Spetsnaz - Knowledge

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criminal leaders who help aid disruption in the North Caucasus and throughout Russia. Operations include both direct action against bandit holdouts in Southern Russia as well as high-profile arrests in more densely populated cities and guarding government officials. Because of its initials, this group is casually referred to as "Smerch". With the Centre of Special Operations and its elite units, many FSB special forces units operate at the regional level. These detachments are usually known as ROSN or ROSO (Regional Department of Special Designation), such as

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hostages were killed as a result of the crisis, including 186 children. Official reports on how many members of Russia's special forces died in the fighting varied from 11, 12, 16 (7 Alpha and 9 Vega) to more than 20 killed. There are only 10 names on the special forces monument in Beslan. The fatalities included all three commanders of the assault group: Colonel Oleg Ilyin, Lieutenant Colonel Dmitry Razumovsky of Vega, and Major Alexander Perov of Alpha. At least 30 commandos suffered serious wounds.

1836: 2838: 2506: 1284: 2364: 342: 75: 2292:. In 2009, a Directorate of Special Operations was established that reported directly to the General Staff not the GRU to establish the Special Operations Forces which in 2013 became the Special Operations Forces Command. Most Russian military special forces units are known by their type of formation (company, battalion or brigade) and a number, like other Soviet or Russian military units. Two exceptions were the ethnic Chechen 1581:

the approved recovery position and then choking to death. Russian security agencies refused to disclose the gas used in the attack leading to doctors in local hospitals being unable to respond adequately to the influx of casualties. All but two of the hostages who died during the siege were killed by the toxic substance pumped into the theatre to subdue the militants. The use of the gas was widely condemned as heavy-handed.

34: 232: 3175: 2846: 3183: 177: 1360:, where they stormed the main police station and the city hall. After several hours of fighting and Russian reinforcements imminent, the Chechens retreated to the residential district and regrouped in the city hospital, where they took between 1,500 and 1,800 hostages, most of them civilians (including about 150 children and a number of women with newborn infants). 1375:

on the hospital. At least 11 Russian police officers and 14 soldiers were killed. Basayev's force suffered 11 men killed and one missing; most of their bodies were returned to Chechnya in a special freezer truck. In the years following the hostage-taking, more than 40 of the surviving attackers were tracked down and have been assassinated, including

1367:'s Alpha Group, alongside MVD militsiya and Internal Troops. The strike force attacked the hospital compound at dawn on the fourth day, meeting fierce resistance. After several hours of fighting in which many hostages were killed by crossfire, a local ceasefire was agreed, and 227 hostages were released; 61 others were freed by the Russian forces. 6277: 1702:'s Foreign Policy magazine named Russia as "the worst place to be a terrorist", particularly highlighting Russia's willingness to prioritize national security over civil rights. By 2010, Russian special forces, led by the FSB, had managed to eliminate the top leadership of the Chechen insurgency, except for 1889:. The spetsnaz including the "Zaslon" unit embedded themselves within the Ukrainian population disguised in civilian clothes and Ukrainian military uniform with the intention to assassinate, eliminate or arrest leading political figures. The Zaslon unit is the assassination arm for covert missions of the 2204:

In Russia, in 2013 a Special Operations Forces Command was established for Special Operations Forces which had earlier been established from around 2009 following a study of Western special-operations forces units and commands. The Command was not under the control of the GRU but reported directly to

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In response to the insurgent threats, Russian special forces cracked down on suspected terrorist organizations, making several arrests and claiming to have curbed several plots, and killed numerous Islamist leaders including Eldar Magatov, a suspect in attacks on Russian targets and alleged leader of

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According to official figures, 129 civilians were killed and 415 were injured in the entire event (of whom 18 later died of their wounds). This includes at least 105 hostage fatalities. However, according to an independent estimate 166 hostages were killed and 541 injured in the special forces attack

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response, Alpha group operators first identified the terrorists using local sources, then moved into the Lebanese villages where the terrorists were from and took their relatives as hostages. Some of the hostages were dismembered, and their body parts sent to the hostage takers, with the threat that

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Spetsgruppa "S", abbreviation of the Directorate C (Russian Cyrillic for S), also known as Smerch, but also known as the Special Operations Executive (SOE), is a relatively new unit formed in July 1999. Officers from Smerch are frequently involved with the capture and transfer of various bandit and

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Due to the disposition of the theatre, special forces would have had to fight through 100 feet (30 m) of corridor and attack up a well defended staircase, before they could reach the hall in where the hostages were held. The terrorists also had explosive devices. The most powerful of these was

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or "Veil", lasted from 1984 to 1988, which aimed to close off the Afghan-Pakistani border and cut off supply routes coming in from Pakistan. The operation caused great distress to the mujahedin war effort, with Spetsnaz units intercepting 990 supply caravans and killing 17,000 insurgents. For their

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In 2011, Federal Security Service exposed 199 foreign spies, including 41 professional spies and 158 agents employed by foreign intelligence services. The number has risen in recent years: in 2006 the FSB reportedly caught about 27 foreign intelligence officers and 89 foreign agents. Comparing the

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From 2009, the level of terrorism in Russia increased again. Particularly worrisome was the increase in suicide attacks. While between February 2005 and August 2008, no civilians were killed in such attacks, in 2008 at least 17 were killed and in 2009 the number rose to 45. In March 2010, Islamist

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During the raid, all of the attackers were killed, with no casualties among spetsnaz, but about 130 hostages, including nine foreigners, died due to poor first aid after falling unconscious from the gas. Most died after being evacuated from the theatre and laid outside on their backs instead of in

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medal that Koltsov claimed to have been awarded for the deed. Koltsov, 74 at the time of the interview, stated that he wanted to clear his conscience and uncover what exactly had happened to Crabb. Peter Mercer of the Special Boat Service describes this incident in his autobiography: "The cruiser

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in March 1986. According to Soviet sources, the battle was actually fought between the GRU's 15th Spetsnaz Brigade, and the Usama Bin Zaid regiment of Afghan Mujahideen under Commander Assadullah, belonging to Abdul rub a-Rasul Sayyaf's faction. Fighting is also alleged to have taken place during

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Since its inception, the OGV combined operations has conducted 40,000 special missions, destroyed 5,000 bases and caches, confiscated 30,000 weapons, and disarmed 80,000 explosive devices and in the process has killed over 10,000 insurgents in the time frame of 15 years. The Ministry of Internal

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started on 1 September 2004, lasted three days and involved the capture of over 1,100 people as hostages (including 777 children), ending with the death of 334 people. The event led to security and political repercussions in Russia; in the aftermath of the crisis, there has been an increase in

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On the third day of the standoff, counter terrorism units stormed the building using heavy weapons after several explosions rocked the building and children started escaping. It was in this chaos most of the officers were killed, trying to protect escaping children from gun fire. At least 334

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missions, platoon sized insertions by sea and on occasion on land into Finland and later Norway. They began conducting sabotage missions and raids to snatch prisoners for interrogation. They would also destroy German ammunition and supply depots, communication centers, and harass enemy troop

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Their mission was twofold: first of all, to help a communist nation defeat an American ally, and secondly, test and evaluate their most sophisticated radars and missiles directly against the best aircraft America could deploy. Soviets recovered at least two very important pieces of American

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and had to identify 100% with their mission. Many exhausted and wounded soldiers were, even in training, left to their own devices. The selection methods qualified the troops as elite but caused high numbers of casualties. The "miners" infiltrated foreign-occupied areas by air and land, and

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However, mere existence of such group within SVR is denied by Russian authorities. Nevertheless, there were some rumors that such group does indeed exist and is assigned to execute very specific special operations abroad primarily for protection of Russian embassy personnel and internal

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features five spetsnaz operators named Glaz, Fuze, Kapkan, Tachanka, and Finka. In another Tom Clancy game, Endwar, Spetsnaz Guard Brigades is the name of the élite branch of the Russian army. The spetsnaz have also been referenced and featured multiple times in the video game series

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Although crime has been markedly reduced and stability increased throughout Russia compared to the previous year, about 350 militants in the North Caucasus have been killed in anti-terror operations in the first four months of 2014, according to an announcement by Interior Minister

2877:. The task is to protect ships and other fleet assets from enemy underwater special forces. The term "combat swimmers" is correct term in relation to the staff of the OSNB PDSS. Every PDSS unit has approximately 50–60 combat swimmers. There are PDSS units in all major Naval Bases. 327:

is a Russian term, it is typically associated with the special units of Russia, but other post-Soviet states often refer to their special forces units by the term as well, since these nations also inherited their special purpose units from the now-defunct Soviet security agencies.

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investigations. It is believed that the group is deep undercover and consists of approximately 300–500 highly experienced operatives speaking several languages and having extensive record of operations while serving in other secret units of the Russian military.

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was carrying the two Soviet leaders, Khrushchev and Bulganin, on a goodwill visit to Britain. His task was to measure the cruiser's propeller and to discover how the ship managed to travel at twice the speed originally estimated by British naval intelligence."

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arrested by us since the time when German agents were sent in during the years of World War II." The 2011 figure is similar to what was reported in 1995–1996, when around 400 foreign intelligence agents were uncovered during the two-year period.

1897:. It is presumed that small fire teams of spetsnaz entered Ukraine before the beginning of the invasion with the mission of obtaining precise intelligence on specific personnel to plan special operations to harm or stop personnel of importance. 707:, was to be recruited from the fleet's athletes and have an initial size of 65 to 70 personnel. Later the unit was renamed the 181st Special Reconnaissance Detachment. They were trained as frogmen. The most prominent of these new recruits was 3059:

unit of the FSB. Consisting of about 720 personnel, of which about 250–300 are trained for assault operations and the rest are support personnel. These are dispersed in five operational detachments, including one permanent detachment in the

4200:Сергей Козлов. Книга 3. Афганистан. Звёздный час спецназа. 1979—1989 // Спецназ ГРУ: Очерки истории / под ред. Герасимова Д. М.. — Москва: Русская панорама, 2013. — С. 30, 34—58, 61—81, 92—172, 186—539, 729—735. — 736 с. — 3000 экз. — 3680:

inherited its spetsnaz units from the remnants of the Soviet armed forces, GRU and KGB units. Ukraine now maintains its own spetsnaz structure under the control of the Ministry of Interior, and under the Ministry of Defence, while the

6123: 6261: 3095:-era KGB special units—Cascade (Kaskad) and Zenith (Zenit). Its modern function is the protection of strategic installations, such as factories and transportation centers. With its Alpha counterparts, it is heavily used in the 954: 2442: 1979: 1398: 6514: 3145: 2223:

of Belarus that was formed from the inherited personnel and operators after the break up of the Soviet Union. KGB of Belarus has its own Spetsgruppa "A" (Alpha Group), which is the country's primary counter-terrorism unit.

316:(GRU). Today it refers to special forces branches and task forces subordinate to ministries including defence, internal affairs, or emergency situations in countries that have inherited their special purpose units from the 1130:, to a Soviet spetsnaz air-assault. The Spetsnaz achieved victory by knocking out several rebel positions above the base, a mile-long series of fortified caves in a remote canyon. A successful long-term campaign codenamed 1549:; if detonated, it could have brought down the ceiling and caused casualties in excess of 80% of the auditorium's occupants. After a two-and-a-half-day siege and the execution of two hostages, spetsnaz operators from the 3536:(known as the OMSN from 2002 to 2011) rapid-response units consisting of experienced, better-trained and -equipped officers. The Chechen Republic has unique and highly autonomous special-police formations, supervised by 3697:

as it was alleged to have been used by the government to quell the uprising. However, this is disputed as many officers were also wounded and killed in the action. Current Ukrainian spetsnaz units with soviet lineage:

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concentrations along the Finnish and Russian coasts. When the European conflict ended, the Naval Scouts were sent to fight the Japanese. Leonov along with Capt. Kulebyakin and 140 men, landed on a Japanese airfield at

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After fighting in the civil war, Starinov joined the GRU. In the 1930s, he became one of the founders of GRU Spetsnaz forces, preparing Soviet soldiers and foreign communists to conduct operations behind invaders'

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A second Russian attack on the hospital a few hours later also failed and so did a third, resulting in even more casualties. The Russian authorities accused the Chechens of using the hostages as human shields.

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TsSN FSB headquarters is a large complex of buildings and training areas, with dozens of hectares of land and scores of training facilities. The average training period for a TsSN officer is about five years.

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Olympic organizers received several threats prior to the Games. In a July 2013 video release, Chechen Islamist commander Dokka Umarov called for attacks on the Games, stating that the Games were being staged

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and their purportedly incredible prowess, from the serious to the highly questionable, have captivated the imagination of Russians. A number of books about the Soviet military special forces, such as 1987's

2113:(in that office from 1967 to 1982) established the first counter-terrorist unit. From the late 1970s through to the 1980s, a number of special-purpose units were founded in the KGB (1954–1991) and in the 1016:

In the first one and a half years of the war, Spetsnaz units in the form of the 459th special forces company, were exclusively responsible for reconnaissance missions and intelligence gathering for the

2978:) is officially tasked with combating terrorism and protecting the constitutional order of the Russian Federation. The TsSN FSB consists of estimated 4,000 operators in at least 5 operative divisions: 801:

dissolved most of the special units. At the end of the 1950s the KGB and GRU set new special forces units up. The 3rd guard special-reconnaissance-brigade was founded in 1966, being stationed with the

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Spetsgruppa "V", abbreviation of the Directorate в (Russian Cyrillic for V), also known as "Vega" in period 1993–1995, was formed in 1981, merging two elite Cold War-era KGB special units—Cascade (

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under the demands of Umarov, and a number of National Olympic Committees had also received threats via e-mail, threatening that terrorists would kidnap or "blow up" athletes during the Games.

6127: 4773: 3238:) paramilitary units to combat internal threats to the government, such as insurgencies and mutinies. These units usually have a unique name and an official OSN (previously known as OSNAZ ( 783:

were dropped by parachute in nine groups. Up to 300 km behind the enemy lines, they blew up 700 km of railways in cooperation with local partisans, using 3,500 explosive charges.

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Kokhzal (meaning wolf pack in Kazakh language) is a special forces unit of Kazakhstan responsible for carrying out anti terror operations as well as serving as a protection detail for the

723:, after which he joined 4th Special Volunteer Detachment, where he proved his daring and leadership skills conducting numerous clandestine operations and twice being awarded the title of 739:, unaware that they were opposed by over 3,500 enemy soldiers. A tense standoff ensued, until the commanding officers of the unit managed to bluff the Japanese forces into surrendering. 5193: 1021:. Aside from reconnaissance, the 459th was also tasked with capturing prisoners, kidnapping enemy agents, and targeted assassination of leaders and field commanders of the Mujahideen. 6018:Сергей Козлов. Спецназ ГРУ: Очерки истории. // Том 5. Новейшая история. 1999–2010 гг.. — Москва: Русская панорама, 2010. — P. 40-41, 44–50, 65, 336–337, 492–493. — 400 p. — 3 000 экз. 5980:Сергей Козлов. Спецназ ГРУ: Очерки истории. // Том 5. Новейшая история. 1999–2010 гг.. — Москва: Русская панорама, 2010. — P. 40-41, 44–50, 65, 335–336, 492–493. — 400 p. — 3 000 экз. 5835: 1435:

of separatist leadership, in the meantime inflicting heavy casualties among Islamist separatists. Some of these successful missions were directed against separatist leaders such as

5478:"The subdivision of the National Guard Forces Command of the Chechen Republic is destroyed near Kiev, commander of the regiment Tushaev is killed - Ministry of Defense of Ukraine" 2148:(responsible for clandestine / covert operations involving sabotage and assassination in other countries) and re-designated for counter-terrorist and counter-sabotage operations. 1694:

By the mid-2000s, the special forces gained a firm upper hand over separatists and terrorist attacks in Russia dwindled, falling from 257 in 2005 to 48 in 2007. Military analyst

4243:«Спецназ на тропе войны». Волков Александр Владиленович. Научный сотрудник музея «Шурави» (недоступная ссылка). Дата обращения 20 октября 2015. Архивировано 20 ноября 2015 года. 4921: 3689:. The term "Alpha" is also used by many other post Soviet states such as Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan as these units are based on the Soviet Union's Alpha Group. Ukraine's 3471:

Furthermore, the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR/Russia also had numerous naval detachments that conducted maritime operations. These include:

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Spetsgruppa "V", abbreviation of the Directorate в (Russian Cyrillic for V), also known as "Vega" in period 1993–1995, was formed in 1981, continues the lineage of two elite

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has been awarded to 93 MVD servicemen in the OGV (including 66 posthumously). Overall, more than 23,000 MVD troops have received honors for their conduct during operations.

5421: 2079:. These companies were later expanded to battalions and then to brigades. However, some separate companies (orSpN) and detachments (ooSpN) existed with brigades until the 5725: 4072: 1078: 1042: 5756: 1698:

praised the effectiveness of Russia's security agencies, saying that the experience learned in Chechnya and Dagestan had been key to the success. In 2008, the American

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development in Russian language. The Soviet public used to know very little about their country's special forces until many state secrets were disclosed under the

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After three days of siege, the Russian authorities ordered the security forces to retake the hospital compound. The forces deployed were elite personnel from the

4889: 2830: 1224:. The Kremlin had been informed of the kidnapping of four Soviet diplomats by the militant group, the Islamic Liberation Organization (a radical offshoot of the 5394: 5138: 5123: 2006: 3770:

have a 'scar competition' in which they show healed wounds (and describe how they occurred) from injuries they incurred whilst on several spetsnaz operations.

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hull near the ammunition depot and cut his throat. In an interview for a Russian documentary film, Koltsov showed the dagger he allegedly used, as well as an

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had great respect for the Spetsnaz, seeing them as a much more difficult opponent than the typical Soviet conscript soldier. They said that the Spetsnaz-led

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The FSB Spetsnaz maintain a training base near the village of Averkyevo. There is a "killing house" providing training similar to the SAS close to Moscow.

2284:, being "directly subordinated to commanders of combined strategic commands." However, in 2013, these spetsnaz forces were placed back under the GRU. The 6149: 2220: 1035:

By 1985, the GRU had expanded its special forces footprint to two Spetsnaz brigades in Afghanistan, comprising just under 5,000 troops. These were the:

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Physicians in Moscow condemned the refusal to disclose the identity of the gas that prevented them from saving more lives. Some reports said the drug

6727: 5343: 675:, new units of storm pioneers, parachuters, NKVD and GRU were set up. Thereby the soviets merged existing experiences and started to unify different 4762: 5215: 2236:

to be used by its special forces. The Almaty territorial unit of Alpha was turned into the special unit Arystan (meaning "Lions" in Kazakh) of the

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Either way, the show of brutal force had its effect, and for the next 20 years no Soviet or Russian officials were taken captive, until June 2006.

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Russian sources indicate that the release of the Soviet hostages was the result of extensive diplomatic negotiations with the spiritual leader of

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Nikolsky, Alexey (2015). "Little, Green and Polite: The Creation of Russian Special Operations Forces". In Howard, Colby; Pukhov, Ruslan (eds.).

4222: 3708: 3702: 2056:) detachments, including many saboteur teams who were airdropped into enemy-occupied territories to work with (and often take over and lead) the 5060: 6450:"Сотрудники ОСН "Росомаха" УФСИН Росси по Ямало-Ненецкому автономному округу признаны победителями регионального чемпионата по рукопашному бою" 5366: 3998: 3714: 3140: 2778: 1860: 1634:

The crisis began when a group of armed radical Islamist combatants, mostly Ingush and Chechen, occupied School Number One (SNO) in the town of

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was with Studies and Observation Group RT Idaho and had two encounters with what they believed were spetsnaz units operating in Laos in 1968.

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The 5th Spetsnaz Brigade is a special forces brigade of the Armed Forces of Belarus, formerly part of the Soviet spetsnaz. In addition, the

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in 2002 and Shamil Basayev in 2006, and more than 20 were sentenced, by the Stavropol territorial court, to various terms of imprisonment.

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After the collapse of the USSR, spetsnaz forces of the Soviet Union's newly formed republics took part in many local conflicts such as the

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an insurgent group in the Babyurt district of Dagestan. Dokka Umarov himself was poisoned on 6 August 2013, and died on 7 September 2013.

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Interfax: A unit of the Rosguard of Chechnya was defeated near Kyiv, the regiment commander Tushayev was killed - the Ministry of Defense

4219:""Soviet Special Forces (Spetsnaz): Experience in Afghanistan" by Gusinov, Timothy – Military Review, Vol. 82, Issue 2, March/April 2002" 3080:. All Alpha operators undergo airborne, mountain and counter-sabotage dive training. Alpha has operated in other countries, most notably 2726: 1971:"War on the Rocks" reports that various Russian special missions units have been openly supporting Syrian army units, and along with the 317: 4929: 835:

diver who vanished during a reconnaissance mission around a Soviet cruiser berthed at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1956. In November 2007 the

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operations had changed the complexion of the war. They also credited the Spetsnaz with closing down all the supply routes along the

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of 1979–1989 in Afghanistan, usually fighting fast insertion/extraction-type warfare with helicopters. Their most famous operation,

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of the KGB of the USSR, has its own top secret elite special force within the Operations Department of Directorate Z known as

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Following units belong to their specific military branches, but come under GRU operational control during wartime operations.

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in 1937. He was assigned to a submarine training detachment and then transferred to a repair station in the Northern Fleet at

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Since 1927 Russians were experimenting with parachutes. Airborne units were used against central Asian and Afghan insurgents.

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included fourteen land brigades, two naval brigades and a number of separate detachments and companies, operating under the

5963: 5865:. CANSOFCOM Education & Research Centre Monograph Series. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Special Operations Forces Command. 5034: 4714: 4632: 2240:

of Kazakhstan. In 2006, five members of Arystan were arrested and charged with the kidnapping of the opposition politician

1714:, which killed 40 people. One of the two blasts took place at Lubyanka station, near the FSB headquarters. Militant leader 1570: 1562: 1394: 1388: 5389: 4795: 4454: 2303:(East and West) that existed during the 2000s. Below is a 2012 list of special purpose units in the Russian Armed Forces: 1507:. During these missions, many operators received honors for their courage and prowess in combat, including with the title 195: 187: 6341:"Отдел специального назначения "Россы" ГУФСИН России по Свердловской области отпраздновал 21-ю годовщину со дня создания" 6257: 6032: 4564: 2293: 2187:

In total, by December 1991, at the time of the collapse of the USSR, the GRU reconnaissance and sabotage formations had:

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capabilities to overcome disadvantages faced by conventional forces in the field. In the 1930s the "grandfather of the

920:, rumors persisted for years that men with blue eyes were reportedly spotted doing recon missions and testing their new 5590:. Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 295. 5256: 3786: 3576: 3505: 2406: 2380: 1987: 139: 5857: 5556: 4899: 6717: 6653: 6385:"Офицеры ОСН АЙСБЕРГ – Официальный сайт Филиала "Красная Поляна" Южного межрегионального учебного центра ФСИН России" 5281: 3944: 3744: 2368: 1852: 1187:

fighting the Soviets. A battle reported as having been fought between the Pakistanis and Soviet troops took place in

821: 802: 623:(The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission), fighting counterrevolution and (alleged) sabotage. They took part in the 399: 381: 276: 213: 158: 111: 61: 3524:) police special forces stationed in nearly every Russian city. Most of Russia's special-police officers belong to 1882: 1876: 1773: 671:

fighting fascists behind their lines using guerilla strategies. Fighting Germany, Japan, Poland and Finland in the

598: 6007: 5531: 4680: 4154: 2244:, his driver, and his bodyguard; the three victims were then allegedly delivered to the people who murdered them. 5260: 5008: 4495: 4347: 2080: 1749: 933: 5933: 5035:"More and more evidence implicates authorities in Beslan disaster. Beslan's tragic end: Spontaneous or planned?" 118: 1811: 1806:, Chechnya to command all Russian (MOD, MVD, FSB) operations from the start of the second Chechen war in 1999. 1508: 498:

in their full names. Regular forces assigned to special tasks were sometimes also referred to by terms such as

363: 96: 1990:, reportedly conducted mainly sniper/counter-sniper, sabotage and reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines. 5241: 3690: 3254:(also known as the Dzerzhinsky Division). OBrON (Independent Special Designation Brigade) VV special groups ( 1848: 1731: 1678: 1520: 1327: 6319:"ОСН "Факел" УФСИН России по Московской области принял участие в Международной выставке "Интерполитех-2013"" 5836:""V" For "Vympel": FSB's Secretive Department "V" Behind Assassination of Georgian Asylum Seeker in Germany" 5338: 1326:. Spetsnaz forces also have been called upon to resolve several high-profile hostage situations such as the 4361: 3801: 3796: 3603: 3596: 3560: 3541: 3287: 2795:(OMRP) – Reconnaissance divers under operational subordination to the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU). 2277: 2169: 1530: 1331: 1315: 1229: 1038: 6174: 1623:

ethnic hostility, while contributing to a series of federal government reforms consolidating power in the

125: 6363:"В ОСН(б) "Акула" УФСИН России по Краснодарскому краю прошли испытания на право ношения крапового берета" 5859:

Developments in Russian Special Operations – Russia's Spetsnaz, SOF and Special Operations Forces Command

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originally proposed the concept of using special tactics and strategies. Svechnykov (executed during the

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the Russian Spetsnaz entered Kyiv in a failed attempt to hunt down Ukrainian leaders including President

1139:, the Spetsnaz suffered a total of 570 killed with a further 11 missing. Casualty breakdown by unit was: 937: 883: 5990: 5166: 4266: 1658:, sent by the Chechen terrorist warlord Shamil Basayev, who demanded recognition of the independence of 1415:

Russian special forces were instrumental in Russia's and the Kremlin backed government's success in the

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iNews: Russian special forces have entered Kyiv to hunt down Ukraine's leaders, says Volodymyr Zelensky

2918: 2045: 1711: 1533:. They took 850 hostages and demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the 1272: 1249: 1131: 985:

The operation involved approximately 660 Soviet operators dressed in Afghan uniforms, including ca. 50

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It is believed that during the war in Afghanistan, Soviet special forces came in direct conflict with

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of 1916. Such tactics, considered revolutionary at the time, would later inspire people like Prussian

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reconnaissance and sabotage detachments formed under the supervision of the Second Department of the

1905: 716: 359: 107: 92: 47: 20: 4386: 2962: 430:, both of which may be interpreted as "special purpose". As syllabic acronyms they are not normally 3267: 3195: 3099:. Vympel has four operative units in Moscow, with branch offices in nearly every city containing a 2939: 2882: 2861:

also fields dedicated maritime sabotage and counter-sabotage diver units. These units also include

2353: 1983: 1972: 1946: 1941:

As of September 22, 2023, 495 members of the Russian special purpose community have been confirmed

1923: 1844: 1639: 1550: 1364: 1018: 846: 724: 704: 6693: 5805: 1236:. However, by the time the Alpha group arrived, one of the hostages had already been killed. In a 4863: 4560: 3843: 3224: 3151: 3136: 2866: 2773: 2344: 2331: 2285: 2248: 2173: 2099: 1472: 1376: 1303: 570: 352: 85: 3150:(Заслон) (meaning Screen, Barrier or Shield) about which extremely little is known. Formerly in 1859:

According to multiple Western sources and Ukraine, Spetsnaz unit of the VDV RF took part in the

1790:

On 23 September 2014, Russian news agencies marked the 15th anniversary of the formation of the

1525:

The crisis was the seizure of the crowded Dubrovka Theatre on 23 October 2002 by 40 to 50 armed

1153:

In May 1986, the Spetsnaz also succeeded in inserting air-assault forces into remote regions in

912:

Some 3,300 Soviet military experts, among them spetsnaz, were sent to Southeast Asia during the

627:

1921, setting up machine guns behind units of the Red Army, to "increase their motivation". The

589:

for assaults following concentrated accurate artillery fire in what would later be known as the

252: 6527:"Бойцы отряда "Беркут" на Камчатке учатся подавлять массовые беспорядки зэков. КАМЧАТКА-ИНФОРМ" 6406:"Отдел специального назначения "Гюрза" УФСИН России по Республике Калмыкия отметил 20-ти летие" 2799: 2022: 1574: 850: 4172: 1267: 4302:"Forbidden Cross-border Vendetta: Spetsnaz Strike into Pakistan during the Soviet-Afghan War" 3753:, mainly in the Modern Warfare titles. Spetsnaz are also featured in multiple entries in the 3721: 3694: 3686: 2553: 2453: 2327: 2281: 2241: 2176:(VDV). Some civil agencies with non-police functions have formed special units also known as 2103: 1901: 1752:...and buried on our lands extending to the Black Sea." Threats were received from the group 1440: 1352:

took place from 14 June to 19 June 1995, when a group of 80 to 200 Chechen terrorists led by

1311: 1276: 1180: 963: 856: 566: 415: 6082: 4977: 4403:[The Beirut Soviet intelligence operations] (in Russian). Chekist.ru. 31 March 2006 2460: 2265: 2214: 1950: 1780: 1452: 1197: 6362: 5964:"1 Декабря День Рождения 2 ОБр.СпецНаз ГРУ. – 30 Ноября 2012 – "Союз десантников" г.Локня" 5513: 4340: 4127: 806: 8: 6471: 6405: 6289: 4986: 4894: 3898: 3872: 3658: 3100: 3081: 1886: 1830: 1818: 1643: 1628: 1597: 1323: 1193: 1170: 1102: 967: 949: 769: 624: 241: 5311: 978:, his son and over 300 of his personal guards in 40 minutes. The Soviets then installed 898: 613:. To act against anti-Communist workers and farmers, the Soviet regime set up so called 6206: 5776: 5367:"Putin admits unmarked soldiers in Ukraine were Russian; optimistic about Geneva talks" 4833: 4332: 3992: 3877: 2443:

Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces

2014: 1757: 1699: 1534: 1468: 1456: 1428: 1427:

formed on 23 September 1999. GRU, FSB and MVD spetsnaz operators conducted a myriad of

1416: 1410: 1319: 1233: 1225: 925: 654: 629: 590: 578: 465: 438: 394: 313: 305: 6589:"Вестник Мордовии: Бойцы спецназа "Гепард" сразились за краповый берет (фоторепортаж)" 5643:"Shoigu sozdaet otvergnutye Serdyukovym sily spetsoperatsii, otstav of SShA na 26 let" 5477: 4422: 2966:

Then-Russian President Medvedev visiting Dagestan regional FSB special forces base in

1110:

The Spetsnaz often conducted missions to ambush and destroy enemy supply convoys. The

617:(Units for special use) in 1918. In the next year they were expanded to the so-called 132: 6649: 5905: 5866: 5591: 5459: 5235: 5108: 4469: 4336: 4324: 4271: 4201: 4178: 4033: 3980: 3970: 3940: 3056: 3032: 2130: 1480: 1448: 1420: 1253: 1030: 676: 668: 610: 537: 5642: 5089: 6530: 5501: 4593: 4316: 4297: 4252:Алфавитный список погибших военнослужащих частей специального назначения 40-й Армии 3866: 3831: 3572: 3239: 3215: 3198:

in 2016. The Guard's special forces (consolidating and replacing the forces of the

3108: 3061: 2098:. These units and formations existed in the highest possible secrecy, disguised as 2057: 1942: 1935: 1753: 1683: 1602: 1504: 1500: 1432: 1196:

where over 200 Mujahideen were killed in a failed attempt to capture the strategic

687:

The Soviet leadership had an urgent need for intelligence on German land forces in

672: 582: 293: 247: 6318: 5152: 4739: 1690:

in 2006 alone, during which they killed more than 100 members of terrorist groups.

6697: 6449: 6427: 6340: 5763: 5729: 5585: 4768: 4718: 4636: 4600: 4535: 4476: 4458: 3332: 3321: 3235: 3159: 3085: 2874: 2862: 2806: 1938:, commander of the 141st Motorized Regiment of the Chechen Rosguard, was killed. 1723: 1719: 1496: 1436: 1292: 1127: 1005:. The Soviet forces occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in 975: 696: 688: 479: 6472:"В ОСН "Сокол" УФСИН России по Белгородской области прошёл День открытых дверей" 5038: 4951: 4711: 4653: 4629: 4616: 3274:, otryady spetsial'novo naznacheniya or "special purpose detachments") in 2012: 2682: 2632: 1934:

heading to the city. It is reported that during the defeat of the unit, General

1802:

in the North Caucasus. The OGV is the inter-service headquarters established at

1397:

which saw people taken in the thousands also involved FSB's Alpha Group and the

970:, was executed on 27 December 1979 which saw Soviet special forces storming the 6638: 6106:"Russian Military Forces of the MVD, the Border Troops, and the Special Forces" 4803: 4451: 4293: 3587: 3537: 3490: 3096: 2813: 2320: 2109:

Twenty-four years after the birth of spetsnaz, the Chairman of the KGB General

1695: 1687: 1663: 1647: 1624: 1538: 1526: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1460: 1353: 1288: 1188: 879: 752: 731: 703:

authorized the formation of a ground reconnaissance detachment. This unit, the

700: 554: 301: 6301: 6040: 5723:

Kazakh security officers suspected of kidnapping, not murdering oppositionist.

4855: 4569: 4320: 6706: 6544: 5572: 5527: 5167:"Caucasus Emirate Leader Calls On Insurgents To Thwart Sochi Winter Olympics" 4685: 4328: 3754: 3555: 3299: 3073: 3011: 2678: 2288:(VDV, a separate branch of the Soviet and Russian Armed Forces) includes the 2110: 2064: 2030: 1616: 1241:

their relatives were next. The remaining hostages were released immediately.

1176: 1010: 979: 971: 917: 869: 747:

Each Soviet front/army up to 1942 had their own independent guard-battalion (

708: 53: 6643: 5668: 4401:"Вячеслав Лашкул. Бейрутская операция советской разведки/Vyacheslav Lashkul" 4104: 3984: 2686:

Russian 22nd SPB operatives conducting winter Anti-Terrorist training (2017)

1256:

and the leaders of Libya and Iran to use their influence on the kidnappers.

585:

became one of the first senior commanders to use the tactics of fast action

6588: 6273: 4885: 4262: 4132: 4077: 3969:(in German). Translated by Karl P. E. Veltzé. Stuttgart. pp. 119–121. 3750: 3310: 3187: 2894: 2858: 2820: 2465: 2357: 2340: 2323:

depending on the branch of the armed forces they belong to. These include:

2273: 2095: 2087: 2076: 2052:

internal-security and espionage agency also had their own special purpose (

1978:

At the peak of the deployment, there was a detachment of approximately 250

1919: 1715: 1703: 1464: 1444: 1154: 921: 890:, seizing the airport, bridges, radio stations and the president's palace. 841: 824: 798: 586: 309: 6384: 5460:"Putin's elite unit's goal: Spetsnaz seeks to eliminate Ukraine's leaders" 6008:

22 гвардейская отдельная бригада специального назначения (22 огбрСпН ГРУ)

5289: 4521: 4509:

Understanding Terrorist Innovation: Technology, Tactics and Global Trends

3791: 3777:

focuses on stopping spetsnaz agents from activating a Cold War era bomb.

3761: 3725: 3529: 3409: 3365: 3343: 3052: 2982: 2967: 2900: 2837: 2456:– fields 7 spetsnaz brigades of varying sizes and one spetsnaz regiment. 2348: 2233: 2126: 2018: 1894: 1835: 1742: 1554: 1357: 1237: 1209: 1119: 1115: 1082: 995: 913: 907: 875: 720: 712: 574: 526: 6428:"ОСН ГУФСИН России по Новосибирской области "Корсар" исполнилось 20 лет" 2071:

companies, each consisting of 120 servicemen. This was the first use of

1986:

from the 431st Naval Reconnaissance Point, while SOF operators from the

5839: 3766: 3545: 3476: 3464: 3077: 3024: 2933: 2888: 2870: 2335: 1954: 1916: 1784: 1546: 1476: 1228:). It was believed that this was retaliation for the Soviet support of 1184: 1122:

in 1986. In April 1986, the rebels lost one of their biggest bases, at

1111: 828: 594: 431: 419: 366: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6292:/ Статья от 10.11.2017 г. в сетевом издании «74.ру». А. Скрипова. 5012: 4155:"Russian 'military experts': The Bigfoot sightings of the Vietnam War" 1001: 5584:

Pringle, Robert W. (2015). "Starinov, Ilya Grigorevich (1900–2001)".

4479: 4400: 3521: 3517: 3431: 3069: 2951: 2906: 2850: 2766: 2593: 2505: 1620: 1283: 1245: 958:

Soviet special forces surround Tajbeg Palace following the operation.

524:) forces, and the word's widespread use is a relatively recent, post- 6105: 5941: 1867:

and the 22nd Spetsnaz brigade were sent in, disguised as civilians.

341: 74: 6611:"Special Report: Flaws found in Ukraine's probe of Maidan massacre" 4722: 4640: 3483: 3398: 3376: 3354: 3250:) meaning "special purpose unit") number, and some are part of the 3116: 3092: 3019: 2945: 2927: 2636:

Russian 370th SPD conducting special reconnaissance training (2017)

2501: 2037: 1931: 1803: 1659: 1585: 792: 776: 756: 532: 6274:Силовики защитили ядерные объекты Озерска от террористов-водолазов 4736:"United States Expresses Sympathy on Anniversary of Beslan Attack" 3591:

Russian FSIN Special Forces during a FAB Defense training exercise

2841:

Combat swimmers of the Russian 313th PDSS conduct land operations.

6305: 5339:"Ukraine crisis: Pretext and plotting behind Crimea's occupation" 4362:"Terrorist Organization Profile: Islamic Liberation Organization" 3876:'Special Operations Forces' or 'Special Purpose Military Units'; 3677: 2731: 2168:

During the 1990s special detachments were established within the

2011: 1221: 1200:

near the Pakistani border from a 39-man Soviet Airborne company.

1158: 764: 760: 692: 6683:

Official website of the Russian Interior Ministry special forces

6496:. OSN "Saturn", Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in Moscow 4890:"The Truth About Beslan. What Putin's government is covering up" 4070: 3548:, including the (Akhmad or Akhmat) Kadyrov Regiment ("Kadyrov's 2363: 2268:

are controlled, for the most part, by the military-intelligence

1161:

which were previously considered inaccessible to Soviet forces.

6566: 4799: 4267:"Afghan Rebels Face Tougher Foe in Elite Soviet Commando Units" 3497: 3453: 3442: 3174: 3155: 3065: 3037: 3007: 2992: 2845: 2627: 1975:, have been invaluable in pushing back anti-government forces. 1722:"—took responsibility for the attacks. In July 2010, President 1651: 1635: 1558: 1511:. At least 106 FSB and GRU operators died during the conflict. 1217: 1123: 1054: 887: 484: 6150:"Special force deployment to Syria may signal Moscow's doubts" 5766:, Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 7 Issue: 198, 2 November 2010. 5216:"Russian police kill Islamist militant leader before Olympics" 3182: 2630:, with all units deployed in Tambov except for the 664th SPD. 2004: 1183:. This unit was deployed disguised as Afghans, supporting the 886:" movement. Spetsnaz units secured key points in the capital, 759:

missions. The soldiers had to be younger than 30, were mostly

464:

They are general terms that were used for a variety of Soviet

6290:Атомный водолаз из Челябинской области стал раллийным пилотом 5833: 5312:"ОГВ на Кавказе за 15 лет уничтожила более 10 тысяч боевиков" 3387: 2232:

As with many post Soviet states, Kazakhstan adopted the term

1682:

Russian FSB Spetsnaz are particularly active. Conducting 119

1106:

A Soviet Spetsnaz group prepare for a mission in Afghanistan.

1046: 1006: 810: 663: 641: 619: 474: 5009:"Monument to special forces and rescuers unveiled in Beslan" 1730:

number of exposed spies historically, the then-FSB Director

1164: 902:

F-111 escape capsule at Museum of Moscow Aviation Institute

19:

This article is about the Russian term. For other uses, see

3724:- formed on the basis of Kyiv-based 10th Group of the KGBs 3533: 3525: 3278: 3251: 3207: 3203: 2831:

Counteraction Underwater Diversionary Forces and Facilities

2049: 1927: 1566: 1081:

equipped with Mi-24 (16 units) Mi-8 (16 units) deployed in

1050: 658: 635: 490: 6667:

The Russian Elite: Inside Spetsnaz and the Airborne Forces

5623:

The Russian Elite: Inside Spetsnaz and the Airborne Forces

1726:

expanded the FSB's powers in its fight against terrorism.

730:

Initially the unit was confined to performing small scale

5902:

Brothers armed: military aspects of the crisis in Ukraine

5732:, BBC Monitoring International Reports, 22 February 2006. 5690:"The State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus" 5514:"Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated" 5282:"МВД России ликвидировало за 4 месяца более 350 боевиков" 5257:"Insurgency Commanders Divulge Details Of Umarov's Death" 4763:"Putin's legacy is a massacre, say the mothers of Beslan" 4603: 4128:"Retired Russian frogman confesses to cold war 'killing'" 3420: 3126: 1735: 986: 836: 832: 649: 569:

had hunter-commando units, formed by a decree of Emperor

314:

Main Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet General Staff

308:. Historically, this term referred to the Soviet Union's 5689: 5587:

Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence

4738:. US Department of State. 31 August 2005. Archived from 3717:- formed on the basis of the 17th Naval Spetsnaz Brigade 3186:

Water obstacle phase during tryouts for the Russian OSN

3169: 6690: 6682: 6545:"Страница памяти. Отдел специального назначения "ГРИФ"" 6493: 3967:

Eliteverbände der Welt Ausbildung, Bewaffnung, Einsätze

3910: 3891: 1982:

soldiers, probably drawn from several units, including

1382: 6175:"Russian Zaslon Special Operations – Business Insider" 5115: 5061:"After School Siege, Russia Also Mourns Secret Heroes" 3571:

has operated the OSN "Grom", which became part of the

2974:

The Centre of Special Operations of the FSB TsSN FSB,

2086:

The special-purpose forces of the Armed Forces of the

1743:

Anti terrorist operations prior to 2014 Sochi Olympics

1337: 6202:"Police in Chechnya Accuse Russia's Troops of Murder" 5551: 5549: 4976: 4071:

Nick Webster and Claire Donnelly (17 November 2007).

3848: 3229: 1967:

Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

1734:

said in 1996: "There has never been such a number of

1208:

In October 1985, specialist operators from the KGB's

849:, claimed to have caught Crabb placing a mine on the 5827: 5757:

Bat or Mouse? The Strange Case of Reforming Spetsnaz

5159: 4286: 3084:

on a mission to overthrow and kill Afghan president

2957: 1666:

and the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya.

1262: 6567:"Из Чечни вернулся липецкий отряд спецназа "Титан"" 6026: 6024: 5191: 5130: 4052:

Heroes of the Soviet Union 1941–45 by Henry Sakaida

3575:in April 2016, and now is subordinate to the MVD's 2280:, GRU special forces came under the control of the 1870: 1654:) on 1 September 2004. The hostage-takers were the 1419:after learning lessons from the mishandling of the 1146:

22nd Spetsnaz Brigade – 199 killed and one missing.

557:, helped introduce the term to the Western public. 239:It has been suggested that this article should be 99:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6258:Военно-морской флот на озере в Челябинской области 5834:Bellingcat Investigation Team (17 February 2020). 5779:ГРУ (Главное Разведывательное Управление) ГШ ВС РФ 5546: 5390:"Photos and roses for GRU's 'spetsnaz' casualties" 5388: 5337: 5194:"Inside Russia's pre-Olympics terrorist crackdown" 4982:"Hostage Takers in Russia Argued Before Explosion" 4761: 4387:"Russian Special Forces | What Are Spetsnaz?" 3731:Main Directorate of Intelligence special forces: 3705:- formed on the basis of the 10th Spetsnaz Brigade 3559:SURPAT wearing OSN "Grom" operator of the Russian 3023:) – formerly Special Purpose unit for the city of 1143:15th Spetsnaz Brigade – 355 killed and 10 missing. 775:Immediately before the major Russian offensive at 6713:Military units and formations of the Soviet Union 6662:, Jane's Publishing Company Limited, London, 1988 4594:Moscow theatre siege: Questions remain unanswered 4018:Spetsnaz:Russia's Special Forces by Mark Galeotti 3711:- formed on the basis of the 8th Spetsnaz Brigade 2106:(Naval spetsnaz) by their uniforms and insignia. 1531:Islamist militant separatist movement in Chechnya 609:The origins of the Spetsnaz can be found in the 540:during the late 1980s. Since then, stories about 6704: 6199: 6021: 5192:Novogrod, James; Becky Bratu (14 October 2014). 5139:"Russia's North Caucasus, the Terrorism Revival" 5037:. jamestown.org. 18 October 2004. Archived from 4856:"Beslan School Massacre, Dramatic Scenes (2004)" 4423:"18 famous and infamous special forces missions" 4292: 3867:[vɐjˈskaspʲɪt͡sɨˈalʲnəvənəznɐˈt͡ɕenʲɪjə] 3006:– Special Operations Executive – SOE) – TsSN of 2541:791st Special Purpose Detachment (3rd Battalion) 2538:790th Special Purpose Detachment (2nd Battalion) 1514: 932:equipment, a cryptographic code machine, and an 5141:. International Relations and Security Network. 5126:. International Relations and Security Network. 5011:. NEWS.rin.ru. 2 September 2006. Archived from 3904: 2734:, with all units and units deployed in Irkutsk 1915:, ambushed and destroyed a convoy, composed of 893: 560: 456: 446: 5904:(2nd ed.). Minneapolis: East View Press. 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5532:"The Three Faces of Russian Spetsnaz in Syria" 5418:"George Woloshyn: Take the fight to the enemy" 5222:. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 5153:"Russia Busted 200 Spies Last Year – Medvedev" 4064: 3915:, 'specially designated (plural noun)' 3582: 2849:Combat swimmer from the Russian 311th PDSS in 2535:1st Special Purpose Detachment (1st Battalion) 2254: 1861:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5364: 4914: 4381: 4379: 4196: 4194: 3836: 3821: 3532:and not considered an elite force—unlike the 3178:Russian 604th Special Purpose Centre operator 1767: 749:Otdelnly Gwardieskij Batalion Minerow), OGBM, 5991:"22 гв ОБрСпН – первая в Российской Гвардии" 5851: 5849: 4970: 4524:. Russian Defense Policy. 15 September 2018. 4161: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3693:gained mainstream attention during the 2014 3489:31st Marine Training Detachment of the MVD ( 1817:Russian spetsnaz forces participated in the 1431:and counter-terrorism operations, including 1203: 974:in Afghanistan and killing Afghan President 6302:День ВМФ в Озёрске. Водолазы группы захвата 5886: 5145: 5096: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4174:Russia, America and the Cold War, 1949–1991 3964: 3261: 2180:, such as the Leader special centre in the 2075:to denote a separate military branch since 1756:, which had claimed responsibility for the 581:of 1917. Also, during World War I, General 62:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5628: 5136: 5121: 4922:"Woman injured in 2004 Russian siege dies" 4898:. Vol. 12, no. 9. Archived from 4492:Russia: A Timeline Of Terrorism Since 1995 4376: 4191: 3997:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3599:maintains several spetsnaz organizations: 2923:159th PDSS Detachment – based in Razboynik 520:) or special operations (spetsoperatsiya; 6691:Internet portal of Russian special forces 6260:/ Статья от 27.06.2010 г. на сайте « 6055: 5931: 5846: 5711:Counterterrorism Policies in Central Asia 4678: 4470:History of Chechen rebels' hostage taking 4005: 3937:Spetsnaz. The Story Behind the Soviet SAS 3043:Sn SV - Service of Use of Special Weapons 2809:) – reorganized from the former 431st MRP 2259: 1881:On or about 26 February 2022, during the 1750:on the bones of many, many Muslims killed 1271:Russian Spetsnaz troops dismount from an 1165:Alleged conflict with Pakistani commandos 547:Spetsnaz: The Story Behind the Soviet SAS 382:Learn how and when to remove this message 277:Learn how and when to remove this message 214:Learn how and when to remove this message 159:Learn how and when to remove this message 6728:Army reconnaissance units and formations 6276:/ Статья от 26.06.2014 г. на сайте 5899: 5669:"5th independent Special Forces Brigade" 5526: 5415: 5102: 4437: 4167: 4125: 3586: 3554: 3181: 3173: 2961: 2844: 2836: 2681: 2631: 2504: 2374: 2362: 2197:29 independent special purpose companies 2042:General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces 2033:, began the implementation of the idea. 1834: 1810:Affairs (MVD) noted that the decoration 1677: 1601: 1282: 1266: 1101: 962:Soviet Spetsnaz forces took part in the 953: 897: 512:later referred specifically to special ( 393: 6037:ShadowSpear: Russian Special Operations 5918: 5583: 4980:; Susan B. Glasser (7 September 2004). 4712:Beslan mothers' futile quest for relief 4463: 4261: 3934: 3903:'special operations forces' or 3820:The term is borrowed from Russian: 3715:73rd Maritime Special Operations Center 3194:The Russian government established the 3040:, previously – 2nd service "SN" of FSB) 2021:in 1938), envisaged the development of 1627:and strengthening of the powers of the 1401:in attempted rescuing of the hostages. 1009:, including their primary target – the 845:reported that Eduard Koltsov, a former 797:By the end of the Second World War the 6705: 6660:Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army 6124:"Vietnamdefence.com – Tin Quân sự 24h" 6103: 6076: 5254: 5137:Saradzhyan, Simon (23 December 2010). 5084: 5082: 4884: 4878: 4818: 4788: 4754: 4570:"The Moscow Theatre Siege Documentary" 4309:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 4126:Stratton, Allegra (16 November 2007). 4027: 3685:maintains its own spetsnaz force, the 3569:Federal Drug Control Service of Russia 3127:Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia 2319:Russian special forces wear different 2266:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation 2208: 2067:advocated the creation of 46 military 1865:45th Detached Guards Spetsnaz Regiment 1824: 1591: 1356:attacked the southern Russian city of 650:Second World War and Spanish Civil War 6408:. FPS of Russia, Republic of Kalmykia 6039:. www.shadowspear.com. Archived from 6030: 5855: 5743:"SPECIAL FORCES OF KAZAKHSTAN (2007)" 5454: 5452: 5450: 5424:from the original on 26 December 2014 5416:Woloshyn, George (26 December 2014). 5397:from the original on 10 December 2022 5346:from the original on 10 December 2022 5053: 4866:from the original on 10 November 2021 4679:MacKenzie, Debora (29 October 2002). 4021: 3865: 3830: 3737: 3665: 3508:and report to the National Guard HQ. 3170:Russian National Guard special forces 2779:45th Special Purpose Airborne Brigade 1404: 604: 6365:. FPS of Russia, Krasnodar Territory 6200:Patrick E. Tyler (25 January 2002). 5932:Mikhailov, Aleksey (18 April 2016). 5124:"Eliminating Terrorists, Not Terror" 5103:Biberman, Yelena (6 December 2008). 4617:"Gas "killed Moscow hostages", ibid" 3960: 3958: 3956: 3676:Like many other post-Soviet states, 2205:the General Staff – as did the GRU. 1563:Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs 1389:Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis 1383:Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis 943: 936:escape capsule, which now sits in a 768:cooperated with, and trained, local 364:adding citations to reliable sources 335: 318:now-defunct Soviet security agencies 225: 170: 97:adding citations to reliable sources 68: 27: 6723:Special forces units and formations 6077:Kozlov, Sergei (8 September 2010). 5464:The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com 5122:Saradzhyan, Simon (31 March 2010). 5079: 4672: 4105:"Russian 'killed UK diver' in 1956" 3528:units, which are primarily used as 3496:32nd Marine Detachment of the MVD ( 2819:561st Marine Reconnaissance point ( 2812:420th Marine Reconnaissance point ( 2805:388th Marine Reconnaissance point ( 2677:– entire unit is based in Stepnoi, 2044:. These forces were subordinate to 1960: 1344:Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis 1338:Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis 1149:459th Spetsnaz Company – 16 killed. 816: 597:in the development of the Prussian 13: 6304:/ Видео от 31.07.2011 г. на « 5625:, Greenhill, London, 1993, p.34-37 5557:"Information archivée dans le Web" 5470: 5447: 5393:. Financial Times. 8 August 2014. 4952:"Putin meets angry Beslan mothers" 4832:. 26 February 2008. Archived from 4693:from the original on 9 August 2010 4630:"Moscow court begins siege claims" 3787:Special Operations Forces (Russia) 3577:Main Directorate for Drugs Control 3506:National Guard Naval Service Corps 3482:2nd Marine Detachment of the MVD ( 3475:1st Marine Detachment of the MVD ( 2798:42nd Marine Reconnaissance point ( 2421:54th Special Reconnaissance Center 2415:Special Purpose Center "Kubinka-2" 2227: 2144:)—which were similar to the CIA's 1891:Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) 1673: 1537:. The siege was officially led by 453:viiska spetsiialnoho pryznachennia 312:, special operations units of the 186:tone or style may not reflect the 14: 6739: 6673: 6646:. The Story Behind the Soviet SAS 6232:Министерство Внутренних Дел (МВД) 6061: 5342:. Financial Times. 7 March 2014. 4928:. 8 December 2006. Archived from 4826:"Chechnya Vow Cast a Long Shadow" 3953: 3838:Войска́ специа́льного назначе́ния 3734:Reconnaissance units under AFU: 3504:These detachments today form the 2976:центр специального назначения ФСБ 2958:Russian special forces of the FSB 2950:473rd PDSS Detachment – based in 2944:313rd PDSS Detachment – based in 2938:311th PDSS Detachment – based in 2932:269th PDSS Detachment – based in 2926:160th PDSS Detachment – based in 2917:153rd PDSS Detachment – based in 2911:152nd PDSS Detachment – based in 2905:140th PDSS Detachment – based in 2899:137th PDSS Detachment – based in 2893:136th PDSS Detachment – based in 2887:102nd PDSS Detachment – based in 2881:101st PDSS Detachment – based in 2427:344th Army Aviation Combat Center 2399:Special Operations Forces Command 2238:National Security Committee (KNB) 2156:These were special forces of the 1863:. Several hundred members of the 1263:After the breakup of Soviet Union 43:This article has multiple issues. 6603: 6581: 6559: 6537: 6519: 6508: 6486: 6474:. FPS of Russia, Belgorod region 6464: 6442: 6420: 6398: 6377: 6355: 6333: 6311: 6295: 6283: 6267: 6251: 5107:. Russia Profile. Archived from 4802:. 31 August 2006. Archived from 4776:from the original on 24 May 2022 4681:"Mystery of Russian gas deepens" 4654:"Moscow siege gas 'not illegal'" 4177:. Pearson Longman. p. 142. 3835:; abbreviation for Russian: 3544:since 2007) and formed from the 2757:641th Special Purpose Detachment 2754:297th Special Purpose Detachment 2751:281st Special Purpose Detachment 2720:411th Special Purpose Detachment 2717:305th Special Purpose Detachment 2714:173rd Special Purpose Detachment 2711:108th Special Purpose Detachment 2667:669th Special Purpose Detachment 2664:664th Special Purpose Detachment 2661:585th Special Purpose Detachment 2658:379th Special Purpose Detachment 2655:370th Special Purpose Detachment 2615:308th Special Purpose Detachment 2612:294th Special Purpose Detachment 2609:282nd Special Purpose Detachment 2581:328th Special Purpose Detachment 2578:325th Special Purpose Detachment 2487:700th Special Purpose Detachment 2484:329th Special Purpose Detachment 2418:Special Purpose Center "Terskol" 2392: 2182:Ministry of Emergency Situations 2094:(GRU) and collectively known as 1877:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1871:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1774:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 1588:was used to save some hostages. 863: 705:4th Special Volunteer Detachment 458:війська спеціяльного призначення 340: 230: 196:guide to writing better articles 175: 73: 32: 6529:. 24 March 2016. Archived from 6494:"ОСН "Сатурн" Официальный сайт" 6222: 6193: 6167: 6142: 6116: 6097: 6079:"FSB Special forces: 1998–2010" 6070: 6012: 6001: 5983: 5974: 5956: 5934:"Boitsy Chetvertovo Izmereniya" 5856:Marsh, Dr. Christopher (2017). 5798: 5769: 5749: 5735: 5716: 5703: 5682: 5661: 5615: 5577: 5566: 5520: 5506: 5495: 5436: 5409: 5381: 5365:Willis Raburu (17 April 2014). 5358: 5330: 5304: 5274: 5261:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5248: 5208: 5185: 5171:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5155:. RIA Novosti. 7 February 2012. 5027: 5001: 4944: 4848: 4728: 4705: 4646: 4623: 4609: 4587: 4553: 4528: 4514: 4501: 4496:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4485: 4415: 4393: 4354: 4348:Foreign Military Studies Office 4255: 4246: 4237: 4211: 4147: 4119: 3939:. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. 3246:) or Отряд особого назначения ( 3064:. Other units are stationed in 2618:Training Battalion (2x Company) 2584:Training Battalion (2x Company) 2490:Training Battalion (2x Company) 2481:70th Special Purpose Detachment 2412:Special Purpose Center "Senezh" 2081:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1998: 351:needs additional citations for 84:needs additional citations for 51:or discuss these issues on the 5090:"Story to the Day of Checkist" 4097: 4055: 4046: 3928: 3814: 3745:Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege 3272:отряды специального назначения 2473:Signals Battalion (2x Company) 2387: 2221:State Security Committee (KGB) 2163: 2010:The Russian military theorist 1900:On or about 2 March 2022, the 1812:Hero of the Russian Federation 1529:who claimed allegiance to the 1509:Hero of the Russian Federation 1024: 1: 6515:ru:Ястреб (спецподразделение) 6081:. Agentura.ru. Archived from 5369:. Public Broadcasting Service 4606:Retrieved on 16 December 2013 4107:. BBC.co.uk. 16 November 2007 4061:Hardcore Heroes 1 Season 2014 3922: 3258:) were deployed to Chechnya. 2763:25th Special Purpose Regiment 2435:Main Intelligence Directorate 2092:Main Intelligence Directorate 1849:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1521:Moscow theater hostage crisis 1515:Moscow theatre hostage crisis 1425:Unified Group of Troops (OGV) 1328:Moscow theatre hostage crisis 1077:– paired up and supported by 1041:– paired up and supported by 803:Soviet forces in East Germany 615:Tschasti Osobogo Nasatschenia 573:in 1886, which saw action in 6280:. Е. Рогозина, В. Черепанов. 6064:Russian Politics and Society 5940:(in Russian). Archived from 5938:Voyenno Promyshlennyy Kuryer 5255:Fuller, Liz (23 July 2014). 5105:"No Place to Be a Terrorist" 4346:on 4 March 2016 – via 3802:List of special police units 3797:List of special forces units 3604:Federal Penitentiary Service 3561:Federal Drug Control Service 3542:Head of the Chechen Republic 3288:604th Special Purpose Center 2793:Naval Special Reconnaissance 2727:24th Special Purpose Brigade 2674:22nd Special Purpose Brigade 2624:16th Special Purpose Brigade 2590:14th Special Purpose Brigade 2550:10th Special Purpose Brigade 2290:45th Guards Spetsnaz Brigade 2278:2008 Russian military reform 2200:5 naval reconnaissance point 2194:2 special purposes regiments 2170:Federal Penitentiary Service 2115:Ministry of Internal Affairs 1993: 1332:Beslan school hostage crisis 1075:22nd Special Purpose Brigade 1039:15th Special Purpose Brigade 894:Spetsnaz in Vietnam and Laos 561:History and known operations 331: 7: 6343:. The Federal Penal Service 6210:. Russia; Chechnya (Russia) 6104:León-Borja, Lajos Szászdi. 6066:(4th ed.). p. 98. 3911: 3893:syly spetsialnykh operatsii 3892: 3849: 3780: 3691:Berkut special police force 3683:Security Service of Ukraine 3602:The following is a list of 3583:Russian Ministry of Justice 3266:The following is a list of 3248:Otryad osobogo naznacheniya 3234:, successors to the Soviet 3230: 2497:3rd Special Purpose Brigade 2461:2nd Special Purpose Brigade 2306: 2255:Russian spetsnaz after 2010 2191:14 special purpose brigades 2146:Special Activities Division 1913:Security Service of Ukraine 1883:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1606:Beslan school victim photos 884:Socialism with a Human Face 786: 472:) units. In addition, many 10: 6744: 6632: 6547:. OSN "Grif" memorial page 5649:(in Russian). 6 March 2013 4073:"Cold war spy riddle ends" 3669: 3158:(e.g. French counterpart; 2919:Ostrovnoy, Murmansk Oblast 2314: 2212: 2133:unit was created in 1974. 1964: 1874: 1828: 1771: 1768:Insurgency in the Caucasus 1712:2010 Moscow Metro bombings 1656:Riyadus-Salikhin Battalion 1595: 1571:undisclosed chemical agent 1518: 1408: 1386: 1341: 1250:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah 1168: 1053:(16 units), deployment in 1028: 947: 905: 867: 790: 719:. Leonov had trained as a 406:The Russian abbreviations 245:into a new article titled 18: 16:Post-Soviet military units 6696:18 September 2012 at the 6669:, Greenhill, London, 1993 6648:, 1987, Hamish Hamilton, 6237:Russian Military Analysis 6031:staff (29 January 2009). 5813:Russian Military Analysis 5784:Russian Military Analysis 5728:27 September 2013 at the 5240:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4475:11 September 2016 at the 4321:10.1080/13518040500354943 3905: 3882:сили спеціальних операцій 3881: 3837: 3822: 3775:MacGyver (2016 TV series) 3672:Special forces of Ukraine 3567:From 2003 until 2016 The 3516:In addition, the MVD has 3511: 3243: 3219: 2913:Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast 2867:conduct underwater combat 2786: 2424:561st Naval Rescue Center 2407:Special Operations Forces 2048:commanders. The infamous 1792:Unified Group of Troops ( 1559:Vympel a.k.a. Vega Groups 1423:. Under joint command of 1204:The Beirut hostage crisis 1079:205th Helicopter Squadron 1043:239th Helicopter Squadron 695:. On 5 July 1941 Admiral 457: 447: 424:spetsialnogo naznacheniya 297: 21:Spetsnaz (disambiguation) 6718:Special forces of Russia 6591:. The Mordovian Bulletin 6231: 5807: 5778: 4536:"The Second Chechen War" 4364:. University of Maryland 3935:Suvorov, Victor (1987). 3807: 3262:National Guard of Russia 3196:National Guard of Russia 2940:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 2883:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 2464:– based in Promezhitsa, 1973:Russian Aerospace Forces 1924:National Guard of Russia 1710:militants organised the 1610:Also referred to as the 1551:Federal Security Service 1365:Federal Security Service 725:Hero of the Soviet Union 667:and participated in the 6452:. Federal Penal Service 6430:. Federal Penal Service 6321:. Federal Penal Service 5745:. Kazakh military site. 5573:Дед советского спецназа 4796:"Beslan – Two Years On" 4028:Leonov, Viktor (2011). 3773:Season 1, Episode 4 of 3212:Russian Internal Troops 3210:) includes a number of 3137:First Chief Directorate 2774:Russian Airborne Troops 2743:Special Weapons Company 2700:Special Weapons Company 2564:Special Weapons Company 2524:Special Weapons Company 2286:Russian Airborne Troops 2264:The elite units of the 2249:President of Kazakhstan 1843:at the building of the 1841:troops without insignia 1377:Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev 1304:2008 Russo-Georgian War 1252:, who appealed to King 1179:'s special forces, the 1120:Afghan-Pakistani border 742: 682: 536:("openness") policy of 5709:Mariya Y. Omelicheva, 4599:4 January 2016 at the 4457:6 October 2014 at the 3592: 3564: 3279:Dzerzhinsky Division ( 3220:Внутренние войска (ВВ) 3191: 3179: 2971: 2854: 2842: 2687: 2637: 2514: 2384: 2372: 2260:Administrative History 2151: 2120: 2023:unconventional warfare 1902:Alpha Group of Ukraine 1856: 1691: 1607: 1577:system and raided it. 1307: 1280: 1107: 959: 903: 751:so called miners, for 451:), an abbreviation of 416:syllabic abbreviations 403: 6154:BLOUIN BEAT: Politics 4717:5 August 2016 at the 3760:Two gangsters in the 3709:8th Spetsnaz Regiment 3703:3rd Spetsnaz Regiment 3695:Revolution of Dignity 3590: 3558: 3185: 3177: 2965: 2848: 2840: 2685: 2635: 2554:Krasnoyarsk Territory 2552:– based in Mol'kino, 2513:on parade, 9 May 2011 2508: 2454:Russian Ground Forces 2378: 2366: 2282:Russian Ground Forces 2242:Altynbek Sarsenbayuly 2036:During World War II, 1838: 1681: 1605: 1545:in the center of the 1441:Abdul Halim Sadulayev 1312:Tajikistani Civil War 1286: 1277:Tajikistani Civil War 1270: 1181:Special Service Group 1105: 982:as Amin's successor. 957: 901: 882:in 1968 to stop the " 857:Order of the Red Star 567:Imperial Russian Army 397: 5762:3 March 2016 at the 4902:on 30 September 2007 4888:(13 November 2006). 4772:. 26 February 2008. 4635:5 March 2016 at the 4032:. Ballantine Books. 3965:Terry White (1995). 3832:[spʲɪtsˈnas] 2511:3rd Spetsnaz Brigade 2215:5th Spetsnaz Brigade 1781:Vladimir Kolokoltsev 1573:into the building's 1453:Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev 822:Lieutenant-Commander 496:osobovo naznacheniya 428:osobogo naznacheniya 360:improve this article 93:improve this article 6130:on 18 February 2019 5808:Военно-Морской Флот 5534:. Warontherocks.com 5318:. 23 September 2014 5067:. 13 September 2004 4987:The Washington Post 4895:The Weekly Standard 4085:on 18 November 2007 4030:Blood on the Shores 3597:Ministry of Justice 3540:(who has served as 3200:MVD Internal Troops 3101:nuclear power plant 3082:Operation Storm-333 2379:Russian SOF during 2294:Special Battalions 2209:Belarusian spetsnaz 2158:MVD Internal Troops 2117:(MVD) (1946–1954). 2102:(Army spetsnaz) or 2100:Soviet paratroopers 1887:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 1831:Russo-Ukrainian War 1825:Russo-Ukrainian War 1819:2014 Grozny clashes 1684:targeted operations 1644:autonomous republic 1629:President of Russia 1598:Beslan school siege 1592:Beslan school siege 1561:, supported by the 1324:Russo-Ukrainian War 1216:were dispatched to 1194:Operation Magistral 1171:Operation Magistral 1132:Operation "Curtain" 968:Operation Storm-333 950:Operation Storm-333 639:descended from the 625:Kronstadt rebellion 601:(founded in 1915). 6207:The New York Times 6085:on 18 January 2013 5204:on 9 October 2014. 5111:on 6 October 2014. 5065:The New York Times 5041:on 20 October 2004 5015:on 18 October 2007 4958:. 2 September 2005 4932:on 17 October 2007 4742:on 13 October 2008 4643:, 24 December 2002 4350:(referenced copy). 4225:on 17 October 2015 4157:. 20 January 2017. 3912:spetspryznachentsi 3738:In popular culture 3666:Ukrainian spetsnaz 3593: 3565: 3231:Vnutrenniye voiska 3192: 3180: 3004:Spetsgruppa Smerch 2997:Spetsgruppa Vympel 2972: 2855: 2843: 2688: 2638: 2515: 2385: 2373: 2015:Mikhail Svechnykov 1911:, a branch of the 1857: 1758:Volgograd bombings 1718:—dubbed "Russia's 1700:Carnegie Endowment 1692: 1652:Russian Federation 1608: 1535:Second Chechen War 1469:Abu Hafs al-Urduni 1457:Akhmed Avtorkhanov 1429:counter-insurgency 1417:Second Chechen War 1411:Second Chechen War 1405:Second Chechen War 1320:Russo-Georgian War 1308: 1297:Special Battalion 1281: 1248:, Grand Ayatollah 1234:Lebanese Civil War 1230:Syrian involvement 1226:Muslim Brotherhood 1108: 993:officers from the 960: 926:John Stryker Meyer 904: 605:Early Soviet Union 595:Captain Willy Rohr 591:Brusilov Offensive 579:Russian Revolution 466:special operations 441:they are known as 404: 306:post-Soviet states 6665:Carey Schofield, 6617:. 10 October 2014 6533:on 24 March 2016. 6278:ГТРК «Южный Урал» 5968:vdvloknya.ucoz.ru 5911:978-1-879944-65-7 5872:978-0-660-07353-8 5755:Roger McDermott, 5621:Carey Schofield, 5597:978-1-4422-5318-6 5530:(21 March 2016). 5292:on 4 January 2016 4836:on 13 August 2008 4660:. 29 October 2002 4482:, 24 October 2002 4425:. CNN. 7 May 2011 4298:Ahmad Jalali, Ali 4272:Los Angeles Times 4206:978-5-93165-324-2 4184:978-1-4058-7430-4 4039:978-0-8041-0732-7 3976:978-3-613-01688-0 3902: 3890: 3875: 3847: 3722:Alpha Group (SBU) 3228: 3057:counter-terrorism 3055:) is the premier 3051:Spetsgruppa 'A' ( 3029:Directorate "T" ( 3016:Directorate "K" ( 3002:Directorate "S" ( 2987:Spetsgruppa Alpha 2650:Logistics Company 2604:Logistics Company 2570:Logistics Company 2530:Logistics Company 2131:counter-terrorist 2125:Spetsgruppa 'A' ( 2104:naval infantrymen 1481:Supyan Abdullayev 1449:Akhmadov brothers 1433:targeted killings 1254:Hussein of Jordan 1137:Operation Curtain 1031:Operation Curtain 964:Soviet–Afghan War 944:Soviet–Afghan War 711:, who joined the 677:military branches 669:Spanish Civil War 661:derived from the 611:Russian Civil War 538:Mikhail Gorbachev 392: 391: 384: 287: 286: 279: 269: 268: 224: 223: 216: 190:used on Knowledge 188:encyclopedic tone 169: 168: 161: 143: 66: 6735: 6689: 6681: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6523: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6315: 6309: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6271: 6265: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6179:Business Insider 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6126:. Archived from 6120: 6114: 6113: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6062:Sakwa, Richard. 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6028: 6019: 6016: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5944:on 22 April 2019 5929: 5916: 5915: 5897: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5864: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5773: 5767: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5739: 5733: 5720: 5714: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5639: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5581: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5482:Interfax-Ukraine 5474: 5468: 5467: 5456: 5445: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5392: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5288:. 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This includes 1936:Magomed Tushayev 1754:Vilayat Dagestan 1732:Nikolay Kovalyov 1569:unit, pumped an 1505:Yassir al-Sudani 1501:Rappani Khalilov 817:The Crabb Affair 673:Second World War 583:Aleksei Brusilov 494:) also included 460: 459: 450: 449: 387: 380: 376: 373: 367: 344: 336: 299: 282: 275: 264: 261: 248:Russian spetsnaz 234: 233: 226: 219: 212: 208: 205: 199: 198:for suggestions. 194:See Knowledge's 179: 178: 171: 164: 157: 153: 150: 144: 142: 101: 77: 69: 58: 36: 35: 28: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6703: 6702: 6698:Wayback Machine 6687: 6679: 6676: 6658:David C. Isby, 6635: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6272: 6268: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6075: 6071: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6043:on 16 July 2018 6029: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6002: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5930: 5919: 5912: 5898: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5862: 5854: 5847: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5764:Wayback Machine 5754: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5730:Wayback Machine 5721: 5717: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5629: 5620: 5616: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5525: 5521: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5458: 5457: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5293: 5286:Новости Mail.Ru 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5253: 5249: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5135: 5131: 5120: 5116: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4806:on 4 April 2009 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4769:The Independent 4760: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719:Wayback Machine 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637:Wayback Machine 4628: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4601:Wayback Machine 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4568: 4565:Wayback Machine 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4540:The History Guy 4534: 4533: 4529: 4522:"Simmering War" 4520: 4519: 4515: 4511:, 2007 (p. 105) 4506: 4502: 4490: 4486: 4477:Wayback Machine 4468: 4464: 4459:Wayback Machine 4448: 4447: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4343: 4304: 4294:Grau, Lester W. 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4265:(24 May 1986). 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4006: 3990: 3989: 3977: 3963: 3954: 3947: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3906:спецпризначенці 3862: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3783: 3740: 3674: 3668: 3628:OSN "Rosomakha" 3585: 3514: 3333:Mineralnye Vody 3264: 3236:Internal Troops 3172: 3160:Action Division 3143: 3135:, formerly the 3129: 3086:Hafizullah Amin 2993:Directorate "V" 2983:Directorate "A" 2960: 2863:combat swimmers 2807:Black Sea Fleet 2789: 2740:Signals Company 2697:Support Company 2694:Signals Company 2647:Signals Company 2601:Signals Company 2567:Support Company 2561:Signals Company 2544:Training School 2527:Support Company 2521:Signals Company 2476:Support Company 2395: 2390: 2332:Airborne Forces 2317: 2309: 2262: 2257: 2230: 2228:Kazakh spetsnaz 2217: 2211: 2174:Airborne Troops 2172:(FSIN) and the 2166: 2154: 2123: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1969: 1963: 1904:, which is the 1879: 1873: 1833: 1827: 1776: 1770: 1745: 1724:Dmitry Medvedev 1720:Osama bin Laden 1676: 1674:Lessons learned 1612:Beslan massacre 1600: 1594: 1523: 1517: 1497:Sulim Yamadayev 1437:Aslan Maskhadov 1413: 1407: 1391: 1385: 1346: 1340: 1293:Sulim Yamadayev 1265: 1206: 1173: 1167: 1128:Paktia Province 1033: 1027: 976:Hafizullah Amin 952: 946: 924:sniper rifles. 910: 896: 872: 866: 819: 795: 789: 745: 697:Arseniy Golovko 689:northern Norway 685: 652: 607: 563: 482:units (such as 480:Internal Troops 470:spetsoperatsiya 388: 377: 371: 368: 357: 345: 334: 283: 272: 271: 270: 265: 259: 256: 235: 231: 220: 209: 203: 200: 193: 184:This article's 180: 176: 165: 154: 148: 145: 102: 100: 90: 78: 37: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6741: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6701: 6700: 6685: 6675: 6674:External links 6672: 6671: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6639:Viktor Suvorov 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6602: 6580: 6558: 6536: 6518: 6507: 6485: 6463: 6441: 6419: 6397: 6376: 6354: 6332: 6310: 6294: 6282: 6266: 6250: 6221: 6192: 6166: 6141: 6115: 6096: 6069: 6054: 6020: 6011: 6000: 5982: 5973: 5955: 5917: 5910: 5885: 5871: 5845: 5826: 5797: 5768: 5748: 5734: 5715: 5702: 5681: 5660: 5627: 5614: 5596: 5576: 5565: 5545: 5528:Galeotti, Mark 5519: 5505: 5494: 5469: 5446: 5435: 5408: 5380: 5357: 5329: 5303: 5273: 5247: 5207: 5184: 5158: 5144: 5129: 5114: 5095: 5078: 5052: 5026: 5000: 4969: 4943: 4913: 4877: 4847: 4817: 4787: 4753: 4727: 4704: 4671: 4645: 4622: 4608: 4586: 4552: 4527: 4513: 4500: 4484: 4462: 4436: 4414: 4392: 4375: 4353: 4285: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4210: 4190: 4183: 4160: 4146: 4118: 4096: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4038: 4020: 4004: 3975: 3952: 3945: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3739: 3736: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3670:Main article: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3584: 3581: 3573:Federal Police 3538:Ramzan Kadyrov 3513: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3491:Severobaikalsk 3487: 3480: 3469: 3468: 3457: 3446: 3435: 3424: 3413: 3402: 3391: 3380: 3369: 3358: 3347: 3336: 3325: 3314: 3303: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3268:National Guard 3263: 3260: 3171: 3168: 3128: 3125: 3097:North Caucasus 3045: 3044: 3041: 3027: 3014: 3000: 2990: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2814:Northern Fleet 2810: 2803: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2746:Logistics Unit 2744: 2741: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703:Logistics Unit 2701: 2698: 2695: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2447: 2446: 2445:(Spetsnaz GRU) 2439: 2438: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2361: 2360: 2354:National Guard 2351: 2338: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2229: 2226: 2213:Main article: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2165: 2162: 2153: 2150: 2140:) and Zenith ( 2122: 2119: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1984:naval spetsnaz 1965:Main article: 1962: 1959: 1926:, in northern 1875:Main article: 1872: 1869: 1845:Verkhovna Rada 1829:Main article: 1826: 1823: 1772:Main article: 1769: 1766: 1744: 1741: 1696:Vitaly Shlykov 1688:North Caucasus 1675: 1672: 1664:United Nations 1650:region of the 1648:North Caucasus 1596:Main article: 1593: 1590: 1539:Movsar Barayev 1519:Main article: 1516: 1513: 1493:Salman Raduyev 1489:Ruslan Gelayev 1485:Shamil Basayev 1461:Ibn al-Khattab 1409:Main article: 1406: 1403: 1387:Main article: 1384: 1381: 1354:Shamil Basayev 1342:Main article: 1339: 1336: 1264: 1261: 1205: 1202: 1189:Kunar Province 1169:Main article: 1166: 1163: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1045:equipped with 1029:Main article: 1026: 1023: 948:Main article: 945: 942: 906:Main article: 895: 892: 880:Czechoslovakia 868:Main article: 865: 862: 847:Soviet frogman 827:was a British 818: 815: 791:Main article: 788: 785: 753:reconnaissance 744: 741: 732:reconnaissance 701:Northern Fleet 684: 681: 651: 648: 606: 603: 562: 559: 555:Viktor Suvorov 390: 389: 348: 346: 339: 333: 330: 302:special forces 285: 284: 267: 266: 238: 236: 229: 222: 221: 183: 181: 174: 167: 166: 81: 79: 72: 67: 41: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6740: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6655: 6654:0-241-11961-8 6651: 6647: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6590: 6584: 6568: 6562: 6546: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6511: 6495: 6489: 6473: 6467: 6451: 6445: 6429: 6423: 6407: 6401: 6386: 6380: 6364: 6358: 6342: 6336: 6320: 6314: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6264:». Н. Сучков. 6263: 6259: 6254: 6238: 6234: 6230:"Warfare.be" 6225: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6181:. 19 May 2013 6180: 6176: 6170: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6058: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6015: 6009: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5874: 5868: 5861: 5860: 5852: 5850: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5806:"Warfare.be" 5801: 5785: 5781: 5777:"Warfare.be" 5772: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5752: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5691: 5685: 5670: 5664: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5624: 5618: 5611: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5580: 5574: 5569: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5498: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5423: 5420:. Kyiv Post. 5419: 5412: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5368: 5361: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5173:. 3 July 2013 5172: 5168: 5162: 5154: 5148: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4886:Satter, David 4881: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4725:, 4 June 2005 4724: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4686:New Scientist 4682: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4507:Adam Dolnik, 4504: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4424: 4418: 4402: 4396: 4389:. 6 May 2021. 4388: 4382: 4380: 4363: 4357: 4349: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4263:Tempest, Rone 4258: 4249: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4150: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4106: 4100: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4000: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3946:0-241-11961-8 3942: 3938: 3931: 3927: 3913: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3833: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3643:OSN "Yastreb" 3642: 3639: 3637:OSN "Tornado" 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3619:OSN "Ajsberg" 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3605: 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2969: 2964: 2953: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2865:, trained to 2864: 2860: 2852: 2847: 2839: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2800:Pacific Fleet 2797: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2706:Engineer Unit 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2679:Rostov Oblast 2676: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2472: 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1862: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:North Ossetia 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:Pakistan Army 1172: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1145: 1142: 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