1981:
2023:
476:
2245:
3169:
2097:
38:
2944:
2051:
544:
2893:
2683:
2659:
2153:
2910:
2009:
2961:
527:
2650:
459:
2083:
510:
2927:
1967:
2037:
493:
2069:
2978:
60:
2171:
216:
2231:
447:
3200:
2185:
2139:
7985:
2203:
2111:
1995:
3185:
2125:
561:
2217:
2824:
2761:, such as "Avant Garde" and "Le Printemps". The Netherlands is the largest peony cut flower producing country with about 50 million stems each year, with "Sarah Bernhardt" dominating the sales with over 20 million stems. An emerging source of peonies in mid to late summer is the Alaskan market. Unique growing conditions due to long hours of sunlight create availability from Alaska when other sources have completed harvest.
578:
2814:"Katoden", which resulted in a new category of peonies, the Itoh or intersectional cultivars. These are herbaceous, have leaves like tree peonies, with many large flowers from late spring to early autumn, and good peony wilt resistance. Some of the early Itoh cultivars are "Yellow Crown", "Yellow Dream", "Yellow Emperor" and "Yellow Heaven".
2620:
suggest that hybridisation already occurred relatively long ago. It is likely that the parent species occurred in the same region when the hybrids arose, and were later exterminated by successive
Pleistocene glaciations, while the nothospecies remained in refugia to the South of Europe. During their
2693:
Ancient
Chinese texts mention the peony was used for flavoring food. Peonies have been used and cultivated in China since early history. Ornamental cultivars were created from plants cultivated for medicine in China as of the sixth and seventh century. Peonies became particularly popular during the
2776:
to the flower buds. This is due to the nectar that forms on the outside of the flower buds, and is not required for the plants' own pollination or other growth. The presence of ants is thought to provide some deterrence to other harmful insects though, so the production of ant-attracting nectar is
2829:
2828:
2825:
2830:
2791:: During summer, renewal buds develop on the underground stem (the "crown"), particularly at the foot of the current season's annual shoots. These renewal buds come in various sizes. Large buds will grow into stems the following growing season, but smaller buds remain dormant. The
3363:, a classical Chinese novel. His paintings of warrior-heroes covered in pictorial tattoos included lions, tigers, dragons, koi fish, and peonies, among other symbols. The peony became a masculine motif, associated with a devil-may-care attitude and disregard for consequence.
2827:
400:, has 3-7 tough free sepals and mostly 5–8, but occasionally up to 13 free petals. These categories however are intergrading, making it difficult to assign some of them, and the number of these parts may vary. Within are numerous (50–160) free
819:. Only about half of the (sub)species is diploid, the other half tetraploid, while some species both have diploid and tetraploid populations. In addition to the tetraploids, are some diploid species also likely the result of hybridisation, or
328:, deeply lobed leaves and large, often fragrant flowers, in colors ranging from purple and pink to red, white or yellow, in late spring and early summer. The flowers have a short blooming season, usually lasting for only 7–10 days.
395:
and many of the cultivars these contributed to, few additional flowers develop in the axils of the leaves. Flowers close at night or when the sky is overcast. Each flower is subtended by a number of bracts, that may form a sort of
2795:
for the leaves can already be found in June, but the flower only starts differentiating in
October, as the annual shoots die down, completing its development in December, when sepals, petals, stamens and pistils are all
440:), which opens with a lengthwise suture and each of which contains one or a few large fleshy seeds. The annual growth is predetermined: if the growing tip of a shoot is removed, no new buds will develop that season.
2998:
Herbaceous and Itoh peonies are propagated by root division, and sometimes by seed. Tree peonies can be propagated by grafting, division, seed, and from cuttings, although root grafting is most common commercially.
3277:, peonies were often painted with their ripe seed-capsules, since it was the seeds, not the flowers, which were medically significant. Ancient superstition dictated that great care be taken not to be seen by a
4521:
681:
however is tetraploid (4n=20), particularly many of those in the
Mediterranean region. Both allotetraploids and autotetraploids are known, and some diploid species are also of hybrid origin.
2826:
3816:
Wang, Wei; Lu, An-Ming; Ren, Yi; Endress, Mary E.; Chen, Zhi-Duan (2009). "Phylogeny and
Classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data".
4688:
2804:: During the summer, large buds develop at the tip of the annual growth and near its foot. In the autumn, the leaves are shed, and the new stems become woody and are perennial.
2745:
and its cultivars were grown in Europe from the fifteenth century on, originally also for medicinal purposes, intensive breeding started only in the nineteenth century when
634:
biological activities include antioxidant, antitumor, antipathogenic, immunomodulative, cardiovascular-system-protective activities and central-nervous-system activities.
2608:, with most of the species occurring in the Mediterranean, while many others occur in eastern Asia. Genetic analysis has shown that all Mediterranean species are either
3221:
is called 牡丹 (mǔdān). It is also known as 富貴花 (fùguìhuā) "flower of riches and honour" or 花王 (huawang) "king of the flowers", and is used symbolically in
Chinese art.
3789:
James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and
Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see
2943:
4438:
2810:(or "Intersectional"): In 1948 horticulturist Toichi Itoh from Tokyo used pollen from the yellow tree peony "Alice Harding" to fertilize the herbaceous
2449:
2332:
3850:; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Moore, Michael J.; Li, Ruiqi; Hendry, Tory A.; Qiu, Yin-Long; Dhingra, Amit; Bell, Charles D.; Soltis, Douglas E. (2008).
2433:
4065:
693:
that same year. The family had been given other names a few years earlier. The composition of the family has varied, but it has always consisted of
2892:
4495:
9012:
3010:, are shrubbier. They produce permanent woody stems that will lose their leaves in winter but the stem itself remains intact above ground level.
526:
2295:, which comprises all other herbaceous species, occurs in a band stretching roughly from Morocco and Spain to Japan. One species of the section
2022:
3244:
government has no legally designated national flower. In 1994, the peony was proposed as the national flower after a nationwide poll, but the
9051:
4760:
3070:
2926:
543:
3259:, peonies in Luoyang have been said to be the finest in the country. Dozens of peony exhibitions and shows are still held there annually.
2698:, when they were grown in the imperial gardens. In the tenth century the cultivation of peonies spread through China, and the seat of the
475:
8021:
2909:
1980:
9087:
2861:: a single or double row of broad petals encircle narrow incurved petal-like staminodes; fertile stamens are absent, carpels visible.
2050:
2977:
8960:
8030:
4808:
4169:
3655:
2753:
in 1789. The main centre of peony breeding in Europe has been in the United
Kingdom, and particularly France. Here, breeders like
2737:). During the 1940s Toichi Itoh succeeded in crossing tree peonies and herbaceous peonies and so created a new class of so-called
379:. In the woody species the new growth emerges from scaly buds on the previous flush or from the crown of the rootstock. The large
9025:
8973:
3747:
He, C.-N.; Peng, Y.; Zhang, Y.-C.; Xu, L.-J.; Gu, J.; Xiao, P.-G. (2010). "Phytochemical and
Biological Studies of Paeoniaceae".
2244:
416:
grains which have three slits or pores and consist of two cells. Within the circle of stamens is a more or less prominent, lobed
2960:
3932:) using internal transcripted spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: Implications for biogeography and concerted evolution"
1714:
2096:
4209:
3180:(960–1279), the two long-tailed birds represent longevity, and the peony seen at the top centre represents prosperity.
509:
9030:
3006:, will die back to ground level each autumn. Their stems will reappear the following spring. However tree peonies, such as
2769:
While the peony takes several years to re-establish itself when moved, it blooms annually for decades once it has done so.
2272:, which includes all woody species, is restricted in the wild to Central and Southern China, including Tibet. The section
4026:"Evolution of alcohol dehydrogenase genes in peonies (Paeonia): phylogenetic relationships of putative nonhybrid species"
1735:
2717:. Both cities still host annual peony exhibitions and state-funded peony research facilities. Before the tenth century,
2152:
4152:
3248:
failed to ratify the selection. In 2003, another selection process was initiated, but no choice has been made to date.
2784:
Peony species come in two distinct growth habits, while hybrid cultivars in addition may occupy an intermediate habit.
1706:
3338:
Mischievous nymphs were said to hide in the petals of the peony, giving it the meaning of Shame or
Bashfulness in the
458:
4753:
3472:
4541:
3420:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II"
4382:
9056:
2616:
of species currently limited to eastern Asia. The large distance between the ranges of the parent species and the
8999:
4659:
4287:
4317:
3894:
Ji, Li Jing; Wang, Qi; Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A.; Yu, Xiao Nan (2012). "The genetic diversity of Paeonia L.".
3419:
417:
8014:
9105:
4595:
2885:: the flower consists of many broad petals only, including those which likely are altered stamens and carpels.
2305:, has by far the largest distribution, which is also north of the distribution of the other species: from the
2282:
between southern British Columbia and the Sierra Nevada in California and eastward to Wyoming and Utah, while
9038:
4787:
4618:
3391:
3245:
3241:
2008:
135:
8770:
7988:
4813:
4803:
4746:
3126:
2184:
689:
The family name "Paeoniaceae" was first used by Friedrich K.L. Rudolphi in 1830, following a suggestion by
409:
4696:
9174:
8887:
8882:
3023:
2036:
690:
492:
8952:
8939:
3585:
9100:
4485:
3693:
3544:
3345:
Peonies are a common subject in tattoos, often used along with koi-fish. The popular use of peonies in
2749:
was introduced from its native China to Europe. The tree peony was introduced in Europe and planted in
2592:
occurs in Northern China, including Manchuria, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East and Siberia).
9066:
8978:
8744:
8694:
8007:
4235:
3168:
2459:
in Albania, western Bulgaria, northern Greece, western Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia, while
2317:
Mountains of Kazakhstan. The rest of the section concentrates around the Mediterranean, and in Asia.
1966:
37:
2082:
2068:
59:
8750:
8098:
4798:
4674:
4222:
3320:
2170:
359:
shrubs, with thick storage roots and thin roots for gathering water and minerals. Some species are
4261:
3618:
2873:: a single or double row of broad petals encircles further broad petals intermingled with stamens.
446:
9092:
8947:
8724:
8638:
2379:
4413:
2230:
9164:
8934:
8825:
8612:
8591:
8534:
2202:
712:
577:
408:
fixed at their base to the filaments, and are sagittate in shape, open with longitudinal slits
20:
9017:
560:
335:
on a large scale, although they generally are only available in late spring and early summer.
8764:
8664:
8518:
8502:
8497:
8052:
4463:
4347:
3324:
3027:
2605:
2411:
2346:
2138:
1761:
1640:
9079:
4372:. Translated from the Japanese by Shaun McCabe and Iwasaki Satoko. Boston: Tuttle. Page 247.
3270:, an herb supposedly capable of warding off certain evils, as a member of the peony family.
2110:
331:
Peonies are popular garden plants in temperate regions. Herbaceous peonies are also sold as
8908:
8704:
8627:
8523:
8405:
8277:
8208:
8166:
3943:
3217:
3135:
3090:
1949:
816:
593:
Over 262 compounds have been obtained so far from the plants of Paeoniaceae. These include
325:
46:
4042:
4025:
1994:
1111:
branches off earliest, but a later publication of the same author and others suggests the
8:
8344:
4683:
4523:
Folk-lore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend and Law, Volume 2
4517:
3339:
2443:
2322:
2284:
2266:
naturally occurs in the temperate and cold areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The section
1908:
1893:
1834:
1632:
1585:
1526:
1107:. This results in the following relationship tree. One dissertation suggests the section
307:
169:
4738:
4730:
4403:(San Francisco: Asian Art Museum/Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture), 2006.
3947:
2867:: the flower consists of triple row of broad petals that broaden and overlap each other.
2682:
2511:
2124:
9136:
8734:
8690:
8674:
8654:
8596:
8550:
8420:
8108:
8068:
7828:
7046:
6938:
6562:
5049:
4793:
3772:
3141:
3111:
2658:
2588:
1945:
1865:
1842:
1769:
1753:
707:
638:
429:
54:
2838:
Seven types of flower are generally distinguished in cultivars of herbaceous peonies.
2216:
310:
33 known species. The relationships between the species need to be further clarified.
9074:
8895:
8863:
8395:
8262:
8198:
8047:
7999:
7785:
7584:
7136:
6996:
6925:
6848:
6729:
6615:
6532:
5897:
4888:
4824:
4148:
4125:
4047:
3971:
3966:
3927:
3873:
3776:
3764:
3514:
3439:
3354:
3286:
3229:
2528:
2455:
1858:
1850:
2722:
9169:
9141:
8565:
8560:
8471:
8452:
8415:
8252:
8123:
8118:
7669:
7659:
7619:
7599:
7375:
7305:
7280:
7227:
7001:
6991:
6754:
6691:
6635:
6610:
6356:
6261:
6228:
6018:
5932:
5927:
5902:
5803:
5765:
5673:
5337:
5200:
5175:
5170:
4963:
4880:
4037:
3961:
3951:
3903:
3863:
3847:
3825:
3756:
3597:
3444:
3434:
3395:
3313:
3299:
2879:: a single row of broad petals encircles a shorter dense pompon of narrower petals.
2845:: a single or double row of broad petals encircle fertile stamens, carpels visible.
2534:
2421:
2416:
1916:
1900:
1873:
1669:
1608:
1578:
1447:
1430:
437:
314:
284:
244:
8900:
8874:
3907:
2649:
8303:
7950:
7737:
7604:
7589:
7169:
7056:
7036:
7031:
7021:
6986:
6802:
6797:
6597:
6567:
6537:
6421:
6386:
6346:
6321:
6311:
6271:
6023:
5912:
5795:
5770:
5665:
5637:
5627:
5420:
5390:
5332:
5317:
5180:
5006:
4913:
4770:
3722:
3570:
3519:
3346:
3256:
3237:
2570:
2474:
2461:
2427:
2374:
2301:
2278:
1818:
1784:
1685:
1677:
1624:
1616:
1600:
1593:
1509:
1100:
804:
724:
658:
433:
352:
317:
306:
that can be distinguished, ranging from 25 to 40, although the current consensus
271:
97:
9128:
9043:
3829:
2734:
8730:
8684:
8587:
8487:
8466:
8462:
8328:
8313:
8242:
8182:
8149:
7942:
7932:
7914:
7886:
7848:
7838:
7790:
7757:
7747:
7742:
7664:
7614:
7561:
7546:
7431:
7345:
7285:
7275:
7179:
7081:
7016:
7006:
6966:
6948:
6749:
6676:
6464:
6426:
6381:
6316:
6291:
6266:
6210:
6124:
5892:
5839:
5775:
5632:
5524:
5501:
5463:
5440:
5430:
5233:
5095:
5034:
4898:
4191:
3936:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3602:
3499:
3371:
3367:
3211:
The peony is among the longest-used flowers in Eastern culture. Along with the
3129:, its root was used as a treatment for convulsions. It is also cultivated as a
2754:
2579:
2564:
2385:
2356:
2306:
2276:
consist of two herbaceous species and is present in the West of North-America,
1940:
1777:
1648:
1244:
1221:
397:
380:
368:
84:
4648:
4103:
3868:
3851:
677:
The basic chromosome number is five. About half of the species of the section
9158:
8848:
8714:
8700:
8581:
8436:
8411:
8309:
8293:
8218:
7924:
7853:
7823:
7800:
7795:
7780:
7732:
7699:
7694:
7629:
7423:
7408:
7355:
7335:
7295:
7290:
7270:
7232:
7184:
7131:
7121:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7041:
6956:
6933:
6915:
6883:
6868:
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6734:
6714:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6552:
6547:
6527:
6512:
6474:
6469:
6416:
6406:
6401:
6351:
6331:
6306:
6296:
6197:
6119:
6099:
6038:
6033:
6013:
5947:
5917:
5877:
5785:
5780:
5727:
5597:
5559:
5534:
5506:
5491:
5435:
5415:
5410:
5327:
5294:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5225:
5215:
5205:
5185:
5155:
5087:
5054:
5044:
5011:
5001:
4991:
4860:
4842:
4774:
4490:
2721:
was introduced in Japan, and over time many varieties were developed both by
2613:
2522:
2337:
1924:
1745:
1261:
1147:
666:
594:
299:
153:
4225:
The Royal Horticultural Society. Updated April 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
3956:
3656:"Herbaceous Peony (Paeonia): Genetics, Physiology and Cut Flower Production"
3312:), they are said to represent the blood of Serbian warriors who died in the
9118:
8774:
8622:
8608:
8577:
8556:
8483:
7863:
7858:
7843:
7833:
7772:
7654:
7639:
7609:
7566:
7556:
7510:
7487:
7477:
7449:
7350:
7330:
7300:
7242:
7189:
7111:
7066:
7026:
6981:
6971:
6961:
6853:
6822:
6787:
6772:
6686:
6681:
6587:
6341:
6336:
6301:
6281:
6256:
6243:
6233:
6205:
6162:
6157:
6114:
6081:
6066:
6028:
6005:
5942:
5937:
5922:
5887:
5869:
5821:
5760:
5755:
5747:
5622:
5582:
5516:
5496:
5486:
5478:
5445:
5405:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5284:
5279:
5243:
5160:
5039:
4996:
4893:
4870:
4834:
3877:
3768:
3760:
3494:
3399:
3359:
3225:
3204:
3192:
3177:
3130:
2710:
2699:
2695:
2617:
1932:
1199:
1104:
727:
698:
650:
642:
613:
215:
161:
120:
4678:
4051:
3975:
3119:("foreign medicine"). Pronunciation of 牡丹 (peony) in Japan is "botan." In
2453:
in western Romania, northern Serbia and Slovenia and in southern Hungary,
1103:
family Paeoniaceae to a group of families with woody species in the order
363:(tufted), because the crown produces adventitious buds, while others have
8986:
8857:
8760:
8350:
8114:
7818:
7714:
7674:
7649:
7644:
7634:
7502:
7492:
7482:
7464:
7413:
7365:
7360:
7340:
7320:
7247:
7174:
7116:
7071:
7011:
6976:
6873:
6863:
6807:
6719:
6658:
6653:
6605:
6577:
6557:
6517:
6499:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6366:
6361:
6326:
6220:
6177:
6152:
6076:
6048:
6043:
5882:
5859:
5844:
5813:
5732:
5607:
5587:
5549:
5400:
5395:
5372:
5357:
5299:
5289:
5195:
5190:
5142:
5059:
4983:
4968:
4945:
4940:
4865:
4852:
4545:
4147:(1: in volle glorie ed.). Uitgever Lannoo Uitgeverij. p. 143.
3586:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
3274:
3267:
3263:
3173:
3157:
2750:
2310:
1882:
332:
3999:
3281:
while picking the plant's fruit, or the bird might peck out one's eyes.
3199:
2706:, was the centre for its cultivation, a position it still holds today.
2288:
is limited to the coastal mountains of Southern and Central California.
8965:
8442:
8432:
8385:
8094:
7901:
7891:
7868:
7752:
7689:
7624:
7551:
7528:
7454:
7400:
7310:
7164:
7151:
7126:
7106:
6858:
6840:
6812:
6782:
6777:
6709:
6668:
6645:
6582:
6572:
6522:
6507:
6436:
6391:
6376:
6286:
6187:
6167:
6129:
6109:
5831:
5737:
5617:
5602:
5592:
5322:
5271:
5210:
5165:
5016:
4973:
4932:
4923:
4715:
3566:
3449:
3383:
3278:
2800:
2778:
2730:
2726:
2609:
2268:
1886:
1403:
820:
609:
360:
349:
4573:
4066:"'The industry's about to explode': Peony market flourishes in Alaska"
2447:
from the South of France, through Switzerland to the Middle of Italy,
661:. The wax tubules that are formed primarily consist of palmitone (the
8991:
8921:
8710:
8618:
8375:
8359:
8340:
8268:
8222:
8154:
7909:
7878:
7810:
7679:
7538:
7520:
7472:
7441:
7370:
7315:
7252:
7237:
7222:
7159:
7141:
7076:
7051:
6888:
6792:
6744:
6724:
6371:
6276:
6251:
5722:
5714:
5612:
5577:
5554:
5544:
5529:
5468:
5425:
5385:
5362:
5132:
5064:
4955:
3255:
has a reputation as a cultivation centre for the peonies. Throughout
2852:
2851:: a single or double row of broad petals encircle somewhat broadened
2792:
2575:
2466:
2398:
2341:
2314:
646:
601:
597:
356:
8819:
3152:
are parboiled and sweetened as a tea-time delicacy. Peony water, an
3089:(Bai Shao, Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), has been used frequently in
2757:
and François Félix Crousse selected many new varieties, mainly with
2729:, particularly during the eighteenth to twentieth centuries (middle
2526:
occurs in the western Himalayas between Pakistan and western Nepal,
935:. Species that have both diploid and tetraploid populations include
9113:
8842:
8754:
8680:
8514:
8391:
8371:
8354:
8319:
8299:
8272:
8258:
8214:
8135:
8104:
8084:
7762:
7684:
7594:
7576:
7325:
7262:
7214:
7204:
7061:
6878:
6764:
6739:
6701:
6542:
6411:
6396:
6182:
6172:
6147:
6104:
6071:
5980:
5907:
5704:
5687:
5539:
5455:
5309:
5124:
5114:
5026:
3184:
3153:
3019:
2630:
2583:
2507:
2438:
2365:
2327:
630:
110:
8926:
719:
belongs in the family Ranunculaceae, order Ranunculales, but that
9004:
8720:
8670:
8381:
8228:
8145:
8078:
8074:
8043:
7724:
7390:
6489:
6444:
6139:
6091:
6058:
5972:
5696:
5642:
5150:
3991:
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Paeonia (PAEONIACEAE), dissertation
3583:
3350:
3328:
3252:
3160:. The petals may be added to salads or to punches and lemonades.
3034:'Bartzella', a double yellow-flowered Itoh (intersectional) peony
2703:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2369:
2361:
2351:
1773:(Chinese peony, Chinese herbaceous peony, or common garden peony)
808:
is a cultivated hybrid swarm, not a naturally occurring species.
654:
625:
621:
617:
372:
303:
1957:(Chinese tree peony, known as "moutan (moutan peony)" in China))
8546:
8401:
8248:
8194:
8171:
8064:
5995:
5962:
5569:
5380:
3561:
Tamura, Michio (2007). "Paeoniaceae". In Klaus Kubitski (ed.).
3387:
3332:
3295:
3291:
3233:
2555:
2515:
2406:
662:
605:
425:
421:
413:
405:
401:
364:
295:
8913:
253:
8650:
8446:
8323:
8289:
8204:
8139:
8088:
3121:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
2568:(Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan), while
2547:
2394:
1838:(European peony, common peony, or garden peony; type species)
436:. Each of these develops into a dry fruit (which is called a
376:
321:
275:
71:
4658:. School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Resources,
3073:
for the genus, and accepts over 7,000 registered cultivars.
8740:
8660:
8493:
8456:
8238:
4704:
4649:"Peonies: An Economic Background for Alaska Flower Growers"
4126:"Ants on Peony Flowers: An Example of Biological Mutualism"
3845:
2714:
2709:
A second centre for peony cultivation developed during the
291:
262:
256:
3417:
3228:
declared the peony as the national flower. Currently, the
1123:
are more related to each other than to any other species.
734:
consists of about 35 species, assigned to three sections:
4768:
4725:
3893:
3212:
2773:
424:. Within the disk is a varying number (1-15) of separate
3926:
Sang, Tao; Crawford, Daniel J.; Stuessy, Tod F. (1995).
3818:
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
3215:, it is a traditional floral symbol of China, where the
711:, and this idea has been followed in some recent works.
4720:
4710:
4093:
The Language of Flowers, edited by Sheila Pickles, 1990
3852:"Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales"
3617:
Deyuan, Hong; Kaiyu, Pan; Turland, Nicholas J. (2001).
8029:
4414:"China selects peony as national flower- China.org.cn"
4370:
Chado: The Way of Tea: A Japanese Tea Master's Almanac
3331:, a title which it holds to this day. It replaced the
2486:
in the Balkans and Crimea, while the other subspecies
715:
studies, however, have demonstrated conclusively that
4734:
article on the 2003 national flower selection process
3065:'High Noon', a semi-double yellow-flowered tree peony
259:
3577:
2855:, may carry pollen along the edges, carpels visible.
811:
The remainder of the species belongs to the section
320:
0.25–1 metre (1–3 ft) tall, but some are woody
250:
4130:
Integrated Pest Management - University of Missouri
3928:"Documentation of reticulate evolution in peonies (
3925:
247:
16:
Genus of flowering plants in the family Paeoniaceae
4223:The Award of Garden Merit lists: Ornamentals list.
3720:
3616:
2472:Between the two concentrations, the subspecies of
1031:, or one of their (now extinct) common ancestors.
4619:"Peony, the queen of flowers in Japanese culture"
4104:"HPS Frequently Asked Questions: Ants on Peonies"
4023:
3584:Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016).
2574:grows in warm-temperate to cold China, including
367:. They have rather large compound leaves without
9156:
3815:
959:, although being a diploid with 10 chromosomes.
4656:SNRAS/AFES Miscellaneous Publication MP 2009-08
4647:Auer, James D.; Greenberg, Joshua (June 2009).
4142:
1628:(Brown's peony, native peony, or western peony)
1115:-section splits off first. Within that section
324:0.25–3.5 metres (1–11 ft) tall. They have
5664:
3653:
3335:, which had been the state flower since 1931.
3156:of peony petals, was used for drinking in the
697:and one or more genera that are now placed in
8015:
4754:
4721:Carsten Burkhardt's Open Source Peony Project
4646:
4383:"Getting to know peonies' symbolism - part 2"
3796:
3746:
3307:
3071:International Cultivar Registration Authority
2612:or tetraploid hybrids that resulted from the
2320:The species around the Mediterranean include
383:are mostly single at the end of the stem. In
5086:
4464:"Luoyang Peony Festival – The Peony Society"
4024:Sang, T.; Donoghue, M.J.; Zhang, D. (1997).
3783:
3556:
3554:
3538:
3394:(1688-1766), who worked at the court of the
3390:. The Italian Jesuit, painter and architect
975:too, and radically different in appearance.
3841:
3839:
3809:
3539:Halda, Josef J.; Waddick, James W. (2004).
3534:
3532:
3530:
3145:is called the "Prime Minister of Flowers."
2633:and so produced the Himalayan nothospecies
1920:(Tibetan tree peony or Ludlow's tree peony)
8022:
8008:
4761:
4747:
4562:. London: George Bell & Sons. Page 69.
3563:The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
2469:and southern France to Israel and Turkey.
1788:(Balkan peony, wild peony, or male peony)
815:, which is characterised by a complicated
537:showing the disk that encloses the carpels
214:
36:
4041:
3965:
3955:
3889:
3887:
3867:
3663:Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology
3601:
3551:
3448:
3438:
3411:
3366:Famous painters of peonies have included
2595:
4558:Sowerby, James & John Edward. 1899.
4535:
4533:
3836:
3527:
3427:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3198:
3183:
3167:
2822:
2738:
2681:
7202:
4539:
4483:
1127:
9157:
5971:
4616:
4516:
4498:from the original on 27 September 2021
3921:
3919:
3917:
3884:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3560:
3203:Portrait of a peony by Chinese artist
2764:
8824:
8823:
8003:
5960:
4742:
4530:
4526:. Macmillan and Company. p. 389.
4089:
4087:
4043:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025716
3716:
3714:
3654:Kamenetsky, Rina; Dole, John (2012).
3378:can be found in the altar picture of
3041:salmon-pink-flowered herbaceous peony
2834:Time lapse of a peony flower blooming
2532:is an endemic of southeastern Tibet,
2330:of the coastal mountains of Algeria,
1128:
302:. Scientists differ on the number of
9067:f7e1a1de-0610-40a1-bc6e-1a748c5a019a
4167:
3988:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3139:is called the "King of Flowers" and
2667:Distribution maps of the species of
2578:, Korea, Japan, Far Eastern Russia (
2562:and the eastern rim of Tibet), like
1904:(Delavay's tree peony or Dian peony)
979:is the tetraploid hybrid of diploid
770:, together making up the subsection
4571:
4000:"Tao Sang, DISSERTATION, chapter 4"
3914:
3681:
3418:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
3323:passed a law to make the peony the
3236:designates the plum blossom as the
1757:(Intermediate peony or Altay peony)
1313: core Saxifragales
1099:Recent genetic analyses relate the
701:. It has been widely believed that
420:, which is presumed not to excrete
13:
8807:, beautification and conservation
8031:State flowers of the United States
4617:Whales, Maggie (10 January 2022).
4143:Pauwels, I.; Vervoort, G. (2009).
4084:
3711:
3386:in the former Dominican Church in
3069:The American Peony Society is the
2425:from the Middle Taurus Mountains,
1644:(Majorcan peony or Balearic peony)
1083:are all descendants of hybrids of
14:
9186:
4668:
3638:
3473:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
1869:(steppe peony or fern leaf peony)
1854:(Kosovar peony or Romanian peony)
1718:(Caucasian peony or golden peony)
588:
9106:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329475-2
7984:
7983:
4598:. State Symbols USA. 25 May 2014
3806:.Cambridge University Press: UK.
3727:The families of flowering plants
3440:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
3038:
2976:
2959:
2942:
2925:
2908:
2891:
2657:
2648:
2243:
2229:
2215:
2201:
2183:
2169:
2151:
2137:
2123:
2109:
2095:
2081:
2067:
2049:
2035:
2021:
2007:
1993:
1979:
1965:
1636:(California peony or wild peony)
1367:all Eurasian herbaceous peonies
798:which constitute the subsection
576:
559:
542:
525:
508:
491:
474:
457:
445:
243:
58:
4697:Ornamental Plants from Russia:
4660:University of Alaska, Fairbanks
4639:
4610:
4588:
4565:
4552:
4510:
4477:
4456:
4431:
4406:
4393:
4375:
4362:
4340:
4310:
4280:
4254:
4228:
4216:
4202:
4184:
4161:
4136:
4118:
4096:
4058:
4030:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4017:
3982:
3740:
3626:. Vol. 6. pp. 127–132
3284:The red flowers of the species
3191:, by Chinese artist Wang Qian,
3148:In China, the fallen petals of
3018:The numerous peony hybrids and
2818:
2781:. Ants do not harm the plants.
2257:
4675:Family and Suprafamilial Names
4574:"A Pilgrimage to Kosovo Today"
4484:Whysall, Steve (14 May 2015).
4401:Hidden Meanings in Chinese Art
3610:
3520:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3507:
3487:
3464:
2993:
2677:
2465:has a large distribution from
338:
1:
8345:Pink and white lady's slipper
4486:"Into China's peony paradise"
3908:10.1016/j.scienta.2012.06.011
3405:
3125:, the Japanese adaptation of
3055:red-flowered herbaceous peony
1166: woody clade
951:was proven to be a hybrid of
637:Paeoniaceae are dependent on
343:
4350:. The American Peony Society
3993:. The Ohio State University.
3749:Chemistry & Biodiversity
3698:ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY WEBSITE
3085:, in particular the root of
3013:
2313:in Siberia and South to the
1094:
1039:and one of this same group.
1035:is the tetraploid hybrid of
1007:is the tetraploid hybrid of
823:. Known diploid taxa in the
583:Young growth of a tree peony
205:
7:
4560:Ranunculaceae to Cruciferae
4196:Royal Horticultural Society
3830:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001
3024:Royal Horticultural Society
3002:Herbaceous peonies such as
2600:The species of the section
1581:species (about 30 species)
691:Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling
684:
10:
9191:
8795:, state children's flower
8294:White pine cone and tassel
3802:David J. Mabberley. 2008.
3721:L. Watson; M.J. Dallwitz.
3603:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
3246:National People's Congress
3242:People's Republic of China
3163:
2671:in Europe and Western Asia
2378:on Corsica, Sardinia, the
1572:
428:, which have a very short
18:
8832:
8784:
8745:Bougainvillea spectabilis
8037:
7979:
7941:
7923:
7900:
7877:
7809:
7771:
7723:
7712:
7575:
7537:
7519:
7501:
7463:
7440:
7422:
7399:
7388:
7261:
7213:
7150:
6947:
6924:
6913:
6839:
6821:
6763:
6700:
6667:
6644:
6596:
6498:
6487:
6435:
6242:
6219:
6196:
6138:
6090:
6057:
6004:
5993:
5989:
5868:
5857:
5830:
5812:
5794:
5746:
5713:
5695:
5686:
5655:
5568:
5515:
5477:
5454:
5371:
5308:
5270:
5242:
5224:
5141:
5123:
5108:
5077:
5025:
4982:
4954:
4931:
4922:
4911:
4879:
4851:
4833:
4822:
4782:
4576:. Serbian Orthodox Church
4439:"China's National Flower"
4106:. Heartland Peony Society
3869:10.1080/10635150801888871
3500:Dictionary.com Unabridged
3480:as a variant spelling of
3303:
3251:The ancient Chinese city
3052:
2713:in Cáozhōu, now known as
2309:in North-West Russia, to
1523:
1506:
1499:
1488:
1444:
1427:
1420:
1400:
1389:
1382:
1365:
1354:
1311:
1258:
1241:
1234:
1219:
1212:
1197:
1190:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1145:
1138:
991:is the diploid hybrid of
723:belongs in the unrelated
672:
657:, as well as crystals of
554:ripe follicles with seeds
222:
213:
185:
180:
167:
160:
55:Scientific classification
53:
44:
35:
30:
8109:Rocky Mountain columbine
4542:"The World of the Peony"
4518:Frazer, Sir James George
4399:Terese Tse Bartholomew,
3669:(Special Issue 1): 62–77
3565:. Vol. IX. Berlin,
3402:, also painted peonies.
3321:Indiana General Assembly
2772:Peonies tend to attract
2538:grows in Central China (
290:. Peonies are native to
283:, the only genus in the
4684:Paeoniaceae in Topwalks
4168:Coit, J. Eliot (1908).
3957:10.1073/pnas.92.15.6813
3476:(12th ed., 2011) lists
3076:
2777:plausibly a functional
2478:occur, with subspecies
967:are diploid hybrids of
8801:, state floral emblem
8079:Saguaro cactus blossom
4711:Canadian Peony Society
4705:The Peony Society (UK)
4210:"Paeonia suffruticosa"
3896:Scientia Horticulturae
3804:Mabberley's Plant-Book
3761:10.1002/cbdv.200800341
3723:"Paeoniaceae Rudolphi"
3308:
3208:
3196:
3181:
3172:In this gold-engraved
2835:
2739:intersectional hybrids
2690:
2596:Distributional history
2437:from Andalucia to the
883:. Tetraploid taxa are
713:Molecular phylogenetic
520:leaves and flower buds
375:, and with anomocytic
21:Peony (disambiguation)
4368:Sasaki, Sanmi. 2005.
3202:
3187:
3171:
3091:traditional medicines
3028:Award of Garden Merit
2833:
2685:
2606:disjunct distribution
2412:P. kesrouanensis
2382:and in western Greece
2347:P. cambessedesii
2043:Paeonia cambessedesii
2029:Paeonia cambessedesii
1762:Paeonia kesrouanensis
1641:Paeonia cambessedesii
8639:Tennessee coneflower
8628:Purple passionflower
8566:Penngift crown vetch
8503:Large white trillium
8209:Syringa, mock orange
4707:(defunct as of 2106)
4070:Anchorage Daily News
3392:Giuseppe Castiglione
3357:'s illustrations of
3349:was inspired by the
3218:Paeonia suffruticosa
3136:Paeonia suffruticosa
3008:Paeonia suffruticosa
2954:semi-double flowered
1950:Paeonia suffruticosa
999:, but possibly also
817:reticulate evolution
550:Paeonia wittmanniana
533:Paeonia suffruticosa
465:Paeonia suffruticosa
348:All Paeoniaceae are
47:Paeonia suffruticosa
19:For other uses, see
8789:: state wildflower
8421:Pink lady's slipper
3948:1995PNAS...92.6813S
3573:. pp. 265–269.
3376:Paeonia officinalis
3340:Language of Flowers
3294:folklore. Known as
3176:food tray from the
2765:Plant growth habits
2506:are known from the
2444:P. officinalis
2323:Paeonia algeriensis
2285:P. californica
2209:Paeonia officinalis
2015:Paeonia californica
1909:Paeonia jishanensis
1894:Paeonia decomposita
1835:Paeonia officinalis
1633:Paeonia californica
1586:Paeonia algeriensis
170:Paeonia officinalis
9175:Symbols of Indiana
8695:Coast rhododendron
8053:Oak-leaf hydrangea
7829:Pentaphragmataceae
7047:Stegnospermataceae
6939:Berberidopsidaceae
6563:Pentadiplandraceae
5050:Atherospermataceae
4726:German Peony Group
4716:U.S. Peony Society
3989:Sang, Tao (1996).
3856:Systematic Biology
3523:. Merriam-Webster.
3209:
3197:
3182:
3150:Paeonia lactiflora
3142:Paeonia lactiflora
3115:used to be called
3112:Paeonia lactiflora
3081:The herb known as
3004:Paeonia lactiflora
2984:Paeonia lactiflora
2950:Paeonia lactiflora
2933:Paeonia lactiflora
2836:
2723:self fertilisation
2691:
2589:P. lactiflora
2251:Paeonia tenuifolia
2103:Paeonia intermedia
1889:(about 8 species)
1866:Paeonia tenuifolia
1843:Paeonia parnassica
1770:Paeonia lactiflora
1754:Paeonia intermedia
1739:(Wittmann's peony)
1673:(Andalusian peony)
1612:(ram's horn peony)
989:P. cambedessedesii
853:P. cambedessedesii
639:C3 carbon fixation
516:Paeonia tenuifolia
452:Pink peony flowers
9152:
9151:
9075:Open Tree of Life
8826:Taxon identifiers
8817:
8816:
8725:Indian paintbrush
8498:Scarlet carnation
8488:Wild prairie rose
8467:Flowering dogwood
8243:Wild prairie rose
8199:Hawaiian hibiscus
7997:
7996:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7786:Cardiopteridaceae
7708:
7707:
7585:Plocospermataceae
7384:
7383:
7198:
7197:
7137:Anacampserotaceae
6997:Ancistrocladaceae
6926:Berberidopsidales
6909:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6849:Biebersteiniaceae
6730:Sphaerosepalaceae
6616:Strasburgeriaceae
6533:Setchellanthaceae
6483:
6482:
5956:
5955:
5898:Cercidiphyllaceae
5853:
5852:
5682:
5681:
5651:
5650:
5104:
5103:
5073:
5072:
4907:
4906:
4889:Austrobaileyaceae
4548:on 13 March 2016.
3942:(15): 6813–6817.
3848:Soltis, Pamela S.
3541:The genus Paeonia
3380:Maria im Rosenhag
3355:Utagawa Kuniyoshi
3290:are important in
3287:Paeonia peregrina
3262:The Greek doctor
3230:Republic of China
3195:(1271–1368)
3051:'Rubra Plena', a
3037:'Coral Charm', a
2935:'Bowl Of Beauty',
2920:Japanese flowered
2901:'Claire de Lune',
2899:Paeonia ×arendsii
2831:
2689:'Sarah Bernhardt'
2529:P. sterniana
2456:P. peregrina
2177:Paeonia peregrina
1859:Paeonia sterniana
1851:Paeonia peregrina
1822:(woodland peony)
1749:(Himalayan peony)
1620:(Brotero's peony)
1570:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
410:at the outer side
231:
230:
156:
138:
9182:
9145:
9144:
9132:
9131:
9122:
9121:
9109:
9108:
9096:
9095:
9083:
9082:
9070:
9069:
9060:
9059:
9047:
9046:
9044:NHMSYS0000461442
9034:
9033:
9021:
9020:
9008:
9007:
8995:
8994:
8982:
8981:
8969:
8968:
8956:
8955:
8943:
8942:
8930:
8929:
8917:
8916:
8904:
8903:
8891:
8890:
8878:
8877:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8821:
8820:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8793:
8685:American dogwood
8646:
8645:
8635:
8634:
8604:
8603:
8592:Yellow jessamine
8573:
8572:
8542:
8541:
8531:
8530:
8510:
8509:
8479:
8478:
8428:
8427:
8367:
8366:
8336:
8335:
8304:Black-eyed susan
8285:
8284:
8190:
8189:
8179:
8178:
8162:
8161:
8131:
8130:
8124:Mirabilis jalapa
8099:California poppy
8060:
8059:
8024:
8017:
8010:
8001:
8000:
7987:
7986:
7721:
7720:
7670:Thomandersiaceae
7660:Lentibulariaceae
7620:Scrophulariaceae
7600:Tetrachondraceae
7397:
7396:
7386:
7385:
7376:Mitrastemonaceae
7306:Pentaphylacaceae
7281:Tetrameristaceae
7228:Hydrostachyaceae
7211:
7210:
7200:
7199:
7002:Rhabdodendraceae
6992:Dioncophyllaceae
6922:
6921:
6755:Dipterocarpaceae
6692:Dipentodontaceae
6636:Crossosomataceae
6611:Geissolomataceae
6496:
6495:
6357:Chrysobalanaceae
6262:Ctenolophonaceae
6229:Lepidobotryaceae
6019:Anisophylleaceae
6002:
6001:
5991:
5990:
5969:
5968:
5958:
5957:
5933:Tetracarpaeaceae
5928:Aphanopetalaceae
5903:Daphniphyllaceae
5866:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5804:Trochodendraceae
5766:Circaeasteraceae
5693:
5692:
5674:Ceratophyllaceae
5662:
5661:
5338:Alstroemeriaceae
5201:Potamogetonaceae
5176:Scheuchzeriaceae
5171:Hydrocharitaceae
5121:
5120:
5084:
5083:
4964:Aristolochiaceae
4929:
4928:
4920:
4919:
4881:Austrobaileyales
4831:
4830:
4827:
4825:Basalangiosperms
4809:Acrogymnospermae
4771:flowering plants
4763:
4756:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4689:Flora Europaea:
4663:
4653:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4569:
4563:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4544:. Archived from
4537:
4528:
4527:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4443:www.china.org.cn
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4418:www.china.org.cn
4410:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4379:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4348:"Peony Registry"
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4036:(10): 994–1007.
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3923:
3912:
3911:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3846:Jian, Shuguang;
3843:
3834:
3833:
3813:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3660:
3651:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3525:
3524:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3491:
3485:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3424:
3415:
3396:Qianlong Emperor
3314:Battle of Kosovo
3311:
3305:
3127:Chinese medicine
3022:have gained the
2980:
2963:
2946:
2937:anemone flowered
2929:
2912:
2895:
2832:
2661:
2652:
2535:P. veitchii
2482:in Croatia, and
2450:P. banatica
2422:P. arietina
2417:Taurus Mountains
2247:
2233:
2219:
2205:
2187:
2173:
2155:
2141:
2127:
2117:Paeonia ludlowii
2113:
2099:
2085:
2075:Paeonia delavayi
2071:
2053:
2039:
2025:
2011:
1997:
1983:
1969:
1917:Paeonia ludlowii
1901:Paeonia delavayi
1877:(Veitch's peony)
1874:Paeonia veitchii
1765:(Keserwan peony)
1689:(Crimean peony)
1681:(Corsican peony)
1670:Paeonia coriacea
1609:Paeonia arietina
1589:(Algerian peony)
1502:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1423:
1422:
1415:subsection
1395:subsection
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1237:
1236:
1215:
1214:
1193:
1192:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
762:is divided into
580:
563:
546:
529:
512:
499:Paeonia veitchii
495:
478:
461:
449:
432:and a decurrent
381:bisexual flowers
318:perennial plants
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
218:
204:For lower taxa,
152:
134:
63:
62:
40:
28:
27:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9148:
9140:
9135:
9127:
9125:
9117:
9112:
9104:
9099:
9091:
9086:
9078:
9073:
9065:
9063:
9055:
9050:
9042:
9037:
9029:
9024:
9016:
9011:
9003:
8998:
8990:
8985:
8977:
8972:
8964:
8959:
8951:
8946:
8938:
8933:
8925:
8920:
8912:
8907:
8899:
8894:
8886:
8881:
8873:
8871:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8828:
8818:
8813:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8796:
8791:
8790:
8780:
8779:
8735:Paogo (Ulafala)
8643:
8642:
8632:
8631:
8601:
8600:
8570:
8569:
8561:Mountain laurel
8539:
8538:
8528:
8527:
8507:
8506:
8476:
8475:
8425:
8424:
8364:
8363:
8333:
8332:
8329:Dwarf lake iris
8282:
8281:
8187:
8186:
8176:
8175:
8159:
8158:
8128:
8127:
8119:Mountain laurel
8057:
8056:
8033:
8028:
7998:
7993:
7955:
7951:Paracryphiaceae
7937:
7919:
7896:
7873:
7805:
7767:
7738:Torricelliaceae
7717:
7704:
7605:Calceolariaceae
7590:Carlemanniaceae
7571:
7533:
7515:
7497:
7459:
7436:
7418:
7393:
7380:
7257:
7207:
7194:
7170:Balanophoraceae
7146:
7057:Lophiocarpaceae
7037:Achatocarpaceae
7032:Caryophyllaceae
7022:Macarthuriaceae
6987:Drosophyllaceae
6943:
6918:
6893:
6835:
6817:
6803:Crypteroniaceae
6798:Melastomataceae
6759:
6696:
6663:
6640:
6598:Crossosomatales
6592:
6568:Gyrostemonaceae
6538:Koeberliniaceae
6492:
6479:
6431:
6422:Picrodendraceae
6387:Lacistemataceae
6347:Dichapetalaceae
6322:Centroplacaceae
6312:Lophopyxidaceae
6272:Erythroxylaceae
6238:
6215:
6192:
6134:
6086:
6053:
6024:Corynocarpaceae
5998:
5985:
5965:
5952:
5913:Grossulariaceae
5862:
5849:
5826:
5808:
5796:Trochodendrales
5790:
5771:Lardizabalaceae
5742:
5709:
5678:
5666:Ceratophyllales
5657:Ceratophyllidae
5647:
5638:Ecdeiocoleaceae
5628:Flagellariaceae
5564:
5511:
5473:
5450:
5421:Tecophilaeaceae
5391:Blandfordiaceae
5367:
5333:Petermanniaceae
5318:Campynemataceae
5304:
5266:
5238:
5220:
5181:Aponogetonaceae
5137:
5112:
5100:
5069:
5021:
5007:Himantandraceae
4978:
4950:
4916:
4914:Mesangiospermae
4903:
4875:
4847:
4823:
4818:
4799:Marchantiophyta
4778:
4767:
4679:James L. Reveal
4671:
4666:
4651:
4642:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4566:
4557:
4553:
4538:
4531:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4398:
4394:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4141:
4137:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4072:. 5 August 2018
4064:
4063:
4059:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3987:
3983:
3924:
3915:
3892:
3885:
3844:
3837:
3814:
3810:
3801:
3797:
3788:
3784:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3719:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3658:
3652:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3582:
3578:
3571:Springer-Verlag
3559:
3552:
3543:. Oregon, USA:
3537:
3528:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3370:(ca. 1550) and
3347:Japanese tattoo
3257:Chinese history
3238:national flower
3166:
3079:
3016:
2996:
2989:
2988:double flowered
2987:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2952:'James Kelway',
2947:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2919:
2918:'Walter Mains',
2913:
2904:
2903:single flowered
2902:
2896:
2823:
2821:
2767:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2598:
2571:P. obovata
2496:mlokosewitschii
2475:Paeonia daurica
2462:P. mascula
2434:P. humilis
2428:P. broteri
2415:in the Western
2302:P. anomala
2279:P. brownii
2260:
2253:
2248:
2239:
2234:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2191:Paeonia obovata
2188:
2179:
2174:
2165:
2159:Paeonia mascula
2156:
2147:
2145:Paeonia mascula
2142:
2133:
2128:
2119:
2114:
2105:
2100:
2091:
2086:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2061:mlokosewitschii
2057:Paeonia daurica
2054:
2045:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2017:
2012:
2003:
2001:Paeonia brownii
1998:
1989:
1987:Paeonia broteri
1984:
1975:
1973:Paeonia anomala
1970:
1944:(Rock's peony;
1819:Paeonia obovata
1785:Paeonia mascula
1715:mlokosewitschii
1686:Paeonia daurica
1678:Paeonia corsica
1625:Paeonia brownii
1617:Paeonia broteri
1604:(Turkish peony)
1601:Paeonia turcica
1594:Paeonia anomala
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1097:
1027:or less likely
881:mlokosewitschii
805:P. suffruticosa
687:
675:
659:calcium oxalate
641:. They contain
591:
584:
581:
572:
570:
567:Paeonia anomala
564:
555:
553:
547:
538:
536:
530:
521:
519:
513:
504:
502:
496:
487:
485:
479:
470:
468:
462:
453:
450:
346:
341:
272:flowering plant
246:
242:
176:
173:
151:
133:
57:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9188:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9146:
9142:wfo-4000027742
9133:
9123:
9110:
9097:
9084:
9071:
9061:
9048:
9035:
9022:
9009:
8996:
8983:
8970:
8957:
8944:
8931:
8918:
8905:
8892:
8879:
8869:
8854:
8838:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8815:
8814:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8767:
8757:
8747:
8737:
8727:
8717:
8707:
8697:
8687:
8677:
8667:
8657:
8655:Bluebonnet sp.
8647:
8615:
8605:
8584:
8574:
8553:
8543:
8524:Indian blanket
8511:
8490:
8480:
8459:
8449:
8439:
8429:
8408:
8398:
8388:
8378:
8368:
8347:
8337:
8316:
8306:
8296:
8286:
8278:Louisiana iris
8265:
8255:
8245:
8235:
8225:
8211:
8201:
8191:
8163:
8150:Orange blossom
8142:
8132:
8111:
8101:
8091:
8081:
8071:
8061:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8027:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8004:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7947:
7945:
7943:Paracryphiales
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7933:Escalloniaceae
7929:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7915:Caprifoliaceae
7912:
7906:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7887:Columelliaceae
7883:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7849:Argophyllaceae
7846:
7841:
7839:Alseuosmiaceae
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7815:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7791:Phyllonomaceae
7788:
7783:
7777:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7758:Myodocarpaceae
7755:
7750:
7748:Pittosporaceae
7745:
7743:Griseliniaceae
7740:
7735:
7729:
7727:
7718:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7665:Schlegeliaceae
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7615:Plantaginaceae
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7562:Sphenocleaceae
7559:
7554:
7549:
7547:Convolvulaceae
7543:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7525:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7469:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7446:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7432:Metteniusaceae
7428:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7405:
7403:
7394:
7389:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7346:Sarraceniaceae
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7286:Fouquieriaceae
7283:
7278:
7276:Marcgraviaceae
7273:
7267:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7219:
7217:
7208:
7203:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7180:Misodendraceae
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Phytolaccaceae
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7017:Asteropeiaceae
7014:
7009:
7007:Simmondsiaceae
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6967:Plumbaginaceae
6964:
6959:
6953:
6951:
6949:Caryophyllales
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6919:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6845:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6750:Sarcolaenaceae
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6706:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6677:Gerrardinaceae
6673:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6493:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6465:Elaeocarpaceae
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6427:Phyllanthaceae
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6382:Passifloraceae
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6317:Putranjivaceae
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6292:Calophyllaceae
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6267:Rhizophoraceae
6264:
6259:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6211:Zygophyllaceae
6208:
6202:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6125:Ticodendraceae
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
5999:
5994:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5977:
5975:
5966:
5961:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5893:Hamamelidaceae
5890:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5863:
5858:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5840:Myrothamnaceae
5836:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5776:Menispermaceae
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5633:Joinvilleaceae
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5525:Strelitziaceae
5521:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5502:Pontederiaceae
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5464:Dasypogonaceae
5460:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5441:Amaryllidaceae
5438:
5433:
5431:Xeronemataceae
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5234:Petrosaviaceae
5230:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5118:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5096:Chloranthaceae
5092:
5090:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5035:Calycanthaceae
5031:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4899:Schisandraceae
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:Polypodiophyta
4801:
4796:
4791:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4670:
4669:External links
4667:
4665:
4664:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4609:
4587:
4564:
4551:
4529:
4509:
4476:
4455:
4430:
4405:
4392:
4374:
4361:
4339:
4309:
4296:'Rubra Plena'"
4279:
4266:'Coral Charm'"
4253:
4227:
4215:
4201:
4183:
4160:
4154:978-9020965070
4153:
4135:
4117:
4095:
4083:
4057:
4016:
3981:
3913:
3883:
3835:
3808:
3795:
3791:External links
3782:
3755:(4): 805–838.
3739:
3710:
3694:"Saxifragales"
3680:
3637:
3620:Flora of China
3609:
3596:(3): 201–217.
3576:
3550:
3526:
3506:
3503:(Online). n.d.
3486:
3463:
3433:(2): 105–121.
3409:
3407:
3404:
3372:Auguste Renoir
3368:Conrad Gessner
3309:kosovski božur
3304:косовски божур
3232:government in
3207:, 17th century
3165:
3162:
3078:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3042:
3035:
3015:
3012:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2846:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2797:
2766:
2763:
2755:Victor Lemoine
2743:P. officinalis
2679:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2629:likely became
2597:
2594:
2580:Primorsky Krai
2565:P. mairei
2431:in Andalucia,
2386:P. clusii
2380:Ionian islands
2357:P. russoi
2307:Kola peninsula
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2237:Paeonia rockii
2235:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2131:Paeonia mairei
2129:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1941:Paeonia rockii
1937:
1929:
1928:(Osti's peony)
1921:
1913:
1912:(Jishan peony)
1905:
1897:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1781:
1778:Paeonia mairei
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1649:Paeonia clusii
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:P. californica
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:Cercidiphyllum
1240:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:Hamamelidaceae
1218:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1096:
1093:
1061:mlokosewitschi
1021:P. officinalis
889:P. officinalis
784:P. jishanensis
780:P. decomposita
758:. The section
756:P. californica
750:only includes
746:. The section
705:is closest to
686:
683:
674:
671:
590:
589:Phytochemistry
587:
586:
585:
582:
575:
573:
565:
558:
556:
548:
541:
539:
531:
524:
522:
514:
507:
505:
497:
490:
488:
480:
473:
471:
463:
456:
454:
451:
444:
345:
342:
340:
337:
298:, and Western
229:
228:
220:
219:
211:
210:
202:
201:
196:
191:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
165:
164:
158:
157:
144:
140:
139:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9187:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9165:Garden plants
9163:
9162:
9160:
9143:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9124:
9120:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9062:
9058:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8865:
8859:
8855:
8850:
8844:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8822:
8788:
8783:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8641:
8640:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8621:
8620:
8616:
8614:
8613:Pasque flower
8611:
8610:
8606:
8599:
8598:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8575:
8568:
8567:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8544:
8537:
8536:
8526:
8525:
8520:
8519:Oklahoma rose
8517:
8516:
8512:
8505:
8504:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8473:
8472:Carolina lily
8468:
8465:
8464:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8430:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8369:
8362:
8361:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8338:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8324:Apple blossom
8322:
8321:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8280:
8279:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8224:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8192:
8185:
8184:
8183:Cherokee rose
8174:
8173:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8157:
8156:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8140:Peach blossom
8138:
8137:
8133:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8092:
8090:
8089:Apple blossom
8087:
8086:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8072:
8070:
8069:Forget-me-not
8067:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8025:
8020:
8018:
8013:
8011:
8006:
8005:
8002:
7990:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7940:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7925:Escalloniales
7922:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7854:Menyanthaceae
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7824:Campanulaceae
7822:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7801:Aquifoliaceae
7799:
7797:
7796:Helwingiaceae
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7781:Stemonuraceae
7779:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7733:Pennantiaceae
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7711:
7701:
7700:Orobanchaceae
7698:
7696:
7695:Paulowniaceae
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7630:Linderniaceae
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7424:Metteniusales
7421:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7409:Oncothecaceae
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7387:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7356:Actinidiaceae
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7336:Diapensiaceae
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7296:Lecythidaceae
7294:
7292:
7291:Polemoniaceae
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7271:Balsaminaceae
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7233:Hydrangeaceae
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7201:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7185:Schoepfiaceae
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7132:Portulacaceae
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:Halophytaceae
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7102:Molluginaceae
7100:
7098:
7097:Nyctaginaceae
7095:
7093:
7092:Sarcobataceae
7090:
7088:
7087:Petiveriaceae
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7042:Amaranthaceae
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6957:Frankeniaceae
6955:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6934:Aextoxicaceae
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6916:Superasterids
6912:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6884:Simaroubaceae
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6869:Anacardiaceae
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6831:Picramniaceae
6829:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Thymelaeaceae
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6715:Muntingiaceae
6713:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6631:Stachyuraceae
6629:
6627:
6626:Guamatelaceae
6624:
6622:
6621:Staphyleaceae
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6553:Emblingiaceae
6551:
6549:
6548:Salvadoraceae
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:Limnanthaceae
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6513:Tropaeolaceae
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6486:
6476:
6475:Brunelliaceae
6473:
6471:
6470:Cephalotaceae
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:Ixonanthaceae
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6407:Euphorbiaceae
6405:
6403:
6402:Rafflesiaceae
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:Euphroniaceae
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6332:Malpighiaceae
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6307:Caryocaraceae
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6297:Podostemaceae
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6198:Zygophyllales
6195:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:Casuarinaceae
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:Nothofagaceae
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6039:Tetramelaceae
6037:
6035:
6034:Cucurbitaceae
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:Apodanthaceae
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5959:
5949:
5948:Cynomoriaceae
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:Saxifragaceae
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5878:Peridiscaceae
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5856:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5786:Ranunculaceae
5784:
5782:
5781:Berberidaceae
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:Nelumbonaceae
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:Eriocaulaceae
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5560:Zingiberaceae
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5535:Heliconiaceae
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5507:Haemodoraceae
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Commelinaceae
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5436:Asphodelaceae
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:Ixioliriaceae
5414:
5412:
5411:Doryanthaceae
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:Melanthiaceae
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:Cyclanthaceae
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5262:Dioscoreaceae
5260:
5258:
5257:Burmanniaceae
5255:
5253:
5252:Nartheciaceae
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5226:Petrosaviales
5223:
5217:
5216:Cymodoceaceae
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Posidoniaceae
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5186:Juncaginaceae
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:Tofieldiaceae
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5088:Chloranthales
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:Chloranthidae
5076:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5055:Hernandiaceae
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:Gomortegaceae
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:Eupomatiaceae
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:Degeneriaceae
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:Myristicaceae
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Hydatellaceae
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4843:Amborellaceae
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4597:
4591:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4540:Walter Good.
4536:
4534:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4491:Vancouver Sun
4487:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4402:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4371:
4365:
4349:
4343:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4241:
4239:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4105:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3827:
3824:(2): 81–110.
3823:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3799:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3319:In 1957, the
3317:
3315:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:In 1903, the
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:P. lactiflora
3084:
3074:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:, including:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2974:
2971:bomb flowered
2968:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2813:
2812:P. lactiflora
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:recognisable.
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2759:P. lactiflora
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:P. lactiflora
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:Shōwa periods
2732:
2728:
2727:crossbreeding
2724:
2720:
2719:P. lactiflora
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2670:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:P. lactiflora
2619:
2615:
2614:crossbreeding
2611:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:Paeonia emodi
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2401:, and subsp.
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2338:Rif Mountains
2335:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2223:Paeonia ostii
2218:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2089:Paeonia emodi
2084:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:(Qiu's peony)
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:Paeonia ostii
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:(Greek peony)
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:Paeonia emodi
1743:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1494:section
1493:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1377:section
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1360:section
1359:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:Daphniphyllum
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:Peridiscaceae
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:P. lactiflora
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:P. tenuifolia
1026:
1025:P. parnassica
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:P. lactiflora
990:
986:
982:
981:P. lactiflora
978:
974:
970:
969:P. lactiflora
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:P. lactiflora
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:P. parnassica
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:P. tenuifolia
838:
834:
833:P. lactiflora
830:
827:-section are
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
682:
680:
670:
668:
667:palmitic acid
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:ethereal oils
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:triterpenoids
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
595:monoterpenoid
579:
574:
568:
562:
557:
551:
545:
540:
534:
528:
523:
517:
511:
506:
500:
494:
489:
483:
477:
472:
466:
460:
455:
448:
443:
442:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
390:
389:P. lactiflora
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:
336:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:North America
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:
281:
277:
273:
267:
240:
236:
226:
223:The range of
221:
217:
212:
209:
207:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
184:
179:
172:
171:
166:
163:
159:
155:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:Tracheophytes
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
49:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
8833:
8786:
8775:Yellow elder
8769:
8759:
8749:
8739:
8729:
8719:
8709:
8705:Rhododendron
8699:
8689:
8679:
8669:
8659:
8649:
8637:
8626:
8617:
8607:
8595:
8586:
8576:
8564:
8555:
8551:Oregon grape
8545:
8533:
8522:
8513:
8501:
8492:
8482:
8470:
8461:
8451:
8447:Yucca flower
8441:
8431:
8419:
8416:Purple lilac
8410:
8400:
8390:
8380:
8370:
8358:
8349:
8339:
8327:
8318:
8308:
8298:
8288:
8276:
8267:
8257:
8247:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8213:
8203:
8193:
8181:
8170:
8165:
8153:
8144:
8134:
8122:
8113:
8103:
8093:
8083:
8073:
8063:
8051:
8042:
7864:Calyceraceae
7859:Goodeniaceae
7844:Phellinaceae
7834:Stylidiaceae
7773:Aquifoliales
7655:Bignoniaceae
7640:Martyniaceae
7610:Gesneriaceae
7567:Hydroleaceae
7557:Montiniaceae
7511:Boraginaceae
7488:Gelsemiaceae
7478:Gentianaceae
7450:Eucommiaceae
7351:Roridulaceae
7331:Symplocaceae
7301:Sladeniaceae
7243:Curtisiaceae
7190:Loranthaceae
7112:Didiereaceae
7067:Barbeuiaceae
7027:Microteaceae
6982:Nepenthaceae
6972:Polygonaceae
6962:Tamaricaceae
6854:Nitrariaceae
6823:Picramniales
6788:Vochysiaceae
6773:Combretaceae
6687:Tapisciaceae
6682:Petenaeaceae
6588:Brassicaceae
6342:Trigoniaceae
6337:Balanopaceae
6302:Hypericaceae
6282:Bonnetiaceae
6257:Irvingiaceae
6244:Malpighiales
6234:Celastraceae
6206:Krameriaceae
6163:Elaeagnaceae
6158:Dirachmaceae
6115:Juglandaceae
6082:Polygalaceae
6067:Quillajaceae
6029:Coriariaceae
6006:Cucurbitales
5943:Haloragaceae
5938:Penthoraceae
5923:Crassulaceae
5888:Altingiaceae
5870:Saxifragales
5822:Dilleniaceae
5761:Papaveraceae
5756:Eupteleaceae
5748:Ranunculales
5656:
5623:Restionaceae
5583:Bromeliaceae
5517:Zingiberales
5497:Philydraceae
5487:Hanguanaceae
5479:Commelinales
5446:Asparagaceae
5406:Hypoxidaceae
5353:Ripogonaceae
5348:Philesiaceae
5343:Colchicaceae
5285:Velloziaceae
5280:Triuridaceae
5244:Dioscoreales
5161:Alismataceae
5109:
5078:
5040:Siparunaceae
4997:Magnoliaceae
4894:Trimeniaceae
4871:Nymphaeaceae
4835:Amborellales
4814:Angiospermae
4769:Families of
4731:
4698:
4690:
4655:
4640:Bibliography
4626:. Retrieved
4622:
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4590:
4578:. Retrieved
4567:
4559:
4554:
4546:the original
4522:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4489:
4479:
4467:. Retrieved
4458:
4446:. Retrieved
4442:
4433:
4421:. Retrieved
4417:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4369:
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4326:'High Noon'"
4323:
4319:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4293:
4289:
4282:
4270:. Retrieved
4263:
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4240:'Bartzella'"
4237:
4230:
4218:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4144:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4098:
4074:. Retrieved
4069:
4060:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
4003:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3899:
3895:
3862:(1): 38–57.
3859:
3855:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3730:. Retrieved
3726:
3701:. Retrieved
3697:
3671:. Retrieved
3666:
3662:
3628:. Retrieved
3619:
3612:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3562:
3545:Timber Press
3540:
3518:
3509:
3498:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3430:
3426:
3413:
3400:Qing dynasty
3379:
3375:
3365:
3358:
3344:
3337:
3325:state flower
3318:
3285:
3283:
3272:
3261:
3250:
3240:, while the
3226:Qing dynasty
3223:
3216:
3213:plum blossom
3210:
3205:Yun Shouping
3193:Yuan dynasty
3188:
3178:Song dynasty
3149:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3131:garden plant
3120:
3116:
3110:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3044:
3017:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2986:'Da Fu Gui',
2983:
2969:'Ruth Clay',
2966:
2949:
2932:
2915:
2898:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2848:
2842:
2837:
2819:Flower types
2811:
2807:
2799:
2788:
2783:
2771:
2768:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2718:
2711:Qing dynasty
2708:
2700:Song dynasty
2696:Tang dynasty
2692:
2686:
2668:
2639:P. sterniana
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2618:nothospecies
2601:
2599:
2587:
2569:
2563:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2504:wittmanniana
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:velebitensis
2479:
2473:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2410:
2402:
2390:
2383:
2373:
2355:
2345:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:The section
2290:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2258:Distribution
2250:
2236:
2222:
2208:
2194:
2190:
2176:
2162:
2158:
2144:
2130:
2116:
2102:
2088:
2074:
2060:
2056:
2042:
2028:
2014:
2000:
1986:
1972:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1933:Paeonia qiui
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1887:tree peonies
1872:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:wittmanniana
1734:
1729:velebitensis
1728:
1722:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1525:
1524:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1446:
1445:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1404:tree peonies
1401:
1396:
1378:
1366:
1361:
1350:
1312:
1260:
1259:
1243:
1242:
1220:
1200:Altingiaceae
1198:
1177:
1176:
1146:
1135:Saxifragales
1134:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:Saxifragales
1098:
1088:
1084:
1081:wittmanniana
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:P. peregrina
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:P. sterniana
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
933:wittmanniana
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:P. peregrina
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:nothospecies
812:
810:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:P. cathayana
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:. The genus
728:Saxifragales
720:
716:
706:
702:
699:Ranunculales
694:
688:
678:
676:
643:ellagic acid
636:
629:
592:
566:
549:
532:
515:
498:
486:spring shoot
481:
464:
392:
388:
384:
347:
330:
312:
287:
279:
278:
238:
234:
232:
224:
203:
198:
193:
188:
168:
162:Type species
147:
146:
130:
121:Saxifragales
104:
91:
78:
45:
25:
8987:iNaturalist
8858:Wikispecies
8755:Flores mayo
8715:Wood violet
7819:Rousseaceae
7715:Campanulids
7675:Verbenaceae
7650:Acanthaceae
7645:Pedaliaceae
7635:Byblidaceae
7503:Boraginales
7493:Apocynaceae
7483:Loganiaceae
7465:Gentianales
7414:Icacinaceae
7366:Cyrillaceae
7361:Clethraceae
7341:Styracaceae
7321:Primulaceae
7248:Grubbiaceae
7175:Santalaceae
7117:Basellaceae
7072:Gisekiaceae
7012:Physenaceae
6977:Droseraceae
6874:Sapindaceae
6864:Burseraceae
6808:Alzateaceae
6720:Neuradaceae
6659:Francoaceae
6654:Geraniaceae
6606:Aphloiaceae
6578:Capparaceae
6558:Tovariaceae
6518:Moringaceae
6500:Brassicales
6460:Cunoniaceae
6455:Oxalidaceae
6450:Connaraceae
6367:Achariaceae
6362:Humiriaceae
6327:Elatinaceae
6221:Celastrales
6178:Cannabaceae
6153:Barbeyaceae
6077:Surianaceae
6049:Begoniaceae
6044:Datiscaceae
5883:Paeoniaceae
5860:Superrosids
5845:Gunneraceae
5814:Dilleniales
5733:Platanaceae
5608:Thurniaceae
5588:Rapateaceae
5550:Marantaceae
5401:Lanariaceae
5396:Asteliaceae
5381:Orchidaceae
5373:Asparagales
5358:Smilacaceae
5300:Pandanaceae
5290:Stemonaceae
5196:Zosteraceae
5191:Maundiaceae
5143:Alismatales
5060:Monimiaceae
4984:Magnoliales
4969:Saururaceae
4946:Winteraceae
4941:Canellaceae
4924:Magnoliidae
4866:Cabombaceae
4853:Nymphaeales
4786:Supergroup
4732:China Daily
4623:Tattoo Life
3569:, Germany:
3450:10654/18083
3275:Middle Ages
3268:aglaophotis
3264:Dioscorides
3174:lacquerware
3158:Middle Ages
3133:. In Japan
3117:ebisugusuri
3039:semi-double
2994:Propagation
2871:semi-double
2751:Kew Gardens
2741:. Although
2678:Cultivation
2518:Mountains.
2492:macrophylla
2333:P. coriacea
2326:that is an
2311:Lake Baikal
1827:willmottiae
1707:macrophylla
1448:P. delavayi
1431:P. ludlowii
1417:Delavayanae
1349:genus
1121:P. delavayi
1117:P. ludlowii
1101:monogeneric
1045:P. coriacea
1033:P. banatica
1013:P. arietina
1011:and either
973:P. veitchii
957:P. veitchii
909:P. coriacea
897:P. banatica
885:P. arietina
877:macrophylla
837:P. veitchii
772:Delavayanae
768:P. ludlowii
764:P. delavayi
610:stilbenoids
482:P. ludlowii
469:spring buds
393:P. veitchii
339:Description
333:cut flowers
288:Paeoniaceae
131:Paeoniaceae
98:Angiosperms
9159:Categories
8675:Red clover
8386:Bitterroot
7902:Dipsacales
7892:Bruniaceae
7869:Asteraceae
7753:Araliaceae
7690:Phrymaceae
7625:Stilbaceae
7552:Solanaceae
7529:Vahliaceae
7455:Garryaceae
7401:Icacinales
7311:Sapotaceae
7165:Opiliaceae
7152:Santalales
7127:Talinaceae
7107:Montiaceae
6859:Kirkiaceae
6841:Sapindales
6813:Penaeaceae
6783:Onagraceae
6778:Lythraceae
6710:Cytinaceae
6669:Huerteales
6646:Geraniales
6583:Cleomaceae
6573:Resedaceae
6523:Caricaceae
6508:Akaniaceae
6437:Oxalidales
6392:Salicaceae
6377:Goupiaceae
6287:Clusiaceae
6188:Urticaceae
6168:Rhamnaceae
6130:Betulaceae
6110:Myricaceae
5832:Gunnerales
5738:Proteaceae
5618:Cyperaceae
5603:Mayacaceae
5593:Xyridaceae
5323:Corsiaceae
5272:Pandanales
5211:Ruppiaceae
5166:Butomaceae
5017:Annonaceae
4974:Piperaceae
4933:Canellales
4354:12 October
4076:10 January
3567:Heidelberg
3406:References
3384:Schongauer
3279:woodpecker
2853:staminodes
2789:herbaceous
2779:adaptation
2488:coriifolia
2375:P. corsica
2262:The genus
1694:coriifolia
1579:Herbaceous
1510:P. brownii
1402:all other
1089:P. obovata
1077:P. daurica
1065:P. mascula
1057:P. daurica
1041:P. broteri
1017:P. humilis
1009:P. anomala
1001:P. obovata
949:P. anomala
945:P. obovata
925:P. daurica
913:P. mascula
869:coriifolia
865:P. daurica
849:P. broteri
829:P. anomala
752:P. brownii
717:Glaucidium
708:Glaucidium
602:flavonoids
598:glucosides
361:caespitose
353:perennials
350:herbaceous
344:Morphology
315:herbaceous
8665:Sego lily
8597:Goldenrod
8535:Mistletoe
8406:Sagebrush
8396:Goldenrod
8314:Mayflower
8263:Goldenrod
8253:Sunflower
7910:Adoxaceae
7879:Bruniales
7811:Asterales
7680:Lamiaceae
7539:Solanales
7521:Vahliales
7473:Rubiaceae
7442:Garryales
7371:Ericaceae
7316:Ebenaceae
7253:Cornaceae
7238:Loasaceae
7223:Nyssaceae
7160:Olacaceae
7142:Cactaceae
7077:Aizoaceae
7052:Limeaceae
6889:Meliaceae
6793:Myrtaceae
6745:Cistaceae
6725:Malvaceae
6372:Violaceae
6277:Ochnaceae
6252:Pandaceae
5723:Sabiaceae
5715:Proteales
5613:Juncaceae
5578:Typhaceae
5555:Costaceae
5545:Cannaceae
5530:Lowiaceae
5469:Arecaceae
5426:Iridaceae
5386:Boryaceae
5363:Liliaceae
5133:Acoraceae
5065:Lauraceae
4956:Piperales
4794:Bryophyta
4572:Natalia.
4387:Bloomthis
3902:: 62–74.
3777:205544231
3590:Phytotaxa
3515:"Paeonia"
3374:in 1879.
3298:peonies (
3020:cultivars
3014:Cultivars
2793:primordia
2733:to early
2631:sympatric
2627:P. mairei
2582:) and on
2576:Manchuria
2500:tomentosa
2467:Catalonia
2399:Karpathos
2342:Andalusia
2315:Tien Shan
1885:species,
1805:hellenica
1723:tomentosa
1397:Vaginatae
1095:Phylogeny
1071:and ssp.
1069:hellenica
1053:P. rhodia
1049:P. clusii
1037:P. mairei
997:P. mairei
995:, likely
985:P. mairei
941:P. mairei
937:P. clusii
929:tomentosa
917:hellenica
861:P. rhodia
857:P. clusii
800:Vaginatae
796:P. rockii
647:myricetin
412:and free
398:involucre
357:deciduous
313:Most are
308:describes
270:) is any
181:Sections
68:Kingdom:
9126:VASCAN:
9119:40036259
9114:Tropicos
8843:Wikidata
8376:Hawthorn
8360:Tickseed
8355:Magnolia
8273:Magnolia
8223:Milkweed
8155:Tickseed
8048:Camellia
7989:Category
7763:Apiaceae
7685:Mazaceae
7595:Oleaceae
7577:Lamiales
7326:Theaceae
7263:Ericales
7215:Cornales
7205:Asterids
7062:Kewaceae
6879:Rutaceae
6765:Myrtales
6740:Bixaceae
6702:Malvales
6543:Bataceae
6412:Linaceae
6397:Peraceae
6183:Moraceae
6173:Ulmaceae
6148:Rosaceae
6105:Fagaceae
6072:Fabaceae
5981:Vitaceae
5908:Iteaceae
5705:Buxaceae
5688:Eudicots
5540:Musaceae
5456:Arecales
5310:Liliales
5125:Acorales
5115:Monocots
5027:Laurales
4602:21 April
4580:21 April
4520:(1919).
4502:16 March
4496:Archived
4324:lemoinei
4174:Bulletin
4145:Pioenen
3996:cited on
3878:18275001
3769:20397219
3732:26 April
3703:26 April
3673:29 April
3495:"paeony"
3360:Suikoden
3154:infusion
3063:lemoinei
2849:Japanese
2635:P. emodi
2621:retreat
2584:Sakhalin
2508:Caucasus
2439:Provence
2366:Sardinia
2195:japonica
1362:Paeoniae
987:, while
977:P. russi
961:P. emodi
927:subsps.
915:subsps.
901:P. russi
867:subsps.
845:P. emodi
744:Paeoniae
685:Taxonomy
655:flavones
631:In vitro
622:paeonols
618:steroids
438:follicle
385:P. emodi
373:stipules
326:compound
206:see text
199:Paeoniae
127:Family:
111:Eudicots
9170:Peonies
9018:1019117
9005:33209-1
8966:3083483
8864:Paeonia
8849:Q147105
8834:Paeonia
8787:Italics
7725:Apiales
7391:Lamiids
6490:Malvids
6445:Huaceae
6140:Rosales
6092:Fagales
6059:Fabales
5973:Vitales
5697:Buxales
5643:Poaceae
5151:Araceae
5110:Lilidae
4699:Paeonia
4691:Paeonia
4596:"Peony"
4332:15 June
4320:Paeonia
4302:15 June
4294:festiva
4290:Paeonia
4272:15 June
4264:Paeonia
4246:15 June
4238:Paeonia
4192:"Peony"
4170:"Peony"
4052:9335140
3976:7624325
3944:Bibcode
3930:Paeonia
3793:below).
3398:in the
3353:artist
3351:ukiyo-e
3329:Indiana
3300:Serbian
3292:Serbian
3273:In the
3253:Luoyang
3164:Culture
3083:Paeonia
3059:Paeonia
3049:festiva
3045:Paeonia
2967:Paeonia
2916:Paeonia
2859:anemone
2704:Luoyang
2687:Paeonia
2669:Paeonia
2610:diploid
2604:have a
2602:Paeonia
2560:Sichuan
2552:Shaanxi
2544:Ningxia
2540:Qinghai
2484:daurica
2389:subsp.
2370:Sicilly
2362:Corsica
2352:Majorca
2336:in the
2328:endemic
2297:Paeonia
2293:Paeonia
2274:Onaepia
2264:Paeonia
2193:subsp.
2161:subsp.
2059:subsp.
1953:subsp.
1946:synonym
1825:subsp.
1809:subsp.
1803:subsp.
1799:bodurii
1797:subsp.
1793:mascula
1791:subsp.
1733:subsp.
1727:subsp.
1721:subsp.
1712:subsp.
1704:subsp.
1700:daurica
1698:subsp.
1692:subsp.
1660:subsp.
1654:subsp.
1573:Species
1496:Onaepia
1351:Paeonia
1178:Paeonia
1109:Onaepia
1079:subsp.
1073:mascula
1067:subsp.
1059:subsp.
921:mascula
873:daurica
825:Paeonia
813:Paeonia
792:P. qiui
788:P. osti
748:Onaepia
740:Onaepia
732:Paeonia
721:Paeonia
703:Paeonia
695:Paeonia
679:Paeonia
626:phenols
606:tannins
426:carpels
406:anthers
404:, with
402:stamens
377:stomata
365:stolons
304:species
280:Paeonia
274:in the
225:Paeonia
194:Onaepia
148:Paeonia
143:Genus:
117:Order:
72:Plantae
9088:PLANTS
9080:747767
9064:NZOR:
8953:123659
8940:123659
8888:179586
8875:193356
8872:APDB:
8582:Violet
8437:Violet
8219:Violet
8172:Azalea
5996:Fabids
5963:Rosids
5570:Poales
4775:APG IV
4628:18 May
4469:18 May
4448:18 May
4423:18 May
4180:: 104.
4151:
4050:
4009:19 May
3974:
3964:
3876:
3775:
3767:
3630:10 May
3478:paeony
3456:6 July
3388:Colmar
3333:zinnia
3296:Kosovo
3266:named
3234:Taiwan
2883:double
2865:triple
2843:single
2586:, and
2556:Shanxi
2516:Alborz
2512:Kaçkar
2407:Rhodes
2403:rhodia
2391:clusii
2269:Moutan
2163:russoi
1955:rockii
1811:russoi
1662:rhodia
1656:clusii
1379:Moutan
1113:Moutan
1075:, and
923:, and
774:, and
760:Moutan
736:Moutan
673:Genome
663:ketone
624:, and
434:stigma
422:nectar
414:pollen
369:glands
322:shrubs
296:Europe
285:family
239:paeony
189:Moutan
31:Peony
9093:PAEON
9057:13625
9031:18794
9013:IRMNG
8992:58228
8927:1PAOG
8914:61607
8233:Peony
4788:Plant
4652:(PDF)
4328:. RHS
4298:. RHS
4268:. RHS
4242:. RHS
4110:2 May
4004:Paeon
3967:41419
3773:S2CID
3659:(PDF)
3624:(PDF)
3482:peony
3423:(PDF)
3189:Peony
3122:kampo
3107:Japan
3105:. In
3103:Japan
3099:China
3095:Korea
2715:He Ze
2548:Gansu
2395:Crete
1883:Woody
725:order
571:seeds
430:style
276:genus
235:peony
105:Clade
92:Clade
79:Clade
9129:1513
9101:POWO
9052:NCBI
9026:ITIS
9000:IPNI
8979:8758
8974:GRIN
8961:GBIF
8922:EPPO
8901:6C8P
8883:BOLD
8765:Maga
8623:Iris
8457:Rose
4677:At:
4630:2024
4604:2018
4582:2018
4504:2023
4471:2024
4450:2024
4425:2024
4356:2023
4334:2023
4304:2023
4274:2023
4248:2023
4149:ISBN
4112:2010
4078:2019
4048:PMID
4011:2016
3972:PMID
3874:PMID
3765:PMID
3734:2016
3705:2016
3675:2016
3632:2016
3470:The
3458:2013
3101:and
3077:Uses
3053:bomb
2877:bomb
2808:Itoh
2801:tree
2774:ants
2725:and
2637:and
2625:and
2514:and
2502:and
2397:and
2368:and
2340:and
1119:and
1087:and
983:and
971:and
963:and
955:and
943:and
931:and
919:and
879:and
794:and
766:and
754:and
742:and
653:and
503:leaf
418:disc
371:and
292:Asia
233:The
136:Raf.
9137:WFO
9039:NBN
8948:FoC
8935:FNA
8909:EoL
8896:CoL
4178:259
4038:doi
3962:PMC
3952:doi
3904:doi
3900:143
3864:doi
3826:doi
3757:doi
3598:doi
3594:261
3445:hdl
3435:doi
3431:161
3382:by
3327:of
3093:of
3026:'s
2731:Edo
2405:on
2393:on
2360:on
2350:on
669:).
665:of
355:or
237:or
9161::
9139::
9116::
9103::
9090::
9077::
9054::
9041::
9028::
9015::
9002::
8989::
8976::
8963::
8950::
8937::
8924::
8911::
8898::
8885::
8860::
8845::
8810:BC
8804:FE
8798:CH
8792:WF
8771:VI
8761:PR
8751:MP
8741:GU
8731:AS
8721:WY
8711:WI
8701:WV
8691:WA
8681:VA
8671:VT
8661:UT
8651:TX
8644:WF
8636:,
8633:WF
8625:,
8619:TN
8609:SD
8602:WF
8594:,
8588:SC
8578:RI
8571:BC
8563:,
8557:PA
8547:OR
8540:FE
8532:,
8529:WF
8521:,
8515:OK
8508:WF
8500:,
8494:OH
8484:ND
8477:WF
8469:,
8463:NC
8453:NY
8443:NM
8433:NJ
8426:WF
8418:,
8412:NH
8402:NV
8392:NE
8382:MT
8372:MO
8365:WF
8357:,
8351:MS
8341:MN
8334:WF
8326:,
8320:MI
8310:MA
8300:MD
8290:ME
8283:WF
8275:,
8269:LA
8259:KY
8249:KS
8239:IA
8229:IN
8221:,
8215:IL
8205:ID
8195:HI
8188:FE
8180:,
8177:WF
8167:GA
8160:WF
8152:,
8146:FL
8136:DE
8129:CH
8121:,
8115:CT
8105:CO
8095:CA
8085:AR
8075:AZ
8065:AK
8058:WF
8050:,
8044:AL
4654:.
4621:.
4532:^
4494:.
4488:.
4441:.
4416:.
4385:.
4322:×
4292:×
4194:.
4176:.
4172:.
4128:.
4086:^
4068:.
4046:.
4034:14
4032:.
4028:.
4002:.
3970:.
3960:.
3950:.
3940:92
3938:.
3934:.
3916:^
3898:.
3886:^
3872:.
3860:57
3858:.
3854:.
3838:^
3822:11
3820:.
3771:.
3763:.
3751:.
3725:.
3713:^
3696:.
3683:^
3665:.
3661:.
3640:^
3592:.
3588:.
3553:^
3529:^
3517:.
3497:.
3443:.
3429:.
3425:.
3342:.
3316:.
3306:,
3302::
3109:,
3097:,
3061:×
3047:×
2702:,
2641:.
2558:,
2554:,
2550:,
2546:,
2542:,
2510:,
2498:,
2494:,
2490:,
2441:,
2419:,
2409:,
2384:,
2372:,
2364:,
2354:,
2344:,
2299:,
1091:.
1063:,
1055:,
1051:,
1047:,
1043:,
1023:,
1019:,
1015:,
1003:.
947:.
939:,
911:,
907:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
891:,
887:,
875:,
871:,
863:,
859:,
855:,
851:,
847:,
843:,
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802:.
790:,
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782:,
778:,
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645:,
628:.
620:,
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612:,
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175:L.
154:L.
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4212:.
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4080:.
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3978:.
3954::
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3880:.
3866::
3832:.
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3779:.
3759::
3753:7
3736:.
3707:.
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3667:6
3634:.
3606:.
3600::
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263:i
260:n
257:ə
251:p
248:ˈ
245:/
241:(
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