47:
699:
747:
723:
711:
683:
735:
646:
Mushet realised that he could operate the
Bessemer converter for longer, burning off all the steel's impurities including the unwanted phosphorus but also the carbon (which is an essential ingredient in steel), and then re-adding carbon, along with manganese, in the form of a previously obscure ferromanganese ore with no phosphorus,
645:
showed that the reason for the discrepancy was the nature of the
Swedish ores that Bessemer had innocently used; they were very low in phosphorus. Using a typical European high-phosphorus ore in Bessemer's converter gave a poor quality steel. To produce high quality steel from a high-phosphorus ore,
654:
in South Wales soon learned to make it from the spathic siderite ores. For a few decades, spathic ores were therefore in demand and this encouraged their mining. In time though, the original 'acidic' liner of the
Bessemer converter, made from siliceous sandstone or
627:. His 'Iron Mill' of 1838 used a three-chambered concentric roasting furnace, before passing the ore to a separate reducing furnace for smelting. Details of this mill were the invention of Charles Sanderson, a steel maker of Sheffield, who held the patent for it.
698:
1159:
1060:
Ludvigson, G. A.; Gonzalez, L. A.; Metzger, R. A.; Witzke, B. J.; Brenner, R. L.; Murillo, A. P.; White, T. S. (1998). "Meteoric sphaerosiderite lines and their use for paleohydrology and paleoclimatology".
954:
Frederichs, T.; von
Dobeneck, T.; Bleil, U.; Dekkers, M. J. (January 2003). "Towards the identification of siderite, rhodochrosite, and vivianite in sediments by their low-temperature magnetic properties".
619:
if added directly. Instead the ore must be given a preliminary roasting step. Developments of specific techniques to deal with these ores began in the early 19th century, largely with the work of
722:
641:. Although the first demonstrations by Bessemer in 1856 were successful, others' initial attempts to replicate his method infamously failed to produce good steel. Work by the metallurgist
667:
produced by chemical reaction with the liner, and no longer required spiegeleisen. From the 1880s demand for the ores fell once again and many of their mines, including those of the
492:
in shape, typically with curved and striated faces. It also occurs in masses. Color ranges from yellow to dark brown or black, the latter being due to the presence of manganese.
746:
734:
710:
704:
Siderite crystals with galena and quartz. Size: 6.2 cm × 4.1 cm × 3.6 cm (2.4 in × 1.6 in × 1.4 in).
650:. This created a sudden demand for spiegeleisen. Although it was not available in sufficient quantity as a mineral, steelworks such as that at
46:
600:
and pumping engine, between these bodies as each is worked out. This makes mining the ore an expensive proposition compared to typical
615:
than a haematite or other oxide ore. Driving off the carbonate as carbon dioxide requires more energy and so the ore 'kills' the
682:
637:
Spathic iron ores are rich in manganese and have negligible phosphorus. This led to their one major benefit, connected with the
1041:
Mozley, P. S. (1989). "Relation between depositional environment and the elemental composition of early diagenetic siderite".
1242:
1138:
539:
397:
861:
630:
These differences between spathic ore and haematite have led to the failure of a number of mining concerns, notably the
620:
574:
iron ores, such as siderite, have been economically important for steel production, they are far from ideal as an ore.
1113:
874:
596:. As the individual ore bodies are small, it may also be necessary to duplicate or relocate the pit head machinery,
96:
17:
791:
are sedimentary formations, thus the economically viable deposits may be considerable thicker and more extensive.
631:
454:
260:
728:
Cut siderite from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Size: 5 mm × 3.2 mm (0.20 in × 0.13 in).
293:
1222:
538:, siderite commonly forms at shallow burial depths and its elemental composition is often related to the
1237:
1217:
106:
1154:
496:
660:
485:
86:
992:"High-fidelity X-ray micro-tomography reconstruction of siderite-hosted Carboniferous arachnids"
1227:
642:
167:
788:
250:
240:
964:
824:
651:
8:
1232:
470:
462:
358:
283:
273:
968:
828:
478:
1247:
1018:
991:
842:
474:
384:
226:
976:
1134:
1109:
1023:
870:
846:
62:
1013:
1005:
972:
832:
638:
535:
458:
321:
303:
212:
69:
542:
of the enclosing sediments. In addition, a number of recent studies have used the
996:
589:
551:
543:
466:
197:
Pale yellow to tan, grey, brown, green, red, black and sometimes nearly colorless
740:
Colorado siderite, with sharp blades of olive-brown and minor accenting quartz.
597:
559:
499:
447:
116:
31:
1211:
932:
880:
668:
616:
611:
The recovered ore also has drawbacks. The carbonate ore is more difficult to
585:
582:
444:
392:
345:
202:
128:
1027:
1009:
647:
489:
1157:, Charles Sanderson, "Smelting Iron Ores", issued October 1838
907:
436:
151:
837:
812:
913:
527:
515:
420:
139:
605:
601:
571:
523:
440:
432:
428:
402:
481:
of 37 K (−236 °C) which can assist in its identification.
775:
771:
656:
624:
612:
592:, and increases the cost of working them by mining with horizontal
578:
507:
408:
121:
1131:
The
Brendon Hills Iron Mines and the West Somerset Mineral Railway
953:
689:
593:
555:
531:
380:
716:
Disc-shaped, brown siderite crystals perched upon chalcopyrites.
752:
511:
503:
416:
1059:
577:
Their hydrothermal mineralisation tends to form them as small
1073:
519:
990:
Garwood, Russell; Dunlop, Jason A.; Sutton, Mark D. (2009).
435:
commonly substitute for the iron, resulting in the siderite-
664:
547:
424:
412:
1108:. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 300–302.
1085:
1183:
1181:
863:
Handbook of
Mineralogy: Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates
778:
deposits, but these are small and economically minor.
207:
Tabular crystals, often curved; botryoidal to massive
1193:
1178:
1166:
989:
869:. Tucson, Arizona: Mineral Data Publishing. 2003.
1153:
530:, which can encase three-dimensionally preserved
1209:
1103:
1079:
957:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
659:, was replaced by a 'basic' liner in the newer
663:. This removed the phosphorus impurities as
546:of sphaerosiderite (a type associated with
1104:Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (1996).
1122:
1017:
836:
902:
900:
1097:
853:
14:
1210:
1040:
27:Mineral composed of iron(II) carbonate
1199:
1187:
1172:
1128:
1091:
925:
897:
565:
813:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
810:
1133:. Lightmoor Press. pp. 17–22.
24:
588:. This makes them not amenable to
514:, and others. It is also a common
25:
1259:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
681:
278:Vitreous, may be silky to pearly
45:
1147:
781:
764:
30:For the type of meteorite, see
1053:
1034:
983:
947:
804:
632:Brendon Hills Iron Ore Company
495:Siderite is commonly found in
407:), meaning "iron". A valuable
13:
1:
977:10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00121-9
798:
639:Bessemer steel-making process
298:Translucent to subtranslucent
7:
1243:Minerals in space group 167
544:oxygen isotopic composition
526:, where it sometimes forms
391:). Its name comes from the
10:
1264:
770:Some siderite, along with
674:
581:, often following steeply
562:shortly after deposition.
396:
29:
502:, and is associated with
367:
357:
344:
320:
312:
302:
292:
282:
272:
259:
249:
239:
225:
211:
201:
193:
188:
166:
150:
133:Hexagonal scalenohedral (
127:
115:
105:
95:
85:
68:
58:
53:
44:
39:
757:
661:Gilchrist Thomas process
540:depositional environment
486:trigonal crystal system
484:It crystallizes in the
217:Lamellar uncommon on{01
1010:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0464
817:Mineralogical Magazine
789:banded iron formations
643:Robert Forester Mushet
1129:Jones, M. H. (2011).
934:Siderite Mineral Data
671:, closed soon after.
621:Sir Thomas Lethbridge
411:, it consists of 48%
97:Strunz classification
811:Warr, L. N. (2021).
787:Both ironstones and
692:, Cornwall, England.
245:Uneven to conchoidal
1106:Sedimentary Geology
1094:, p. 34–35,37.
1080:Sedimentary Geology
969:2003PCE....28..669F
838:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
829:2021MinM...85..291W
457:of 3.75 to 4.25, a
107:Dana classification
1223:Carbonate minerals
963:(16–19): 669–679.
566:Carbonate iron ore
385:iron(II) carbonate
313:Optical properties
1238:Trigonal minerals
1218:Iron(II) minerals
536:sedimentary rocks
475:antiferromagnetic
461:of 3.96, a white
374:
373:
180:= 15.3796 ;
63:Carbonate mineral
16:(Redirected from
1255:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1140:9781899889-5-3-2
1126:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1021:
987:
981:
980:
951:
945:
944:
943:
942:
937:, WebMineral.com
929:
923:
922:
921:
920:
904:
895:
894:
892:
891:
886:on 13 March 2022
885:
879:. Archived from
868:
857:
851:
850:
840:
808:
792:
785:
779:
774:, also forms in
768:
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
685:
590:opencast working
479:Néel temperature
459:specific gravity
406:
400:
322:Refractive index
304:Specific gravity
265:
234:
220:
161:
145:
136:
75:
74:(repeating unit)
49:
37:
36:
21:
18:Spathic iron ore
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1039:
1035:
997:Biology Letters
988:
984:
952:
948:
940:
938:
931:
930:
926:
918:
916:
906:
905:
898:
889:
887:
883:
877:
866:
859:
858:
854:
809:
805:
801:
796:
795:
786:
782:
769:
765:
760:
753:
750:
741:
738:
729:
726:
717:
714:
705:
702:
693:
686:
677:
568:
558:composition of
467:vitreous lustre
443:, and siderite-
390:
339:
333:
331:
263:
232:
218:
176:
159:
143:
138:
134:
81:
73:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1202:, p. 158.
1192:
1177:
1165:
1146:
1139:
1121:
1114:
1096:
1084:
1082:, p. 304.
1072:
1052:
1033:
1004:(6): 841–844.
982:
946:
924:
896:
875:
852:
823:(3): 291–320.
802:
800:
797:
794:
793:
780:
762:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
751:
744:
742:
739:
732:
730:
727:
720:
718:
715:
708:
706:
703:
696:
694:
688:Siderite from
687:
680:
676:
673:
598:winding engine
586:bedding planes
567:
564:
560:meteoric water
473:. Siderite is
448:solid solution
388:
372:
371:
369:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
348:
342:
341:
337:
329:
324:
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
296:
290:
289:
286:
280:
279:
276:
270:
269:
266:
257:
256:
253:
247:
246:
243:
237:
236:
231:Perfect on {01
229:
223:
222:
215:
209:
208:
205:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
189:Identification
186:
185:
184: = 6
170:
164:
163:
154:
148:
147:
131:
125:
124:
119:
117:Crystal system
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
79:
76:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
32:Iron meteorite
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Calcite group
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1201:
1196:
1190:, p. 16.
1189:
1184:
1182:
1175:, p. 99.
1174:
1169:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1115:0-7167-2726-9
1111:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
986:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
950:
936:
935:
928:
915:
911:
910:
903:
901:
882:
878:
876:9780962209741
872:
865:
864:
856:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
803:
790:
784:
777:
773:
767:
763:
748:
743:
736:
731:
724:
719:
712:
707:
700:
695:
691:
684:
679:
678:
672:
670:
669:Brendon Hills
666:
662:
658:
653:
649:
644:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:blast furnace
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
575:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:
493:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:Mohs hardness
453:Siderite has
451:
449:
446:
445:rhodochrosite
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
399:
394:
393:Ancient Greek
386:
382:
378:
370:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
349:
347:
346:Birefringence
343:
336:
328:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
295:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
242:
238:
230:
228:
224:
216:
214:
210:
206:
204:
203:Crystal habit
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
174:
171:
169:
165:
158:
155:
153:
149:
141:
132:
130:
129:Crystal class
126:
123:
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
88:
84:
77:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1200:Jones (2011)
1195:
1188:Jones (2011)
1173:Jones (2011)
1168:
1149:
1130:
1124:
1105:
1099:
1092:Jones (2011)
1087:
1075:
1069:: 1039–1042.
1066:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1001:
995:
985:
960:
956:
949:
939:, retrieved
933:
927:
917:, retrieved
908:
888:. Retrieved
881:the original
862:
860:"Siderite".
855:
820:
816:
806:
783:
766:
648:spiegeleisen
636:
629:
610:
576:
569:
497:hydrothermal
494:
490:rhombohedral
483:
452:
403:
383:composed of
376:
375:
350:
334:
326:
316:Uniaxial (−)
181:
177:
172:
156:
608:opencasts.
528:concretions
518:mineral in
439:, siderite-
437:smithsonite
294:Diaphaneity
152:Space group
111:14.01.01.03
1233:Carbonates
1212:Categories
1049:: 704–706.
941:2022-11-30
919:2022-11-30
914:Mindat.org
890:2022-11-30
799:References
579:ore lenses
524:sandstones
516:diagenetic
488:, and are
477:below its
469:or pearly
421:phosphorus
415:and lacks
368:References
359:Dispersion
261:Mohs scale
140:H-M symbol
87:IMA symbol
1248:Iron ores
847:235729616
652:Ebbw Vale
606:haematite
602:ironstone
572:carbonate
570:Although
441:magnesite
433:manganese
429:magnesium
268:3.75–4.25
175:= 4.6916
168:Unit cell
1028:19656861
909:Siderite
776:bog iron
772:goethite
657:ganister
625:Somerset
556:isotopic
554:for the
508:fluorite
450:series.
409:iron ore
377:Siderite
332:= 1.875
264:hardness
251:Tenacity
241:Fracture
227:Cleavage
213:Twinning
122:Trigonal
59:Category
40:Siderite
1155:GB 7828
1063:Geology
1043:Geology
1019:2828000
965:Bibcode
825:Bibcode
690:Redruth
675:Gallery
583:dipping
550:) as a
532:fossils
404:sídēros
398:σίδηρος
381:mineral
353:= 0.242
340:= 1.633
255:Brittle
101:5.AB.05
70:Formula
54:General
1161:
1137:
1112:
1026:
1016:
873:
845:
594:stopes
520:shales
512:galena
504:barite
471:luster
465:and a
463:streak
431:, and
417:sulfur
363:Strong
284:Streak
274:Luster
884:(PDF)
867:(PDF)
843:S2CID
758:Notes
613:smelt
552:proxy
548:soils
534:. In
500:veins
395:word
387:(FeCO
379:is a
288:White
194:Color
1135:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1024:PMID
871:ISBN
665:slag
522:and
425:Zinc
419:and
413:iron
308:3.96
146:2/m)
78:FeCO
1014:PMC
1006:doi
973:doi
833:doi
623:in
604:or
142:: (
137:m)
1214::
1180:^
1067:26
1065:.
1047:17
1045:.
1022:.
1012:.
1000:.
994:.
971:.
961:28
959:.
912:,
899:^
841:.
831:.
821:85
819:.
815:.
634:.
510:,
506:,
427:,
423:.
235:1}
221:2}
91:Sd
1143:.
1118:.
1030:.
1008::
1002:5
979:.
975::
967::
893:.
849:.
835::
827::
401:(
389:3
351:δ
338:ε
335:n
330:ω
327:n
233:1
219:1
182:Z
178:c
173:a
162:c
160:3
157:R
144:3
135:3
80:3
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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