2734: Terry Hassold, who got his PhD in human genetics, explains that students with Down syndrome have delays with cognitive ability. Their brains have a late reaction when their neurological system sends a message for any task. Because of this late reaction, they tend to take longer to complete a task than an average student. Assistive technology is crucial in helping students with Down syndrome with their writing ability. Children with Down syndrome tend to have shorter fingers and a lowered thumb making their ability to write more difficult. Also, some of the usual wrist bones are not formed, making it difficult to hold objects. Slanted desks are one type of assisted technology that can aid in the successful ability to write. A three-ring binder can be used to create a slanted desk by turning the binder sideways. Also, students with Down syndrome often try to hold their pencils by anchoring them against the thumb rather than using the tip of their thumb. Shortened pencils or triangular-shaped pencils encourage students to hold them correctly. Using any of these assistive technologies can help students with Down syndrome during their educational process.
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to these services are excluded from education and unable to attend school. Due to the need of certain services and facilities, the estimated cost of providing education for a disabled child is 2.3 times higher than a child without disabilities. Given the poverty levels in a variety of developing countries, the education of children with disabilities does not become a priority. Children with physical disabilities are less likely to attend school in comparison with students who do not have a disability and children with an intellectual ability are even less likely than children with physical disabilities. In the Global South, 90% of children with some form of disability do not receive any form of structured education. While current initiatives toward inclusive education internationally have been implemented, such as the
Education for All program, some countries in the Global South still challenge the lack of ability to provide children with disabilities access to education due to issues such as lack of resources and schools being overcrowded.
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are determined on the basis of the student's needs. Accommodations and modifications to the regular program may include changes in the curriculum, supplementary aids or equipment, and the provision of specialized physical adaptations that allow students to participate in the educational environment as much as possible. Students may need this help to access subject matter, physically gain access to the school, or meet their emotional needs. For example, if the assessment determines that the student cannot write by hand because of a physical disability, then the school might provide a computer for typing assignments, or allow the student to answer questions verbally instead. If the school determines that the student is severely distracted by the normal activities in a large, busy classroom, then the student might be placed in a smaller classroom such as a separate classroom or
1148:: In this setting, disabled students are placed in a general education classroom to learn along with their disabled peers and non-disabled peers. A general education teacher and a special education teacher work as partners in instruction. Types of co-teaching include "one teaching/one helping" in which one teacher instructs while the other circulates around the class to evaluate and offer help, "parallel teaching" in which both teachers teach the same content to two groups of students of equal size, "station teaching" in which both teachers present differing content to different groups of students simultaneously and students rotate through each station, "alternative teaching" in which one teacher works with a smaller group or individual students while the other works with the rest of the class, and "team teaching" in which both teachers plan and teach a lesson together.
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education was felt in different educational policies of
Pakistan in different times. At the first time, in its report, the Commission on National Education (1959) highlighted the importance of special education. After that the Education Policy (1972) and the National Policy and Implementation Programme (1979) gave some importance to this sector. The same was also reflected in different medium-term (five-year) plans. This was felt more seriously when the Directorate General of Special Education, Islamabad formulated a draft National Policy for Special Education in 1986 and revised it in 1988 to bring it in line with the emerging needs of the disabled population. After that a special education policy was launched in 1999. The Government of Pakistan has launched a new National Policy for Persons with Disabilities in 2002, which is dynamically being implemented.
1666:(IDEA)) approximately 2 million children with special needs were not receiving sufficient public education. Of those that were within the academic system, many were reduced to lower standards of teaching, isolated conditions, or even removal from school buildings altogether and relocated out of peer circulation. The passing of this bill effectively changed the lives of millions of special needs students, ensuring that they have free access to quality public education facilities and services. And while there are those that benefit from the turning of this academic tide, there are still many students (most of which are minorities with disabilities) that find themselves in times of learning hardship due to the unbalanced distribution of special education funding.
1048:(IDEA) is a federal law that requires every school system to provide a free and appropriate public education for every child, ages 3 to 22, regardless of how or how seriously that child may be disabled. To ensure that this federal law is obeyed, the government requires every school system provide this type of education to each student in order to receive federal funding. This changed a little in 2004 when the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) decided to update the law. After the law was updated into the Disabilities Education Improvement Act, the ability to identify special needs children and give them the appropriate education environment was improved.
1681:. Students who both are special education students and of a minority face unequal chances for quality education to meet their personal needs. Special education referrals are, in most cases in the hands of the general education teacher, this is subjective and because of differences, disabilities can be overlooked or unrecognized. Poorly trained teachers at minority schools, poor school relationships, and poor parent-to-teacher relationships play a role in this inequality. With these factors, minority students are at a disadvantage because they are not given the appropriate resources that would in turn benefit their educational needs.
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amount of money spent on one special needs child is enough to cover a large group of general education students, and sometimes even causes several students to experience budget cuts on general programs to support one child. The evidence for special education not having enough money is the lack of teachers, burnt-out teachers and a limited variety of teaching tools for each student. The argument to spend the money differently states that there is a lot of money set aside, but that it is being wasted by spending too much time on paperwork, inefficient IEP meetings or spending money on things that do not actually benefit the child.
2320:. The general objective for Statped is to give guidance and support to those in charge of the education in municipalities and county administrations to ensure that children, young people and adults with major and special educational needs are secured well-advised educational and developmental provisions. The institutions affiliated with Statped offer a broad spectrum of services. Statped consists of 13 resource centres owned by the state, and four units for special education, where Statped buys services. These centres offer special educational guidance and support for local authorities and county administrations.
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1488:, counseling services, music therapy, including rehabilitation counseling, orientation and mobility services, medical services as defined by regulations, parent counseling and training, school health services, school social work, assistive technology, other appropriate developmental or corrective support services, appropriate access to recreation and other support services. In some countries, most related services are provided by the schools; in others, they are provided by the normal healthcare and social services systems.
990:. Although the discrepancy model has dominated the school system for many years, there has been substantial criticism of this approach (e.g., Aaron, 1995, Flanagan and Mascolo, 2005) among researchers. One reason for criticism is that diagnosing SLDs on the basis of the discrepancy between achievement and IQ does not predict the effectiveness of treatment. Low academic achievers who also have low IQ appear to benefit from treatment just as much as low academic achievers who have normal or high intelligence.
1245:, which is a separate classroom dedicated solely to the education of students with special needs within a larger school that also provides general education. This classroom is typically staffed by a specially trained teacher, who provides specific, individualized instruction to individuals and small groups of students with special needs. Separate classrooms, because they are located in a general education school, may have students who remain in the separate classroom full-time, or students who are
1334:, school districts in the United States began to slowly integrate students with moderate and severe special needs into regular school systems. This changed the form and function of special education services in many school districts and special schools subsequently saw a steady decrease in enrollment as districts weighed the cost per student. It also posed general funding dilemmas to certain local schools and districts, changed how schools view assessments, and formally introduced the concept of
1566:, is debated. While many severely disabled children can learn simple tasks, such as pushing a buzzer when they want attention, some children may be incapable of learning. Some parents and advocates say that these children would be better served by substituting improved physical care for any academic program. In other cases, they question whether teaching such non-academic subjects, such as pushing a buzzer, is properly the job of the school system, rather than the health care system.
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2552:. The purposes of the plan were to create a national diagnosis of special education and to initiate programs for individuals with disabilities. In 1994, the Ministry of education put the first law into action to introduce special classes in public schools that include disabled students, called Law 115. In 2011, Colombia entered into the Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities, an agreement among the United Nations Education Scientific and Culture Organization (
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1222:. However, there will always be some children, whose learning needs cannot be appropriately met in a regular classroom setting and will require specialized education and resources to provide the level of support they require. An example of a disability that may require a student to attend a special school is intellectual disability. However, this practice is often frowned upon by school districts in the US in the light of the
2707:"visual scene displays" that are most helpful for children who are having difficulty with verbal skills, according to Jules Csillag, a speech–language pathologist who focuses on special ed tech. Apps such as SceneSpeak and Speech with Milo help autistic children develop storytelling skills with text-to-speech voice and interactive storybooks. Using apps like these in a classroom can improve autistic student's verbal skills.
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1095:. Specialized services may be provided inside or outside the regular classroom, depending on the type of service. Students may occasionally leave the regular classroom to attend smaller, more intensive instructional sessions in a separate classroom, resource room, or to receive other related services that might require specialised equipment or might be disruptive to the rest of the class, such as
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number of children meeting diagnostic criteria for learning disabilities. He has also suggested that the focus on learning disabilities and the provision of accommodations in school fails to acknowledge that people have a range of strengths and weaknesses and places undue emphasis on academics by insisting that students should be supported in this area and not in music or sports.
1463:, treats an occasional, unexpected episode of illness or incapacity caused by a disability similar to an equivalent episode of an unexpected viral infection. These students or their families should inform the teachers of the problem and turn in the missed work soon after the student is well enough to return to school (typically, one to three days after the return to class).
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disability had never been to school in 2006, but 19% of those at risk of having a hearing impairment and 51% of those who were at higher risk of mental disability had never been to school. In
Thailand, almost all 6- to 9-year-olds who had no disability had been to school in 2005–2006, and yet 34% of those with walking or moving impairments had never been to school.
2223:(school for children with severe and multiple disabilities): for children with severe and multiple disabilities who need very special care and attention. Sometimes these children are only susceptible for very basic emotional and sensory stimulation. Thus teachers at these school (as well as at schools for the deafblind) are highly specialized professionals.
1161:: Each child must have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) that distinguishes their particular needs. The child must get the services that are designed for them. These services will allow them to reach their annual goals which will be assessed at the end of each term along with short-term goals that will be assessed every few months.
1167:: A lot of research has been done regarding disabled students and the best way to teach them. Testing, IQs, interviews, the discrepancy model, etc. should all be used to determine where to place the child. Once that is determined, the next step is the best way for the child to learn. There are a number of different programs such as the
978:. The discrepancy model depends on the teacher noticing that the students' achievements are noticeably below what is expected, at which point the teacher may make the decision for the student to receive support from a special education specialist. Before doing so, the teacher must show documentation of low academic achievement. The
1327:(IDEIA) have come into fruition. School integration was supported as early as the 1970s, and teacher preparation programs in higher education have carefully taught and instructed graduates on inclusion at the classroom, individual, school, and district levels for decades resulting in dual certification of "regular teachers".
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1559:, while the student and his parents believe that the condition is adequately managed through medication and outside therapy. In other cases, students whose parents believe they require the additional support of special education services are denied participation in the program based on the eligibility criteria.
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exclusively in a separate classroom for students with various disabilities. If their special class is located in an ordinary school, they may be provided opportunities for social integration outside the classroom, such as by eating meals with non-disabled students. Alternatively, these students may attend a
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The history of special education in
Colombia can be categorized into three time periods: the period of neglect, the period of diagnosis and planning, and the emergence of special education. The period of planning ran from the years 1978 to the year 1990. The Ministry of Colombia in 1995 implemented a
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students with special needs are entitled to facilities and support that cater to their individual needs, they should not be automatically isolated from their peers or from the benefits of general education. However, according to
Fierros and Conroy, once minority children such as African Americans and
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There is a financial debate that covers the use and allotment of special education government funding. The three views on this topic are that too much money is already spent, not enough money is being spent, or that the money that is given is not spent properly. The argument for the first is that the
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Another issue would be budget cuts. Cuts can affect special education students who don't have access to proper equipment or education. The
National Coalition for Personal Shortages did a survey and almost 100% of the teachers said that they are not able to give the proper rights to disabled children.
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The practice of inclusion (in mainstream classrooms) has been criticized by advocates and some parents of children with special needs because some of these students require instructional methods that differ dramatically from typical classroom methods. Critics assert that it is not possible to deliver
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In addition to how the student is taught the academic curriculum, schools may provide non-academic services to the student. These are intended ultimately to increase the student's personal and academic abilities. Related services include developmental, corrective, and other supportive services as are
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proceeded in the US beginning in the 1970s following the exposes of the institutions, and it has taken sometime before the
Education for All Handicapped Children's Act of 1974, to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and then Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act
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Such attention to the downtrodden conditions of people with disabilities brought resulted in reforms in Europe including the re-evaluation of special schools. In the United States reform came more slowly. Throughout the mid half of the 20th century, special schools, termed institutions, were not only
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ensures students with disabilities always have opportunities to participate in extracurricular athletics equal to other students. Special education students can benefit from sports in many ways. For example, studies show it boosts self confidence and improves the participant's skills in relationship
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According to the 1993 Act on Public
Education, students with special educational needs may be exempted from standardized tests or given modified tests. They have a right to extra time, a choice of formats for the tests (e.g., oral rather than written), and any equipment that they normally use during
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are resource rooms that students with milder difficulties use part-time for specialized instruction individually in small groups. These students spend the rest of the day in the mainstream classroom. Some students with special needs are fully included in the mainstream classroom, with accommodations
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The
Federal Ministry of Education constituted a committee to develop exclusively the first broad -based National Policy on Special Needs Education (SNE) in Nigeria. The constitution of the drafting committee with the mandate to formulate a national policy on special-needs education gave birth to the
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Disabled children are often denied their right to education. However, little is known about their school attendance patterns. The collection of data on children with disabilities is not straightforward, but data are vital to ensure that policies are in place to address the constraints these children
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Scheduling accommodations: Students may be given rest breaks or extended time on tests (may be considered a modification, if speed is a factor in the test). Use a timer to help with time management. Students with a disability that can flare up unexpectedly may be allowed to turn in an assignment or
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A special school is a school catering for students who have special educational needs due to learning difficulties, physical disabilities, or behavioral problems. Special schools may be specifically designed, staffed and resourced to provide appropriate special education for children with additional
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identified as needing special education services. Poor, black and Latino urban schools are more likely to have limited resources and to employ inexperienced teachers that do not cope well with student behavior problems, "thereby increasing the number of students they referred to special education."
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Before 1978, little action was taken to educate disabled children in
Colombia. Children would be left home without much interaction with the outside world. In 1985, special education was researched across the country and education programs were created. After 1990, disabled people were given access
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Disabled children require access to services that can support them throughout their time in school, such as more individual attention from instructors. According to the United Nations Centre for Human Rights, about 2% of children with disabilities have access to these services. Those without access
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In this approach, students with special needs spend all, or most of the school day with students who do not have special needs. Due to the fact that inclusion can require substantial modification of the general curriculum, most schools use it only for selected students with mild to moderate special
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The education offered by the school must be appropriate to the student's individual needs. Schools are not required to maximize the student's potential or to provide the best possible services. Unlike most of the developed world, American schools are also required to provide many medical services,
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The most recent development of special education in Colombia was Article 11 of Law 1618, which was passed in 2013. The law states that "the Ministry of Education will define the policy and regulate the scheme of education for persons with special educational needs, promoting educational access and
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Poor people and refugees are more likely to have limited resources and to employ inexperienced teachers that do not cope well with student behavior problems, "thereby increasing the number of students they referred to special education." Teacher efficacy, tolerance, gender, and years of experience
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The education offered by the school must be appropriate to the student's individual needs. Schools are not required to maximize the student's potential or to provide the best possible services. Unlike most of the developed world, American schools are also required to provide many medical services,
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By one estimate, 93 million children under age 14, or 5.1% of the world's children, were living with a 'moderate or severe disability' in 2004. According to the World Health Survey, in 14 of 15 low and middle income countries, disabled people of working age were about one-third less likely to have
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Parents of students with a learning disability must be aware of what type of disability their child has, so they can get access to accommodations such as speech therapy, occupational therapy and adaptive physical education. For example, if a student takes an academic test and it indicates that the
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Students with all forms of special needs are assessed to determine their specific strengths and weaknesses. The earlier these students with special needs are assessed, the faster they get the accommodations that they need, and the better it is for their education. Placement, resources, and goals
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Autism is a disability that impairs the social interactions and communication skills of a person. People who are autistic tend to think and act differently from others. Many autistic children find themselves comfortable with a device in their hands. For students with autism, there are apps called
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According to the 11 February 2005 Law, all children have the right to be enrolled in their neighborhood school, although children may be placed in medico-social institutions if their personalized plan calls for it. Each student's personalized school plan describes teaching methods, psychological,
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changes or adapts the material to make it simpler. Modifications may change what is learned, how difficult the material is, what level of mastery the student is expected to achieve, whether or how the student is assessed, or any other aspect of the curriculum. For example, the school may modify a
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is a reasonable adjustment to teaching practices so that the student learns the same material, but in a format that is more accessible to the student. Accommodations may be classified by whether they change the presentation, response, setting, or scheduling of lessons. For example, the school may
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Training of disabled students, particularly at the upper-secondary level, emphasizes vocational education to enable students to be as independent as possible within society. Vocational training varies considerably depending on the student's disability, but the options are limited for some. It is
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At-risk students (those with educational needs that are not associated with a disability) are often placed in classes with disabled students. Critics assert that placing at-risk students in the same classes as disabled students may impede the educational progress of disabled people. Some special
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A special education program should be customized to address each student's needs. Special educators provide a continuum of services, in which students with various disabilities receive multiple degrees of support based on their individual needs. It is crucial for special education programs to be
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refers to a special educational needs coordinator, who usually works with schools and the children within schools who have special educational needs. The Special Educational Needs Parent Partnership Services help parents with the planning and delivery of their child's educational provision. The
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Students whose disabilities have been certified may be exempted from some standardized tests or given alternative tests. Accommodations are responsive to students' needs; for example, students with visual impairments may take oral tests, and students with hearing impairments take written tests.
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Some parents, advocates, and students have concerns about the eligibility criteria and their application. In some cases, parents and students protest the students' placement into special education programs. For example, a student may be placed into the special education programs due to a mental
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Segregation in a separate classroom or special school for students with special needs: In this model, students with special needs do not attend classes with non-disabled students. Segregated students may attend the same school where regular classes are provided, but spend all instructional time
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program. The response of the children to this intervention then determines whether they are designated as having a learning disability. Those few who still have trouble may then receive designation and further assistance. Sternberg (1999) has argued that early remediation can greatly reduce the
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It has been shown that children with a higher risk of disability are far more likely to be denied a chance to go to school. In Bangladesh, Bhutan and Iraq, children with mental impairments were most likely to be denied this right. In Iraq, for instance, 10% of 6- to 9-year-olds with no risk of
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For major exams, Canadian schools commonly use accommodations, such as specially printed examinations for visually impaired students, when assessing the achievements of students with special needs. In other instances, disabled students may receive alternative assessments or modifications that
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After independence (1947), Pakistan had to face some serious challenges, due to which no proper emphasis was given to special education and even education. Among other reasons, lack of resources, financial as well as human, was the major one in this context. The need and importance of special
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Linked to this, there is debate about the extent to which disabled students, whether in mainstream or special settings, should have a specific pedagogy, based on the scientific study of particular diagnostic categories, or whether general instructional techniques are relevant to all students
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With respect to standardized tests, special consideration procedures are in place in all states for disabled students. Students must provide documentation. Not all desired forms of accommodations are available. For example, students who cannot read, even if the inability to read is due to a
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Schools are required to provide services and resources to students with special educational needs so that they make progress and participate in school. If the local school is unable to provide appropriately for an individual student, then the student may be transferred to a special school.
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One in 21 German students attends a special school. Teachers at those schools are specially trained professionals who have specialized in special needs education while in university. Special schools often have a very favorable student-teacher ratio and facilities other schools do not have.
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Disabled students who want accommodations on national exams must provide appropriate documentation to prove that they are disabled. Accommodations, but not modifications (e.g., simpler questions) are normally approved if they are similar to the accommodations already being used in everyday
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refers to the practice of educating students with special needs in classes with non-disabled students during specific time periods based on their skills. Students with special needs are segregated in separate classrooms exclusively for students with special needs for the rest of the school
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A 2021 study that examined the impact of a sharp reduction in the provision of special education services in Texas found that this policy change substantially reduced the high school completion rates and college enrollment rates of the students who were denied access to special education.
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Correa-Montoya, Lucas and Castro-Martínez, Marta Catalina. (2016). Disability and Social inclusion in Colombia. Saldarria- ga-Concha Foundation Alternative Report to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Saldarriaga-Concha Foun- dation Press. Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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Special schools provide individualized education, addressing specific needs. Student to teacher ratios are kept low, often 6:1 or lower depending upon the needs of the children. Special schools will also have other facilities for children with special needs, such as soft play areas,
1708:, in their study of district-level data regarding the issue of minority over-representation, have suggested that many states may be mistaken with their current projections and that disturbing minority-based trends may be hidden within the numbers. According to the Individuals with
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to public school classes. Awareness and recognition of this group's educational rights led to an increase in advocacy for accessibility for disabled children. While there have been improvements, development of special education programs and special education policy is still slow.
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Skipping subjects: Students may be taught less information than typical students, skipping over material that the school deems inappropriate for the student's abilities or less important than other subjects. For example, students with poor fine motor skills may be taught to print
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1080:, schools use different approaches to providing special education services to students. These approaches can be broadly grouped into four categories, according to how much contact the student with special needs has with non-disabled students (using North American terminology):
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places an obligation on education authorities to meet the needs of all students in consultation with other agencies and parents. In Scotland the term Special Educational Needs (SEN), and its variants are not official terminology although the very recent implementation of the
2642:, approximately 6 million children (roughly 10 percent of all school-aged children) currently receive some type of special education services. As with most countries in the world, students who are poor, ethnic minorities, or do not speak the dominant language fluently are
784:. This involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, and accessible settings. These interventions are designed to help individuals with special needs achieve a higher level of personal
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Australian Association of Special Education Inc (AASE)'s position is informed by the Disability Standards for Education 2005 which require that disabled students are treated on the same basis as other students in regards to enrollment and participation in education.
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clear that the government is aware of the necessity of broadening the range of possibilities for these students. Advancement to higher education is also a goal of the government, and it struggles to have institutions of higher learning accept more disabled students.
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tests. If the student receives modifications to the school-leaving exams, this is noted on the certificate of achievement. If they are not following the national core curriculum, then they are tested according to the goals of their individual educational program.
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Some sports even have their own organizations. For example, in baseball athletes can participate in the Miracle League or Little League Challenger Division. Another organization that soccer athletes can participate in US Youth Soccer TOPSoccer or Just for Kicks.
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Special schools are reserved for students with severe disabilities who cannot be accommodated in their local school. They do not use the same grading or marking systems as mainstream schools, but instead assess students according to their individualized plans.
3372:"Special Education Inclusion | Special Education | Resource Pages on Issues | Issues & Advocacy | WEAC | Special Education | Resource Pages on Issues | Issues & Advocacy | Wisconsin Education Association Council"
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Parents of typically developing children sometimes fear that the special needs of a single "fully included" student will take critical levels of attention and energy away from the rest of the class and thereby impair the academic achievements of all students.
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On national tests, the National Examination Center normally grants most requests for accommodations that are supported by the local school's examination committee. Legislation opposes the use of modifications that would be unfair to non-disabled students.
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In the discrepancy model, a student receives special education services for a specific learning difficulty (SLD) if the student has at least normal intelligence and the student's academic achievement is below what is expected of a student with his or her
1181:: While the IEP goals may be assessed every few months to a year, constant informal assessments must take place. These assessments will guide instruction for the teacher. The teacher will be able to determine if the material is too difficult or too easy.
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rather than reading printed books. These may be used as substitutes for the text, or as supplements intended to improve the students' reading fluency and phonetic skills. Similar options include designating a person to read to the student, or providing
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that is appropriate to the student's needs. Government-run schools provide special education in varying degrees from the least restrictive settings, such as full inclusion, to the most restrictive settings, such as segregation in a special school.
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in certain general education classes. An alternative to the separate classroom full-time for a student would be a one-to-one aide in the general education setting. In the United States, a one-on-one aide for a student with a disability is called a
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disability, cannot have the exam read to them, because the exam results should accurately show that the student is unable to read. Reports on matriculation exams do not mention whether the student received any accommodations in taking the test.
2784:, which tailors sports for students with certain disabilities. Organizations like S.T.R.I.D.E. Adaptive Sports help educational institutions in providing opportunities for special education student athletes. Some of these sports might include
1854:, 'close friends') class group in addition to the six grades, where students who struggle to adapt to mainstream classrooms are gathered and given life skills as well as completing their studies at a more adaptable pace. This is different to
1698:, African-American children are 2.88 times more likely to be labeled as "mentally retarded", and 1.92 times more likely to be labeled as emotionally disturbed than Caucasian children. This information was calculated by data gathered from the
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Turnbull, H. R., Beegle, R. & Stowe, M.J. (2007). Public policy and developmental disabilities: A 35-year retrospective and a 5-year prospective on the core concepts in disability. In: S. Odom, R.H. Horner, M.E. Snell, & J. Blacher,
2703:, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), refers to a range of conditions. These conditions involve challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication. They also involve unique strengths and differences.
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effectively two or more very different instructional methods in the same classroom. As a result, the educational progress of students who depend on different instructional methods to learn often fall even further behind their peers.
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schoolwork, with the goal of maintaining the exam's integrity while not having students unfairly disadvantaged by factors that are unrelated to what is being tested. The accommodations are listed on the Primary School Leaving Exam.
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can be designed for any students, with or without special needs; the defining trait is simply that they have reached a point of unpreparedness, regardless of why. For example, if a person's education was disrupted, for example, by
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is a difference in learning and can also benefit from specialized teaching techniques or different educational programs, but the term "special education" is generally used to specifically indicate instruction of disabled students.
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The alternative approach, response to intervention, identifies children who are having difficulties in school in their first or second year after starting school. They then receive additional assistance such as participating in a
2676:, which challenged the segregation of students with special needs. Courts ruled that unnecessary and inappropriate segregation of disabled students was unconstitutional. Congress responded to these court rulings with the federal
1502:, also is taught throughout the US university sector in schools of education. Advanced instruction is based upon community-referenced instruction, and alignment with transition to adulthood and progressive community practices.
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services, and typically with "transition to adulthood" in which multi-decade recommendations for better coordination between the school and the community service sectors have been made at the federal and university levels.
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On the system of special education in the former Soviet Union, see Barbara A. Anderson, Brian D. Silver, and Victoria A. Velkoff, "Education of the Handicapped in the USSR: Exploration of the Statistical Picture",
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Schools must take students' special education needs into account when assessing their achievements. Disabled students are normally included in their neighborhood school, although may be placed in special schools.
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927:. The IDEA law provides free appropriate education with services to individuals with disabilities. Such exclusion still affects about 23 million disabled children worldwide, particularly in poor, rural areas of
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All developed countries permit or require some degree of accommodation for students with special needs, and special provisions are usually made in examinations which take place at the end of formal schooling.
847:) and other disabilities. Disabled students are likely to benefit from additional educational services such as different approaches to teaching, the use of technology, a specifically adapted teaching area, a
5314:"Inclusive Education in the global South? A Colombian perspective: 'When you look towards the past, you see children with disabilities, and if you look towards the future, what you see is diverse learners.'"
2666:
2500:
Most students have an individual educational plan, but students may have a group plan in addition to, or instead of, an individual plan. Group plans are used when a group of students all have similar goals.
2630:
provide special education in varying degrees from the least restrictive settings, such as full inclusion, to the most restrictive settings, such as receiving special education services at home or hospital.
4062:
2542:, representing 6.3% of the country's population. According to 2010 research 90% of disabled students in Colombia did not attend a mainstream school, and only 26% of them are able to attend school at all.
2384:
Education is controlled by the 26 cantons, and so special education programs vary from place to place. However, integration is typical. Students are assessed according to their individual learning goals.
1041:(IFSP) contains information on the child's present level of development in all areas; outcomes for the child and family; and services the child and family will receive to help them achieve the outcomes.
1410:
Extended time: Students with a slower processing speed may benefit from extended time for assignments and/or tests in order to have more time to comprehend questions, recall information, and synthesize
1132:. It may also occur when a student is in hospital, housebound, or detained by the criminal justice system. These students may receive one-on-one instruction or group instruction. Students who have been
1034:"The IEP is meant to address each child’s unique learning issues and include specific educational goals. It is a legally binding document . The school must provide everything it promises in the IEP."
8653:
7842:
2448:
As with most countries in the world, students who are poor, ethnic minorities, or do not speak the dominant language fluently are disproportionately identified as needing special education services.
8480:
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3295:
2059:
Outside of the school system, children may also attend different types of medico-social institutions run by private organizations or charities paid for by the healthcare system. These include:
1733:
National Situation Analysis Report. This implies that the status has changed to a national policy on special education in 2015 (an expanded version), thereby widening its scope and activities.
1691:". At that time national averages of Caucasians labeled with the same moniker came in at 0.75%. During this period no Individual state rose over 2.32% of Caucasian students with special needs.
5076:
2680:
in 1975 (since renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)). This law required schools to provide services to students previously denied access to an appropriate education.
2560:
quality under a system based on inclusion in the educational services". The Colombian government has also made financial strides into special education, investing over $ 12.3 million in 2015.
3405:
1713:
Latinos are labeled as students with special needs they are far less likely than Caucasians to be placed in settings of inclusive learning and often receive less desirable treatment overall.
9036:
5421:
Blanchett, Wanda J. (1 July 2009). "A Retrospective Examination of Urban Education: From Brown to the Resegregation of African Americans in Special Education—It Is Time to 'Go for Broke'".
943:
Some children are easily identified as candidates for special needs due to their medical history. For example, they may have been diagnosed with a genetic condition that is associated with
2880:
1397:
Simplified assignments: Students may read the same literature as their peers but have a simpler version, such as Shakespeare with both the original text and a modern paraphrase available.
3728:
2293:
As a general rule, students with special educational needs are integrated into their regular, mainstream schools with appropriate support, under the "Going to School Together" policy (
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8470:
7448:
4897:
1265:
Seclusion is the practice of involuntarily locking a student in a isolated room, utility closet or office alone without the ability to leave until school staff allows. The use of a
1060:
student struggles with reading comprehension, parents can request speech and language support or classroom accommodations, such as extra time to complete reading and writing tasks.
5687:
5455:
Tejeda-Delgado, M. (2009). Teacher efficacy, tolerance, gender, and years of experience and special education referrals. International Journal of Special Education, 24(1), 112–119.
3786:
1569:
Another large issue is the lack of resources enabling individuals with special needs to receive an education in the developing world. As a consequence, 98 percent of children with
909:
presented without special teaching methods or supports. Sometimes special education classrooms and general special education classrooms mix. This is called an inclusive classroom.
8703:
8648:
2592:
Education in Canada is the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. As such, rules vary somewhat from place to place. However, inclusion is the dominant model.
2064:
1772:
923:
In the past, most students with special needs have been excluded from school. On November 19, 1975, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was passed by President
4292:
1957:. Both special schools and integration into mainstream schools are options for students with special educational needs, but most disabled students are placed in special schools.
8643:
7837:
7491:
2921:
2510:
1495:, behavioral challenges, or are autistic may learn self-management techniques, be kept closely on a comfortingly predictable schedule, or given extra cues to signal activities.
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3158:
8582:
8683:
8490:
4691:
Parnes, Penny; Cameron, Debra; Christie, Nancy; Cockburn, Lynn; Hashemi, Goli; Yoshida, Karen (January 2009). "Disability in low-income countries: Issues and implications".
2308:
A strong emphasis is placed on the specific needs and positive capabilities of the individual, rather than on limitations. Disabilities are normally documented by experts.
8678:
8658:
8485:
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2484:) denotes the condition of having special educational needs, the services which provide the support and the programmes and staff which implement the education. In England
2372:) for students with low abilities to attend normal education. In 2012 and 2013, the media criticized how students with disabilities that are considered more mild, such as
8495:
8189:
5751:
2714:. It is now believed that there is no single cause of autism. Research seems to suggest that autism is normally the result of both genetic and environmental influences.
1705:
418:
5130:
4078:
3462:
Affleck, James Q.; Madge, Sally; Adams, Abby; Lowenbraun, Sheila (1 January 1988). "Integrated Classroom versus Resource Model: Academic Viability and Effectiveness".
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8455:
1451:
Setting accommodations: Taking a test in a quieter room. Moving the class to a room that is physically accessible, e.g., on the first floor of a building or near an
8440:
7478:
1168:
9052:
8237:
8169:
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890:, educators modify teaching methods and environments so that the maximum number of students are served in general education environments. Integration can reduce
5528:
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1376:
reading assignment for a student with reading difficulties by substituting a shorter, easier book. A student may receive both accommodations and modifications.
1348:
The student can be taught in either a classroom or outside environment. Both environments can be interactive for the student to engage better with the subject.
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7474:
7465:
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and Unified Sports, the latter which pairs participants with and without intellectual disabilities on the same team. Educational institutions can also promote
4418:
VanDerHeyden, Amanda M.; Witt, Joseph C.; Naquin, Gale (1 June 2003). "Development and Validation of a Process for Screening Referrals to Special Education".
1613:, 30% of people with disabilities had completed primary school, compared with 48% of those with no disabilities. The corresponding shares were 43% and 57% in
9165:
9062:
5285:
Cuadros, Jose Hermann (May 2005). "The Status of Disability in Colombia and the Importance of Parental Perceptions on the Development of Special Education".
3427:
Smith P (October 2007). O'Brien, John (ed.). "Have we made any progress? Including students with intellectual disabilities in regular education classrooms".
2687:. In the United States, three out of five students with academic learning challenges spend the overwhelming majority of their time in the regular classroom.
1296:
In the 19th century, people with disabilities and the inhumane conditions where they were supposedly housed and educated were addressed in the literature of
4542:
7452:
2672:
1407:, can be provided during tests, to reduce lack of recall and increase chances of comprehension. Students might use a calculator when other students do not.
6038:"A Review of the Empirical Evidence Identifying Effective Interventions and Teaching Practices for Students with Learning Difficulties in Year 4, 5 and 6"
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2445:
According to the Department of Education, approximately 10 percent of all school-aged children currently receive some type of special education services.
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5248:
2273:
As of 2006, disabled students received a significant bonus (eight points) on the university entrance examination, which has been criticized as unfair.
3375:
3287:
1351:
Different instructional techniques are used for some students with special educational needs. Instructional strategies are classified as being either
7192:
3764:
3638:
Bos, C. S. & Vaughn, S. (2005). Strategies for teaching students with learning and behavior problems. (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
2895:
2022:
Schools adapt the national guidelines to the needs of individual students. Students with special educational needs are given an individualized plan.
1763:
China holds the largest system of education in the world and features a state run public school system under the order of the Ministry of Education.
1687:
data shows that in 2000–2001 at least 13 states exhibited more than 2.75% of African-American students enrolled in public schools with the label of "
5051:
858:
under the umbrella of "special education", but this pedagogical approach is different from special education because of the students' capabilities.
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4952:
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Local schools have significant autonomy, based on national guidelines. Schools are expected to help students meet the goals that are set for them.
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1943:
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4164:
2014:
In Denmark, 99% of students with specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia are educated alongside students without any learning challenges.
8537:
3613:
6010:
94:
4901:
4734:
Miles, Susie; Singal, Nidhi (February 2010). "The Education for All and inclusive education debate: conflict, contradiction or opportunity?".
2959:
National Council on Disability. (1994). Inclusionary education for students with special needs: Keeping the promise. Washington, D.C.: Author.
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8505:
8380:
5841:
4484:
4139:
1414:
Students can be offered a flexible setting in which to take tests. These settings can be a new location to provide for minimal distractions.
728:
6127:
2055:): within mainstream schools, students are separated in a special class and given an adapted curriculum according to their specific needs.
8905:
5679:
3790:
3574:
Teachers, Schools and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education with Bind-in Online Learning Center Card with free Student Reader CD-ROM
3549:
Teachers, Schools and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education with Bind-in Online Learning Center Card with free Student Reader CD-ROM
2615:
2538:
Statistics from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) state that there are 2,624,898 disabled people who reside in
1663:
1323:
1227:
1045:
555:
4462:
3629:"Chapter 2, Collaboration and Teaming". EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN: an Introduction to Special Education, by WILLIAM L. HEWARD, PEARSON, 2017.
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Disabled students have a "guaranteed right" to appropriate accommodations on assessments. Schools are generally considered autonomous.
1659:
7337:
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is an annual, world-wide competition held for intellectually children that want to participate in sports. Other organizations include
8688:
8500:
7177:
5710:
3349:
4248:
Greenwood, Charles R. (May 1991). "Longitudinal Analysis of Time, Engagement, and Achievement in At-Risk versus Non-Risk Students".
408:
5867:
5219:"An Exploration of Inclusive Education Policies Aimed at Students with Disabilities vs. the Panorama of EFL Scenarios in Colombia"
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9291:
9155:
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7781:
6029:
Birsh, Judith R., & Wolf, B., eds. (2011). Multisensory Teaching of Basic Language Skills, Third Edition. Baltimore: Brookes.
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2461:
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1424:
Response accommodations: Typing homework assignments rather than hand-writing them (considered a modification if the subject is
211:
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7197:
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2282:
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1562:
Whether it is useful and appropriate to attempt to educate the most severely disabled children, such as children who are in a
183:
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2105:) which are medico-social classrooms within mainstream schools for children with autism from ages 3–6 and 6–12 respectively.
1741:
White papers in 1995 and 2001 discuss special education in the country. Local schools are given some independent authority.
9124:
8014:
5160:
4805:
3647:
Turnbull, Ron (2002). "Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today's Schools (3rd ed.) Merrill Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
519:
4974:
4631:
Eleweke, C. Jonah; Rodda, Michael (April 2002). "The challenge of enhancing inclusive education in developing countries".
1982:
Each country in Europe has its own special education support structures. Thirty-one European countries are covered by the
9367:
8320:
7944:
7801:
6155:
4037:
3196:
2231:
Some special needs children in Germany do not attend a special school, but are educated in a mainstream school such as a
2215:(school for ill children): for children who are too ill to attend school or are hospitalized for a longer period of time.
959:
190:
6032:
Wilmshurst, L., & Brue, A. W. (2010). The complete guide to special education (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
2299:). Four types of disability-specific special schools exist. The national policy is moving towards "suitable education" (
9261:
9160:
9114:
8370:
4835:
4363:
4092:
Thorson, Sue (1 November 1995). "Macbeth in the Resource Room: Students with Learning Disabilities Study Shakespeare".
1899:
1218:
In recent times, places available in special schools are declining as more children with special needs are educated in
808:
595:
164:
56:
31:
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1669:
In 1998 1.5 million minority children were identified with special learning needs in the US, out of that 876,000 were
1444:. Other presentation accommodations may include designating a person to take notes during lectures or using a talking
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8693:
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1111:. They might also leave the regular classroom for services that require privacy, such as counseling sessions with a
788:
and success in school and in their community, which may not be available if the student were only given access to a
8959:
8385:
8280:
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2611:
2418:
1695:
1300:. Dickens characterized people with severe disabilities as having the same, if not more, compassion and insight in
1024:
721:
585:
428:
325:
197:
3824:
McCuen, Scott (February 1997). "Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Mental Retardation in the United States".
3620:(1978). "Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People", London.
2025:
They may be exempted from some parts of school examinations, such as students with hearing impairments not taking
9362:
8898:
8872:
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8253:
8151:
7964:
6451:
6217:
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5396:
4293:"Watering Up the Curriculum for Adolescents with Learning Disabilities, Part I: Goals of the Knowledge Dimension"
2376:, have been placed in special schools, saying that this may seriously hamper their chances on the labour market.
1639:
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17:
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5052:"Institut d'Education Motrice (IEM) : Tous les établissements de type Institut d'Education Motrice (IEM)"
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1860:
in that although all-school activities are regularly held together, the majority of time is spent as a class.
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Just about any sport can be altered for special education purposes. Some of the popular sports are swimming,
2623:
2471:
2430:
1709:
1540:
1473:
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2654:, some researchers began to study the disparity of education amongst people with disabilities. The landmark
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Shorter assignments: Students may do shorter homework assignments or take shorter, more concentrated tests.
1254:. In the United States a part-time alternative that is appropriate for some students is sometimes called a
524:
3878:
Reisberg, Lenny; Wolf, Ron (November 1988). "Instructional Strategies for Special Education Consultants".
3760:
9134:
9109:
8938:
8638:
6642:
6196:
6191:
5811:
5190:
Bines, Hazel; Lei, Philippa (September 2011). "Disability and education: The longest road to inclusion".
4485:
http://www.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_C133AD0AF05E62AC54C2DE8EE1C026DABFAF3000/filename/281_79.pdf
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Students with special educational needs may be exempted from standardized tests or given modified tests.
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872:
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539:
534:
291:
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Mainstream school: either with a one-on-one or mutalized aid, and/or with material or technical support.
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9195:
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8036:
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5744:"Sports and Children with Special Needs - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center"
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Collaborative Teams for Students With Severe Disabilities: Integrating Therapy and Educational Services
2875:
2830:
2825:
2781:
1995:
1758:
1684:
1455:. Arranging seating assignments to benefit the student, e.g., by sitting at the front of the classroom.
836:
451:
398:
296:
5027:"Institut médico-éducatif (IME) : Tous les établissements de type Institut médico-éducatif (IME)"
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Many people with special needs are denied when they want to participate in a sport. In the U.S., the
2481:
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1246:
1203:
needs. Students attending special schools generally do not attend any classes in mainstream schools.
1119:
1108:
995:
544:
320:
4234:
Ferguson, D. & Ferguson, P. (1987/2011). The promise of adulthood. In: M. Snell & F. Brown,
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1744:
Both modifications and accommodations are recommended, depending on the student's individual needs.
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4497:
Funding Special Education. Nineteenth Annual Yearbook of the American Education Finance Association
4184:
Successful inclusion for students with autism: creating a complete, effective ASD inclusion program
2890:
2885:
1888:
1677:. African-American students were three times as likely to be labeled as special needs than that of
1028:
979:
840:
423:
110:
4382:
Professional Uncertainty, Knowledge and Relationship in the Classroom: A Psycho-social Perspective
2772:
Many competitive organizations are available for special needs student athletes. For example, the
1403:
Extra aids: If students have deficiencies in working memory, a list of vocabulary words, called a
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2135:(special school for learning disabilities): for children who have challenges that impair learning
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672:
157:
6001:
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Karimi, Padideh; Kamali, Elahe; Mousavi, Seyyed Mohammad; Karahmadi, Mojgan (16 February 2017).
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4011:'s Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, Regulation & Standards Division. Archived from
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Japanese students with special needs are placed in one of four different school arrangements:
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At a young age students who have special needs in Turkey are provided special education from
1810:), or in regular classrooms. Some local areas such as Koto Ward in Tokyo are expanding these
1335:
1258:. Another alternative would be attending a separate classroom for a specific subject such as
1219:
1084:
918:
812:
789:
413:
8207:
2151:(school for emotional and social development): for children who have special emotional needs
866:
Whereas special education is designed specifically for students with learning disabilities,
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is the special educational needs assessment service, which is part of the Local Authority.
2254:
Greek students with special needs may attend either mainstream schools or special schools.
1832:
Special classes are similar, and may vary the national curriculum as the teachers see fit.
1506:
1485:
1269:
is often misused as a form of punishment for disrespecting staff or leaving the classroom.
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8:
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Rusch, F.R., DeStefano, L., Chadsey-Rusch, J., Phelps, L.A., & Szymanski, E. (1992).
3221:
Learning Disabilities Screening and Evaluation Guide for Low- and Middle-Income Countries
2191:(school for children with physical disabilities): for children with physical disabilities
1658:" comprise yet another facet of educational inequality. Prior to the 1975 passing of the
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785:
694:
348:
6121:
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2969:
Swan, William W.; Morgan, Janet L (1993). "The Local Interagency Coordinating Council".
1072:
Procedure that a person must follow in order to receive special education accommodations
1020:
individualized so that they address the unique combination of needs in a given student.
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2845:
2661:
1795:
1688:
1589:
1492:
1195:
1172:
958:
On the other hand, for students with less obvious disabilities, such as those who have
928:
867:
832:
795:
Special education aims to provide accommodated education for disabled students such as
655:
281:
4932:
2042:
The different paths available for children with disabilities at school in France are:
9337:
9240:
9190:
8772:
8668:
8620:
8542:
8310:
7876:
7691:
7656:
7611:
7606:
7515:
7382:
7292:
7182:
7088:
7020:
6832:
6814:
6692:
6662:
6635:
6625:
6615:
6610:
6511:
6501:
6486:
6446:
6254:
6237:
5984:
5972:
5616:
5591:
5573:
5482:
5472:
5466:
5442:
5294:
5244:
4708:
4671:
4652:
4576:
4510:
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4386:
4359:
4265:
4187:
4109:
4068:
3899:
3674:
3577:
3552:
3524:
3514:
3507:
3479:
3444:
3325:
3269:
3259:
3233:
3140:
3130:
3105:
3095:
3064:
3054:
3029:
3019:
2988:
2978:
2761:
2143:(school for cognitive development): for children with very severe learning challenges
1670:
1285:
students. The first school in U.K. for the Deaf was established 1760 in Edinburgh by
1077:
887:
500:
460:
4755:
4277:
4121:
2664:" arrangements in public schools for students of different races, paved the way for
2316:
The National Support System for Special Needs Education (Statped) is managed by the
1023:
In the United States, Canada, and the UK, educational professionals use a student's
9430:
9425:
9322:
9235:
8979:
7092:
7008:
6949:
6712:
6707:
6677:
6564:
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6521:
6426:
6401:
6306:
5962:
5581:
5563:
5430:
5230:
5203:
5199:
4743:
4720:
4700:
4640:
4483:
UNESCO. (1995). Review of the present situation in special education. Webaccessed:
4431:
4427:
4334:
4257:
4101:
3887:
3833:
3666:
3491:
3471:
3436:
3225:
2804:
2777:
2773:
2711:
2365:
2199:(school for children with language disorders): for children with language disorders
1481:
1441:
1286:
1281:
in Paris, which was founded in 1784. It was the first school in the world to teach
1104:
855:
631:
626:
495:
368:
9139:
6672:
6667:
6549:
6544:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6436:
6396:
5610:
5507:
4939:
3670:
3617:
3072:
3048:
2996:
2947:
2800:
2700:
2614:(IEP) that outlines how the school will meet the student's individual needs. The
2421:(BEP) that outlines how the school will meet the student's individual needs. The
1588:
is a highly controversial practice in the special education system involving the
1297:
1027:(IEP). Another name for a student's Individualized Education Plan is a student's
470:
5164:
4797:
3551:. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. pp. 48, 49, 108, G–12.
2521:(Additional Support Needs) are used interchangeably in current common practice.
1440:
software. This is considered a modification if the purpose of the assignment is
9388:
8996:
8851:
6892:
6605:
5804:"International Paralympic Committee | IPC | International Paralympic Committee"
4261:
4105:
3891:
3658:
3475:
3219:
3186:
2870:
2439:
2123:
2039:
medical and paramedical services that the school will provide to the student.
1801:
1437:
1317:
1259:
1129:
876:
667:
641:
529:
6770:
4747:
4704:
4644:
4339:
4322:
4167:. National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. Archived from
3866:
Restructuring high school for all students: Taking inclusion to the next level
3837:
2973:
Collaborating for Comprehensive Services for Young Children and Their Families
2258:
Accommodations and modifications are noted on the certificate of achievement.
1804:, special classrooms with another school, in resource rooms (which are called
9475:
9225:
8991:
7870:
6967:
6569:
6506:
6371:
6244:
5976:
5577:
5568:
5434:
3714:
3068:
3050:
Support Networks for Inclusive Schooling: Interdependent Integrated Education
2900:
2850:
2789:
2723:
2118:
A special school for children with special emotional needs in Kötitz, Germany
1655:
1520:
1387:
1308:
1255:
1212:
1112:
1092:
1053:
1012:
891:
848:
824:
820:
781:
485:
333:
6780:
5486:
4827:
3528:
3273:
3218:
Hayes, Anne M.; Dombrowski, Eileen; Shefcyk, Allison; Bulat, Jennae (2018).
3144:
3109:
3033:
2992:
1068:
9342:
9210:
9170:
6865:
6795:
6657:
6006:
5680:"We Must Provide Equal Opportunity in Sports to Students with Disabilities"
5595:
5353:
5235:
4779:
4712:
3448:
3237:
3076:
3000:
2627:
2239:
1842:
Depending on the local authority, state elementary schools may also hold a
1678:
1552:
1208:
948:
932:
600:
549:
475:
6790:
6037:
4269:
4113:
3483:
3046:
2167:(school for the visually impaired): for children who are visually disabled
1786:
helps operate some trainable /rehabilitation and empowerment schools too.
9420:
7880:
6647:
5967:
5950:
5711:"Overcoming the Barriers of Participation for Students with Disabilities"
2835:
2690:
2233:
1593:
1459:
take a test shortly after the episode has resolved. This system, called
1368:
1316:
accepted, but encouraged. Disabled students were housed with people with
1302:
1266:
1145:
967:
924:
772:) is the practice of educating students in a way that accommodates their
636:
5773:
5077:"Les Instituts Thérapeutiques Éducatifs et Pédagogiques : les ITEP"
3173:
2183:(school for the hearing impaired): for children who are hearing impaired
905:, also known as mainstream education. General education is the standard
9415:
9230:
8928:
8914:
6620:
5106:
Enfant Différent | enfance & handicap informations & ressources
3224:. RTI Press Occasional Papers. Research Triangle Park (NC): RTI Press.
3191:
2353:
have traditionally provided significant services to disabled students.
1610:
1445:
1425:
1198:, New York exclusively for the education of students with special needs
906:
902:
777:
618:
490:
266:
2285:(NCSE) supports students with physical and intellectual disabilities.
2114:
970:, etc.), two primary methods have been used for identifying them: the
938:
9215:
6858:
6421:
6164:
3571:
3258:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 122.
1647:
1477:
1472:
required to assist a student with learning disabilities and includes
1432:
1282:
1215:, which are necessary for treating students with certain conditions.
1190:
480:
4140:"The Student Accommodation Problem No Professor Wants to Talk About"
3013:
2881:
Post Secondary Transition for High School Students with Disabilities
2618:(IDEA) requires that students with special needs be provided with a
2488:
refers to the Special Educational Needs Parent Partnership Service.
2425:(ÖEKY) requires that students with special needs be provided with a
1877:
1646:
In addition to the unbalanced scale of gender disproportionality in
146:
9347:
6296:
6104:
5521:"The Technology That's Giving Students With Autism a Greater Voice"
5298:
4616:
UNESCO (2014). "Teaching and Learning: Achieving quality for all".
4514:
4223:
Transition from School to Adult Life: Models, Linkages and Policies
4181:
3546:
3122:
2539:
2400:
In order to get special education you are required certain things:
2397:, who are responsible in giving them the education that they need.
2373:
1783:
1618:
1452:
963:
800:
9073:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
6109:
5468:
The dreamkeepers: successful teachers of African American children
955:, may have visual or hearing disabilities, or other disabilities.
9026:
6491:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3346:"Special Education Articles, Current Issues In Special Education"
2596:
simplify tests, or they may be exempted from the tests entirely.
1651:
1548:
1391:
605:
286:
5500:
3576:. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. p. 49.
2497:
Department for Education oversees special education in England.
2410:
Personal development report of the child (if already registered)
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4041:
4028:
4008:
3812:
The history of special education: From isolation to integration
2922:
Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project
2568:
In North America, special education is commonly abbreviated as
2553:
2407:
Written application by the parents to the school administration
1614:
1577:
Teachers are getting cut off from work due to the budget cuts.
1505:
Rehabilitation counseling personnel are often association with
5803:
3535:
3126:
Inclusion and School Reform: Transforming America's Classrooms
2710:
There are several controversies surrounding the diagnoses and
2546:
national plan for the development of special education called
2090:) for disabilities that do not include intellectual disability
1825:) to cover all junior high schools within the next few years.
1152:
8883:
6105:
The European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education
4690:
4002:
Assessment for disabled students: an international comparison
2635:
such as speech therapy, if the student needs these services.
2126:
that serves only children with special needs. These include:
1694:
According to Tom Parrish, a senior research analyst with the
1367:
accommodate a student with visual impairments by providing a
6133:
5549:
4762:
1037:
In the US, for children who are not yet three years old, an
1007:
6115:
6016:
Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?
4323:"The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability's Criticism"
3565:
3461:
3217:
2350:
2148:
Förderschule Schwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung
2140:
Förderschule mit dem Förderschwerpunkt Geistige Entwicklung
1556:
1431:
Presentation accommodations: Examples include listening to
4668:
Special Education in Latin America: Experiences and Issues
4067:. UK: Department for Education and Skills. November 2001.
4044:'s Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Archived from
2207:(school for the deafblind): for children who are deafblind
4547:
3441:
10.1352/0047-6765(2007)45[297:HWMAPI]2.0.CO;2
2549:
Plan Nacional para el Desarrollo de la Educación Especial
2096:
Unités d’Enseignement en Maternelle pour enfants Autistes
1984:
European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education
1428:). Having someone else write down answers given verbally.
880:
5510:
New York, NY: National Center for Learning Disabilities.
5131:"Special Needs Education in Turkey - Turkey - Angloinfo"
2730:
can help with their learning experience. Author of
2081:) for motor disabilities without intellectual disability
6122:
Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
6035:
5464:
2305:), based on the individual's strengths and weaknesses.
1293:
people beginning in the Edinburgh and Bristol in 1765.
987:
5552:"Environmental factors influencing the risk of autism"
4975:"La scolarisation des élèves en situation de handicap"
4417:
2691:
Integrating technology in special education classrooms
1277:
One of the first special schools in the world was the
9063:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
3047:
Stainback, Susan Bray; Stainback, William C. (1996).
2052:
unités localisées pour l'inclusion scolaire à l'école
5005:
Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Jeunesse
4979:
Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Jeunesse
4206:
3256:
Time and learning in the special education classroom
3089:
2799:
Other sports which can be played or adapted include
2683:
In US government-run schools, the dominant model is
2673:
Mills vs. Board of Education of District of Columbia
2122:
Most students with disabilities in Germany attend a
1523:
have been criticized for a watered-down curriculum.
4858:"البرز دانش آموز ناشنوا و کم شنوای بدون سمعک ندارد"
4569:
Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?
1332:
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997
939:
Identifying students or learners with special needs
171:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5161:"Special education needs, Special needs education"
4933:http://www.european-agency.org/country-information
3506:
3092:Integration strategies for students with handicaps
2970:
2087:instituts thérapeutiques éducatifs et pédagogiques
1771:For special needs children Education bureau has a
1513:
1371:textbook. This is a presentation accommodation. A
5382:
4666:Artiles, Alfredo J.; Hallahan, Daniel P. (1995).
3288:"Understanding Individualized Education Programs"
2896:Special Assistance Program (Australian education)
1592:of students or involuntarily locking students in
1519:education classes such as separate classroom and
931:. National Special Needs Day is celebrated every
9473:
6062:Instruction of Students with Severe Disabilities
5864:"Partners in Education | STRIDE Adaptive Sports"
5608:
5192:International Journal of Educational Development
4452:
4236:Instruction of Students with Severe Disabilities
4209:Instruction of Students with Severe Disabilities
4157:
2318:Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training
1953:Special education is regulated centrally by the
1944:List of special education institutions in Lahore
6128:Guide to Special Education Terms & Acronyms
5920:"Youth Programs for Athletes with Disabilities"
5890:"Youth Programs for Athletes with Disabilities"
4665:
4316:
4314:
3632:
3014:Beverly Rainforth; York-Barr, Jennifer (1997).
2737:
2660:decision, which declared unconstitutional the "
8717:
8267:
4950:
4186:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. pp. 38–42.
4182:Simpson, Richard L.; Sonja R. de Boer (2009).
3665:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 2721–2722,
3572:Karen Zittleman; Sadker, David Miller (2009).
3547:Karen Zittleman; Sadker, David Miller (2006).
3253:
3123:Gartner, Alan; Dorothy Kerzner Lipsky (1997).
2556:) to protect people living with disabilities.
1855:
1849:
1843:
1833:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1320:, and they were not educated much, if at all.
9068:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
8899:
6149:
4455:"A Struggle to Educate the Severely Disabled"
3999:
3324:. Boston: Pearson Education. pp. 16–19.
2767:
2547:
1272:
722:
91:The examples and perspective in this article
8822:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
6005: This article incorporates text from a
5609:Hassold, Terry J.; Patterson, David (1999).
5416:
5414:
5311:
4777:
4736:International Journal of Inclusive Education
4633:International Journal of Inclusive Education
4630:
4358:. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.
4320:
4311:
4029:Busuttil-Reynaud, Gavin & John Winkley.
3877:
3596:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2732:Down Syndrome: A Promising Future, Together,
2626:that is appropriate to the student's needs.
2349:Spanish non-governmental organizations like
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2050:
1140:are not considered segregated in this sense.
6110:Center for Parent Information and Resources
6060:Snell, M. E. & Brown, F. (1987, 2011).
5951:"The Long-Run Impacts of Special Education"
5948:
5612:Down Syndrome: A Promising Future, Together
4733:
4353:
3504:
3187:"Disabled children excluded from education"
3159:What the law requires for disabled students
2764:, handball, gymnastics, and weightlifting.
2616:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
2300:
2294:
2220:Förderschule für schwer mehrfach Behinderte
2102:Unité d’Enseignement en Elémentaire Autisme
2072:for intellectual disabilities and/or autism
1906:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1664:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
1448:rather than one with only a visual display.
1341:
1228:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
1153:Effective instruction for disabled students
1046:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
9456:
9257:Augmentative and alternative communication
8906:
8892:
6156:
6142:
5955:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
4064:Special Educational Needs Code of Practice
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3868:. Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks Publishing co.
3826:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
3513:. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.
3249:
3247:
2968:
2678:Education for All Handicapped Children Act
2650:During the 1960s, in some part due to the
2266:Special education is regulated centrally.
2159:(school for the blind): for blind children
1660:Education for All Handicapped Children Act
1640:Educational inequality § Special education
1609:completed primary school. For example, in
854:Some scholars of education may categorize
729:
715:
5966:
5585:
5567:
5471:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
5420:
5411:
5234:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4338:
4247:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3663:Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders
3398:"The Special Education Process Explained"
1926:Learn how and when to remove this message
1632:
1338:to many educators, students and parents.
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
8519:
6009:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
5708:
5189:
3319:
2950:from New Zealand's Ministry of Education
2752:building and working as part of a team.
2413:Child's health report from the hospital.
2175:(school for the deaf): for deaf children
2113:
1189:
1067:
1006:
9292:Disproportionality in special education
7894:
7122:
7111:
6036:Nola Purdie & Louise Ellis (2005).
5949:Ballis, Briana; Heath, Katelyn (2021).
5738:
5736:
5556:Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
5284:
4499:. Corwin Press, Inc. 30 November 1998.
4137:
4091:
3656:
3426:
3244:
2462:Special education in the United Kingdom
2442:, if the student needs these services.
1063:
14:
9474:
5754:from the original on 21 September 2020
5690:from the original on 20 September 2020
5677:
5649:"Down Syndrome: Assisstive Technology"
5270:
5268:
5266:
4784:Racial Inequality in Special Education
4618:EFA Global Monitoring Report 2013-2014
4615:
4555:
4356:Special Teaching for Special Children?
4321:Breckenridge, C. A. (1 October 2001).
4299:from the original on 11 September 2009
3906:
3853:Handbook on Developmental Disabilities
3823:
3767:from the original on 22 September 2013
2977:. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Pub. Co.
2610:All special-needs students receive an
2606:Special education in the United States
2417:All special-needs students receive an
2283:National Council for Special Education
2276:
1717:
1491:As an example, students who have poor
982:model advocates earlier intervention.
326:Individualized Education Program (IEP)
8887:
8716:
8518:
8266:
7893:
7514:
7513:
7121:
7110:
6812:
6175:
6137:
5930:from the original on 14 February 2020
5900:from the original on 14 February 2020
5721:from the original on 26 February 2021
5531:from the original on 16 December 2016
5251:from the original on 3 September 2020
5216:
5180:. The SENCO Resource Centre, part 3.
5125:
5123:
4953:"Vouchers Help the Learning Disabled"
4611:
4609:
4607:
4592:from the original on 13 November 2018
4399:from the original on 25 February 2015
4378:
4290:
4138:Schuman, Rebecca (28 November 2022).
4133:
4131:
3315:
3313:
3184:
3178:
1571:special needs in developing countries
1279:Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles
1015:is ready for his first day of school.
901:The opposite of special education is
596:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)
27:Educating students with special needs
6042:Teaching and Learning and Leadership
5733:
5659:from the original on 12 January 2017
5364:from the original on 25 October 2018
5334:from the original on 25 October 2018
4898:"Disability standards for education"
4838:from the original on 26 October 2016
4575:. UNESCO. 2015. pp. 44, Box 6.
4055:
4022:
3498:
3352:from the original on 19 January 2021
2667:PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
1904:adding citations to reliable sources
1871:
1535:including those with special needs.
520:Social Security Disability Insurance
338:
169:adding citations to reliable sources
140:
77:
36:
9399:Disability in children's literature
8868:
5870:from the original on 10 August 2020
5814:from the original on 26 August 2019
5629:from the original on 14 August 2021
5501:The State of Learning Disabilities.
5263:
5102:"Les unités d'enseignement Autisme"
4038:Joint Information Systems Committee
4000:Pepper, David (25 September 2007).
2826:Abuse of special education students
2511:Additional Support for Learning Act
1002:
962:or specific learning difficulties (
24:
9262:Emotional or behavioral disability
6022:
5784:from the original on 13 April 2020
5709:Register, John (31 January 2017).
5385:"The History of Special Education"
5287:TEACHING Exceptional Children Plus
5120:
4878:from the original on 16 April 2021
4808:from the original on 21 March 2021
4604:
4354:Lews, Ann; Norwich, Brahm (2005).
4128:
3408:from the original on 23 March 2016
3310:
3298:from the original on 23 March 2016
3230:10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0052.1804
3157:Wolffe, Jerry. (20 December 2010)
2755:
2476:In England and Wales, the acronym
2288:
1185:
1011:A six-year-old boy in Norway with
960:borderline intellectual disability
809:emotional and behavioral disorders
32:Special education (disambiguation)
25:
9508:
6069:
6048:from the original on 4 March 2011
4453:Otterman, Sharon (19 June 2010).
3199:from the original on 14 June 2012
2620:Free Appropriate Public Education
2455:
2452:and special education referrals.
2427:Free Appropriate Public Education
2423:Özel Eğitim Kurumları Yönetmeliği
2196:Förderschule für Sprachbehinderte
2188:Förderschule für Körperbehinderte
2000:
1573:do not have access to education.
799:, learning difficulties (such as
52:This article has multiple issues.
9455:
9446:
9445:
8867:
8858:
8857:
8845:
8381:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7875:
7866:
7865:
7423:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
7193:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7087:
6116:Council for Exceptional Children
6064:. (7th edition). Seoul: Pearson.
6019:, 44, Box 6, UNESCO. UNESCO.
6000:
5942:
5912:
5882:
5856:
5844:from the original on 19 May 2020
5826:
5796:
5766:
5702:
5678:Duncan, Arne (25 January 2013).
5465:Ladson-Billings, Gloria (1994).
4465:from the original on 1 July 2017
4094:Journal of Learning Disabilities
4031:e-Assessment Glossary (Extended)
3855:, 15-34. London: Guilford Press.
3185:Hicks, Bill (18 November 2011).
2717:
2612:Individualized Education Program
2599:
2563:
2524:
2419:Individualized Education Program
1876:
1696:American Institutes for Research
1638:This section is an excerpt from
1599:
1025:Individualized Education Program
689:
688:
586:National Telecommuting Institute
145:
82:
41:
5671:
5641:
5602:
5543:
5513:
5493:
5458:
5449:
5376:
5346:
5342:– via www.dsgjournal.org.
5305:
5278:
5210:
5183:
5171:
5153:
5094:
5069:
5044:
5019:
4993:
4967:
4944:
4925:
4922:Vol. 39, No. 3 (1987): 468-488.
4908:
4890:
4864:
4850:
4820:
4790:
4727:
4684:
4659:
4624:
4535:
4521:
4489:
4477:
4446:
4411:
4372:
4347:
4284:
4241:
4228:
4215:
4207:Snell, M.E.; Brown, F. (2011).
4200:
4175:
4085:
4077:. DfES/581/2001. Archived from
3871:
3858:
3844:
3817:
3805:
3779:
3753:
3735:
3721:
3707:
3693:
3650:
3641:
3623:
3604:
3455:
3420:
3390:
3364:
3338:
3280:
3211:
2807:, tennis, bowling, and skiing.
2132:Förderschule für Lernbehinderte
1955:Singapore Ministry of Education
1736:
1704:Researchers Edward Fierros and
1514:Issues within special education
156:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
9277:Disability and LGBT identities
8913:
8538:Federated States of Micronesia
7833:British Indian Ocean Territory
5204:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.04.009
4951:Robert Holland (1 June 2002).
4670:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
4432:10.1080/02796015.2003.12086194
4225:. Sycamore, IL:Sycamore Press.
3880:Remedial and Special Education
3167:
3151:
3129:. Brookes Publishing Company.
3116:
3083:
3040:
3018:. Brookes Publishing Company.
3007:
2962:
2953:
2934:
2379:
2164:Förderschule für Sehbehinderte
1773:special education organization
1091:needs, which is accepted as a
1039:Individual Family Service Plan
976:response to intervention model
591:Society for Disability Studies
448:Unlicensed assistive personnel
13:
1:
9089:Services for mental disorders
6163:
4693:Disability and Rehabilitation
3701:"graphics.chicagotribune.com"
3661:, in Volkmar, Fred R. (ed.),
3090:Gaylord-Ross, Robert (1989).
2927:
2624:Least Restrictive Environment
2472:Special education in Scotland
2431:Least Restrictive Environment
2180:Förderschule für Schwerhörige
2078:instituts d'éducation motrice
1541:obsessive compulsive disorder
1474:speech and language pathology
1224:least restrictive environment
1179:Guided by student performance
758:exceptional student education
9094:Services for disabled people
8506:United States Virgin Islands
6176:
6124:U.S. Department of Education
6095:Resources in other libraries
6011:license statement/permission
4828:"China Education Center Ltd"
3671:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_84
2856:Early childhood intervention
2738:Special education and sports
2506:Additional Support Needs Act
2468:Special education in England
1964:
1948:
1839:or modifications as needed.
1194:PS 721, a special school in
947:, may have various forms of
525:Supplemental Security Income
287:Ableism / Disablism
7:
9377:Arts, media, culture, sport
8268:Education in North America
5312:Kamenopoulou, Leda (2018).
5056:annuaire.action-sociale.org
5031:annuaire.action-sociale.org
3094:. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes.
2819:
2742:
2657:Brown v. Board of Education
2584:in a professional context.
2533:
2364:There are special schools (
2331:
2323:
2204:Förderschule für Taubblinde
1989:
1867:
1856:
1844:
1834:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1564:persistent vegetative state
1498:A university field, termed
1330:With the Amendments to the
1097:speech and language therapy
851:, or a separate classroom.
790:typical classroom education
540:Disabled students allowance
535:Disability Living Allowance
105:, discuss the issue on the
10:
9513:
9404:Disability in horror films
9196:Activities of daily living
8718:Education in South America
6813:
5995:
5383:Priscilla Pardini (2002).
4786:. Harvard Education Press.
4262:10.1177/001440299105700606
4106:10.1177/002221949502800907
3892:10.1177/074193258800900608
3659:"Self-contained Classroom"
3657:Spencer, Trina D. (2013),
3476:10.1177/001440298805400408
2941:What is special education?
2876:Mainstreaming in education
2831:Adapted physical education
2782:Adapted Physical Education
2768:Organizations and programs
2603:
2465:
2459:
2261:
2172:Förderschule für Gehörlose
2109:
2017:
2009:
1996:Special Education Bulgaria
1993:
1941:
1793:
1759:Special education in China
1756:
1727:
1700:US Department of Education
1685:US Department of Education
1637:
1480:, psychological services,
1442:reading skills acquisition
1419:Examples of accommodations
1273:History of special schools
1044:In the United States, the
916:
912:
837:developmental disabilities
399:Disability rights movement
29:
9441:
9376:
9310:
9249:
9183:
9148:
9102:
9081:
9045:
9019:
9012:
8952:
8921:
8839:
8796:
8723:
8629:
8606:
8525:
8481:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
8399:
8273:
8246:
8198:
8160:
7902:
7861:
7820:
7780:
7522:
7436:
7411:
7130:
7117:
7106:
7082:
7036:
7002:
6961:
6943:
6904:
6886:
6852:
6828:Early childhood education
6821:
6808:
6758:
6588:
6535:
6357:
6210:
6182:
6171:
6090:Resources in your library
5001:"Organisation de l'école"
4748:10.1080/13603110802265125
4705:10.1080/09638280902773778
4645:10.1080/13603110110067190
4340:10.1215/08992363-13-3-349
3838:10.1215/03616878-22-1-254
3320:Hallahan, Daniel (2012).
3053:. Paul H Brookes Pub Co.
2917:Vocational rehabilitation
2810:
2695:
2587:
2482:Special Educational Needs
2395:The Ministry of Education
2388:
2356:
2311:
2249:
2066:instituts médicoéducatifs
2033:
1977:
1850:
1722:
1539:health condition such as
1426:learning to write by hand
1380:Examples of modifications
1109:rehabilitation counseling
845:intellectual disabilities
545:Disabled Persons Railcard
9297:Sexuality and disability
9272:Disability and disasters
9184:Structural and assistive
8689:Northern Mariana Islands
8501:Turks and Caicos Islands
7582:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
7178:Central African Republic
5569:10.4103/1735-1995.200272
5435:10.1177/0042085909338688
4872:"Tokubetsu Shien Kyoiku"
4420:School Psychology Review
4211:(7th ed.). Pearson.
3864:Jorgensen, C.M. (1998).
2891:Response to intervention
2886:Reasonable accommodation
2340:
2243:(comprehensive school).
1789:
1752:
1662:(currently known as the
1342:Instructional strategies
1243:self-contained classroom
1029:Individual Learning Plan
980:response to intervention
841:autism spectrum disorder
558:the Severely Handicapped
514:Socioeconomic assistance
424:Sexuality and disability
9411:Disability in the media
9282:Disability and religion
9221:Personal Care Assistant
8654:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7843:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5178:Management of Inclusion
5108:(in French). 9 May 2022
4938:13 January 2014 at the
3787:"Education-Of-The-Deaf"
3616:11 January 2013 at the
3402:Special Education Guide
3254:Goodman, Libby (1990).
2749:Office for Civil Rights
2640:Department of Education
2156:Förderschule für Blinde
2027:listening comprehension
1766:
1747:
1586:restraint and seclusion
945:intellectual disability
860:Intellectual giftedness
817:osteogenesis imperfecta
805:communication disorders
746:special-needs education
673:Disability in the media
9394:Disability in the arts
9287:Disability and poverty
9226:Physical accessibility
8431:British Virgin Islands
7945:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5924:Educated Sports Parent
5894:Educated Sports Parent
5748:www.urmc.rochester.edu
5499:Cortiella, C. (2009).
5236:10.19053/2011835X.7548
4379:Mintz, Joseph (2014).
2841:Disability and poverty
2628:Government-run schools
2548:
2369:
2301:
2296:Weer Samen Naar School
2295:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2119:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2051:
1633:Educational inequality
1324:Deinstitutionalization
1199:
1169:Wilson Reading Program
1165:Research-based methods
1073:
1016:
953:developmental disorder
774:individual differences
663:Disability in the arts
486:Physical accessibility
9487:Alternative education
8985:driver rehabilitation
8632:and other territories
8371:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7338:São Tomé and Príncipe
7198:Republic of the Congo
4931:Country information:
4904:on 17 September 2010.
4832:www.chinaeducator.com
4385:. London: Routledge.
4291:Ellis, Edwin (2002).
4051:on 16 September 2012.
3743:"History of the INJA"
3509:Making Inclusion Work
3429:Intellect Dev Disabil
2786:wheelchair basketball
2652:civil rights movement
2466:Further information:
2404:Residency certificate
2117:
1942:Further information:
1289:, with education for
1193:
1071:
1010:
919:Inclusion (education)
873:internal displacement
813:physical disabilities
797:learning disabilities
754:alternative provision
414:People-first language
392:Societal implications
9492:Educational programs
9318:Models of disability
9302:Youth and disability
9267:Invisible disability
9216:Orthotics and braces
9201:Assistive technology
9013:Rights, law, support
8520:Education in Oceania
7896:Education in Europe
7757:United Arab Emirates
7124:Education in Africa
6347:Instructional design
5968:10.1257/pol.20190603
4250:Exceptional Children
4081:on 23 December 2012.
3793:on 22 September 2013
3505:Bowe, Frank (2004).
3464:Exceptional Children
3348:. 5 September 2019.
3322:Exceptional Learners
2912:Tracking (education)
2906:Supported employment
2866:Learning environment
2778:the Paralympic Games
2728:assistive technology
1900:improve this section
1507:supported employment
1486:occupational therapy
1233:An alternative is a
1101:occupational therapy
1064:Methods of provision
929:developing countries
896:academic achievement
481:Orthotics and braces
466:Assistive technology
165:improve this article
111:create a new article
103:improve this article
93:may not represent a
30:For other uses, see
8970:Learning disability
8386:Trinidad and Tobago
8281:Antigua and Barbuda
8161:States with limited
7784:limited recognition
7413:States with limited
7112:Education by region
6838:Secondary education
6750:Teaching philosophy
6653:Pedagogical pattern
6596:21st century skills
6575:Religious education
6218:Aims and objectives
6013:). Text taken from
5838:SpecialOlympics.org
5778:SpecialOlympics.org
5506:6 July 2009 at the
5399:on 18 November 2016
5395:(3). Archived from
5360:. 4 November 2014.
4918:Europe-Asia Studies
2946:12 May 2009 at the
2277:Republic of Ireland
1718:National approaches
1500:severe disabilities
1226:as mandated in the
1078:developed countries
996:reading remediation
898:for many students.
888:developed countries
829:Sanfilippo syndrome
442:Personal assistance
349:Learning disability
180:"Special education"
9384:Disability culture
9311:Disability studies
9206:Independent living
8934:Disability studies
8852:Schools portal
8321:Dominican Republic
7516:Education in Asia
6843:Tertiary education
6781:Learning resources
6272:Education sciences
5808:www.paralympic.org
5389:Rethinking Schools
4957:School Reform News
4804:. 26 August 2019.
4459:The New York Times
4238:. Madrid: Pearson.
4171:on 5 October 2008.
4165:"Related Services"
4018:on 15 August 2011.
3703:. 24 January 2020.
2846:Disability studies
2662:separate but equal
2644:disproportionately
2120:
1796:Education in Japan
1689:mental retardation
1590:physical restraint
1461:flexible deadlines
1220:mainstream schools
1200:
1173:Direct Instruction
1074:
1017:
868:remedial education
833:muscular dystrophy
556:Assured Income for
9482:Special education
9469:
9468:
9338:Neuroqueer theory
9241:Web accessibility
9191:Accessible toilet
9179:
9178:
9032:Disability rights
9027:Ableism/disablism
8881:
8880:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8803:other territories
8712:
8711:
8704:Wallis and Futuna
8649:Clipperton Island
8607:Associated states
8514:
8513:
8403:other territories
8262:
8261:
7889:
7888:
7826:other territories
7509:
7508:
7440:other territories
7213:Equatorial Guinea
7102:
7101:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7058:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6833:Primary education
6804:
6803:
6693:Dialogic learning
6663:Teacher retention
6616:Critical thinking
6611:Class arrangement
6580:Special education
6255:Standardized test
6238:Course evaluation
6081:Special education
6076:Library resources
5840:. 3 August 2018.
5527:. 20 April 2015.
5478:978-1-55542-668-2
5217:Ochoa, D (2017).
4963:on 4 August 2012.
4778:Losen, Daniel J;
4699:(14): 1170–1180.
4677:978-0-275-94667-8
4582:978-92-3-100088-1
4529:"www.dhcs.ca.gov"
4193:978-0-470-23080-0
4074:978-1-84185-529-5
3717:. 23 August 2022.
3715:"www.justice.gov"
3680:978-1-4419-1698-3
3583:978-0-07-323007-8
3558:978-0-07-323007-8
3520:978-0-13-017603-5
3378:on 7 January 2011
3331:978-0-13-703370-6
3265:978-0-7914-0371-6
3162:The Oakland Press
3136:978-1-55766-273-6
3101:978-1-55766-010-7
3060:978-1-55766-041-1
3025:978-1-55766-291-0
2984:978-1-55766-103-6
2762:wheelchair soccer
2722:If a student has
2638:According to the
2302:passend onderwijs
2212:Schule für Kranke
1936:
1935:
1928:
1816:(or, as of 2019,
1617:; 56% and 72% in
1291:visually impaired
1239:special classroom
972:discrepancy model
903:general education
742:Special education
739:
738:
501:Web accessibility
461:Accessible toilet
344:Special education
282:Disability theory
275:Theory and models
259:
258:
251:
241:
240:
233:
215:
139:
138:
131:
113:, as appropriate.
75:
16:(Redirected from
9504:
9459:
9458:
9449:
9448:
9431:Special Olympics
9323:Inspiration porn
9236:Universal design
9037:Pejorative terms
9017:
9016:
8980:Physical therapy
8908:
8901:
8894:
8885:
8884:
8871:
8870:
8861:
8860:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8823:
8811:Falkland Islands
8725:Sovereign states
8714:
8713:
8694:Pitcairn Islands
8664:French Polynesia
8644:Christmas Island
8573:Papua New Guinea
8553:Marshall Islands
8526:Sovereign states
8516:
8515:
8471:Saint Barthélemy
8401:Dependencies and
8274:Sovereign states
8264:
8263:
8199:Dependencies and
7903:Sovereign states
7891:
7890:
7879:
7869:
7868:
7838:Christmas Island
7524:Sovereign states
7511:
7510:
7501:
7500:(United Kingdom)
7496:Tristan da Cunha
7492:Ascension Island
7484:
7471:
7462:
7438:Dependencies and
7131:Sovereign states
7119:
7118:
7108:
7107:
7091:
7039:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7009:Higher education
7005:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6950:Secondary school
6946:
6945:
6941:
6940:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6824:
6823:
6810:
6809:
6738:Student-centered
6723:Phenomenon-based
6713:Peer instruction
6678:Blended learning
6601:Bloom's taxonomy
6565:Gifted education
6560:Education reform
6392:Computer science
6173:
6172:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6135:
6134:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6004:
5989:
5988:
5970:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5834:"Unified Sports"
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5740:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5589:
5571:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5517:
5511:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5418:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5333:
5318:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5282:
5276:
5272:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5238:
5223:Enletawa Journal
5214:
5208:
5207:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5167:on 6 March 2010.
5163:. Archived from
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5141:on 17 April 2017
5137:. Archived from
5127:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4959:. Archived from
4948:
4942:
4929:
4923:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4900:. Archived from
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4760:
4759:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4574:
4564:
4553:
4552:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4245:
4239:
4232:
4226:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4035:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4006:
3997:
3904:
3903:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3789:. Archived from
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3749:on 20 July 2011.
3745:. Archived from
3739:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3544:
3533:
3532:
3512:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3374:. Archived from
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2976:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2938:
2774:Special Olympics
2712:causes of autism
2551:
2513:means that both
2504:In Scotland the
2304:
2298:
2270:the school day.
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2054:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1880:
1872:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1781:
1710:Disabilities Act
1671:African American
1482:physical therapy
1318:mental illnesses
1287:Thomas Braidwood
1252:paraprofessional
1241:, also called a
1105:physical therapy
1003:Individual needs
856:gifted education
786:self-sufficiency
731:
724:
717:
692:
691:
632:Paralympic Games
627:Special Olympics
496:Universal design
419:Pejorative terms
263:
262:
254:
247:
236:
229:
225:
222:
216:
214:
173:
149:
141:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
9512:
9511:
9507:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9437:
9372:
9306:
9245:
9175:
9149:Activist groups
9144:
9098:
9077:
9041:
9008:
8948:
8917:
8912:
8882:
8877:
8846:
8844:
8827:
8821:
8804:
8802:
8792:
8719:
8708:
8631:
8625:
8608:
8602:
8583:Solomon Islands
8521:
8510:
8404:
8402:
8395:
8269:
8258:
8242:
8200:
8194:
8180:Northern Cyprus
8162:
8156:
8077:North Macedonia
7898:
7885:
7857:
7825:
7816:
7797:Northern Cyprus
7783:
7776:
7518:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7482:
7469:
7460:
7441:
7439:
7432:
7416:
7414:
7407:
7126:
7113:
7098:
7097:
7078:
7069:
7060:
7052:
7045:
7023:
7011:
6992:
6983:
6975:
6970:
6952:
6933:
6924:
6916:
6911:
6895:
6876:
6868:
6861:
6817:
6800:
6754:
6673:Active learning
6668:Teaching method
6643:Learning theory
6584:
6550:Autodidacticism
6545:Adult education
6531:
6472:Performing arts
6353:
6260:Teacher quality
6250:Standards-based
6206:
6178:
6167:
6162:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6067:
6051:
6049:
6025:
6023:Further reading
5998:
5993:
5992:
5947:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5926:. 12 May 2014.
5918:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5896:. 12 May 2014.
5888:
5887:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5845:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5724:
5722:
5707:
5703:
5693:
5691:
5676:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5630:
5623:
5607:
5603:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5525:Huffington Post
5519:
5518:
5514:
5508:Wayback Machine
5498:
5494:
5479:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5423:Urban Education
5419:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5381:
5377:
5367:
5365:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5215:
5211:
5188:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4984:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4949:
4945:
4940:Wayback Machine
4930:
4926:
4913:
4909:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4860:. 15 July 2023.
4856:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4776:
4763:
4732:
4728:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4664:
4660:
4629:
4625:
4614:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4572:
4566:
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4556:
4541:
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4536:
4527:
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4507:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4451:
4447:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4393:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4352:
4348:
4319:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4289:
4285:
4246:
4242:
4233:
4229:
4220:
4216:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4180:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4136:
4129:
4090:
4086:
4075:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4023:
4015:
4004:
3998:
3907:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3845:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
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3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3741:
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3736:
3727:
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3722:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3618:Wayback Machine
3609:
3605:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3545:
3536:
3521:
3503:
3499:
3460:
3456:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3355:
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3344:
3343:
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3332:
3318:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3266:
3252:
3245:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3156:
3152:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3102:
3088:
3084:
3061:
3045:
3041:
3026:
3012:
3008:
2985:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2948:Wayback Machine
2939:
2935:
2930:
2822:
2813:
2801:track and field
2770:
2758:
2756:Types of sports
2745:
2740:
2720:
2698:
2693:
2608:
2602:
2590:
2566:
2536:
2527:
2474:
2464:
2458:
2391:
2382:
2359:
2343:
2334:
2326:
2314:
2291:
2289:The Netherlands
2279:
2264:
2252:
2112:
2036:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1980:
1967:
1951:
1946:
1932:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1897:
1881:
1870:
1802:special schools
1798:
1792:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1750:
1739:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1675:Native American
1648:formal educatio
1643:
1635:
1602:
1594:seclusion rooms
1516:
1493:impulse control
1344:
1298:Charles Dickens
1275:
1188:
1186:Special schools
1155:
1066:
1005:
941:
921:
915:
750:aided education
744:(also known as
735:
704:
678:
677:
658:
648:
647:
646:
621:
611:
610:
581:
580:
564:
563:
560:
557:
515:
507:
506:
505:
471:Assisted living
443:
435:
434:
433:
393:
385:
384:
383:
363:
355:
354:
353:
316:
308:
307:
306:
276:
255:
244:
243:
242:
237:
226:
220:
217:
174:
172:
162:
150:
135:
124:
118:
115:
100:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9510:
9500:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9453:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9436:
9435:
9434:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9413:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9391:
9389:Disability art
9386:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9314:
9312:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9253:
9251:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9096:
9091:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9049:
9047:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9023:
9021:
9014:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8956:
8954:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8925:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8911:
8910:
8903:
8896:
8888:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8865:
8855:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8825:
8818:
8813:
8807:
8805:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8684:Norfolk Island
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8639:American Samoa
8635:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8623:
8618:
8612:
8610:
8609:of New Zealand
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8529:
8527:
8523:
8522:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8491:Sint Eustatius
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8436:Cayman Islands
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8277:
8275:
8271:
8270:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8254:European Union
8250:
8248:
8247:Other entities
8244:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8201:other entities
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8166:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8152:United Kingdom
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7965:Czech Republic
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7899:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7873:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7829:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7528:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7485:
7472:
7463:
7449:Canary Islands
7445:
7444:
7442:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7419:
7417:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7115:
7114:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7047:
7037:
7030:
7029:
7018:
7013:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6962:
6955:
6954:
6944:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6905:
6898:
6897:
6893:Primary school
6887:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6863:
6853:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6762:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6606:Cognitive load
6603:
6598:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6277:Evidence-based
6274:
6269:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6211:By perspective
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6188:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6074:
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6417:Environmental
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6342:Instructional
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6245:Psychometrics
6243:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6198:
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6190:
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6187:
6185:
6181:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6154:
6152:
6147:
6145:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6063:
6059:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5961:(4): 72–111.
5960:
5956:
5952:
5945:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5658:
5654:
5653:Down Syndrome
5650:
5644:
5628:
5624:
5622:9780471296867
5618:
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5605:
5597:
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5232:
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5081:www.mdph13.fr
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4853:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4780:Orfield, Gary
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
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4730:
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4706:
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4673:
4669:
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4638:
4634:
4627:
4619:
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4610:
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4588:
4584:
4578:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4543:"www.npr.org"
4538:
4530:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4506:9780803966246
4502:
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4480:
4464:
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4456:
4449:
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4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4414:
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4394:
4392:9780415822961
4388:
4384:
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4361:
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4350:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4315:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4224:
4218:
4210:
4203:
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4185:
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4132:
4123:
4119:
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4099:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4066:
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4058:
4047:
4043:
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4025:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
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3972:
3970:
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3966:
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3897:
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3889:
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3881:
3874:
3867:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3724:
3716:
3710:
3702:
3696:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3593:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3568:
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3554:
3550:
3543:
3541:
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3526:
3522:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Special needs
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Disadvantaged
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:sledge hockey
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:Down syndrome
2718:Down syndrome
2715:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2600:United States
2597:
2593:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:North America
2561:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2531:
2525:Latin America
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
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2435:
2432:
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2424:
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2406:
2403:
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2401:
2398:
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2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2354:
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2347:
2338:
2329:
2321:
2319:
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2303:
2297:
2286:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1885:This section
1883:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1824:
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1814:
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1803:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1760:
1745:
1742:
1734:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:special needs
1653:
1649:
1641:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1600:Global issues
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:panic attacks
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:resource room
1511:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:block letters
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1364:accommodation
1360:
1358:
1357:modifications
1354:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1309:Little Dorrit
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:resource room
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:sensory rooms
1204:
1197:
1192:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:Goal-directed
1157:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1120:Mainstreaming
1117:
1114:
1113:social worker
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:best practice
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1054:resource room
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1013:Down syndrome
1009:
1000:
997:
991:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
951:, may have a
950:
946:
936:
935:of the year.
934:
930:
926:
920:
910:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
850:
849:resource room
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:lissencephaly
822:
821:down syndrome
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
782:special needs
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
732:
727:
725:
720:
718:
713:
712:
710:
709:
701:
698:
696:
687:
686:
684:
683:
682:
681:
674:
671:
669:
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664:
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657:
652:
651:
643:
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638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
615:
614:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
577:Organizations
576:
573:
572:
568:
567:
559:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
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510:
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489:
487:
484:
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479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
453:
449:
446:
445:
439:
438:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Normalization
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
389:
388:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
359:
358:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
334:Special needs
332:
331:
327:
324:
322:
321:Mainstreaming
319:
318:
312:
311:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Medical model
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
272:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
253:
250:
235:
232:
224:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182: –
181:
177:
176:Find sources:
170:
166:
160:
159:
154:This article
152:
148:
143:
142:
133:
130:
122:
112:
108:
104:
98:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
9353:Anthropology
9343:Deaf studies
9333:Crip as verb
9211:Mobility aid
9171:Reach Canada
9001:
8944:Social model
8843:
8799:Dependencies
8630:Dependencies
8616:Cook Islands
8496:Sint Maarten
8476:Saint Martin
8190:Transnistria
7822:Dependencies
7752:Turkmenistan
7717:Saudi Arabia
7488:Saint Helena
7459:
7363:South Africa
7353:Sierra Leone
7158:Burkina Faso
7050:Postgraduate
6866:Kindergarten
6718:Personalized
6698:Experiential
6658:Teacher look
6579:
6367:Agricultural
6223:Anthropology
6080:
6061:
6050:. Retrieved
6041:
6015:
6007:free content
5999:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5932:. Retrieved
5923:
5914:
5902:. Retrieved
5893:
5884:
5872:. Retrieved
5858:
5846:. Retrieved
5837:
5828:
5816:. Retrieved
5807:
5798:
5786:. Retrieved
5777:
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5747:
5723:. Retrieved
5714:
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5692:. Retrieved
5683:
5673:
5661:. Retrieved
5652:
5643:
5631:. Retrieved
5611:
5604:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5524:
5515:
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5467:
5460:
5451:
5426:
5422:
5401:. Retrieved
5397:the original
5392:
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5366:. Retrieved
5357:
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5336:. Retrieved
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5320:
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5286:
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5139:the original
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5110:. Retrieved
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5084:. Retrieved
5080:
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5059:. Retrieved
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5034:. Retrieved
5030:
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5009:. Retrieved
5004:
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5368:25 October
5354:"Colombia"
5338:25 October
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4842:26 October
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2928:References
2805:quad rugby
2570:special ed
1845:naka-yoshi
1823:classrooms
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6589:Concepts
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6432:Language
6382:Business
6322:Research
6312:Politics
6297:Pedagogy
6192:Glossary
6177:Overview
6046:Archived
5934:20 April
5928:Archived
5904:27 April
5898:Archived
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5868:Archived
5848:27 April
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8351:Jamaica
8331:Grenada
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8147:Ukraine
8097:Romania
8057:Moldova
8015:Ireland
8010:Iceland
8005:Hungary
7995:Germany
7990:Georgia
7980:Finland
7975:Estonia
7970:Denmark
7955:Croatia
7940:Belgium
7935:Belarus
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7218:Eritrea
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6976:→
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