2169:
1052:
created over 30 million jobs, increased the income of participating farmers by 30%, and accelerated industrialization, agricultural modernization, and urbanization. One of the primary theoretical foundation of SEZs is its ability to cultivate a form of innovation that is uniquely top-down (supported by government) and bottom-up (characterized by local problem solving), while utilizing resources and research at every level. SEZs reflected a desire for Deng
Xiaoping's CCP to be experimental, fluid, and localized when implementing Communist reforms.
448:, along with a non-profit Taiwan organization "with close ties to the CCP", proposed a referendum in which Kinmen would become a special economic zone and obtain free trade and free investment between it and neighboring SEZ Xiamen on the mainland. The plan received controversy due to PRC investment in the ROC being otherwise strictly controlled; it was praised by a Xiamen government official and PRC state media, but the referendum did not receive approval from the government of Taiwan before Chen's term ended in 2018.
1002:. China is involved in southeast Asia SEZs that include industrial parks, special export processing zones, technology parks, and innovation areas. From the Chinese government perspective, Chinese participation in overseas SEZs helps to increase demand for Chinese machinery and equipment and helps restructure the domestic Chinese industrial value chain by moving low-end production activity abroad. It can also help bypass trade barriers during periods of friction such as the
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4919:
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respond to quickly respond to demand in foreign markets. These initial SEZs successfully attracted foreign capital, primarily from ethnic
Chinese in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia. Foreign businesses in these areas were generally motivated to move production to China's SEZs because of lower labor costs, preferential economic policies, and the general trend of offshoring more simple manufacturing as globalization increased.
1035:
manufacturing companies, avoid trade barriers by setting up zones in countries with preferential trade access to important markets, and create a positive business environment for
Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises investing in these regions." Overseas SEZs also foster support for China in the international system and help advocate for developing country causes through
894:
gross industrial output by two-hundredfold. Before 1980, Shenzhen's GDP was just 0.2 percent of Hong Kong's. In 2018, the city's GDP hit 2.42 trillion yuan (US$ 372 billion), overtaking Hong Kong. Successes in
Shenzhen prompted Chinese central authorities to instruct provincial officials to learn from Shenzhen.
1055:
However, issues like prioritizing the short-term gains, encompassing a limited number of industries, and lack of entrepreneurial promotion are pointed out by critics of the SEZs. Others, like
Gopalakrishnan, point out that "Left out of the picture are inequities in development, arable land loss, real
1034:
The first
Chinese overseas SEZs facilitated the offshoring of labor-intensive and less competitive industries, for example in textiles. As Professor Dawn C. Murphy summarizes, these zones now "aim to transfer China's development successes to other countries, increase business opportunities for China
978:
From 1990 to 2018, Chinese enterprises established eleven SEZs in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East including: Nigeria (two), Zambia, Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Egypt, Oman, and
Algeria. Generally, the Chinese government takes a hands-off approach, leaving it to Chinese enterprises
893:
Out of the special zones, perhaps the most successful was
Shenzhen. It transformed from 126 square miles of villages into a business metropolis. As seen by the table below, the ten years of economic reform from 1980 to 1990 increased population in Shenzhen by six-fold, GDP by around sixty-fold, and
385:
Since its founding in 1992, the
Shanghai Pudong New Area has made progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley. The government has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Area that are not currently enjoyed by the
108:
and technology". Trade was originally controlled by China's centralized government. However, these special zones are where market-driven capitalist policies are implemented to entice foreign investments in China. In 1986, China then added 14 additional cities to the list of special economic zones.
884:
Economic policies of SEZs included tax exemptions, reduced custom duties, reduced priced land, and increased flexibility to negotiate labor contracts and financial contracts. SEZs were also authorized to develop their own legislation. The
Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was the most active SEZ for
1051:
Many scholars argue that SEZs played a decisive role in the development of China and the success of Communism as implemented in China. Since their inception, SEZs have contributed 22% of China's GDP, 45% of total national foreign direct investment, and 60% of exports. SEZs are estimated to have
649:
In addition 15 free-trade zones, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities. As a result, a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with
202:
coined the name "special zones" and characterized them as experiments in the mold of the pre-1949 Communist base areas. The proposal was approved on July 15 and the four special zones were officially established on August 26, 1979. Within these SEZs, export-focused businesses had the leeway to
31:
and his theories, which predicted that nations need to undergo urbanization and a stage of capitalism for a natural socialist transition. One of the most renowned reforms under Deng was establishing four "special economic zones" along the Southeastern coast of China, with
1059:
China has benefitted from SEZs through foreign enterprises bringing in expertise, technology, and equipment. In turn, private firms have benefitted from inexpensive labor, a business-friendly environment, robust infrastructure, and China's large domestic market.
125:, as a response to the failure of Maoist economic policy to produce economic growth which would allow China to be competitive against not only industrialized nations of the west but also rising regional powers: Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.
99:
This allows SEZs to utilize economic management which is more attractive to foreign and domestic businesses. In SEZs, "...foreign and domestic trade and investment are conducted without the authorization of the Chinese central government in Beijing" with
1030:
The RIP is China's largest industrial cluster and manufacturing export area in Thailand. As of late 2018, the RIP has more than 120 Chinese--owned companies, employs 35,000 (largely Thai nationals), and its gross industrial output was $ 12 billion.
1047:
Deng described China's SEZs as "social and economic laboratories where foreign technologies and managerial skills could be observed", including in the development of manufacturing technology, a private real estate market, and management techniques.
367:. Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that "he success of these cities as 'red' treaty ports represented another step in China's overall reform and opening-up plan while legitimizing the leadership of the CPC over the Chinese state and people."
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The Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone began with a focus on manufacturing consumer goods with the goal of transitioning to producing machinery, photovoltaic materials, and chemicals. It received support from China's
118:
1014:
Special Economic Zone in Cambodia, Thailand-China Rayong Industrial Park (RIP), Longjiang Industrial Park in Vietnam, Vientiane Saysettha Development Zone in Laos, and Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park.
1009:
The Chinese government has identified certain southeast Asian SEZs as highlighted destinations for Chinese investment. These highlighted overseas SEZs include: Kawasan Industri Terpadu Indonesia-China,
352:
industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities. As these open areas adopt different preferential policies, they play the dual roles of "windows" in developing the
1063:
SEZs became destinations for workers from across southern and southwest China, particularly younger women who could earn significantly more for factory work than they could earn in their hometowns.
1909:
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and private Chinese companies are active in developing SEZs abroad consistent with the Chinese government's strategic priorities. Efforts in these SEZs are often viewed as part of the
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Island into mainland China's biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones.
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56:. The four aforementioned special economic zones were all established from 1980 to 1981. As of 2024, there have been 3 additional special economic zones. In 1988,
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Then, beginning in 1985, the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed from north to south): the
356:, generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of "radiators" in accelerating inland economic development.
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legislative experiments over the period 1979-1990 and these had a significant role in shaping national economic legislation on foreign trade and investment.
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278:
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3131:
3190:
5135:
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378:, reduced regulations and special managerial systems. In 1999, Shenzhen's new and high-tech industry reached an output value of 81.98 billion
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1332:
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3394:
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to work to establish such zones (although it does provide support in the form of grants, loans, and subsidies, including support via the
5165:
5150:
4819:
4279:
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2042:
374:-oriented areas which integrate science, industry and innovation with trade. Foreign firms benefit from preferential policies, such as
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common to the economic and technological development zones, the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open
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and therefore have symbolic significance in demonstrating a "reversal of fortunes" in China's dealings with foreigners since the
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to overseas investment, and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley, with Shanghai's Pudong New Area as its "
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Chee Kian Leong, (forthcoming), Special economic zones and growth in China and India: an empirical investigation,
1612:
1027:. As of March 2020, the Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone had 174 factories employing more than 30,000 people.
1024:
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33:
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548:
406:, expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in
37:
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has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions.
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As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world, between 1978 and 1984 China established
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a SEZ. Kashgar's annual growth rate was 17.4 percent in 2009, and Kashgar's designation has since increased
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41:
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special economic zones. For instance, in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating
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2812:
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of the Pudong New Area came to 80 billion yuan, and the total industrial output value, 145 billion yuan.
1410:Šebeňa, Martin (2023). "Chinese Economic Miracle". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.).
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estate speculation and labour violence", as well as significant transparency problems in bureaucracy.
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1991:
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and, in addition, all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15
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expanded the open coastal areas, extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the
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The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
1359:
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In 1984, China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed from north to south):
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Stoltenberg, Clyde D. (1984). "China's Special Economic Zones: Their Development and Prospects".
659:
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122:
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China's Rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order
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Successes in the initial SEZs led to the establishment of additional SEZs in 14 coastal cities:
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and the SEZ seeks to capitalize on international trade links between China and those states.
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1039:. They "help China demonstrate it is acting as a responsible great power in these regions."
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on January 31, 1979. In April 1979, Xi Zhongxun and other Guangdong officials presented in
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2039:
Chee Kian Leong, 2007, A Tale of Two Countries: Openness and Growth in China and India
2019:
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1992:"Special Economic Zones and Human Capital Investment: 30 Years of Evidence from China"
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in the city. Kashgar is close to China's border with the independent states of former
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4510:
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4114:
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2011:
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2003:
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a proposal to give broader flexibility to the coastal provinces of Guangdong and
133:
93:
53:
119:
3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
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Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions
403:
387:
330:
81:
2049:, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper.
1799:
348:, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and
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2015:
1943:
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601:
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101:
24:
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to overseas investment, as well as more cities in the Yang Zi River Valley.
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to the outside world has been extended to its border areas, areas along the
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4003:
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2554:
2549:
2539:
2457:
2452:
2077:
1895:
1509:"China turns firepower to soft power to try to win tiny Taiwan-held island"
360:
19:
In justifying opening up and the series of economic reforms that ensued in
1385:
547:. These coastal cities have been designated as the "open coastal cities" (
5001:
3825:
2742:
2727:
2534:
2492:
2487:
2435:
2208:
2188:
809:
797:
593:
512:
496:
445:
341:
227:
211:
160:
136:
85:
1877:
1441:"Financialising urban redevelopment: Transforming Shanghai's waterfront"
3998:
2906:
2717:
2445:
1951:
1927:
1367:
1250:
1152:
391:
88:-oriented economic policies and flexible governmental measures by the
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2901:
2842:
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2238:
1415:
1142:
Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea M.; Dolan, Ronald E. (1987-07-01).
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148:
144:
129:
28:
1234:
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1734:
Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution
1661:
1486:
864:
845:
833:
740:
730:
711:
636:
613:
520:
465:
422:
407:
402:. In addition, the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a
326:
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autonomous region. In June 1990, the Chinese government opened the
310:
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235:
61:
1705:"Why China's tech megacity is at risk of being a high-income trap"
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2507:
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Primarily geared to exporting processed goods, the five SEZs are
318:
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231:
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in December 1978, the Chinese government initiated its policy of
69:
2007:
4178:
2248:
2233:
2223:
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2183:
2158:
2153:
2133:
1300:
Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise
1266:"China's New Special Economic Zone Evokes Memories Of Shenzhen"
859:
852:
828:
785:
759:
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718:
692:
687:
677:
632:
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605:
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532:
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382:, making up 40.5% of the city's total industrial output value.
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259:
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207:
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184:
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140:
65:
57:
5333:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
139:
seized the initiative, starting with an investment project in
2290:
2117:
2073:
Special Economic Zones: Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami
1832:
The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia
1336:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 398.
802:
581:
314:
20:
5161:
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission
2078:
Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China
4990:
National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation
451:
5338:
Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
650:
river, border, and inland areas has been formed in China.
2112:
1967:
China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future
1666:
The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism
5111:
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
1928:"Negative Aspects of Special Economic Zones in China"
1613:"China and the history of its Special Economic Zones"
1006:
by facilitating exports to Europe and North America.
888:
484:
as well as designating the entire island province of
1859:
1857:
1855:
631:
In 1990, the Chinese government decided to open the
175:, with additional exemptions in four cities, namely
60:
became the fifth "SEZ". In 1990, Pudong district in
1736:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis:
270:and inland areas. First, the state decided to turn
4975:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
1852:
1588:"Learn All About Special Economic Zones In China"
1479:
1141:
1125:"Special economic zone (SEZ) - Chinese economics"
5596:
2067:China's special economic zones: five years later
1990:Lu, Fangwen; Sun, Weizeng; Wu, Jianfeng (2022).
983:). Such zones fall within the Chinese policy to
879:
5136:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
4960:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
1076:investment with improved educational outcomes.
1925:
195:(Amoy) in Fujian Province. For these, Chinese
5101:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
4273:
3926:
2275:
2098:
1333:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China
1117:
5141:National Financial Regulatory Administration
2055:International Economics and Economic Policy.
417:In May 2010, the PRC designated the city of
5353:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
4370:Grasping the large, letting go of the small
1863:
1563:"Special economic zone | Chinese economics"
1507:Lee, Yimou; Hung, Faith (October 8, 2015).
1220:
1042:
359:Most of China's SEZs are located in former
5574:
5328:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area
5166:State Administration for Market Regulation
5151:National Development and Reform Commission
4280:
4266:
2282:
2268:
2105:
2091:
1996:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
1166:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1072:found that SEZs in China led to increased
5035:National Equities Exchange and Quotations
1456:
1304:The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press
1151:
117:In the late 1970s, and especially at the
5171:State Administration of Foreign Exchange
2069:– Asian Journal of Public Administration
1294:
452:List of the SEZs and open coastal cities
153:China Merchants Steam Navigation Company
1989:
1964:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1506:
1405:
1403:
1101:Special administrative regions of China
911:Gross industrial output (million yuan)
5597:
5146:National Bureau of Statistics of China
5116:China Securities Regulatory Commission
3217:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1775:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1409:
1263:
4261:
2263:
2086:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1585:
1412:Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1326:
1290:
1288:
1286:
5363:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone
5308:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
5106:All-China Federation of Trade Unions
4287:
1958:
1806:
1722:
1688:
1610:
1438:
1400:
4840:Hong Kong Trade Development Council
3913:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
1829:
1660:
1649:
1353:
1180:
104:and business incentives to attract
16:Economic development zones of China
13:
4344:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
3051:
2289:
1864:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
1754:
1340:
1283:
1186:How China Escaped the Poverty Trap
1174:
1106:Northeast Area Revitalization Plan
889:Shenzhen's economic transformation
14:
5631:
5368:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
5121:General Administration of Customs
4985:China Reform Holdings Corporation
4376:Scientific Outlook on Development
3208:Political Consultative Conference
2059:
1519:from the original on June 6, 2019
989:Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
671:Special economic zone – Province
64:became the sixth "SEZ". In 2009,
5573:
5564:
5563:
5415:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan
5176:State Administration of Taxation
5064:Stock Exchange Executive Council
4918:
4917:
4531:
4530:
4298:
4297:
3994:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
3989:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
2167:
1926:Gopalakrishnan, Shankar (2007).
1910:"China's Special Economic Zones"
1480:Fish, Isaac Stone (2010-09-25).
1458:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105126
973:
626:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
5605:Special Economic Zones of China
5425:2015–16 stock market turbulence
5348:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
3984:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
3181:Political parties and movements
2545:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
2530:Northern and Southern dynasties
1983:
1919:
1902:
1697:
1682:
1604:
1579:
1555:
1539:"China in Brief - china.org.cn"
1531:
1500:
1473:
1432:
5343:Northeast China Revitalization
4980:China Internet Investment Fund
4965:China Government Guidance Fund
1320:
1257:
1214:
1135:
905:Population (thousands people)
569:
560:
552:
301:Triangle in south Fujian, the
1:
5610:Economic development in China
5435:China–United States trade war
5300:Regional economic initiatives
5253:National economic initiatives
4970:China-Africa Development Fund
4364:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
2033:
1932:Economic and Political Weekly
1738:University of Minnesota Press
1611:Desk, Magazine (2020-11-01).
1586:Verde, Giacomo (2020-10-26).
1264:Holmes, Frank (21 Apr 2017).
991:promotes these SEZs heavily.
981:China Africa Development Fund
880:Economic policies of the SEZs
684:Special economic zone – City
5536:List of Chinese by net worth
5519:China Compulsory Certificate
5430:Protein export contamination
5081:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
4997:China Investment Corporation
4461:Business process outsourcing
3286:Ministry of National Defense
2625:Chinese Communist Revolution
1969:. New York, NY: 1804 Books.
488:as a special economic zone.
440:In 2015, then-magistrate of
155:. This project, initially a
7:
4850:Water supply and sanitation
3949:Flowers of the Four Seasons
3934:Four Treasures of the Study
3553:Water supply and sanitation
3281:Central Military Commission
3276:Outline of military history
3026:Province-level subdivisions
1079:
1025:Export-Import Bank of China
10:
5636:
5358:Rise of Central China Plan
5156:National Energy Commission
3222:Primary stage of socialism
3164:National People's Congress
2632:People's Republic of China
2114:Economic Development Zones
1439:Chen, Yawei (2020-10-06).
1354:Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023).
987:and compete globally. The
736:
159:facility, was approved by
112:
72:became the seventh "SEZ".
5554:
5448:
5391:2005–2011 property bubble
5381:
5323:China Western Development
5298:
5252:
5184:
5091:
5030:Dalian Commodity Exchange
4904:
4868:
4786:
4719:
4681:
4399:
4309:
4295:
4219:
4187:
4105:
4026:
3806:
3612:
3603:
3561:
3521:
3363:
3354:
3266:
3117:
3047:
3038:
3001:
2972:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
2927:
2861:
2770:
2708:
2680:
2671:
2600:
2478:
2426:
2386:
2310:
2301:
2176:
2165:
2124:
1782:Stanford University Press
1069:American Economic Journal
863:
844:
813:
770:
746:
739:
703:
683:
5265:Belt and Road Initiative
5244:Rural credit cooperative
5017:Foreign exchange reserve
4950:Beijing Financial Street
4359:Socialist market economy
4147:Catholic Church in China
3291:People's Liberation Army
3258:One country, two systems
1868:. New Haven and London:
1780:. Stanford, California:
1776:Murphy, Dawn C. (2022).
1709:South China Morning Post
1691:"Shenzhen Yearbook 2001"
1360:Harvard University Press
1190:Cornell University Press
1111:
1043:Effectiveness and legacy
1000:Belt and Road Initiative
994:In southeast Asia, both
354:foreign-oriented economy
277:Shortly afterwards, the
5507:Globalization and women
5373:Zhongyuan Economic Zone
5313:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim
5093:Government institutions
5069:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
5059:Shanghai Metal Exchange
5047:Shanghai Stock Exchange
4711:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
4696:Megalopolises in China
3979:Four Pillars of Destiny
3764:Regional discrimination
3186:Chinese Communist Party
1836:Oxford University Press
1567:Encyclopedia Britannica
1358:. The Belknap Press of
1129:Encyclopedia Britannica
1037:South–South cooperation
570:yánhǎi kāifàng chéngshì
410:business. In 1999, the
340:has opened a number of
262:. Since 1988, mainland
5546:Science and technology
5440:2020–2021 reform spree
5194:International rankings
5040:Beijing Stock Exchange
4706:Suzhou Industrial Park
4701:Special Economic Zones
3732:Science and technology
3405:Special economic zones
2657:persecution of Uyghurs
2585:Century of humiliation
2126:Special Economic Zones
1144:China: A Country Study
1091:Megalopolises in China
458:special economic zones
396:financial institutions
365:century of humiliation
74:Special economic zones
4896:Intellectual property
4391:1949–1976 wage reform
4334:Industrial Revolution
3939:Four Great Inventions
3323:People's Armed Police
1965:Hammond, Ken (2023).
1870:Yale University Press
1732:Simpson, Tim (2023).
1689:Ding, Xuejie (2001).
616:Triangle in southern
123:reform and opening up
5584:Economy of East Asia
5290:Youth Business China
5126:Ministry of Commerce
5074:SZSE Component Index
4691:Dalian Software Park
3918:World Heritage Sites
3446:Foreign aid received
3154:Environmental policy
2952:Environmental policy
2947:Environmental issues
1668:. New York: Viking.
1617:Global Village Space
1208:10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j
1146:. Fort Belvoir, VA.
1066:A 2022 study in the
1021:Ministry of Commerce
1004:U.S.-China trade war
5131:Ministry of Finance
5052:SSE Composite Index
5022:Hedge fund industry
4869:Law and regulations
4576:academic publishing
4354:Four Modernizations
4164:History of religion
4159:Freedom of religion
4014:Four Pests campaign
3959:Four Classic Novels
3571:Automotive industry
3451:Foreign aid program
3142:Pro-democratisation
2637:Cultural Revolution
2177:Open Coastal Cities
1878:10.2307/jj.11589102
1296:Heilmann, Sebastian
908:GDP (million yuan)
898:
602:Yangtze River Delta
557:traditional Chinese
435:Soviet Central Asia
400:tertiary industries
283:Yangtze River Delta
90:government of China
5541:Chinese economists
5514:National Standards
5410:2007 slave scandal
5318:Bohai Economic Rim
5285:Made in China 2025
5234:Internal migration
5219:Standard of living
5007:Financial services
4881:Labor contract law
4835:Illegal drug trade
4805:World Trade Center
4641:Telecommunications
4589:equipment industry
4421:Advanced materials
4386:Population history
4349:Great Leap Forward
4303:Companies of China
4071:Population history
4051:Internal migration
3666:Harmonious Society
3541:Telecommunications
3498:Standard of living
3417:Online advertising
3169:Standing Committee
2045:2011-07-19 at the
1830:Han, Enze (2024).
1641:has generic name (
1368:10.2307/jj.2915805
1153:10.21236/ada205396
897:
737:Open coastal city
598:Shandong Peninsula
578:Liaodong Peninsula
549:simplified Chinese
474:Guangdong Province
431:real estate prices
307:Liaodong Peninsula
303:Shandong Peninsula
173:foreign investment
132:led by Provincial
130:Guangdong Province
106:foreign investment
92:, compared to the
46:Guangdong province
5615:Industry in China
5592:
5591:
5405:2007 stock bubble
5270:Common prosperity
5260:Beijing Consensus
5214:Income inequality
4683:Development Zones
4255:
4254:
4215:
4214:
4022:
4021:
3599:
3598:
3586:Shipping industry
3350:
3349:
3316:Strategic Support
3191:General Secretary
3176:National security
3159:Foreign relations
3113:
3112:
3034:
3033:
2997:
2996:
2700:Natural disasters
2667:
2666:
2620:Chinese Civil War
2615:Republic of China
2590:Taiping Rebellion
2463:Spring and Autumn
2368:Foreign relations
2257:
2256:
1938:(17): 1492–1494.
1845:978-0-19-769659-0
1791:978-1-5036-3060-4
1747:978-1-5179-0031-1
1675:978-1-9848-7828-1
1425:978-1-03-239508-1
1313:978-962-996-827-4
1199:978-1-5017-0020-0
971:
970:
877:
876:
622:Pearl River Delta
584:(which surrounds
287:Pearl River Delta
191:in Guangdong and
181:Pearl River Delta
147:on behalf of the
84:are granted more
5627:
5579:Outline of China
5577:
5576:
5567:
5566:
5400:pet food recalls
5275:Dual circulation
5026:Stock Exchanges
4955:Financial system
4921:
4920:
4860:Trading partners
4606:Renewable energy
4534:
4533:
4301:
4300:
4289:Economy of China
4282:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4258:
4235:
4228:
4125:Tibetan Buddhism
4120:Chinese Buddhism
3974:Four Holy Beasts
3924:
3923:
3776:Social relations
3705:Standard Chinese
3700:Chinese language
3610:
3609:
3395:Economic history
3361:
3360:
3340:Maritime Militia
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3016:Border crossings
3011:Baseline islands
2706:
2705:
2678:
2677:
2642:Tiananmen Square
2525:Sixteen Kingdoms
2333:Military history
2308:
2307:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2171:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2028:
2027:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1834:. New York, NY:
1827:
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1803:
1773:
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1599:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1543:www.china.org.cn
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1482:"A New Shenzhen"
1477:
1471:
1470:
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1436:
1430:
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1211:
1178:
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1165:
1157:
1155:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1086:Economy of China
899:
896:
653:
652:
642:Since 1992, the
571:
562:
554:
346:free trade zones
336:Since 1992, the
197:Paramount leader
5635:
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5595:
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5294:
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5180:
5087:
4900:
4886:Labor relations
4864:
4782:
4715:
4677:
4563:Pharmaceuticals
4395:
4329:Five-year plans
4305:
4291:
4286:
4256:
4251:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4211:
4183:
4101:
4061:Life expectancy
4018:
3922:
3802:
3722:Public holidays
3710:Written Chinese
3695:Intellectualism
3647:Sex trafficking
3595:
3557:
3517:
3346:
3262:
3109:
3100:Nationality law
3083:Law enforcement
3061:Judicial system
3030:
2993:
2967:Nature reserves
2957:Protected areas
2923:
2894:Water resources
2857:
2766:
2704:
2663:
2647:Economic reform
2610:1911 Revolution
2596:
2560:Jin (1115–1234)
2474:
2422:
2382:
2297:
2288:
2258:
2253:
2172:
2163:
2134:Hainan Province
2120:
2111:
2065:Chung-Tong Wu.
2062:
2047:Wayback Machine
2036:
2031:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1963:
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1445:Land Use Policy
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891:
882:
633:Pudong New Area
618:Fujian Province
482:Fujian Province
454:
376:lower tax rates
264:China's opening
134:Party Secretary
115:
94:planned economy
54:Fujian province
17:
12:
11:
5:
5633:
5623:
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5620:Trade in China
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5450:Related topics
5446:
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5199:Social welfare
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4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Postal history
4817:
4815:Communications
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4792:infrastructure
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4749:Oil refineries
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4491:Electric power
4488:
4486:Electric motor
4483:
4478:
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4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
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4405:
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4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:Historical GDP
4378:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4339:Iron rice bowl
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
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3956:
3951:
3946:
3944:Four Gentlemen
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3927:Fours of China
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Civil aviation
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3523:
3522:Infrastructure
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Semiconductors
3473:
3468:
3458:
3456:Historical GDP
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3234:Vice President
3226:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3178:
3173:
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3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:National parks
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Climate policy
2939:
2937:Climate change
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2843:Central Plains
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Extreme points
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2498:Three Kingdoms
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:Warring States
2465:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Historiography
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2061:
2060:External links
2058:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:
1982:
1975:
1957:
1918:
1901:
1886:
1851:
1844:
1805:
1790:
1753:
1746:
1721:
1696:
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1603:
1578:
1554:
1530:
1499:
1472:
1431:
1424:
1399:
1376:
1339:
1328:Vogel, Ezra F.
1319:
1312:
1282:
1256:
1229:(6): 637–654.
1213:
1198:
1182:Ang, Yuen Yuen
1173:
1134:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
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1081:
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690:
685:
681:
680:
675:
672:
668:
667:
662:
657:
582:Hebei Province
453:
450:
404:stock exchange
388:Customs duties
114:
111:
82:mainland China
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5632:
5621:
5618:
5616:
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5529:
5527:
5526:
5525:Made in China
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5502:Globalization
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
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5488:
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5309:
5306:
5305:
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5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Go Out policy
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
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5232:
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4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Trade history
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:Energy policy
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
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4680:
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4609:
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4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:Pearl farming
4556:
4554:
4553:Online gaming
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4527:
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4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:Biotechnology
4454:
4452:
4449:
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4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
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4427:
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4407:
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4230:
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4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
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4160:
4157:
4153:
4152:Protestantism
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Folk religion
4135:
4133:
4130:
4126:
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4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Ethnic groups
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Four Beauties
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
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3919:
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3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Urban society
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:Social issues
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Rural society
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Chinese Dream
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3591:Space program
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3547:
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3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
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3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
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3362:
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3357:
3353:
3341:
3338:
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3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:State Council
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
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3201:
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3184:
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3179:
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3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Civil service
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
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2890:
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2870:
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2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
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2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:South Central
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
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2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Jin (266–420)
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2466:
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2431:
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2425:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Ethnic groups
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1976:9781736850084
1972:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1887:9780300266900
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1632:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1377:9780674271913
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1209:
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1201:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1154:
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1138:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1074:human capital
1071:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:Sihanoukville
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
974:Overseas SEZs
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
952:
949:
946:
943:
942:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
910:
907:
904:
901:
900:
895:
886:
873:
870:
869:
866:
861:
858:
857:
854:
851:
850:
847:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
820:
819:
816:
811:
808:
807:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
780:
777:
776:
773:
768:
765:
764:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
749:
745:
742:
735:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
720:
717:
716:
713:
710:
709:
706:
701:
698:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
663:
661:
658:
655:
654:
651:
647:
645:
644:State Council
640:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
566:
558:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
449:
447:
443:
442:Kinmen County
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:foreign trade
368:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:border cities
339:
338:State Council
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:Province and
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:State Council
275:
273:
269:
268:Yangtze River
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
201:
200:Deng Xiaoping
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:ship breaking
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:Officials in
126:
124:
120:
110:
107:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
25:Deng Xiaoping
22:
5559:
5558:
5523:
5497:Demographics
5489:
5483:Largest SOEs
5229:Urbanization
4938:Central bank
4700:
4668:Video gaming
4548:Mobile phone
4142:Christianity
4132:Confucianism
4092:Urbanization
4028:Demographics
4004:Gang of Four
3969:Four Symbols
3868:Martial arts
3642:Prostitution
3529:Architecture
3404:
3383:Central bank
3251:Vice Premier
3203:United front
3132:Constitution
3088:Penal system
3066:Human rights
3003:Subdivisions
2841: /
2837: /
2760:Southwestern
2755:Northwestern
2458:Western Zhou
2406:Yellow River
2356:1949–present
2125:
2002:(3): 35–64.
1999:
1995:
1985:
1966:
1960:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1904:
1865:
1831:
1777:
1733:
1713:. Retrieved
1711:. 2021-03-16
1708:
1699:
1684:
1665:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1606:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1512:
1502:
1491:. Retrieved
1485:
1475:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1411:
1355:
1331:
1322:
1299:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1259:
1226:
1223:Asian Survey
1222:
1216:
1185:
1176:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1017:
1008:
993:
977:
892:
883:
648:
641:
630:
575:
568:
490:
455:
439:
416:
384:
369:
361:treaty ports
358:
335:
325:New Area in
276:
205:
143:prepared by
127:
116:
98:
77:
68:district in
27:referred to
18:
5458:Agriculture
5396:2007 export
5224:Foreign aid
5186:Development
5002:CITIC Group
4943:Other banks
4891:Food safety
4601:Real estate
4541:gold mining
4496:Electronics
4426:Aquaculture
3908:Variety art
3903:Tea culture
3831:Calligraphy
3816:Archaeology
3676:Food safety
3471:Gold mining
3373:Aquaculture
3368:Agriculture
3328:Coast Guard
3095:Naming laws
2929:Environment
2917:South China
2396:Paleolithic
2388:Prehistoric
2346:before 1912
2209:Lianyungang
2189:Qinhuangdao
2008:10.1257/pol
1896:jj.11589102
1639:|last=
996:state-owned
810:Lianyungang
798:Qinhuangdao
594:Jing-Jin-Ji
513:Lianyungang
497:Qinhuangdao
446:Chen Fu-hai
313:Province),
228:Lianyungang
212:Qinhuangdao
171:to attract
161:Li Xiannian
137:Xi Zhongxun
96:elsewhere.
86:free market
52:located in
44:located in
5599:Categories
5463:Bankruptcy
5239:Emigration
5209:Corruption
4923:Accounting
4876:Tax system
4776:Geothermal
4646:Television
4611:Securities
4596:Rare earth
4572:Publishing
4516:Hedge fund
4431:Automotive
4401:Industries
4169:Irreligion
4066:Statistics
4036:Emigration
3999:Four Wangs
3888:Philosophy
3873:Mass media
3856:Literature
3754:Patriarchy
3717:Propaganda
3637:Corruption
3622:Censorship
3412:E-commerce
3119:Government
2912:East China
2884:Waterfalls
2830:Peninsulas
2798:Grasslands
2034:References
1800:1249712936
1715:2022-10-04
1622:2020-12-02
1597:2020-12-02
1572:2020-12-02
1548:2020-12-02
1493:2011-07-29
1451:: 105126.
1386:jj.2915805
460:(SEZs) in
392:income tax
5560:See also:
5491:The Hongs
5468:Companies
5420:2010 Expo
4810:Transport
4761:Renewable
4744:Oil shale
4476:Container
4446:Aerospace
4056:Languages
4009:Four Olds
3964:Four arts
3851:Libraries
3781:Structure
3744:Sexuality
3681:incidents
3654:Education
3563:Transport
3439:Renewable
3434:Petroleum
3229:President
3196:Politburo
3149:Elections
3137:Democracy
3105:Terrorism
2853:Volcanoes
2835:Northeast
2813:Mountains
2723:Northeast
2673:Geography
2580:High Qing
2401:Neolithic
2373:Dynasties
2351:1912–1949
2342:Economic
2311:Overviews
2244:Zhanjiang
2239:Guangzhou
2024:236623774
2016:1945-7731
1944:0012-9976
1662:Jin, Keyu
1592:FDI China
1467:0264-8377
1416:Routledge
1394:259402050
1243:0004-4687
1162:cite book
1096:New areas
779:Zhanjiang
772:Guangdong
767:Guangzhou
705:Guangdong
610:Zhangzhou
541:Zhanjiang
537:Guangzhou
350:high-tech
295:Zhangzhou
256:Zhanjiang
252:Guangzhou
149:Hong Kong
145:Yuan Geng
29:Karl Marx
5569:Category
5012:Renminbi
4830:Shipping
4663:Textiles
4631:Software
4621:Shipping
4616:Sex toys
4585:Railway
4567:pharmacy
4521:Internet
4511:Gambling
4441:Aircraft
4436:Aviation
4409:Industry
4242:Category
4115:Buddhism
4107:Religion
4084:Post-90s
4077:Post-80s
3821:Archives
3688:HIV/AIDS
3659:Literacy
3617:Abortion
3546:Internet
3503:Taxation
3486:Textiles
3466:Chemical
3461:Industry
3390:Currency
3268:Military
3076:in Tibet
3040:Politics
2977:Wildlife
2889:Wetlands
2652:COVID-19
2480:Imperial
2378:Monarchs
2338:Language
2323:Timeline
2295:articles
2219:Shanghai
2149:Shenzhen
2043:Archived
1664:(2023).
1631:cite web
1517:Archived
1487:Newsweek
1330:(2011).
1298:(2018).
1275:22 March
1184:(2016).
1080:See also
1023:and the
865:Zhejiang
846:Shandong
834:Liaoning
741:Shanghai
731:Xinjiang
712:Shenzhen
665:Province
637:Shanghai
614:Quanzhou
521:Shanghai
466:Shenzhen
423:Xinjiang
398:and run
327:Shanghai
311:Liaoning
299:Quanzhou
236:Shanghai
183:region,
177:Shenzhen
62:Shanghai
34:Shenzhen
5531:Mingong
5478:Top 500
5473:Largest
5204:Poverty
4933:History
4928:Banking
4910:banking
4906:Finance
4855:Exports
4825:Tourism
4756:Nuclear
4658:Tourism
4651:digital
4506:Fishing
4414:history
4319:History
4311:History
4226:Outline
4189:Symbols
4046:Eunuchs
3893:Smoking
3841:Cuisine
3808:Culture
3798:Welfare
3769:Suicide
3737:history
3605:Society
3534:Housing
3508:Tourism
3493:Poverty
3378:Banking
3356:Economy
3335:Militia
3246:Premier
2848:Valleys
2808:Islands
2793:Deserts
2783:Canyons
2771:Terrain
2750:Western
2738:Central
2710:Regions
2695:Geology
2685:Borders
2428:Ancient
2411:Yangtze
2318:History
2303:History
2229:Wenzhou
2214:Nantong
2204:Qingdao
2194:Tianjin
2144:Shantou
2139:Kashgar
1952:4419511
1523:June 6,
1513:Reuters
1251:2644396
967:20,912
964:17,167
961:2019.4
872:Wenzhou
841:Qingdao
822:Nantong
815:Jiangsu
791:Guangxi
748:Tianjin
726:Kashgar
700:Shantou
596:), the
590:Tianjin
586:Beijing
529:Wenzhou
517:Nantong
509:Qingdao
501:Tianjin
462:Shantou
427:tourism
419:Kashgar
333:head."
319:Guangxi
244:Wenzhou
232:Nantong
224:Qingdao
216:Tianjin
189:Shantou
179:in the
165:Beijing
151:-based
113:History
70:Tianjin
38:Shantou
5383:Events
4721:Energy
4536:Mining
4481:Cotton
4471:Coffee
4466:Cement
4324:Reform
4247:Portal
4202:Emblem
4197:Anthem
4179:Taoism
3861:Poetry
3836:Cinema
3759:Racism
3671:Health
3424:Energy
3400:Reform
3311:Rocket
3296:Ground
3021:Cities
2907:Yellow
2879:Rivers
2869:Canals
2823:passes
2818:ranges
2602:Modern
2293:
2249:Beihai
2234:Fuzhou
2224:Ningbo
2199:Yantai
2184:Dalian
2159:Zhuhai
2154:Xiamen
2022:
2014:
1973:
1950:
1942:
1894:
1884:
1842:
1798:
1788:
1744:
1672:
1465:
1422:
1392:
1384:
1374:
1310:
1270:Forbes
1249:
1241:
1206:
1196:
985:go out
947:881.5
933:449.5
919:332.9
860:Ningbo
853:Yantai
829:Dalian
786:Beihai
760:Fujian
755:Fuzhou
719:Zhuhai
693:Fujian
688:Xiamen
678:Hainan
624:, and
620:, the
606:Xiamen
592:; see
567::
565:pinyin
561:沿海開放城市
559::
553:沿海开放城市
551::
545:Beihai
543:, and
533:Fuzhou
525:Ningbo
505:Yantai
493:Dalian
486:Hainan
478:Xiamen
470:Zhuhai
468:, and
444:(ROC)
331:dragon
323:Pudong
305:, the
291:Xiamen
272:Hainan
260:Beihai
248:Fuzhou
240:Ningbo
220:Yantai
208:Dalian
193:Xiamen
185:Zhuhai
169:Fujian
141:Shekou
66:Binhai
58:Hainan
50:Xiamen
42:Zhuhai
40:, and
4845:Ports
4788:Trade
4771:Solar
4636:Steel
4581:Radio
4526:Media
4233:Index
4174:Islam
4097:Women
3898:Sport
3883:Names
3878:Music
3846:Dance
3632:Crime
3513:Trade
3481:Steel
2987:Flora
2982:Fauna
2902:Bohai
2898:Seas
2874:Lakes
2862:Water
2839:North
2803:Hills
2788:Caves
2743:South
2728:North
2441:Shang
2291:China
2118:China
2020:S2CID
1948:JSTOR
1913:(PDF)
1892:JSTOR
1390:S2CID
1382:JSTOR
1247:JSTOR
1204:JSTOR
1112:Notes
958:1990
953:3119
950:3902
944:1985
930:1982
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