
666:.
462:.
168:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
