295:
357:
930:
369:
381:
342:, succeeded in restoring these power connections by installing a modified hatch cover to allow the power cables to pass through the hatch when it was in the closed position. In a second internal spacewalk in October they connected two of the panels to a computer system to allow the panels to be controlled remotely and align with the Sun. These modifications allowed power generation to return to approximately 70% of the pre-collision generation capability.
213:
393:
28:
580:
707:
974:
224:". It was planned to carry experiments with space-borne surveillance and test antimissile defense. The surveillance instruments were mounted on the exterior of the module opposite the docking port. Also in this location were two launchers for artificial targets. The heart of the Spektr payload was an experimental
326:
module. The collision damaged one of Spektr's solar arrays and punctured the hull, causing a relatively slow leak. The crew had enough time to install a hatch cover and seal the module off to prevent depressurization of the entire Mir station. To seal the module, the crew had to remove the cables
282:
modules in exchange for having 600 to 700 kg of US experiments installed. The Oktava military component was replaced with a conical mounting area for two additional solar arrays. The airlock for the Oktava targets to be used instead to expose experiments to the vacuum of space.
203:
Space
Station. The module was designed for remote observation of Earth's environment containing atmospheric and surface research equipment. Spektr also had four solar arrays which generated about half of the station's electrical power.
1127:
306:
in
September 1997. In this space rendezvous gone wrong, the Progress collided with Mir, beginning a depressurization that was halted by closing the hatch to Spektr
2117:
1992:
417:
356:
1410:
2076:
1938:
1120:
1346:
1863:
2108:
2093:
2089:
2085:
1998:
1959:
1943:
1923:
1885:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1775:
1759:
1735:
1654:
1650:
1605:
1595:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1538:
1504:
1017:
1013:
503:
449:
1853:
1844:
1008:
1004:
994:
990:
1869:
1780:
1740:
1658:
1624:
1462:
1456:
1113:
2098:
1848:
1616:
1470:
1466:
1372:
1270:
2071:
2018:
1986:
1828:
1793:
1719:
1694:
1610:
1482:
1367:
421:
2045:
1969:
1788:
1746:
1668:
910:
221:
2143:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
1620:
257:
Phaza spectrometer – surface studies. Examined wavelengths between 0.340 and 285 micrometers, and provides 200 km resolution
1403:
275:
in 1985. However, with the end of the Cold War and the shrinking of Russia's space budget, the module was stuck on the ground.
647:
278:
In the mid-1990s with the return of US-Russian cooperation in space, NASA agreed to provide funds to complete the Spektr and
2165:
862:
767:
2138:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
2066:
1678:
1396:
857:
780:
599:
549:
478:
286:
Once in orbit, Spektr served as the living quarters for
American astronauts until the collision in late June 1997.
254:
MIRAS absorption spectrometer – had to measure neutral atmospheric composition, but couldn't work due to a failure
368:
1092:
2170:
1377:
1229:
380:
32:
This shot of Spektr was taken after the collision with the
Progress spacecraft. Note damage to solar arrays.
245:
Balkan 1 lidar – measures upper cloud altitude. Used a 5320-angstrom laser source, provided 4.5 m resolution
1105:
903:
2127:
1160:
66:
2040:
98:
62:
640:
327:
that were routed through the (open) hatchway, including the power cables from Spektr's solar panels.
1302:
1334:
509:
1294:
1242:
1168:
896:
867:
220:
The Spektr module was originally developed as part of a top-secret military program code-named "
1362:
1027:
872:
801:
936:
1927:
1136:
877:
633:
982:
8:
1435:
1424:
1420:
827:
425:
70:
2034:
1784:
1388:
1338:
1084:
1078:
796:
728:
585:
294:
1314:
1278:
1207:
1186:
999:
267:
These experiments would have been a continuation of the research aboard a top-secret
225:
392:
1586:
1306:
1224:
1212:
1202:
919:
772:
335:
331:
186:
345:
Spektr was left depressurized and isolated from the remainder of the Mir complex.
1326:
1322:
1310:
1155:
673:
593:
453:
620:
605:
1290:
929:
836:
759:
527:
268:
553:
482:
2154:
2103:
1964:
1858:
1810:
1673:
1533:
811:
523:
315:
311:
303:
169:
1135:
2160:
1699:
1630:
1600:
1450:
1266:
176:
1911:
1714:
1580:
962:
956:
950:
339:
330:
An internal spacewalk in the Spektr module in August 1997 by cosmonauts
2122:
2014:
1894:
1634:
1590:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
944:
805:
751:
212:
2050:
1933:
1140:
625:
2080:
1974:
1880:
1476:
1056:
695:
535:
272:
242:
Astra 2 – monitored atmospheric trace constituents, Mir environment
83:
27:
2023:
1875:
1070:
1047:
1039:
888:
841:
734:
686:
678:
323:
279:
528:"Mir Spacecraft: Worst collision in the history of space flight"
2113:
2029:
1980:
1918:
1890:
1804:
1799:
1753:
1709:
1663:
1555:
1499:
1318:
1274:
973:
1217:
229:
552:. WGBH Educational Foundation. November 2000. Archived from
260:
Taurus/Grif – monitored Mir's induced X/gamma-ray background
596:, containing diagrams, pictures, and background information
472:
470:
362:
Overall view of Spektr before the collision, opposite angle
319:
542:
1286:
1237:
658:
613:
200:
168:
For the experimental black metal/black ambient band, see
47:
1418:
508:(in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. 1997. Archived from
467:
444:
442:
199:) (TKM-O, 77KSO, 11F77O) was the fifth module of the
575:
439:
410:
2152:
602:, with design history and equipment information
302:module following a collision with an uncrewed
1404:
1121:
904:
641:
522:
594:Spektr module (77KSO) on russianspaceweb.com
481:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
1411:
1397:
1373:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
1128:
1114:
911:
897:
648:
634:
505:Россия. Полет орбитального комплекса "Мир"
422:"Module "Spektr" of orbital station "Mir""
1368:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
293:
211:
2153:
1392:
1143:government human spaceflight programs
1109:
892:
655:
629:
619:Gunter's Space Page – information on
424:. Manned Astronautics. Archived from
863:List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir
600:Spektr on Encyclopedia Astronautica
416:
13:
1221:(incorporated into Salyut program)
918:
14:
2182:
858:List of human spaceflights to Mir
781:Mir Environmental Effects Payload
571:
454:"Spacecraft: Manned: Mir: Spektr"
251:KOMZA – interstellar gas detector
972:
928:
705:
578:
476:
391:
379:
367:
355:
162:43,290 lb (19,640 kg)
26:
448:
516:
496:
207:
1:
1378:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
403:
320:experimental docking maneuver
937:TKS spacecraft test missions
550:"Take a Tour of Mir: Spektr"
289:
7:
2166:Spacecraft launched in 1995
10:
2187:
983:VA spacecraft test flights
386:Damaged radiator on Spektr
374:Damaged Spektr solar array
348:
174:
167:
2136:
2059:
2007:
1952:
1903:
1837:
1768:
1728:
1687:
1643:
1547:
1491:
1443:
1355:
1256:
1195:
1179:
1148:
1026:
981:
970:
935:
926:
850:
820:
789:
744:
714:
703:
666:
263:VRIZ UV spectroradiometer
239:286K binocular radiometer
194:
190:
36:
25:
18:
715:Russian/American modules
504:
298:Damaged solar arrays on
271:module, which docked to
1295:Martian Piloted Complex
1169:Russian Orbital Segment
868:List of Mir expeditions
216:Cut-away view of Spektr
1363:List of Soyuz missions
1028:Functional Cargo Block
873:List of Mir spacewalks
310:On June 25, 1997, the
307:
217:
175:For news website, see
456:. RussianSpaceweb.com
297:
215:
2171:Satellite collisions
1427:Orbital launches in
878:List of Mir visitors
132:2134 days, 2 hours
790:Visiting spacecraft
512:on 17 October 2010.
316:crashed into Spektr
304:Progress spacecraft
228:code-named "Pion” (
71:Baikonur Cosmodrome
586:Spaceflight portal
418:Anikeev, Alexander
308:
218:
37:Module statistics
2148:
2147:
1386:
1385:
1247:
1234:
1222:
1165:
1103:
1102:
886:
885:
235:Instrument list:
226:optical telescope
166:
165:
2178:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1344:Space Stations:
1284:Interplanetary:
1245:
1232:
1220:
1163:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1032:derived hardware
976:
932:
913:
906:
899:
890:
889:
745:Other subsystems
709:
708:
650:
643:
636:
627:
626:
588:
583:
582:
581:
565:
564:
562:
561:
546:
540:
539:
520:
514:
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500:
494:
493:
491:
490:
474:
465:
464:
462:
461:
446:
437:
436:
434:
433:
414:
395:
383:
371:
359:
336:Pavel Vinogradov
332:Anatoly Solovyov
248:EFO 2 photometer
198:
192:
30:
16:
15:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2055:
2003:
1948:
1899:
1833:
1764:
1724:
1683:
1639:
1543:
1487:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1387:
1382:
1351:
1327:Tupolev Tu-2000
1252:
1191:
1175:
1144:
1134:
1104:
1099:
1031:
1022:
977:
968:
933:
922:
917:
887:
882:
846:
816:
785:
740:
710:
706:
701:
662:
654:
606:Take a Tour of
584:
579:
577:
574:
569:
568:
559:
557:
548:
547:
543:
521:
517:
506:
502:
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440:
431:
429:
415:
411:
406:
399:
396:
387:
384:
375:
372:
363:
360:
351:
318:while doing an
292:
210:
180:
173:
121:
96:
73:, LC 81L, USSR
65:
60:
31:
12:
11:
5:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2146:
2145:
2141:Crewed flights
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2083:
2074:
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2054:
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2048:
2043:
2038:
2026:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
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1941:
1936:
1931:
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1227:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1180:In development
1177:
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920:TKS spacecraft
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837:Deorbit of Mir
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821:Other articles
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729:Docking module
726:
718:
716:
712:
711:
704:
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700:
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692:
684:
676:
670:
668:
667:Soviet modules
664:
663:
656:Components of
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572:External links
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526:(2016-06-22).
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120:March 23, 2001
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110:June 25, 1997
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79:Launch vehicle
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2104:Progress M-30
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2100:
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2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:
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1968:
1966:
1965:Progress M-29
1963:
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1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Resurs-F2 #10
1937:
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1811:Progress M-28
1809:
1806:
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1674:Progress M-27
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1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Progress M-26
1532:
1530:
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1522:
1518:
1514:
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1502:
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1497:
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1300:Spaceplanes:
1298:
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1126:
1124:
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1112:
1111:
1108:
1096:
1095:
1091:Free flying:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
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1068:
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1065:
1061:
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1631:Brasilsat B2
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477:Wade, Mark.
458:. Retrieved
450:Zak, Anatoly
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95:June 1, 1995
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59:May 20, 1995
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43:Mission name
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19:
2109:Kosmos 2326
2094:Kosmos 2325
2090:Kosmos 2324
2086:Kosmos 2323
1999:Kosmos 2322
1960:Kosmos 2321
1944:Kosmos 2320
1924:SPARTAN-201
1912:Soyuz TM-22
1886:Kosmos 2319
1824:Kosmos 2318
1820:Kosmos 2317
1816:Kosmos 2316
1776:Kosmos 2315
1760:Kosmos 2314
1736:Kosmos 2313
1715:Kosmos 2312
1655:Orbcomm FM2
1651:Orbcomm FM1
1606:Kosmos 2311
1596:Kosmos 2310
1581:Soyuz TM-21
1575:Kosmos 2309
1571:Kosmos 2308
1567:Kosmos 2307
1562:Kosmos 2306
1505:SPARTAN-204
1243:Shuttle-Mir
1014:Kosmos 1100
963:Kosmos 1686
957:Kosmos 1443
951:Kosmos 1267
674:Core module
616:NOVA Online
610:> Spektr
340:Soyuz TM-26
314:spacecraft
208:Development
193:; English:
2155:Categories
2123:EchoStar I
2077:Télécom 2C
2015:Radarsat-1
1895:FASat-Alfa
1859:Koreasat 1
1845:Interbol 1
1635:Hot Bird 1
1591:Himawari 5
1529:ODERACS 2F
1525:ODERACS 2E
1521:ODERACS 2D
1517:ODERACS 2C
1513:ODERACS 2B
1509:ODERACS 2A
1332:Capsules:
1005:Kosmos 997
991:Kosmos 881
945:Kosmos 929
806:VBK-Raduga
776:satellites
560:2007-04-16
489:2007-04-16
460:2007-04-16
432:2007-04-16
404:References
322:with the
2099:Galaxy 3R
2051:AsiaSat 2
1904:September
1870:GEMStar 1
1781:Helios 1A
1741:DirecTV-3
1659:OrbView-1
1625:UNAMSAT-A
1539:Foton #10
1463:Tsikada 1
1457:Express 1
1257:Cancelled
832:programme
290:Collision
97:00:56:16
61:03:33:22
2081:INSAT-2C
2060:December
2008:November
1975:Astra 1E
1881:N-STAR a
1849:Maigon 4
1617:Gurwin 1
1492:February
1477:Apstar 2
1471:Astrid 1
1467:Faisat 1
1246:(joint)
1233:(joint)
1164:(joint)
1057:Kristall
828:Shuttle-
802:Progress
696:Kristall
536:BBC News
479:"Spektr"
398:Interior
273:Salyut 7
196:Spectrum
152:4.35 m
148:Diameter
116:Re-entry
84:Proton-K
67:LC-81/23
2118:Skipper
2072:USA-116
2024:USA-115
2019:SURFSAT
1987:USA-114
1953:October
1876:JCSAT-3
1829:USA-113
1794:USA-112
1720:USA-111
1695:USA-110
1611:USA-109
1483:USA-108
1444:January
1356:Related
1307:Energia
1208:Voskhod
1141:Russian
1071:Priroda
1000:VA #009
965:(TKS-4)
959:(TKS-3)
953:(TKS-2)
947:(TKS-1)
842:MirCorp
768:APAS-89
735:Priroda
532:Witness
349:Gallery
338:, from
324:Kvant-1
280:Priroda
187:Russian
2114:IRS-1C
2046:Gals 2
2030:STS-74
1993:METEOR
1981:STS-73
1970:Luch-1
1919:STS-69
1891:Sich-1
1838:August
1805:TDRS-7
1800:STS-70
1789:UPMSat
1785:Cerise
1754:STS-71
1747:STEP-3
1710:GOES 9
1705:Spektr
1669:AMSC-1
1664:Ofek-3
1556:STS-67
1500:STS-63
1436:1996 →
1421:← 1994
1335:Zvezda
1319:Kliper
1303:Spiral
1291:Aelita
1279:Zvezda
1275:LK-700
1264:Moon:
1213:Salyut
1203:Vostok
1149:Active
1137:Soviet
1094:Polyus
1064:Spektr
1016:&
1007:&
993:&
761:Strela
753:Lyappa
723:Spektr
621:Spektr
300:Spektr
222:Oktant
191:Спектр
183:Spektr
142:9.1 m
138:Length
91:Docked
55:Launch
1854:PAS-4
1679:ERS-2
1644:April
1621:EKA-2
1548:March
1347:OPSEK
1339:Zarya
1311:Buran
1271:N1-L3
1218:Almaz
1156:Soyuz
1086:Nauka
1079:Zarya
1076:ISS:
1049:Kvant
1041:Kvant
1038:Mir:
1030:(FGB)
797:Soyuz
763:crane
688:Kvant
680:Kvant
269:TKS-M
230:Peony
2128:RXTE
2067:SOHO
1769:July
1729:June
1429:1995
1315:MAKS
1196:Past
1187:Orel
1139:and
1018:1101
774:Luch
334:and
158:Mass
2161:Mir
2041:ISO
1928:WSF
1688:May
1587:SFU
1323:LKS
1287:TMK
1238:Mir
1225:TKS
1161:ISS
1009:998
995:882
830:Mir
755:arm
659:Mir
614:PBS
612:on
608:Mir
232:).
201:Mir
99:UTC
63:UTC
48:Mir
2157::
2116:,
2092:,
2088:,
2079:,
2035:SO
2017:,
1926:,
1893:,
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1309:/
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1223:/
1051:-2
1043:-1
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534:.
530:.
469:^
452:.
441:^
420:.
189::
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1930:)
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185:(
179:.
172:.
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