2247:
124:
216:
27:
2257:
1621:
144:
284:, which can theoretically be spectral colors. In this case, all other colors are inherently non-spectral. In reality, the spectral bandwidth of most primaries means that most color spaces are entirely non-spectral. Due to different chromaticity properties of different spectral segments, and also due to practical limitations of light sources, the actual
409:
color is sometimes included. Some have argued that Newton's indigo would be equivalent to our modern blue, and his blue equivalent to our blue-green. However, his nonintuitive choices can be better explained. In the table below, note how wavelength is not proportional to hue (which is approximately
414:
attempt to divide the spectrum into sections that appear perceptually uniform. On the other hand, Newton's sections are approximately uniform in size as they would have physically appeared in the diffracted spectrum, i.e. each about 40nm "wide". In this theory, the sections were divided without
1071:
curves. If the spectral sensitivity curves do not overlap, then all colors except for the extremes (where one of the cones is not excited) would be non-spectral. However, there are no known vision systems where the
386:. Early in the study of radiometry, Newton was not able to measure the wavelength of the light, but his experiments were repeated contemporarily to estimate wavelengths where his color term boundaries probably lay.
304:, but is especially poor in reproducing the visual appearance of spectral colors in the vicinity of central green, and between green and blue, as well as extreme spectral colors approaching
390:
color terms included red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet; this color sequence is still used to describe spectral colors colloquially and a
226:
The spectrum colors are the colors on the horseshoe-shaped curve on the outside of the diagram. All other colors are not spectral: the bottom line is
1873:
327:, which uses three spectral colors as primaries (and therefore only includes precisely those three spectral colors), and color spaces such as the
343:
233:, whilst within the interior of the diagram are unsaturated colors that are various mixtures of a spectral color or a purple color with
1023:, which cannot be seen under normal viewing of light, such as over-saturated colors or colors that are seemingly brighter than white.
2024:
249:
which include all, or most spectral colors, they form a part of boundary of the set of all real colors. When considering a three-
2014:
1878:
1243:
402:
479:
91:
365:
there is no distinction between spectral and non-spectral colors. Their entire gamut can be represented by spectral colors.
221:
63:
2090:
70:
1209:
1184:
110:
2035:
2260:
2214:
44:
77:
2030:
2019:
1097:
48:
2095:
59:
1898:
1558:
1332:
2100:
1687:
1236:
1865:
1758:
1416:
979:
Any color obtained by mixing a gray-scale color and another color (either spectral or not), such as
2075:
1893:
1543:
1276:
379:
or names, but aligning boundaries between color terms to a specific wavelength is very subjective.
328:
2127:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2060:
320:
160:
37:
434:
The table below includes several definitions where the spectral colors have been categorized in
319:
color models such as CIE 1931, but industrial and consumer color spaces such as sRGB, CMYK, and
2085:
2009:
1764:
1308:
1229:
415:
influence of his own perception, and each section was then given a name that best suited its
347:
277:
chromaticity diagram contains all the spectral colors (to the eye of the standard observer).
258:
1483:
84:
1982:
1665:
1653:
1068:
262:
8:
1797:
1697:
1629:
428:
192:
132:
442:
that a given monochromatic light evokes is approximated at the right side of the table.
237:, a grayscale color. White is in the central part of the interior of the diagram, since
2112:
1518:
1426:
1320:
1064:
2222:
2175:
1772:
1587:
1526:
1478:
1411:
1406:
1384:
1313:
1205:
1180:
296:. Due to the location of R and G primaries near the 'almost flat' spectral segment,
2170:
2165:
2145:
2140:
1903:
1670:
1548:
1498:
1493:
1465:
1431:
1421:
1291:
1157:
1130:
1020:
180:
191:). Every wave of visible light is perceived as a spectral color; when viewed as a
2200:
2190:
2185:
2150:
2052:
1888:
1835:
1725:
1658:
1473:
1389:
1367:
1006:
297:
238:
229:
2281:
2250:
2195:
2180:
2160:
2155:
1938:
1752:
1747:
1575:
1553:
1488:
1360:
1325:
1050:
systems do not qualify, because many spectral colors lie rather far from their
1026:
998:
992:
285:
2275:
2135:
1720:
1606:
1531:
1508:
1448:
1372:
1355:
1261:
316:
281:
184:
164:
1970:
1933:
1926:
1732:
1715:
1707:
1648:
1640:
1503:
1347:
1161:
1134:
1014:
456:
387:
383:
382:
The first person to decompose white light and name the spectral colors was
362:
301:
423:
spectrum vary greatly in wavelength range, but are more consistent in the
261:. When excluding luminance and considering a two-dimensional color space (
2107:
1965:
1742:
1737:
1601:
1570:
1536:
1441:
1337:
1303:
1047:
335:
309:
289:
246:
147:
Laser beams are monochromatic light, thereby exhibiting spectral colors.
2117:
1960:
1788:
1692:
1680:
1436:
1399:
1394:
1377:
1148:
Kelly, Kenneth L. (November 1, 1943). "Color
Designations for Lights".
451:
435:
406:
395:
375:
359:
168:
1977:
1950:
1945:
1454:
1073:
961:
324:
254:
250:
172:
123:
26:
16:
Color evoked by a single wavelength of light in the visible spectrum
2232:
1955:
1563:
466:
420:
411:
391:
323:, do not typically include any spectral colors. Exceptions include
305:
300:
is reasonably good with approximating spectral orange, yellow, and
1620:
215:
2004:
1286:
1010:
292:
colors and spectral colors shows a complicated dependence on the
196:
128:
143:
2227:
1830:
1820:
1221:
339:
274:
239:
when all colors of light are mixed together, they produce white
1855:
1850:
1840:
1810:
1281:
1252:
1051:
988:
973:
965:
266:
234:
188:
176:
156:
1202:
CRC handbook of fundamental spectroscopic correlation charts
488:
1845:
1825:
1805:
1675:
1592:
1177:
Color vision and colorimetry : theory and applications
980:
969:
1921:
1815:
1580:
1002:
984:
484:
439:
431:
used in
English, only some of which are spectral colors.
424:
293:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
342:, a spectral color has the maximal saturation. In
207:) are evoked by a combination of spectral colors.
1874:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
338:capable of representing spectral colors, such as
2273:
280:A trichromatic color space is defined by three
427:degree range. Both instances deviate from the
353:
1237:
460:
410:perceptually uniform). Color systems such as
833:
820:
802:
315:Spectral colors are universally included in
1076:spectral sensitivity curves do not overlap.
940:
930:
928:
894:
815:
781:
776:
763:
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753:
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714:
693:
680:
659:
654:
649:
636:
631:
594:
589:
576:
563:
558:
513:
508:
503:
498:
470:
2256:
1244:
1230:
1017:), and other variations of purple and red.
1179:(2nd ed.). Bellingham, Wash.: SPIE.
1150:Journal of the Optical Society of America
1116:
1114:
331:which use imaginary colors as primaries.
273:. For example, the spectral locus of the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2025:International Commission on Illumination
1174:
948:
419:color. In contrast, the sections in the
214:
195:, these colors are seen as the familiar
142:
122:
1121:McLaren, K. (1985). "Newton's indigo".
1120:
368:
2274:
2015:Color Association of the United States
1111:
1225:
1199:
1147:
401:In modern divisions of the spectrum,
1005:colors, which include colors in the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
373:The spectrum is often divided into
13:
1879:Blue–green distinction in language
953:Among some of the colors that are
210:
14:
2293:
1063:This is true for dichromats with
2255:
2246:
2245:
2036:International Colour Association
1619:
1251:
1123:Color Research & Application
25:
446:Spectral color classifications
36:needs additional citations for
2031:International Color Consortium
2020:International Colour Authority
1193:
1168:
1141:
1090:
1057:
1040:
1029:which reflect light by effect.
265:), the spectral colors form a
257:), the spectral colors form a
1:
2096:List of Crayola crayon colors
1204:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
1083:
964:(achromatic) colors, such as
394:for it is commonly known as "
346:, this is described as 100%
253:color space (which includes
7:
1899:Traditional colors of Japan
1676:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
1559:Multi-primary color display
1333:Spectral power distribution
354:In dichromatic color spaces
222:CIE xy chromaticity diagram
10:
2298:
2241:
2213:
2126:
2051:
2044:
1995:
1914:
1864:
1796:
1787:
1759:Color realism (art style)
1706:
1639:
1628:
1617:
1517:
1464:
1417:Evolution of color vision
1346:
1269:
1260:
1200:Bruno, Thomas J. (2006).
1175:Malacara, Daniel (2011).
483:
478:
475:
465:
455:
450:
183:, or a relatively narrow
2076:List of colors (compact)
1894:Color in Chinese culture
1544:Digital image processing
1277:Electromagnetic spectrum
1033:
329:ProPhoto RGB color space
302:bright (yellowish) green
2081:List of colors by shade
403:indigo is often omitted
139:of the spectral colors.
2086:List of color palettes
1162:10.1364/JOSA.33.000627
1135:10.1002/col.5080100411
1105:courses.washington.edu
487:
469:
459:
242:
148:
140:
2010:Color Marketing Group
1765:On Vision and Colours
1698:Tinctures in heraldry
1309:Structural coloration
987:color and white), or
957:spectral colors are:
949:Extra-spectral colors
344:Helmholtz coordinates
218:
205:extra-spectral colors
146:
126:
2091:List of color spaces
1983:Tint, shade and tone
1866:Cultural differences
1681:Polychromatic colors
1666:Complementary colors
1654:Monochromatic colors
1069:spectral sensitivity
369:Spectral color terms
263:chromaticity diagram
135:of white light into
45:improve this article
2071:List of colors: N–Z
2066:List of colors: G–M
2061:List of colors: A–F
1065:photoreceptor cells
995:and black or gray).
447:
201:Non-spectral colors
193:continuous spectrum
161:monochromatic light
2118:List of web colors
2113:List of RAL colors
1519:Color reproduction
1484:Lüscher color test
1321:Color of chemicals
1098:"Perceiving Color"
445:
243:
159:that is evoked by
149:
141:
2269:
2268:
2209:
2208:
1991:
1990:
1783:
1782:
1773:Theory of Colours
1615:
1614:
1527:Color photography
1479:Color preferences
1422:Impossible colors
1412:Color vision test
1407:Color temperature
1385:Color calibration
1314:Animal coloration
1067:with overlapping
1021:Impossible colors
946:
945:
429:basic color terms
288:between RGB pure
121:
120:
113:
95:
2289:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2049:
2048:
1915:Color dimensions
1904:Human skin color
1794:
1793:
1671:Analogous colors
1637:
1636:
1623:
1549:Color management
1466:Color psychology
1432:Opponent process
1348:Color perception
1267:
1266:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1077:
1061:
1055:
1044:
983:(a mixture of a
490:
472:
462:
448:
444:
181:visible spectrum
163:, i.e. either a
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
60:"Spectral color"
53:
29:
21:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2237:
2205:
2122:
2040:
1997:
1987:
1910:
1889:Blue in culture
1860:
1779:
1726:Secondary color
1702:
1659:black-and-white
1631:
1624:
1611:
1513:
1499:National colors
1494:Political color
1474:Color symbolism
1460:
1390:Color constancy
1368:Color blindness
1342:
1299:Spectral colors
1256:
1250:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1173:
1169:
1146:
1142:
1119:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1062:
1058:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1027:Metallic colors
1007:line of purples
951:
371:
356:
298:RGB color space
230:line of purples
225:
213:
211:In color spaces
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:Color history
1883:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:(Schopenhauer)
1761:
1756:
1753:Color analysis
1750:
1748:Color triangle
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1554:Color printing
1551:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:Kruithof curve
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1361:Sonochromatism
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1273:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1192:
1185:
1167:
1140:
1129:(4): 225–229.
1110:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1056:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1018:
996:
991:(a mixture of
977:
956:
950:
947:
944:
943:
941:
939:
935:
934:
931:
929:
927:
923:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
893:
889:
888:
885:
881:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
865:
864:
861:
857:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
841:
840:
837:
832:
828:
827:
824:
819:
814:
810:
809:
806:
801:
797:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
780:
775:
771:
770:
767:
762:
757:
752:
748:
747:
744:
739:
734:
730:
729:
726:
722:
721:
718:
713:
709:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
692:
688:
687:
684:
679:
675:
674:
671:
667:
666:
663:
658:
653:
648:
644:
643:
640:
635:
630:
626:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
602:
601:
598:
593:
588:
584:
583:
580:
575:
571:
570:
567:
562:
557:
553:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
537:
536:
533:
529:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
493:
492:
482:
477:
474:
464:
454:
370:
367:
355:
352:
282:primary colors
271:spectral locus
219:
212:
209:
167:with a single
153:spectral color
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2294:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:organizations
1994:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:Pastel colors
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Primary color
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Light-on-dark
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
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165:spectral line
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133:decomposition
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101:December 2009
93:
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1971:Fluorescence
1934:Colorfulness
1927:Dichromatism
1771:
1763:
1733:Chromaticity
1716:Color mixing
1708:Color theory
1641:Color scheme
1504:Chromophobia
1453:
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716:Yellow-Green
715:
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514:
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504:
499:
480:CRC Handbook
433:
416:
400:
384:Isaac Newton
381:
374:
372:
363:color vision
357:
336:color models
333:
314:
279:
270:
247:color spaces
244:
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136:
107:
98:
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67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2108:Color chart
1966:Iridescence
1798:Basic terms
1789:Color terms
1743:Color wheel
1738:Color solid
1602:Color space
1588:subtractive
1571:Color model
1442:Unique hues
1338:Colorimetry
1304:Chromophore
1156:(11): 627.
1048:HSL and HSV
436:color terms
376:color terms
360:dichromatic
290:color wheel
251:dimensional
2128:Shades of:
1961:Brightness
1693:Web colors
1649:Color tool
1632:philosophy
1537:Color cast
1437:Afterimage
1427:Metamerism
1400:Color code
1395:Color task
1378:Dichromacy
1084:References
638:Blue-Green
407:blue-green
396:Roy G. Biv
317:scientific
169:wavelength
71:newspapers
1978:Grayscale
1951:Lightness
1946:Luminance
1755:(fashion)
1455:The dress
1009:(such as
962:Grayscale
476:Malacara
325:Rec. 2020
255:luminance
173:frequency
2276:Category
2251:Category
2233:Lighting
1956:Darkness
1776:(Goethe)
1576:additive
1564:Quattron
467:ISCC-NBS
421:ISCC-NBS
412:ISCC-NBS
392:mnemonic
388:Newton's
286:distance
2215:Related
2176:Magenta
2101:history
2005:Pantone
1292:Visible
1287:Rainbow
1011:magenta
985:reddish
417:average
321:Pantone
259:surface
197:rainbow
179:in the
129:rainbow
85:scholar
2228:Qualia
2223:Vision
2171:Purple
2166:Violet
2146:Yellow
2141:Orange
1836:Orange
1831:Purple
1821:Yellow
1255:topics
1208:
1183:
1074:cones'
999:Violet
993:orange
972:, and
783:Orange
778:Orange
765:Orange
760:Yellow
755:Orange
742:Yellow
737:Yellow
695:Yellow
560:Indigo
515:Violet
510:Violet
505:Violet
500:Violet
457:Newton
438:. The
405:and a
348:purity
340:CIELUV
275:CIEXYZ
189:lasers
187:(e.g.
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2282:Color
2261:Index
2201:Black
2191:White
2186:Brown
2151:Green
2053:Lists
2045:Names
2027:(CIE)
1996:Color
1856:Brown
1851:White
1841:Black
1811:Green
1630:Color
1326:Water
1282:Light
1253:Color
1101:(PDF)
1052:gamut
1034:Notes
989:brown
974:black
966:white
720:104°
707:113°
699:117°
686:122°
682:Green
673:126°
665:143°
661:Green
651:Green
642:190°
633:Green
624:226°
616:238°
608:242°
600:245°
582:247°
569:249°
551:249°
543:249°
535:250°
527:250°
519:250°
267:curve
235:white
177:light
157:color
155:is a
131:is a
92:JSTOR
78:books
2196:Gray
2181:Pink
2161:Blue
2156:Cyan
1846:Gray
1826:Pink
1806:Blue
1593:CMYK
1206:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1046:The
1015:rose
1013:and
981:pink
970:gray
938:750
926:740
918:730
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892:700
884:690
876:680
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844:640
831:630
813:620
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792:600
787:14°
774:590
769:28°
751:580
746:62°
733:570
728:93°
725:560
712:550
704:540
691:530
678:520
670:510
656:Cyan
647:500
629:490
621:480
613:470
605:460
596:Blue
591:Blue
587:450
578:Blue
574:440
565:Blue
556:430
548:420
540:410
532:400
524:390
496:380
228:the
203:(or
64:news
2136:Red
1922:Hue
1816:Red
1581:RGB
1158:doi
1131:doi
1003:red
955:not
933:0°
921:0°
913:0°
905:0°
897:0°
887:0°
879:0°
871:0°
863:1°
855:1°
847:1°
839:2°
835:Red
826:3°
822:Red
817:Red
808:5°
804:Red
795:7°
485:Hue
440:hue
425:hue
398:".
358:In
334:In
308:or
294:hue
245:In
175:of
171:or
137:all
47:by
2278::
1154:33
1152:.
1127:10
1125:.
1113:^
1103:.
968:,
452:nm
350:.
312:.
310:UV
306:IR
199:.
151:A
127:A
1245:e
1238:t
1231:v
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976:.
489:*
471:*
461:*
241:.
114:)
108:(
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99:(
89:·
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41:.
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