31:
293:
359:
layout — riveted onto the spars, resulting in a substantial increase in structural strength at a time when most other aircraft designs were built almost completely with wood-structure wings. The
Junkers all-metal corrugated-covered wing / multiple tubular wing spar design format was emulated after
283:
Even in modern times, "homebuilt replica aircraft" such as the replica
Spitfires use laminated wooden spars. These spars are laminated usually from spruce or douglas fir (by clamping and glueing). A number of enthusiasts build "replica" Spitfires that will actually fly using a variety of engines
488:
aircraft. Using multiple spars allows for an equivalent overall strength of wing, but with multiple, smaller, spars, which in turn allow for a thinner wing or tail structure (at a cost of increased complexity and difficulty of packaging additional equipment such as fuel tanks, guns,
407:
in the early 1970s. The spar used in the BD-5 and subsequent BD projects was primarily aluminium tube of approximately 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter, and joined at the wing root with a much larger internal diameter aluminium tube to provide the wing structural integrity.
395:
wing that contributed greatly to its success was an innovative spar boom design, made up of five square concentric tubes that fitted into each other. Two of these booms were linked together by an alloy web, creating a lightweight and very strong main spar.
670:
257:
and its relatives. A disadvantage of the wooden spar is the deteriorating effect that atmospheric conditions, both dry and wet, and biological threats such as wood-boring insect infestation and
77:
construction also sharing the loads where it is used. There may be more than one spar in a wing or none at all. Where a single spar carries most of the force, it is known as the main spar.
524:
False spars, like main spars, are load bearing structural members running spanwise but are not joined to the fuselage. Their most common purpose is to carry moving surfaces, principally
319:
to the top and bottom of the sheet to prevent buckling under applied loads. Larger aircraft using this method of spar construction may have the spar caps sealed to provide
424:
wing spar structure was employed, which had the advantages of being lightweight and able to withstand heavy battle damage with only partial loss of strength.
662:
497:
had 3 spars per wing), they gained greater popularity when the increasing speed of jet fighters demanded thinner wings to reduce drag at high speeds. The
355:
wing covering and with each tubular spar connected to the adjacent one with a space frame of triangulated duralumin strips — usually in the manner of a
245:. Several different wooden spar types have been used and experimented with such as spars that are box-section in form; and laminated spars laid up in a
160:
Downward bending loads while stationary on the ground due to the weight of the structure, fuel carried in the wings, and wing-mounted engines if used.
205:
817:
1394:
1040:
111:
itself. Together, these two structural components collectively provide the wing rigidity needed to enable the aircraft to fly safely.
618:
472:. The increase in strength and reduction in weight compared to the earlier fibreglass-sparred aircraft allows a greater quantity of
327:
of metal wing spars has been an identified causal factor in aviation accidents, especially in older aircraft as was the case with
108:
516:
and others use 3 or more spars to give sufficient strength in a relatively thin wing, and thus qualify as multi-spar aircraft.
505:
586:
1434:
1389:
1334:
1199:
328:
1454:
1768:
810:
773:
758:
740:
724:
509:
1224:
493:
jacks, etc.). Although multi-spar wings have been used since at least the 1930s (for example, the World War 2-era
705:
17:
1424:
1022:
297:
1717:
1707:
1548:
803:
513:
473:
92:
and serve a similar function, although the loads transmitted may be different from those of a wing spar.
786:
1429:
1384:
1075:
501:
1615:
1459:
1409:
221:
136:
468:
spars in their designs but now often use carbon fibre in their high performance gliders such as the
1399:
952:
882:
465:
710:
Acceptable
Methods, Techniques and Practices-Aircraft Inspection and Repair, AC43.13.1A, Change 3.
1727:
1702:
1464:
1444:
1369:
1259:
1229:
1204:
1070:
1035:
35:
1742:
1543:
1439:
1264:
1080:
367:
268:
Wood wing spars of multipiece construction usually consist of upper and lower members, called
69:
and the weight of the wings while on the ground. Other structural and forming members such as
1722:
1640:
1630:
1135:
847:
351:-designed multi-tube network of several tubular wing spars, placed just under the corrugated
242:
1687:
1490:
1284:
1095:
1050:
494:
461:
392:
261:
can have on the component; consequently regular inspections are often mandated to maintain
615:
8:
1666:
1573:
1289:
997:
826:
712:
U.S. Department of
Transportation, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 1988.
250:
124:
89:
42:
356:
100:
The wing spar provides the majority of the weight support and dynamic load integrity of
1374:
1354:
1349:
1323:
1234:
1175:
453:
445:
417:
324:
189:
149:
force that supports the fuselage in flight. These forces are often offset by carrying
1682:
1419:
1364:
1344:
1274:
1269:
1254:
942:
769:
754:
736:
720:
663:"DatWiki.net - Aviation Dictionary Presented by Aviation Supplies and Academics, Inc"
469:
449:
421:
175:
123:
enabling smaller section and thus lighter spars to be used at the cost of increasing
50:
1737:
1620:
1294:
1189:
912:
887:
830:
308:
197:
181:
120:
795:
587:"Spitfire Aircraft Co. – A full-sized Spitfire replica you can build from a kit!!"
30:
1747:
1712:
1563:
1484:
1449:
1414:
1209:
857:
622:
594:
212:
Many of these loads are reversed abruptly in flight with an aircraft such as the
66:
1115:
982:
1732:
1592:
1309:
867:
862:
504:
used numerous slender spars to allow for a wing of unusually thin section; the
383:
375:
220:
manoeuvers; the spars of these aircraft are designed to safely withstand great
70:
1513:
320:
1762:
1661:
1600:
1404:
1339:
977:
957:
872:
457:
379:
371:
262:
150:
74:
1697:
1625:
1588:
1568:
1558:
1533:
1498:
1279:
1249:
1219:
1185:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1120:
1055:
922:
892:
852:
433:
348:
301:
213:
185:
146:
116:
344:
1645:
1528:
1244:
1100:
498:
362:
340:
254:
1635:
1523:
1518:
1474:
1469:
1304:
1239:
1214:
1170:
1145:
1130:
1065:
927:
917:
246:
217:
154:
101:
58:
1692:
1610:
1538:
1503:
1359:
1140:
1125:
1105:
1060:
1045:
1002:
987:
972:
907:
877:
400:
352:
312:
104:
85:
1605:
1578:
1553:
1319:
1299:
1160:
1090:
1007:
932:
902:
838:
441:
404:
164:
62:
54:
253:. Wooden spars are still being used in light aircraft such as the
1379:
1030:
1012:
937:
768:. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Airlife Publishing Ltd, 1988.
525:
490:
258:
193:
168:
112:
81:
292:
119:
have much of the flight loads transmitted through the wires and
1085:
992:
967:
897:
437:
399:
A version of this spar construction method is also used in the
238:
201:
1508:
1110:
962:
316:
153:
in the wings or employing wing-tip-mounted fuel tanks; the
315:
spar web, with L- or T-shaped spar caps being welded or
484:
Aircraft utilizing three or more spars are considered
508:
uses a similar construction. Other aircraft like the
825:
374:airliner series, and by Russian aerospace designer
208:
construction is beneficial to reduce wing twisting.
200:. Further twisting loads are induced by changes of
440:in their construction, ranging in size from large
237:Early aircraft used spars often carved from solid
27:Main structural member of the wing of an aircraft
1760:
766:The Air Pilot's Manual 4-The Aeroplane-Technical
280:, that span the distance between the spar caps.
188:effects at high airspeeds often associated with
382:of 1922, upwards in size to the then-gigantic
141:Some of the forces acting on a wing spar are:
107:, often coupled with the strength of the wing
811:
227:
145:Upward bending loads resulting from the wing
57:at right angles (or thereabouts depending on
272:, and vertical sheet wood members, known as
579:
464:. These companies initially employed solid
249:, and compression glued to retain the wing
204:settings to underwing-mounted engines. The
73:may be attached to the spar or spars, with
818:
804:
616:NTSB report - Grumman Turbo Mallard, N2969
479:
427:
411:
403:, which was designed and constructed by
291:
29:
448:. Of note are the developments made by
14:
1761:
753:, London: Universal Books Ltd., 1990.
334:
284:relative to the size of the aircraft.
232:
80:Spars are also used in other aircraft
799:
733:An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation
730:
717:Gliders & Sailplanes of the World
673:from the original on 22 December 2015
311:aircraft usually consists of a sheet
157:is an example of this design feature.
24:
787:1913 article on spar testing from
25:
1780:
780:
296:Basic metal-sparred wing using a
343:armoured fuselage ground-attack
329:Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101
706:Federal Aviation Administration
698:
685:
655:
1728:In-flight entertainment system
1425:Horizontal situation indicator
646:
637:
628:
609:
570:
561:
552:
543:
519:
366:by American aviation designer
287:
13:
1:
531:
95:
1708:Environmental control system
7:
719:. London: Ian Allan, 1982.
10:
1785:
1385:Course deviation indicator
1076:Electro-hydraulic actuator
625:Retrieved: 1 February 2009
307:A typical metal spar in a
228:Materials and construction
134:
65:. The spar carries flight
1675:
1654:
1616:Conventional landing gear
1587:
1483:
1318:
1184:
1021:
837:
735:. New York: McGraw Hill.
432:Many modern aircraft use
378:for such aircraft as his
137:Aircraft flight mechanics
130:
1769:Aircraft wing components
1400:Flight management system
536:
416:In aircraft such as the
216:when performing extreme
163:Drag loads dependent on
1703:Emergency oxygen system
1465:Turn and slip indicator
1260:Leading-edge droop flap
1230:Drag-reducing aerospike
1205:Adaptive compliant wing
1200:Active Aeroelastic Wing
480:Multi-spar construction
391:A design aspect of the
36:de Havilland DH.60 Moth
1743:Passenger service unit
1544:Self-sealing fuel tank
1440:Multi-function display
731:Kumar, Bharat (2005).
591:spitfirebuilder.4t.com
428:Composite construction
304:
184:twisting loads due to
38:
1723:Ice protection system
1641:Tricycle landing gear
1631:Landing gear extender
848:Aft pressure bulkhead
412:Geodesic construction
295:
84:surfaces such as the
53:of the wing, running
33:
1688:Auxiliary power unit
1096:Flight control modes
567:Taylor 1990, p. 146.
506:F-16 Fighting Falcon
393:Supermarine Spitfire
1667:Escape crew capsule
1574:War emergency power
1445:Pitot–static system
1290:Variable-sweep wing
998:Vertical stabilizer
643:Taylor 1990, p. 95.
634:Taylor 1990, p. 80.
558:Taylor 1990, p. 72.
335:Tubular metal spars
321:integral fuel tanks
233:Wooden construction
43:fixed-wing aircraft
1375:Attitude indicator
1355:Airspeed indicator
1350:Aircraft periscope
751:The Lore of Flight
749:Taylor, John W.R.
652:Hardy 1982, p. 86.
621:2008-09-10 at the
549:Thom 1988, p. 152.
446:homebuilt aircraft
418:Vickers Wellington
370:for his 1920s-era
305:
49:is often the main
39:
1756:
1755:
1683:Aircraft lavatory
1420:Heading indicator
1365:Annunciator panel
1345:Air data computer
1255:Leading-edge cuff
502:F-104 Starfighter
450:Scaled Composites
192:, and the use of
121:interplane struts
51:structural member
16:(Redirected from
1776:
1738:Navigation light
1718:Hydraulic system
1693:Bleed air system
1621:Drogue parachute
1295:Vortex generator
913:Interplane strut
820:
813:
806:
797:
796:
746:
715:Hardy, Michael.
692:
689:
683:
682:
680:
678:
659:
653:
650:
644:
641:
635:
632:
626:
613:
607:
606:
604:
602:
593:. Archived from
583:
577:
576:FAA 1988, p. 25.
574:
568:
565:
559:
556:
550:
547:
365:
309:general aviation
198:control reversal
21:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:Ram air turbine
1713:Flight recorder
1671:
1650:
1583:
1564:Thrust reversal
1488:
1479:
1450:Radar altimeter
1415:Head-up display
1325:
1314:
1210:Anti-shock body
1192:
1180:
1041:Artificial feel
1023:Flight controls
1017:
883:Fabric covering
833:
829:components and
824:
783:
778:
743:
701:
696:
695:
691:Kuma 2005 p.265
690:
686:
676:
674:
667:www.datwiki.net
661:
660:
656:
651:
647:
642:
638:
633:
629:
623:Wayback Machine
614:
610:
600:
598:
585:
584:
580:
575:
571:
566:
562:
557:
553:
548:
544:
539:
534:
522:
482:
476:to be carried.
452:and the German
430:
414:
361:
347:of 1917 used a
337:
290:
276:or more simply
235:
230:
139:
133:
98:
34:Main spar of a
28:
23:
22:
18:Spar (aviation)
15:
12:
11:
5:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Landing lights
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1655:Escape systems
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1593:arresting gear
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:Splitter plate
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Cruciform tail
865:
863:Crack arrestor
860:
855:
850:
844:
842:
835:
834:
823:
822:
815:
808:
800:
794:
793:
782:
781:External links
779:
777:
776:
764:Thom, Trevor.
762:
747:
741:
728:
713:
702:
700:
697:
694:
693:
684:
654:
645:
636:
627:
608:
597:on 31 May 2012
578:
569:
560:
551:
541:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
521:
518:
481:
478:
456:manufacturers
429:
426:
413:
410:
376:Andrei Tupolev
336:
333:
289:
286:
234:
231:
229:
226:
210:
209:
179:
172:
161:
158:
135:Main article:
132:
129:
97:
94:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1781:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:Other systems
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Ejection seat
1660:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Arrestor hook
1604:
1602:
1601:Aircraft tire
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Glass cockpit
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:Air data boom
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Rudder pedals
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
978:Trailing edge
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:Stressed skin
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
801:
798:
792:
790:
785:
784:
775:
774:1-85310-017-X
771:
767:
763:
760:
759:0-9509620-1-5
756:
752:
748:
744:
742:0-07-139606-3
738:
734:
729:
726:
725:0-7110-1152-4
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
688:
672:
668:
664:
658:
649:
640:
631:
624:
620:
617:
612:
596:
592:
588:
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
542:
529:
527:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
492:
487:
477:
475:
474:water ballast
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Schempp-Hirth
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
419:
409:
406:
402:
397:
394:
389:
387:
386:
381:
380:Tupolev ANT-2
377:
373:
372:Ford Trimotor
369:
368:William Stout
364:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
303:
299:
294:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
263:airworthiness
260:
259:fungal attack
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
225:
223:
219:
215:
207:
203:
199:
196:resulting in
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:
142:
138:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
93:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
75:stressed skin
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
1698:Deicing boot
1626:Landing gear
1569:Townend ring
1559:Thrust lever
1534:NACA cowling
1499:Autothrottle
1491:fuel systems
1489:devices and
1280:Stall strips
1250:Krueger flap
1220:Channel wing
1166:Wing warping
1156:Stick shaker
1151:Stick pusher
1071:Dual control
1056:Centre stick
947:
923:Leading edge
893:Flying wires
853:Cabane strut
788:
765:
750:
732:
716:
709:
699:Bibliography
687:
675:. Retrieved
666:
657:
648:
639:
630:
611:
599:. Retrieved
595:the original
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
523:
495:Curtiss P-40
485:
483:
434:carbon fibre
431:
415:
398:
390:
385:Maksim Gorki
384:
357:Warren truss
349:Hugo Junkers
338:
306:
302:leading edge
282:
277:
273:
269:
267:
236:
222:load factors
211:
140:
117:flying wires
99:
79:
46:
40:
1646:Tundra tire
1529:Intake ramp
1460:Transponder
1245:Gurney flap
1186:Aerodynamic
1101:Fly-by-wire
983:Triple tail
677:15 December
520:False spars
510:F-4 Phantom
363:World War I
345:sesquiplane
341:Junkers J.I
339:The German
288:Metal spars
255:Robin DR400
186:aerodynamic
1636:Oleo strut
1524:Inlet cone
1519:Gascolator
1485:Propulsion
1475:Yaw string
1470:Variometer
1326:instrument
1305:Wing fence
1240:Gouge flap
1215:Blown flap
1171:Yaw damper
1146:Stabilator
1131:Side-stick
1066:Dive brake
953:Stabilizer
928:Lift strut
918:Jury strut
532:References
514:F-15 Eagle
486:multi-spar
466:fibreglass
462:Schleicher
274:shear webs
155:Cessna 310
115:employing
105:monoplanes
102:cantilever
96:Spar loads
59:wing sweep
1611:Autobrake
1539:NACA duct
1514:Fuel tank
1504:Drop tank
1487:controls,
1370:Astrodome
1360:Altimeter
1225:Dog-tooth
1190:high-lift
1141:Spoileron
1126:Servo tab
1106:Gust lock
1061:Deceleron
1046:Autopilot
1003:Wing root
988:Twin tail
973:Tailplane
908:Hardpoint
878:Empennage
841:structure
444:to small
442:airliners
388:of 1934.
353:duralumin
313:aluminium
298:honeycomb
270:spar caps
218:aerobatic
214:Extra 300
182:Chordwise
86:tailplane
61:) to the
1763:Category
1579:Wet wing
1554:Throttle
1300:Vortilon
1161:Trim tab
1091:Flaperon
1081:Elevator
1036:Airbrake
1008:Wing tip
933:Longeron
903:Fuselage
839:Airframe
827:Aircraft
791:magazine
671:Archived
619:Archived
526:ailerons
422:geodesic
405:Jim Bede
300:'D' box
251:dihedral
194:ailerons
174:Rolling
165:airspeed
113:Biplanes
82:aerofoil
63:fuselage
55:spanwise
1589:Landing
1380:Compass
1328:systems
1320:Avionic
1310:Winglet
1193:devices
1136:Spoiler
1031:Aileron
1013:Wingbox
938:Nacelle
888:Fairing
831:systems
601:12 June
491:aileron
325:Fatigue
317:riveted
206:"D" box
190:washout
176:inertia
169:inertia
109:'D' box
1324:flight
1285:Strake
1116:Rudder
1086:Elevon
1051:Canard
993:V-tail
968:T-tail
898:Former
858:Canopy
789:Flight
772:
757:
739:
723:
499:Mach 2
470:ASG 29
454:glider
438:Kevlar
239:spruce
202:thrust
178:loads.
131:Forces
45:, the
1509:FADEC
1395:EICAS
1270:Slats
1111:HOTAS
963:Strut
537:Notes
67:loads
41:In a
1591:and
1455:TCAS
1435:ISIS
1390:EFIS
1335:ACAS
1322:and
1275:Slot
1235:Flap
1188:and
1176:Yoke
948:Spar
873:Dope
770:ISBN
755:ISBN
737:ISBN
721:ISBN
679:2015
603:2022
460:and
436:and
420:, a
401:BD-5
278:webs
167:and
151:fuel
147:lift
125:drag
88:and
71:ribs
47:spar
1430:INS
1410:GPS
1265:LEX
943:Rib
247:jig
243:ash
241:or
90:fin
1765::
708:,
669:.
665:.
589:.
528:.
512:,
331:.
323:.
265:.
224:.
127:.
819:e
812:t
805:v
761:.
745:.
727:.
681:.
605:.
171:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
