3499:
2323:. Once ashore, the Spaniards clustered loosely together and advanced towards the city along a path among low, scrub-covered hillocks. At this point the Maya leader gave a shout and the Spanish party was ambushed by Maya warriors armed with spears, bows and arrows, and stones. Thirteen Spaniards were injured by arrows in the first assault, but the conquistadors regrouped and repulsed the Maya attack. They advanced to a small plaza bordered by temples upon the outskirts of the city. When the Spaniards ransacked the temples they found a number of low-grade gold items, which filled them with enthusiasm. The expedition captured two Mayas to be used as interpreters and retreated to the ships. Over the following days the Spanish discovered that although the Maya arrows had struck with little force, the flint arrowheads tended to shatter on impact, causing infected wounds and a slow death; two of the wounded Spaniards died from the arrow-wounds inflicted in the ambush.
2343:. A large contingent put ashore in the brigantine and the ships' boats to fill their water casks in a freshwater pool. They were approached by about fifty finely dressed and unarmed Indians while the water was being loaded into the boats; they questioned the Spaniards as to their purpose by means of signs. The Spanish party then accepted an invitation to enter the city. They were led amongst large buildings until they stood before a blood-caked altar, where many of the city's inhabitants crowded around. The Indians piled reeds before the visitors; this act was followed by a procession of armed Maya warriors in full war paint, followed by ten Maya priests. The Maya set fire to the reeds and indicated that the Spanish would be killed if they were not gone by the time the reeds had been consumed. The Spanish party withdrew in defensive formation to the shore and rapidly boarded their boats to retreat to the safety of the ships.
2350:, and a landing party discovered fresh water. Armed Maya warriors approached from the city while the water casks were being filled. Communication was once again attempted with signs. Night fell by the time the water casks had been filled and the attempts at communication concluded. In the darkness the Spaniards could hear the movements of large numbers of Maya warriors. They decided that a night-time retreat would be too risky; instead, they posted guards and waited for dawn. At sunrise, the Spanish saw that they had been surrounded by a sizeable army. The massed Maya warriors launched an assault with missiles, including arrows, darts and stones; they then charged into hand-to-hand combat with spears and clubs. Eighty of the defenders were wounded in the initial barrage of missiles, and two Spaniards were captured in the frantic mêlée that followed. All of the Spanish party received wounds, including
1478:. Average temperature in the peninsula varies from 24 °C (75 °F) in January to 29 °C (84 °F) in July. The lowest temperature on record is 6 °C (43 °F). For the peninsula as a whole, the mean annual precipitation is 1,100 millimetres (43 in). The rainy season lasts from June to September, while the dry season runs from October to May. During the dry season, rainfall averages 300 millimetres (12 in); in the wet season this increases to an average 800 to 900 millimetres (31 to 35 in). The prevailing winds are easterly and have created an east–west precipitation gradient with average rainfall in the east exceeding 1,400 millimetres (55 in) and the north and northwestern portions of the peninsula receiving a maximum of 800 millimetres (31 in). The southeastern portion of the peninsula has a tropical rainy climate with a short dry season in winter.
2550:
2354:. The Spanish regrouped in a defensive formation and forced passage to the shore, where their discipline collapsed and a frantic scramble for the boats ensued, leaving the Spanish vulnerable to the pursuing Maya warriors who waded into the sea behind them. Most of the precious water casks were abandoned on the beach. When the surviving Spanish reached the safety of the ships, they realised that they had lost over fifty men, more than half their number. Five men died from their wounds in the following days. The battle had lasted only an hour, and the Spanish named the locale as the Coast of the Disastrous Battle. They were now far from help and low on supplies; too many men had been lost and injured to sail all three ships back to
3573:. In the meantime the Itza had learnt of the approaching military expedition and had become hardened against further Spanish missionary attempts. When Mirones learnt of Delgado's departure, he sent 13 soldiers to persuade him to return or continue as his escort should he refuse. The soldiers caught up with him just before Tipuj, but he was determined to reach Nojpetén. From Tipuj, Delgado sent a messenger to Kan Ekʼ, asking permission to travel to Nojpetén; the Itza king replied with a promise of safe passage for the missionary and his companions. The party was initially received in peace at the Itza capital, but as soon as the Spanish soldiers let their guard down, the Itza seized and bound the new arrivals. The soldiers were
3349:, approached the Spanish encampment at Mérida in peace, bearing sorely needed food supplies. He expressed interest in the Spanish religion and witnessed a Roman Catholic mass celebrated for his benefit. Tutul-Xiu was greatly impressed and converted to the new religion; he was baptised as Melchor and stayed with the Spanish at Mérida for two months, receiving instruction in the Catholic faith. Tutul-Xiu was the ruler of the most powerful province of northern Yucatán and his submission to Spain and conversion to Christianity had repercussions throughout the peninsula, and encouraged the lords of the western provinces of the peninsula to accept Spanish rule. The eastern provinces continued to resist Spanish overtures.
2963:
little. With discontent growing among his men, Montejo took the drastic step of burning his ships; this strengthened the resolve of his troops, who gradually acclimatised to the harsh conditions of Yucatán. Montejo was able to get more food from the still-friendly Aj Nuam Pat, when the latter made a visit to the mainland. Montejo took 125 men and set out on an expedition to explore the north-eastern portion of the Yucatán peninsula. His expedition passed through the towns of
Xamanha, Mochis and Belma, none of which survives today. At Belma, Montejo gathered the leaders of the nearby Maya towns and ordered them to swear loyalty to the Spanish Crown. After this, Montejo led his men to Conil, a town in
1844:
4287:. The attack boat was rowed east towards the Itza capital; half way across the lake it encountered a large fleet of canoes spread in an arc across the approach to Nojpetén – Ursúa simply gave the order to row through them. A large number of defenders had gathered along the shore of Nojpetén and on the roofs of the city. Itza archers began to shoot at the invaders from the canoes. Ursúa ordered his men not to return fire but arrows wounded a number of his soldiers; one of the wounded soldiers discharged his musket and at that point the officers lost control of their men. The defending Itza soon fled from the withering Spanish gunfire.
3283:
1571:. The various provinces shared a common culture but the internal sociopolitical organisation varied from one province to the next, as did access to important resources. These differences in political and economic makeup often led to hostilities between the provinces. The politically fragmented state of the Yucatán Peninsula at the time of conquest hindered the Spanish invasion, since there was no central political authority to be overthrown. However, the Spanish were also able to exploit this fragmentation by taking advantage of pre-existing rivalries between polities. Estimates of the number of
3295:
2248:
3646:
8716:
2474:
3940:
were returning en masse and discharged their muskets at them, with both groups then retreating. The musketeer company then arrived to reinforce their sentries and charged into battle against approaching
Kejache archers. Several musketeers were injured in the ensuing skirmish and the Kejache retreated along a forest path without injury. The Sajkabʼchen company followed the path and found two more deserted settlements with large amounts of abandoned food. They seized the food and retreated back along the path.
2886:
4037:(native chief) and his pagan priest. Pakʼekʼem was sufficiently far from the new Spanish road that it was free from military interference, and the friars oversaw the building of a church in what was the largest mission town in Kejache territory. A second church was built at Bʼatkabʼ to attend to over 100 Kejache refugees who had been gathered there under the stewardship of a Spanish friar; a further church was established at Tzuktokʼ, overseen by another friar.
2366:
8421:
3585:, the Itza took them across to their island capital and imprisoned them. Bernardino Ek, the scout, escaped and returned to Mirones with the news. Soon afterwards, on 27 January 1624, an Itza war party led by AjKʼin Pʼol caught Mirones and his soldiers off guard and unarmed in the church at Sakalum, and killed them all. Spanish reinforcements arrived too late. A number of local Maya men and women were killed by Spanish attackers, who also burned the town.
2080:
2146:. Also among the cargo were a small number of women and children, probably destined to be sold as slaves, as were a number of the rowers. The Europeans looted whatever took their interest from amongst the cargo and seized the elderly Maya captain to serve as an interpreter; the canoe was then allowed to continue on its way. This was the first recorded contact between Europeans and the Maya. It is likely that news of the piratical strangers in the
3125:. After six months of Spanish rule, Cupul dissatisfaction could no longer be contained and Naabon Cupul was killed during a failed attempt to kill Montejo the Younger. The death of their lord only served to inflame Cupul anger and, in mid 1533, they laid siege to the small Spanish garrison at Chichén Itzá. Montejo the Younger abandoned Ciudad Real by night after arranging a distraction for their attackers, and he and his men fled west, where the
2462:
1232:
1215:. These events ended all Spanish attempts to contact the Itza until 1695. Over the course of 1695 and 1696 a number of Spanish expeditions attempted to reach Nojpetén from the mutually independent Spanish colonies in Yucatán and Guatemala. In early 1695 the Spanish began to build a road from Campeche south towards Petén and activity intensified, sometimes with significant losses on the part of the Spanish.
4137:
prisoners, who included the two
Franciscans. The Spanish party retreated from the lake shore and regrouped on open ground where they were surrounded by thousands of Itza warriors. Zubiaur ordered his men to fire a volley that killed between 30 and 40 Itzas. Realising that they were hopelessly outnumbered, the Spanish retreated towards Chuntuki, abandoning their captured companions to their fate.
3368:, and nine Spaniards drowned in the attempted crossing. Another Spanish conquistador was killed by hostile Maya. Rumours of this setback grew in the telling and both the Cupul and Cochua provinces once again rose up against their would-be European overlords. The Spanish hold on the eastern portion of the peninsula remained tenuous and a number of Maya polities remained independent, including
3069:. Montejo the Younger founded Salamanca de Xicalango as a base of operations. In 1530 Ávila established Salamanca de Acalan as a base from which to launch new attempts to conquer Yucatán. Salamanca de Acalan proved a disappointment, with no gold for the taking and with lower levels of population than had been hoped. Ávila soon abandoned the new settlement and set off across the lands of the
3241:. Testera had been assured by the Spanish authorities that no military activity would be undertaken in Yucatán, while he was attempting its conversion to the Roman Catholic faith, and that no soldiers would be permitted to enter the peninsula. His initial efforts were proving successful when Captain Lorenzo de Godoy arrived in Champotón at the command of soldiers despatched there by
4201:
Amésqueta was extremely suspicious of the small canoes being offered by the Itza to transport his party across to Nojpetén; as nightfall approached Amésqueta retreated from the lakeshore and his men took up positions on a small hill nearby. In the early hours of the morning he ordered a retreat by moonlight. At San Pedro Mártir he received news of an Itza embassy to
3581:. After their sacrifice, the Itza took Delgado, cut his heart out and dismembered him; they displayed his head on a stake with the others. The fortune of the leader of Delgado's Maya companions was no better. With no word from Delgado's escort, Mirones sent two Spanish soldiers with a Maya scout to learn their fate. When they arrived upon the shore of
4080:, on the west shore of Lake Petén Itza. The Franciscans returned to Nojpetén with Kan Ekʼ and baptised over 300 Itza children over the following four days. Avendaño tried to convince Kan Ekʼ to convert to Christianity and surrender to the Spanish Crown, without success. The king of the Itza, cited Itza prophecy and said the time was not yet right.
2799:
town of Tiac was even larger and was fortified with walls, watchtowers and earthworks; the town itself was divided into three individually fortified districts. Tiac was said to have been at war with the unnamed smaller town. The
Kejache claimed that their towns were fortified against the attacks of their aggressive
3111:, the Maya amassed a strong force and attacked the city; the Spanish were able to fight them off, a battle in which the elder Montejo was almost killed. Aj Canul, the lord of the attacking Maya, surrendered to the Spanish. After this battle, the younger Francisco de Montejo was despatched to the northern
1331:, from whence it slowly flows to the coasts to form large submarine springs. Various freshwater springs rise along the coast to form watering holes. The filtering of rainwater through the limestone has caused the formation of extensive cave systems. These cave roofs are subject to collapse forming deep
3173:
remained behind in Dzilam to continue his attempts at conquest of the region but, finding the situation too difficult, he soon retreated to
Campeche to rejoin his father and Alonso d' Ávila, who had returned to Campeche shortly before Montejo the Younger. Around this time, the news began to arrive of
2798:
territory and reported that the
Kejache towns were situated in easily defensible locations and were often fortified. One of these was built on a rocky outcrop near a lake and a river that fed into it. The town was fortified with a wooden palisade and was surrounded by a moat. Cortés reported that the
2512:
the
Spanish tried to barter for water but the Maya refused, so Grijalva opened fire against the city with small cannon; the inhabitants fled, allowing the Spanish to take the abandoned city. Messages were sent with a few Maya who had been too slow to escape but the Maya remained hidden in the forest.
1934:
occupied the town of Conil for two months, the
Spanish recorded approximately 5,000 houses in the town; the adult male population at the time has been conservatively estimated as 3,000. By 1549, Spanish records show that only 80 tributaries were registered to be taxed, indicating a population drop in
997:
of the Yucatán
Peninsula was hindered by its politically fragmented state. The Spanish engaged in a strategy of concentrating native populations in newly founded colonial towns. Native resistance to the new nucleated settlements took the form of the flight into inaccessible regions such as the forest
4136:
warriors. The warriors began to mingle freely with the
Spanish party and a scuffle then broke out; a dozen of the Spanish party were forced into canoes, and three of them were killed. At this point the Spanish soldiers opened fire with their muskets, and the Itza retreated across the lake with their
4001:
were short of supplies, and the forcefully congregated Maya that they were charged with converting were disappearing back into the forest daily. Antonio de Silva ordered Avendaño to return to Mérida, and he arrived there on 17 September 1695. Meanwhile, the other group of Franciscans, led by Juan de
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and the rich plunder that his soldiers were taking there, undermining the morale of Montejo's already disenchanted band of followers. Montejo's soldiers began to abandon him to seek their fortune elsewhere; in seven years of attempted conquest in the northern provinces of the Yucatán Peninsula, very
2314:
The Maya leader returned the following day with twelve canoes, as promised. The Spanish could see from afar that the shore was packed with natives. The conquistadors put ashore in the brigantine and the ships' boats; a few of the more daring Spaniards boarded the native canoes. The Spanish named the
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The city fell after a brief but bloody battle in which many Itza warriors died; the Spanish suffered only minor casualties. The Spanish bombardment caused heavy loss of life on the island; the surviving Itza abandoned their capital and swam across to the mainland with many dying in the water. After
4091:
and spoke with Avendaño, arguing against the acceptance of Christianity and Spanish rule. The discussions between Avendaño, Kan Ekʼ and AjKowoj exposed deep divisions among the Itza. Kan Ekʼ learnt of a plot by the Kowoj and their allies to ambush and kill the Franciscans, and the Itza king advised
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on 2 June 1695. Avendaño continued south along the course of the new road, finding increasing evidence of Spanish military activity. The Franciscans overtook García de Paredes at Bʼukʼte, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) before Tzuktokʼ. On 3 August García de Paredes advanced to Chunpich but tried
2830:
city with 20 Spanish soldiers while the rest of his army continued around the lake to meet him on the south shore. On his departure from Nojpetén, Cortés left behind a cross and a lame horse that the Itza treated as a deity, attempting to feed it poultry, meat and flowers, but the animal soon died.
2524:
the Spanish sighted massed warriors and canoes but the natives did not approach. By means of interpreters, Grijalva indicated that he wished to trade and bartered wine and beads in exchange for food and other supplies. From the natives they received a few gold trinkets and news of the riches of the
2338:
were leaking and the expedition was now running dangerously low on fresh water; the hunt for more became an overriding priority as the expedition advanced, and shore parties searching for water were left dangerously exposed because the ships could not pull close to the shore due to the shallows. On
1806:
in Belize. In the 17th century the Yalain capital was located at the site of that name on the north shore of Lake Macanché. At the time of Spanish contact the Yalain were allied with the Itza, an alliance cemented by intermarriage between the elites of both groups. In the late 17th century, Spanish
1326:
The northwestern and northern portions of the Yucatán Peninsula experience lower rainfall than the rest of the peninsula; these regions feature highly porous limestone bedrock resulting in less surface water. This limestone geology results in most rainwater filtering directly through the bedrock to
1195:
religion, his submission to Spain and conversion to Christianity encouraged the lords of the western provinces to accept Spanish rule. In late 1546 an alliance of eastern provinces launched an unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish. The eastern Maya were defeated in a single battle, which marked
2121:
to scout the island. As Bartholomew explored the island with two boats, a large canoe approached from the west, apparently en route to the island. The canoe was carved from one large tree trunk and was powered by twenty-five naked rowers. Curious as to the visitors, Bartholomew Columbus seized and
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then sent a canoe with a white flag raised bearing emissaries, who offered peaceful surrender. Ursúa received the embassy in peace and invited Kan Ekʼ to visit his encampment three days later. On the appointed day Kan Ekʼ failed to arrive; instead Maya warriors amassed both along the shore and in
3939:
town at Chunpich, which the Kejache had fled. The company's officers sent for reinforcements from García de Paredes at Tzuktokʼ but before any could arrive some 25 Kejache returned to Chunpich with baskets to collect their abandoned food. The nervous Sajkabʼchen sentries feared that the residents
2042:
were also employed. As well as the one-handed broadsword, a 1.7-metre (5.5 ft) long two-handed version was also used. Crossbows had 0.61-metre (2 ft) arms stiffened with hardwoods, horn, bone and cane, and supplied with a stirrup to facilitate drawing the string with a crank and pulley.
1887:
diseases are often mentioned only briefly in indigenous accounts, making it difficult to identify the culprit. Among the most deadly were smallpox, influenza, measles and a number of pulmonary diseases, including tuberculosis; the latter disease was attributed to the arrival of the Spanish by the
4030:
in Tzuktokʼ, and the other was to do the same at Chuntuki. On 24 October San Buenaventura wrote to the provincial superior reporting that the warlike Kejache were now pacified and that they had told him that the Itza were ready to receive the Spanish in friendship. On that day 62 Kejache men had
2373:
The few men who had not been wounded because they were manning the ships during the battle were reinforced with three men who had suffered relatively minor wounds; they put ashore at a remote beach to dig for water. They found some and brought it back to the ships, although it sickened those who
4200:
Amésqueta left Mopán three days after Díaz and followed Díaz's trail to the lakeshore. He arrived at the lake over a week later with 36 men. As they scouted along the south shore near Nojpetén they were shadowed by about 30 Itza canoes and more Itzas approached by land but kept a safe distance.
2310:
to find a safe approach through the shallows. The caravels anchored about one league from the shore. Ten large canoes powered by both sails and oars rowed out to meet the Spanish ships. Over thirty Maya boarded the vessels and mixed freely with the Spaniards. The Maya visitors accepted gifts of
1504:
in the north; temperature varies between 12 and 40 °C (54 and 104 °F), although it does not usually drop beneath 18 °C (64 °F). Mean temperature varies from 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) in the southeast to 26.9 °C (80.4 °F) in the northeast. Highest temperatures are
2962:
and became the first Spanish settlement on the peninsula. The provisions were soon exhausted and additional food was seized from the local Maya villagers; this too was soon consumed. Many local Maya fled into the forest and Spanish raiding parties scoured the surrounding area for food, finding
2012:
coast, so as to be more easily accessible to the Spanish authorities. In 1561 the Spanish recorded only 250 tribute-paying inhabitants of Tixchel, which probably had a total population of about 1,100. This indicates a 90% drop in population over a 36-year span. Some of the inhabitants had fled
1929:
friars are reported to have died in Mérida, probably the majority of the Franciscans based there and who had probably numbered not much more than twenty before the outbreak. Those areas of the peninsula that experience damper conditions, particularly those possessing swamplands, became rapidly
2225:, together with five or six of their shipmates. Aguilar and Guerrero managed to escape their captors and fled to a neighbouring lord who was an enemy of Halach Uinik; he took them prisoner and kept them as slaves. After a time, Gonzalo Guerrero was passed as a slave to the lord Nachan Can of
1137:
with a small fleet. He left garrisons on the east coast, and subjugated the northeast of the peninsula. Montejo then returned to the east to find his garrisons had almost been eliminated; he used a supply ship to explore southwards before looping back around the entire peninsula to central
2842:, a particularly arduous journey that took 12 days to cover 32 kilometres (20 mi), during which he lost more than two-thirds of his horses. When he came to a river swollen with the constant torrential rains that had been falling during the expedition, Cortés turned upstream to the
3612:. These events ended all Spanish attempts to contact the Itza until 1695. In the 1640s internal strife in Spain distracted the government from attempts to conquer unknown lands; the Spanish Crown lacked the time, money or interest in such colonial adventures for the next four decades.
3538:, although he showed interest in the masses held by the Catholic missionaries. Attempts to convert the Itza failed, and the friars left Nojpetén on friendly terms with Kan Ekʼ. The friars returned in October 1619, and again Kan Ekʼ welcomed them in a friendly manner, but this time the
1505:
reached from April to June, while January is the coldest month; all Petén experiences a hot dry period in late August. Annual precipitation is high, varying from a mean of 1,198 millimetres (47.2 in) in the northeast to 2,007 millimetres (79.0 in) in central Petén.
2327:
2869:, with about a dozen companions, and waited there for the rest of his army to regroup over the next week. By this time the remnants of the expedition had been reduced to a few hundred; Cortés succeeded in contacting the Spaniards he was searching for, only to find that
3891:, with 115 Spanish soldiers and 150 Maya musketeers, plus Maya labourers and muleteers; the final tally was more than 400 people, which was regarded as a considerable army in the impoverished Yucatán province. Ursúa also ordered two companies of Maya musketeers from
1161:
in the north. Montejo carved up the province amongst his soldiers. In mid-1533 the local Maya rebelled and laid siege to the small Spanish garrison, which was forced to flee. Towards the end of 1534, or the beginning of 1535, the Spanish retreated from Campeche to
3322:. Once there, Montejo the Younger, commanding between 300 and 400 Spanish soldiers, established the first permanent Spanish town council in the Yucatán Peninsula. Shortly after establishing the Spanish presence in Campeche, Montejo the Younger summoned the local
2070:
to protect themselves. Members of the Maya aristocracy wore quilted cotton armour, and some warriors of lesser rank wore twisted rolls of cotton wrapped around their bodies. Warriors bore wooden or animal hide shields decorated with feathers and animal skins.
2037:
The 16th-century Spanish conquistadors were armed with broadswords, rapiers, crossbows, matchlocks and light artillery. Mounted conquistadors were armed with a 3.7-metre (12 ft) lance, that also served as a pike for infantrymen. A variety of halberds and
2494:
inhabitants of Cozumel fled the Spanish and would not respond to Grijalva's friendly overtures. The fleet sailed south from Cozumel, along the east coast of the peninsula. The Spanish spotted three large Maya cities along the coast, one of which was probably
4197:. Díaz's party was lured into an Itza trap and the expedition members were killed to a man. The two friars were captured and sacrificed. The Itza killed a total of 87 expedition members, including 50 soldiers, two Dominicans and about 35 Maya helpers.
2618:
temples were cast down and a Christian cross was put up on one of them. At Cozumel, Cortés heard rumours of bearded men on the Yucatán mainland, who he presumed were Europeans. Cortés sent out messengers to them and was able to rescue the shipwrecked
4205:
in December 1695, and an apparent formal surrender of the Itza to Spanish authority. Unable to reconcile the news with the loss of his men, and with appalling conditions in San Pedro Mártir, Amésqueta abandoned his unfinished fort and retreated to
1650:
was also in the eastern half of the peninsula; it was southwest of Ecab and northwest of Uaymil. Its borders are poorly understood and it may have been landlocked, or have extended to occupy a portion of the Caribbean coast between the latter two
4031:
voluntarily come to Chuntuki from Pakʼekʼem, where another 300 Kejache resided. In early November 1695, friar Tomás de Alcoser and brother Lucas de San Francisco were sent to establish a mission at Pakʼekʼem, where they were well received by the
3077:, arriving there towards the end of 1530. During a colonial power struggle in Tabasco, the elder Montejo was imprisoned for a time. Upon his release, he met up with his son in Xicalango, Tabasco, and they then both rejoined Ávila at Champotón.
2982:, where they engaged in a major battle against the Maya, killing more than 1,200 of them. After this Spanish victory, the neighbouring Maya leaders all surrendered. Montejo's party then continued to Sisia and Loche before heading back to
2537:, the Spanish attacked Champotón to avenge the previous year's defeat of the Spanish expedition led by Hernández. One Spaniard was killed and fifty were wounded in the ensuing battle, including Grijalva. Grijalva put into the port of
3899:
to join the expedition at Bʼolonchʼen Kawich, some 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of the city of Campeche. At the end of May three friars were assigned to join the Spanish force, accompanied by a lay brother. A second group of
2646:
but the Spanish horses and firearms quickly decided the outcome. The defeated Chontal Maya lords offered gold, food, clothing and a group of young women in tribute to the victors. Among these women was a young Maya noblewoman called
1413:
topography. The area is crossed by low east–west oriented ridges of Cenozoic limestone and is characterised by a variety of forest and soil types; water sources include generally small rivers and low-lying seasonal swamps known as
4100:. The Spanish friars became lost and suffered great hardships, including the death of one of Avendaño's companions, but after a month wandering in the forest found their way back to Chuntuki, and from there returned to Mérida.
3435:
and Campeche. The rebellious eastern Maya were finally defeated in a single battle, in which twenty Spaniards and several hundred allied Maya were killed. This battle marked the final conquest of the northern portion of the
1178:
forced the friars out. Champotón was by now the last Spanish outpost in Yucatán, isolated among a hostile population. In 1541–42 the first permanent Spanish town councils in the entire peninsula were founded at Campeche and
2934:, where more supplies and horses were collected, allowing Montejo to increase his cavalry to fifty. One of the ships was left at Santo Domingo as a supply ship to provide later support; the other ships set sail and reached
1930:
depopulated after the conquest with the introduction of malaria and other waterborne parasites. An example was the one-time well-populated province of Ecab occupying the northeastern portion of the peninsula. In 1528, when
2938:
in the second half of September 1527. Montejo was received in peace by the lord of Cozumel, Aj Naum Pat, but the ships only stopped briefly before making for the Yucatán coast. The expedition made landfall somewhere near
2229:. Guerrero became completely Mayanised and served his new lord with such loyalty that he was married to one of Nachan Chan's daughters, Zazil Ha, by whom he had three children. By 1514, Guerrero had achieved the rank of
4291:
the battle the surviving defenders melted away into the forests, leaving the Spanish to occupy an abandoned Maya town. Martín de Ursúa planted his standard upon the highest point of the island and renamed Nojpetén as
4155:
the Spanish arrived at the lakeshore, now supported by artillery. Again a large number of canoes gathered, and the nervous Spanish soldiers opened fire with cannons and muskets; no casualties were reported among the
1537:
united several of the northern provinces; for a time they shared a joint form of government. The great cities that dominated Petén had fallen into ruin by the beginning of the 10th century AD with the onset of the
3992:
that had attacked one of García de Parede's advance companies and had now retreated into the forest. He was unable to find the Kejache but did manage to get information regarding a path that led southwards to the
2448:
once again served as pilot. Governor Velázquez provided all four ships, in an attempt to protect his claim over the peninsula. The small fleet was stocked with crossbows, muskets, barter goods, salted pork and
3133:
and Xiu provinces remained obedient to Spanish rule. Montejo the Younger was received in friendship by Namux Chel, the lord of the Chel province, at Dzilam. In the spring of 1534 he rejoined his father in the
2746:
on 12 October 1524 with 140 Spanish soldiers, 93 of them mounted, 3,000 Mexican warriors, 150 horses, a herd of pigs, artillery, munitions and other supplies. He also had with him the captured Aztec emperor
2503:
the fleet discovered a large bay, which the Spanish named Bahía de la Ascensión. Grijalva did not land at any of these cities and turned back north from Ascensión Bay. He looped around the north of the
2791:
carriers. In Acalan, Cortés believed that the captive Aztec lords were plotting against him and he ordered Cuauhtemoc and Tetlepanquetzal to be hanged. Cortés and his army left Acalan on 5 March 1525.
1219:, governor of Yucatán, launched an assault upon Nojpetén in March 1697; the city fell after a brief battle. With the defeat of the Itza, the last independent and unconquered native kingdom in the
2008:
passed through Acalan in 1525 he estimated the population size as at least 10,000. In 1553 the population was recorded at around 4,000. In 1557 the population was forcibly moved to Tixchel on the
1496:, with the rainy season lasting from June to December, although these seasons are not clearly defined in the south; with rain occurring through most of the year. The climate of Petén varies from
3947:. By November Tzuktokʼ was garrisoned with 86 soldiers and more at Chuntuki. In December 1695 the main force was reinforced with 250 soldiers, of which 150 were Spanish and pardo (descendants of
1291:. Most of the peninsula is formed by a vast plain with few hills or mountains and a generally low coastline. A 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) stretch of high, rocky coast runs south from the city of
3988:
to persuade Avendaño to stay behind to minister to the prisoners from Bʼukʼte. Avendaño instead split his group and left in secret with just four Christian Maya companions, seeking the Chunpich
2346:
The small fleet continued for six more days in fine weather, followed by four stormy days. By this time water was once again dangerously short. The ships spotted an inlet close to another city,
1626:
is situated upon the site of the former capital of Cupul. Cupul and Chinkinchel are known to have been mutually hostile, and to have engaged in wars to control the salt beds of the north coast.
3829:. At the beginning of March 1695, Captain Alonso García de Paredes led a group of 50 Spanish soldiers, accompanied by native guides, muleteers and labourers. The expedition advanced south into
3444:, in the extreme south of the peninsula. The Spanish only achieved dominance in the north and the polities of Petén remained independent and continued to receive many refugees from the north.
3161:
in large part due to Xiu support. The Montejos, after reuniting at Dzikabal, founded a new Spanish town at Dzilam, although the Spanish suffered hardships there. Montejo the Elder returned to
1891:
These diseases swept through Yucatán in the 1520s and 1530s, with periodic recurrences throughout the 16th century. By the late 16th century, the reports of high fevers suggest the arrival of
1579:
with more centralised forms of government were likely to have had more stable boundaries than those of loose confederations of provinces. When the Spanish discovered Yucatán, the provinces of
3020:
before turning around and heading back up the coast to finally meet up with his lieutenant at Xamanha. Late in 1528, Montejo left Ávila to oversee Xamanha and sailed north to loop around the
1790:
were the second in importance; they were hostile towards their Itza neighbours. The Kowoj were located to the east of the Itza, around the eastern Petén lakes: Lake Salpetén, Lake Macanché,
2520:, where the inhabitants had routed Hernández and his men, the fleet was approached by a small number of large war canoes, but the ships' cannon soon put them to flight. At the mouth of the
4018:
arrived in Chuntuki on 30 August 1695, and found that the army had opened the road southwards for another seventeen leagues (approximately 44.2 miles or 71.1 km), almost half way to
4060:
and across steep karst hills to a watering hole by some ruins. From there they followed the small Acté River to a Chakʼan Itza town called Saklemakal. They arrived at the western end of
3530:. Bartolomé de Fuensalida and Juan de Orbita were accompanied by some Christianised Maya. After an arduous six-month journey the travellers were well received at Nojpetén by the current
1958:, including a large number of refugees from other areas. It is estimated that 88% of them died during the first ten years of colonial rule owing to a combination of disease and war. In
2021:, while convenient for Spanish administration, were vulnerable to pirate attacks; in the case of Tixchel, pirate attacks and contagious European diseases led to the eradication of the
7775:
Rice, Prudence M.; Don S. Rice; Timothy W. Pugh; Rómulo Sánchez Polo (2009). "Defensive architecture and the context of warfare at Zacpetén". In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
2205:. They set themselves adrift in one of the ship's boats, with bad oars and no sail; after thirteen days during which half of the survivors died, they made landfall upon the coast of
1984:). Native resistance to the new nucleated settlements took the form of the flight of the indigenous inhabitants into inaccessible regions such as the forest or joining neighbouring
3588:
Following these killings, Spanish garrisons were stationed in several towns in southern Yucatán, and rewards were offered for the whereabouts of AjKʼin Pʼol. The Maya governor of
135:
3983:
independently. This second group was headed by friar Andrés de Avendaño. Avendaño was accompanied by another friar, a lay brother, and six Christian Maya. This latter group left
3565:, Delgado believed that the soldiers' treatment of the Maya was excessively cruel, and he left the expedition to make his own way to Nojpetén with eighty Christianised Maya from
1610:. Chakan was largely landlocked with a small stretch of coast on the north of the peninsula. Cehpech was a coastal province to its east; further east along the north coast were
3264:
to Champotón to take command. His diplomatic overtures to the Champotón Kowoj were successful and they submitted to Spanish rule. Champotón was the last Spanish outpost in the
2853:, where their guides abandoned them to their fate. The expedition became lost in the hills and came close to starvation before they captured a Maya boy who led them to safety.
8286:
1450:. The canopy height of the forest gradually decreases from Petén northwards, averaging from 25 to 35 metres (82 to 115 ft). This dense forest covers northern Petén and
11702:
3841:. He rounded up some natives to be moved into colonial settlements, but met with armed Kejache resistance. García de Paredes decided to retreat around the middle of April.
3600:
church and items belonging to Mirones. The prisoners were taken back to the Spanish Captain Antonio Méndez de Canzo, interrogated under torture, tried, and condemned to be
2421:
2383:
2351:
2256:
1078:
7565:
3415:
united in a concerted effort to drive the invaders from the peninsula; the uprising lasted four months. Eighteen Spaniards were surprised in the eastern towns, and were
1323:, terminating some 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the Caribbean coast near the border of Quintana Roo. The hills reach a maximum altitude of 170 metres (560 ft).
2986:. Montejo arrived at Xelha with only 60 of his party, and found that only 12 of his 40-man garrison survived, while the garrison at Pole had been entirely wiped out.
206:
2930:
and permission to colonise the Yucatán Peninsula. In 1527, he left Spain with 400 men in four ships, with horses, small arms, cannon and provisions. He set sail for
2378:, where they found good drinking water, although they lost one man to the local Indians and another drank so much water that he died. The ships finally made port in
1575:
in the northern Yucatán vary from sixteen to twenty-four. The boundaries between polities were not stable, being subject to the effects of alliances and wars; those
7250:(in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) and Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA). Archived from
1346:
In contrast, the northeastern portion of the peninsula is characterised by forested swamplands. The northern portion of the peninsula lacks rivers, except for the
6961:
1935:
Conil of more than 90% in 21 years. The native population of the northeastern portion of the peninsula was almost eliminated within fifty years of the conquest.
1746:
Although there is insufficient data to accurately estimate population sizes at the time of contact with the Spanish, early Spanish reports suggest that sizeable
8319:
3943:
Around 3 August García de Paredes moved his entire army forward to Chunpich, and by October Spanish soldiers had established themselves near the source of the
63:
10832:
7247:
3876:, the Spanish encountered such a large force of Itzas that they retreated south, back to their main camp. Interrogation of an Itza prisoner revealed that the
2390:
describing the voyage, the cities, the plantations, and, most importantly, the discovery of gold. Hernández died soon after from his wounds. The two captured
1879:, suggest that smallpox was rapidly transmitted throughout the Maya area the same year that it arrived in central Mexico with the forces under the command of
3206:, who also claimed Honduras as part of his jurisdiction. Alvarado's claim ultimately turned out successful. In Montejo the Elder's absence, first in central
2579:
was believed to be a land of riches waiting to be plundered. A new expedition was organised, with a fleet of eleven ships carrying 500 men and some horses.
1815:
on Lake Salpetén. Other groups in Petén are less well known, and their precise territorial extent and political makeup remains obscure; among them were the
401:
286:
3440:. As a result of the uprising and the Spanish response, many of the Maya inhabitants of the eastern and southern territories fled to the still unconquered
2993:, and Montejo used it to sail south along the coast, while he sent Ávila over land. Montejo discovered the thriving port city of Chaktumal (capital of the
128:
3260:
resisted his attempts to assert Spanish dominance of the region. This resistance was sufficiently tenacious that Montejo the Younger sent his cousin from
9841:
3553:
with 20 Spanish soldiers and 80 Mayas from Yucatán. His expedition was later joined by Franciscan friar Diego Delgado. In May the expedition advanced to
2974:
inhabitants under cover of darkness. The following morning, the inhabitants attacked the Spanish party but were defeated. The Spanish then continued to
1962:
the population of approximately 30,000 was reduced by an estimated 90%, with measles, smallpox, catarrhs, dysentery and fevers being the main culprits.
1295:
on the Gulf Coast. A number of bays are situated along the east coast of the peninsula, from north to south they are Ascensión Bay, Espíritu Santo Bay,
10852:
9767:
8279:
3753:
231:
6779:
3326:
lords and commanded them to submit to the Spanish Crown. A number of lords submitted peacefully, including the ruler of the Xiu Maya. The lord of the
2339:
23 February 1517, the day of Saint Lazarus, another city was spotted and named San Lázaro by the Spanish – it is now known by its original Maya name,
2283:. The expedition sailed west from Cuba for three weeks, and weathered a two-day storm a week before sighting the coast of the northeastern tip of the
11770:
2822:, who was said to be so impressed that he pledged to worship the cross and to destroy his idols. Cortés accepted an invitation from Kan Ekʼ to visit
1038:
fought with flint-tipped spears, bows and arrows and stones, and wore padded cotton armour to protect themselves. The Spanish introduced a number of
8076:
White, D. A.; C. S. Hood (April 2004). "Vegetation Patterns and Environmental Gradients in Tropical Dry Forests of the Northern Yucatan Peninsula".
4002:
San Buenaventura Chávez, continued following the roadbuilders into Kejache territory, through IxBʼam, Bʼatkabʼ and Chuntuki (modern Chuntunqui near
1802:
central Petén, alongside the Itza and the Kowoj. The Yalain territory had its maximum extension from the east shore of Lake Petén Itzá eastwards to
1474:
The climate becomes progressively drier towards the north of the peninsula. In the north, the annual mean temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) in
4283:
with 108 soldiers, two secular priests, five personal servants, the baptised Itza emissary AjChan and his brother-in-law and an Itza prisoner from
7243:
4022:, but returned to Chuntuki due to the seasonal rains. San Buenaventura was accompanied by two friars and a lay brother. With Avendaño's return to
3004:
The Maya at Chaktumal fed false information to the Spanish, and Montejo was unable to find Ávila and link up with him. Ávila returned overland to
1807:
colonial records document hostilities between Maya groups in the lakes region, with the incursion of the Kowoj into former Yalain sites including
827:
11317:
8160:
Graham, Elizabeth; David M. Pendergast; Grant D. Jones (8 December 1989). "On the Fringes of Conquest: Maya-Spanish Contact in Colonial Belize".
7166:
Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests: Intellectual Interchange Between the Northern Maya Lowlands and Highland Mexico in the Late Postclassic Period
121:
10812:
7578:. Biblioteca Básica de Yucatán (in Spanish). Vol. 18. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico: Secretaría de Educación del Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán.
2193:
in Darién. The ship foundered upon a reef known as Las Víboras ("The Vipers") or, alternatively, Los Alacranes ("The Scorpions"), somewhere off
406:
11884:
1871:. Modern estimates of native population decline vary from 75% to 90% mortality. The terrible plagues that swept the peninsula were recorded in
7203:[Map and Description of the Jungle of Petén and Itza. Interpretation of a Document from the Years Soon After the Conquest of Tayasal]
2634:, which Cortés renamed as the Grijalva River in honour of the Spanish captain who had discovered it. In Tabasco, Cortés anchored his ships at
17:
11775:
10862:
8272:
2958:
Montejo garrisoned Xelha with 40 soldiers under his second-in-command, Alonso d'Avila , and posted 20 more at nearby Pole. Xelha was renamed
7670:
Rice, Prudence M. (2009). "The Archaeology of the Kowoj: Settlement and Architecture at Zacpetén". In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
3360:
also rose up against the newly imposed Spanish domination, and also their opposition was quickly put down. Montejo continued to the eastern
11974:
10467:
9825:
8314:
11864:
7201:"Mapa y Descripción de la Montaña del Petén e Ytzá. Interpretación de un documento de los años un poco después de la conquista de Tayasal"
4026:, provincial superior Antonio de Silva despatched two additional friars to join San Buenaventura's group. One of these was to convert the
3157:. The Xiu Maya maintained their friendship with the Spanish throughout the conquest and Spanish authority was eventually established over
3001:
was in the region, and Montejo sent messages to him, inviting him to return to join his compatriots, but the Mayanised Guerrero declined.
1762:. The Itza were warlike, and their martial prowess impressed both neighbouring Maya kingdoms and their Spanish enemies. Their capital was
7452:
4189:
friars and by AjKʼixaw, an Itza nobleman who had been taken prisoner on Díaz's previous expedition. When they drew close to the shore of
4056:
around 14 January 1696, accompanied by four companions. From Chuntuki they followed an Indian trail that led them past the source of the
6697:
3545:
In March 1622, the governor of Yucatán, Diego de Cárdenas, ordered Captain Francisco de Mirones y Lezcano to launch an assault upon the
7815:
7705:
Rice, Prudence M.; Don S. Rice (2009). "Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors". In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
7451:. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. Vol. VII. Cambridge, Massachusetts, US:
7200:
6720:
3685:
3427:
were forewarned of the impending attack; Montejo the Younger and his cousin were in Campeche. Montejo the Elder arrived in Mérida from
715:
663:
56:
3330:
refused to submit and Montejo the Younger sent his cousin against them; Montejo himself remained in Campeche awaiting reinforcements.
2742:, whom he had sent to conquer Honduras; Olid had, however, set himself up independently on his arrival in that territory. Cortés left
11814:
9116:
3920:. García de Paredes ordered the construction of a fort at Chuntuki, some 25 leagues (approximately 65 miles or 105 km) north of
3578:
1546:
after the abandonment of the major Classic period cities; the population was particularly concentrated near permanent water sources.
1203:
in the south remained independent and received many refugees fleeing from Spanish jurisdiction. In 1618 and in 1619 two unsuccessful
1081:
made landfall on the tip of the peninsula. His expedition continued along the coast and suffered heavy losses in a pitched battle at
3183:
little gold had been found. Towards the end of 1534 or the beginning of the next year, Montejo the Elder and his son retreated from
11682:
10786:
9464:
8346:
7163:
Hernández, Christine; Anthony P. Andrews; Gabrielle Vail (2010). "Introduction". In Gabrielle Vail; Christine L. Hernández (eds.).
720:
611:
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2401:
Based upon Hernández de Córdoba's report and the testimony of the interrogated Indian prisoners, Governor Velázquez wrote to the
2139:
1525:
as far back as the Middle Preclassic (c. 600–350 BC), and Petén formed the heartland of the ancient Maya civilization during the
296:
4222:' continued resistance had become a major embarrassment for the Spanish colonial authorities, and soldiers were despatched from
695:
6790:
3746:
3100:
fiercely resisted the placement of the new Spanish colony and Ávila and his men were forced to abandon Villa Real and make for
9904:
7597:
7344:
Jones, Grant D. (2000). "The Lowland Maya, from the Conquest to the Present". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
11540:
9651:
8133:
8029:
7932:
7796:
7757:
7722:
7687:
7583:
7546:
7511:
7388:
7334:
7010:
6675:
4185:, arriving on 25 February 1696. On 7 March, Captain Díaz de Velasco led a party ahead to the lake; he was accompanied by two
3715:
2849:
On 15 April 1525 the expedition arrived at the Maya village of Tenciz. With local guides they headed into the hills north of
767:
730:
606:
49:
10502:
10371:
9998:
9994:
6562:
Andrews, Anthony P. (Winter 1984). "The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya: Comments and Revisions".
1430:
measures approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) east–west by 30 kilometres (19 mi) north–south. The largest lake is
11635:
11630:
10998:
10404:
10047:
9500:
8525:
8368:
8295:
4295:("Our Lady of Remedy and Saint Paul, Lake of the Itza"). The Itza nobility fled, dispersing to Maya settlements throughout
3655:
3387:
On 8 November 1546, an alliance of eastern provinces launched a coordinated uprising against the Spanish. The provinces of
3012:, which Montejo considered to be a better port. After waiting for Ávila without result, Montejo sailed south as far as the
2707:
2242:
994:
854:
837:
762:
321:
251:
6780:""Fide, Non Armis": Franciscan Reducciónes and the Maya Mission Experience on the Colonial Frontier of Yucatán, 1602–1640"
1002:
groups that had not yet submitted to the Spanish. Among the Maya, ambush was a favoured tactic. Spanish weaponry included
11697:
10817:
8329:
2529:
to the west. The expedition continued far enough to confirm the reality of the gold-rich empire, sailing as far north as
678:
616:
306:
9686:
2444:
served on the crew; he was able to secure a place on the expedition as a favour from the governor, who was his kinsman.
2287:. The ships could not put in close to the shore due to the shallowness of the coastal waters. However, they could see a
396:
11894:
11889:
11464:
10781:
10717:
10439:
10419:
9894:
9626:
9589:
7413:
7296:(Map) (2nd ed.). 1:1000000. International Travel Maps. Richmond, British Columbia, Canada: ITMB Publishing. 2000.
3952:
2374:
drank it. The two ships sailed through a storm for two days and nights; Alaminos, the pilot, then steered a course for
1529:(c. AD 250–900). The 16th century Maya provinces of northern Yucatán are likely to have evolved out of polities of the
844:
11829:
10933:
8575:
7270:(Map) (3rd ed.). 1:500000. International Travel Maps. Richmond, British Columbia, Canada: ITMB Publishing. 1998.
3245:. Godoy and Testera were soon in conflict and the friar was forced to abandon Champotón and return to central Mexico.
1992:
often fell victim to contagious diseases. An example of the effect on populations of this strategy is the province of
196:
11530:
11439:
10837:
10381:
9934:
9564:
8341:
8058:
7990:
7901:
7875:
7629:
7484:
7421:
7353:
7301:
7275:
7178:
7066:
7035:
6979:
6907:
6873:
6843:
6798:
3739:
822:
750:
547:
416:
7135:(in Spanish) (9). Tordesillas, Valladolid, Spain: Seminario Iberoamericano de Descubrimientos y Cartografía: 53–60.
3337:, not far from Tʼho. On 6 January 1542, he founded the second permanent town council, calling the new colonial town
2694:. Montejo remained in Spain for seven years, and eventually succeeded in acquiring the hereditary military title of
201:
179:
11730:
10414:
9898:
9676:
8789:
8663:
8611:
7529:
Pugh, Timothy W. (2009). "Residential and Domestic Contexts at Zacpetén". In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
7251:
4324:
4311:
king (Aj Kowoj) was also soon captured, together with other Maya nobles and their families. With the defeat of the
4231:
3818:
3771:
3695:
3311:
3242:
3170:
3054:
2898:
2299:. Although the location is not now known with certainty, it is believed that this first sighting of Yucatán was at
2222:
1863:. The European diseases that ravaged the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas also severely affected the various
1216:
1147:
552:
421:
261:
226:
11106:
11041:
8475:
8008:
Vayhinger-Scheer, Temis (2011) . "Kanekʼ: El Último Rey Maya Itzaj" [Kanekʼ: The Last Itza Maya King]. In
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6603:
3645:
2013:
Tixchel for the forest, while others had succumbed to disease, malnutrition and inadequate housing in the Spanish
11899:
11874:
11869:
11667:
11459:
11246:
11046:
10595:
10530:
10116:
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9366:
9356:
8925:
8460:
8400:
2691:
2413:
2387:
2359:
2218:
1843:
658:
381:
356:
341:
276:
211:
11585:
11101:
10545:
10429:
9381:
3994:
3811:
3542:
were hostile and the missionaries were expelled without food or water, but survived the journey back to Mérida.
3475:
2334:
Over the next fifteen days the fleet slowly followed the coastline west, and then south. The casks brought from
2311:
beads, and the leader indicated with signs that they would return to take the Spanish ashore the following day.
2221:
with four of his companions, and their flesh was served at a feast. Aguilar and Guerrero were held prisoner and
1739:
by that name) controlled territory along the tributaries of the Usumacinta River spanning southwestern Petén in
169:
11687:
11625:
11424:
10842:
10555:
10535:
10507:
10424:
10399:
10259:
10067:
9974:
9914:
9881:
8644:
8351:
8324:
6693:
3979:; the first group was to join up with García de Parede's military expedition. The second group was to head for
3277:
1711:, where their capital was located. In the southern portion of the peninsula, a number of polities occupied the
832:
812:
331:
164:
11904:
11479:
11236:
6898:. Ancient Peoples and Places (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London, UK and New York, US:
3806:
to build the northern section and for Guatemala to build the southern portion, with both meeting somewhere in
3352:
Montejo the Younger next sent his cousin to Chauaca where most of the eastern lords greeted him in peace. The
725:
503:
11802:
11780:
11735:
11677:
11655:
11469:
11241:
10923:
10712:
10697:
9782:
9646:
9599:
8693:
8410:
8383:
7371:
Jones, Grant D. (2009). "The Kowoj in Ethnohistorical Perspective". In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
7212:
3660:
3625:
3592:, Fernando Kamal, set out with 150 Maya archers to track the warleader down; they succeeded in capturing the
3534:. They stayed for some days in an attempt to evangelise the Itza, but the Aj Kan Ekʼ refused to renounce his
3119:. Montejo carved up the province amongst his soldiers and gave each of his men two to three thousand Maya in
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735:
586:
576:
562:
557:
518:
371:
271:
216:
92:
31:
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inland, upon a low hill. The Spanish called it Gran Cairo (literally "Great Cairo") due to its size and its
11909:
11879:
11672:
11640:
11171:
11036:
10472:
9852:
9661:
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9391:
9341:
8683:
8495:
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8405:
8373:
7784:
6812:
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2690:
with treasure for the king. While he was in Spain, Montejo pleaded Cortés' cause against the supporters of
807:
797:
772:
567:
301:
281:
73:
11660:
10993:
8698:
8388:
7409:
Conquest and Survival in Colonial Guatemala: A Historical Geography of the Cuchumatán Highlands, 1500–1821
3670:
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province, where the lord Naabon Cupul reluctantly allowed him to found the Spanish town of Ciudad Real at
508:
97:
35:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11645:
11545:
11176:
10628:
10560:
9529:
8688:
8378:
7444:
6731:(in Spanish). XII (1998). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 788–795.
4348:
Belma has been tentatively identified with the modern settlement and Maya archaeological site of El Meco.
4253:
4057:
3944:
3727:
3601:
1395:
817:
792:
476:
266:
221:
87:
11096:
11003:
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7021:
6957:
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territory, which began at Chunpich, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the modern border between
2604:
2583:
was placed in command, and his crew included officers that would become famous conquistadors, including
2441:
2358:. They decided to abandon their smallest ship, the brigantine, although it was purchased on credit from
2280:
11969:
11964:
11854:
11580:
10943:
10590:
10477:
10389:
10361:
9988:
9958:
9763:
9594:
9346:
9105:
8794:
8750:
8570:
7085:
6835:
4315:, the last independent and unconquered native kingdom in the Americas fell to the European colonisers.
4279:
A waterbourne assault was launched upon Kan Ek's capital on the morning of 13 March. Ursúa boarded the
2630:
From Cozumel, the fleet looped around the north of the Yucatán Peninsula and followed the coast to the
2151:
1434:, near the centre of the drainage basin; it measures 32 by 5 kilometres (19.9 by 3.1 mi). A broad
802:
745:
710:
643:
523:
10963:
10918:
4072:
travelled across the lake with 80 canoes to greet the visitors at the Chakʼan Itza (a subgroup of the
3880:
was in a state of high alert to repel the Spanish; the expedition almost immediately withdrew back to
3169:
lord Namux Chel, who travelled on horseback, and two of the lord's cousins, who were taken in chains.
11499:
11449:
11307:
11206:
10702:
10575:
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3604:. They were decapitated, and the heads were displayed in the plazas of towns throughout the colonial
3574:
2843:
2159:
2098:
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336:
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11919:
11914:
11859:
11444:
11327:
11287:
11226:
11221:
11161:
10580:
10570:
10356:
10059:
9970:
9671:
9326:
8485:
7170:
6721:"Los estilos tecnológicos de la cerámica Postclásica con engobe de la región de los lagos de Petén"
6668:
Roads in the Forest: Migration, Commerce and Resistance: Yucatec and Itza Maya, 17th–19th Centuries
2043:
Crossbows were easier to maintain than matchlocks, especially in the humid tropical climate of the
1280:
916:
782:
705:
653:
542:
431:
426:
361:
326:
311:
11824:
10903:
10136:
9656:
6937:(in Spanish) (4). Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos: 23–26.
2190:
1157:, where they repulsed a significant Maya attack. After this battle, the Spanish founded a town at
11494:
11352:
11196:
11136:
11086:
10988:
10585:
10550:
10497:
10132:
10002:
9966:
9696:
9569:
9554:
9450:
8821:
8510:
7320:
6663:
Caminos en la selva: migración, comercio y resistencia: Mayas yucatecos e itzaes, siglos XVII–XIX
3690:
3498:
3282:
2862:
1880:
967:
884:
700:
626:
366:
10687:
3419:. A contemporary account described the slaughter of over 400 allied Maya, as well as livestock.
3210:, and then in Honduras, Montejo the Younger acted as lieutenant governor and captain general in
11785:
11357:
11292:
10796:
10682:
10565:
10525:
10169:
9962:
9621:
9611:
7788:
7679:
7538:
7439:
3896:
3589:
2664:
2500:
2369:
Governor Diego Velázquez de Cuellar claimed the discovery of wealthy cities and gold in Yucatán
2110:
1603:
1319:, with a steep initial scarp running 160 kilometres (99 mi) east from the Gulf coast near
1143:
668:
581:
532:
488:
241:
10928:
9091:
7774:
7749:
7714:
7617:
7443:
7380:
3432:
3315:
3253:
3230:
3165:, where he was received with friendship by the local Maya. He was accompanied by the friendly
3074:
2970:
In the spring of 1528, Montejo left Conil for the city of Chauaca, which was abandoned by its
2620:
2517:
2394:
survived the voyage to Cuba and were interrogated; they swore that there was abundant gold in
2347:
2198:
1754:, particularly around the central lakes and along the rivers. Before their defeat in 1697 the
1688:
1684:
1623:
1320:
1175:
1082:
1070:
11231:
10641:
10462:
10351:
10290:
10218:
10128:
9829:
9509:
9316:
9224:
8898:
8811:
8762:
8678:
8560:
8520:
7841:
7058:
6723:[The Technological Styles of Postclassic Slipped Ceramics in the Petén Lakes Region]
4125:
3948:
3084:. Alonso d' Ávila was sent overland to Chauaca in the east of the peninsula, passing through
3045:
2624:
2402:
2296:
2087:
1922:
1872:
1696:
1568:
1539:
1050:
894:
648:
11765:
11166:
10953:
10913:
10872:
9846:
9351:
8500:
7953:(1966). "The Maya Central Area at the Spanish Conquest and Later: A Problem in Demography".
7822:
7776:
7741:
7706:
7671:
7530:
7372:
6740:
1252:
11740:
11409:
11372:
11362:
11302:
11201:
11181:
11076:
10888:
10707:
9584:
9574:
9194:
9084:
9046:
8779:
8745:
8505:
8435:
8169:
7924:
7469:
7125:
6926:
6670:] (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: El Colegio de México, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
4235:
4202:
4190:
4140:
4117:
4093:
4061:
4049:
4023:
4019:
3984:
3980:
3956:
3921:
3865:
3775:
3634:
3597:
3582:
3554:
3523:
3479:
3420:
3338:
3303:
3150:
3139:
3040:
2909:
2894:
2890:
2807:
2683:
2643:
2600:
2433:
2428:. He organised a new expedition consisting of four ships and 240 men. He placed his nephew
2276:
2247:
2118:
2102:
2083:
1955:
1931:
1918:
1876:
1767:
1475:
1447:
1446:
forms another interior drainage region. To the south the plain gradually rises towards the
1363:
1180:
1130:
1054:
1031:
899:
849:
376:
11266:
11056:
10978:
9376:
9336:
7740:
Rice, Prudence M. (2009). "Who were the Kowoj?". In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
3803:
3550:
3467:
3437:
3307:
3265:
3234:
3158:
3058:
3021:
2967:
that was described as having 5,000 houses, where the Spanish party halted for two months.
2921:
2870:
2739:
2588:
2576:
2557:
2505:
2445:
2425:
2395:
2284:
2272:
2206:
2127:
2048:
1868:
1728:
1550:
1522:
1240:
974:
8:
11809:
11565:
11550:
11434:
11414:
11367:
11347:
11151:
11146:
11091:
11061:
10827:
10452:
10409:
10366:
10295:
10264:
10035:
10014:
9980:
9886:
9856:
9787:
9631:
9604:
9504:
9296:
9053:
8994:
8937:
8550:
7950:
7346:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 2
4268:
4152:
4077:
3700:
3364:, reaching the east coast at Pole. Stormy weather prevented the Spanish from crossing to
3294:
3081:
2788:
2592:
1783:
1723:
and east of Acalan, between the Petén lakes and what is now Campeche, and to the west of
864:
638:
601:
596:
591:
461:
246:
184:
11555:
11256:
8173:
7196:
4003:
2731:
1775:
1284:
11570:
11560:
11535:
11489:
11454:
11312:
11021:
10898:
10771:
10269:
10249:
9909:
9797:
9524:
9331:
9159:
9098:
8930:
8858:
8637:
8606:
8545:
8480:
8264:
8241:
8201:
8185:
8101:
8089:
8048:
7966:
7647:
6899:
6716:
6587:
6579:
3877:
3857:
3680:
3507:
3483:
3346:
3154:
3085:
3066:
2959:
2917:
2854:
2760:
2711:
2580:
2553:
2549:
2436:, who would eventually conquer much of the peninsula, was captain of one of the ships;
2005:
1599:
1587:
were two of the most important polities in the region. They were mutually hostile; the
1580:
1543:
1375:
1188:
1154:
1098:
1066:
936:
537:
513:
498:
10893:
10822:
2182:
2162:, were probably recorded around this time, and in due course passed into the books of
1431:
1347:
1264:
11750:
11692:
11525:
11297:
11271:
11261:
11251:
11186:
11141:
11071:
11051:
11026:
10973:
10948:
10213:
9740:
9681:
9636:
9495:
9199:
8730:
8653:
8540:
8530:
8450:
8334:
8249:
8233:
8193:
8139:
8129:
8109:
8093:
8064:
8054:
8035:
8025:
7996:
7986:
7938:
7928:
7907:
7897:
7896:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California, US: Stanford University Press.
7871:
7802:
7792:
7777:
7763:
7753:
7742:
7728:
7718:
7707:
7693:
7683:
7672:
7635:
7625:
7622:
The Postclassic to Spanish-Era Transition in Mesoamerica: Archaeological Perspectives
7589:
7579:
7552:
7542:
7531:
7517:
7507:
7490:
7480:
7456:
7427:
7417:
7394:
7384:
7373:
7359:
7349:
7330:
7307:
7297:
7281:
7271:
7224:
7216:
7184:
7174:
7144:
7136:
7105:
7097:
7072:
7062:
7041:
7031:
7006:
6985:
6975:
6938:
6913:
6903:
6879:
6869:
6849:
6839:
6828:
6804:
6794:
6766:
6732:
6681:
6671:
6591:
3408:
3369:
3226:
3199:
3175:
3166:
3126:
3093:
2994:
2584:
2437:
2226:
1976:
1724:
1660:
1639:
1554:
1534:
970:
879:
874:
787:
346:
9771:
9371:
7779:
The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala
7744:
The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala
7709:
The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala
7674:
The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala
7533:
The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala
7479:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas. pp. 241–252.
7375:
The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala
7162:
7055:
Lost Shores, Forgotten Peoples: Spanish Explorations of the South East Maya Lowlands
4108:
By mid-January, Captain García de Paredes had arrived at the advance portion of the
3787:
3561:, where there was a lengthy delay while they waited for reinforcements. En route to
2279:
on his final voyage. Also among the approximately 100-strong expedition members was
2271:, with the dual intention of exploration and of rounding up slaves. The experienced
1988:
groups that had not yet submitted to the Spanish. Those that remained behind in the
1974:
engaged in a strategy of concentrating native populations in new colonial towns, or
1732:
391:
11382:
11377:
11342:
11322:
11081:
10958:
10857:
10761:
10223:
10063:
9401:
9174:
8757:
8580:
8535:
8445:
8225:
8205:
8177:
8085:
7958:
6787:
Francis in the Americas: Essays on the Franciscan Family in North and South America
6571:
4113:
3799:
3782:
colony, in the process "reducing" any independent native populations into colonial
3526:
on a mission to attempt the peaceful conversion of the still-pagan Itza in central
3009:
2998:
2913:
2776:
2568:
2429:
2202:
2186:
2185:
to inform the colonial authorities there of ongoing conflict between conquistadors
2091:
1700:
1530:
1497:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1167:
1090:
1074:
386:
174:
11760:
9792:
8715:
8515:
8181:
8159:
7890:
3287:
2486:
The fleet left Cuba in April 1518, and made its first landfall upon the island of
1847:
European-introduced smallpox devastated the indigenous populations of the Americas
1771:
11825:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
11575:
11515:
11429:
11337:
11211:
11191:
11156:
10938:
10908:
10847:
10457:
10447:
10343:
10228:
10120:
10077:
9837:
9745:
9616:
9426:
9281:
9154:
9139:
8949:
8915:
8806:
8740:
8673:
8585:
8555:
8440:
8358:
7407:
7164:
6823:
6760:
6661:
4186:
3861:
3705:
3539:
3466:; in colonial times it originally fell under the jurisdiction of the Governor of
3416:
3194:
Montejo the Elder became embroiled in colonial infighting over the right to rule
3188:
2924:. On 8 December of that year he was issued with the hereditary military title of
2811:
2756:
2652:
2174:
1875:
written histories, which combined with those of neighbouring Maya peoples in the
1832:
1466:. Further north, the vegetation turns to lower forest consisting of dense scrub.
1211:. In 1622 the Itza slaughtered two Spanish parties trying to reach their capital
1192:
904:
690:
466:
11484:
9077:
4112:
at Chuntuki. By now he only had 90 soldiers plus labourers and porters. Captain
4009:
3807:
3791:
3334:
3135:
2920:
expeditions) successfully petitioned the King of Spain for the right to conquer
2530:
2473:
2453:. Grijalva also took one of the captured Indians from the Hernández expedition.
2319:, after some words spoken by the Maya leader, which sounded to the Spanish like
1828:
1824:
1791:
1667:
were landlocked provinces north of Maní and southwest of Ah Kin Chel and Cupul.
11419:
11332:
11216:
10968:
10791:
10776:
10677:
10651:
10636:
10517:
10112:
10106:
10010:
9777:
9691:
9641:
9519:
9473:
9421:
9189:
8843:
7955:
Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
6891:
6861:
4256:
was also transported to the lake to be used in the attack on the Itza capital.
4147:
would not surrender peacefully, and he began to organise an all-out assault on
4132:
porters. They were approached by about 300 canoes carrying approximately 2,000
3931:
A company of native musketeers from the town of Sajkabʼchen (or Sahcabchén) in
3856:, with 70 Spanish soldiers, accompanied by a large number of Maya archers from
3471:
3238:
2839:
2835:
priests in 1618, when Cortés' cross was said to still be standing at Nojpetén.
2596:
2307:
2197:. There were just twenty survivors from the wreck, including Captain Valdivia,
2063:
2009:
1971:
1938:
In the south, conditions conducive to the spread of malaria existed throughout
1743:
and eastern Chiapas. The Lakandon had a fierce reputation amongst the Spanish.
1672:
1526:
1419:
1399:
1248:
1171:
958:
869:
145:
9924:
9431:
8253:
8229:
8128:. Men-at-Arms. Vol. 101. Oxford, UK and New York, US: Osprey Publishing.
7096:(in Spanish) (16). Madrid, Spain: Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas: 72–78.
4296:
4238:
with his soldiers on 26 February 1697, and once there built the heavily armed
3976:
3826:
3795:
3527:
3459:
3441:
1939:
1751:
1712:
1518:
1481:
1442:
become more frequent, interspersed with forest. In the far north of Petén the
1406:
1200:
1126:
41:
11848:
10983:
9833:
9750:
9559:
9411:
9406:
9039:
8959:
8910:
8868:
8848:
8833:
8769:
8630:
8363:
8309:
8237:
8097:
8039:
8021:
8009:
7957:(1966). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 23–37.
7885:
7806:
7767:
7732:
7697:
7593:
7556:
7398:
7285:
7220:
7188:
7148:
7140:
7101:
7076:
6989:
6971:
6942:
6770:
6685:
6575:
4223:
3888:
3822:
3767:
3535:
3424:
3319:
3184:
3162:
2990:
2931:
2908:
engaged the main attention of the conquistadors for some years, then in 1526
2631:
2521:
2509:
2450:
2340:
2292:
2178:
2135:
2131:
2067:
2039:
1914:
1643:
1443:
1427:
1391:
1328:
1315:
limestone. To the south of this the limestone rises to form the low chain of
1304:
1292:
1244:
1015:
921:
673:
621:
436:
113:
8143:
8113:
8068:
8000:
7942:
7911:
7639:
7521:
7494:
7431:
7363:
7311:
7109:
7045:
6917:
6883:
6853:
6808:
6736:
3013:
1065:
sought refuge among native groups along the eastern coast of the peninsula.
1046:, initiating devastating plagues that swept through the native populations.
11755:
11745:
11474:
11013:
10867:
10692:
10208:
9984:
9666:
9514:
9291:
9229:
9219:
9214:
9034:
9028:
8883:
8873:
8853:
8197:
7816:"Texts, Pre-Texts, Con-Texts: Gonzalo Guerrero in the Chronicles of Indies"
7228:
4182:
4129:
4097:
3849:
3566:
3323:
3249:
3116:
3097:
2971:
2952:
2944:
2866:
2831:
The Spanish did not officially contact the Itza again until the arrival of
2827:
2784:
2768:
2743:
2676:
2639:
2615:
2526:
2491:
2391:
2316:
2300:
2288:
2214:
2210:
2163:
2123:
2059:
2026:
1985:
1951:
1901:
1896:
1864:
1803:
1747:
1455:
1423:
1387:
1371:
1359:
1355:
1300:
1296:
1268:
1158:
1114:
1094:
1035:
999:
962:
11066:
7460:
4913:
4911:
4909:
3096:
where he founded the Spanish town of Villa Real ("Royal Town"). The local
2885:
2635:
1533:
period. From the mid-13th century AD through to the mid-15th century, the
1110:
10656:
10482:
10051:
9929:
9266:
9184:
9060:
8863:
8816:
7506:. Warrior. Vol. 40. Oxford, UK and New York, US: Osprey Publishing.
7169:. Dumbarton Oaks Pre-Columbian symposia and colloquia. Washington, D.C.:
7027:
6967:
6868:(4th edition (revised) ed.). London; New York: Thames & Hudson.
4312:
4260:
4219:
4174:
4157:
4133:
4121:
4073:
4065:
4045:
4015:
3998:
3972:
3968:
3917:
3912:; it was led by friar Andrés de Avendaño, who was accompanied by another
3909:
3901:
3869:
3810:
territory; the plan was later modified to pass further east, through the
3593:
3546:
3519:
3511:
3271:
3268:; it was increasingly isolated and the situation there became difficult.
3008:, and transferred the fledgling Spanish colony to nearby Xamanha, modern
2873:
own officers had already put down his rebellion. Cortés then returned to
2858:
2850:
2819:
2800:
2727:
2648:
1926:
1799:
1755:
1720:
1611:
1485:
1383:
1379:
1351:
1336:
1208:
1204:
941:
10646:
8999:
8168:(4935). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1254–1259.
6714:
5202:
5200:
4284:
4227:
4194:
4148:
4088:
4053:
3905:
3873:
3562:
3515:
3145:
While his son had been attempting to consolidate the Spanish control of
3053:
in 1529, and pacified that province with the aid of his son, also named
2823:
2365:
1947:
1899:
was first reported in the mid-17th century, with a terse mention in the
1859:
and caused the plagues that swept through the native populations of the
1763:
1409:
region consists of densely forested low-lying limestone plain featuring
1212:
11520:
10254:
9534:
8838:
8784:
8601:
8245:
8189:
8105:
7970:
6999:
The First Maya Civilization: Ritual and Power Before the Classic Period
6644:
6615:
6583:
4906:
4151:. Work on the road was redoubled and about a month after the battle at
3412:
3121:
2926:
2832:
2814:
priests accompanying the expedition celebrated mass in the presence of
2748:
2306:
The following morning, the Spanish sent the two ships with a shallower
2268:
2143:
2079:
1921:. Mortality was high, with approximately 50% of the population of some
1906:
1619:
1557:. It was divided into a number of independent provinces referred to as
1501:
1493:
1489:
1316:
1003:
351:
316:
9179:
8050:
The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse
4300:
4272:
4178:
4173:
Bartolomé de Amésqueta led the next Guatemalan expedition against the
4144:
4069:
4040:
3881:
3845:
3609:
3531:
3035:
2979:
2838:
From the lake, Cortés continued south along the western slopes of the
2815:
2659:
and became the means by which Cortés was able to communicate with the
2177:
coast under the command of Pedro de Valdivia. The ship was sailing to
1463:
1308:
1251:
to the north and west. It can be delimited by a line running from the
10487:
10244:
10144:
9919:
9821:
9755:
9149:
9070:
8774:
7002:
6570:(4). Albuquerque, New Mexico, US: University of New Mexico: 589–596.
5197:
4207:
3853:
3838:
3779:
3463:
3342:
3203:
3089:
3025:
2780:
2752:
2735:
2147:
2044:
1910:
1884:
1816:
1779:
1740:
1588:
1559:
1514:
1438:
extends south of the central lakes. To the north of the lakes region
1196:
the final conquest of the northern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula.
1184:
1039:
1027:
986:
978:
8984:
8622:
7962:
3967:
In May 1695, friar Antonio de Silva, the provincial superior of the
3596:
captain and his followers, together with silverware from the looted
2663:. Marina became Cortés' consort and eventually bore him a son. From
1905:
for 1648. That particular outbreak was traced back to the island of
1595:
of Sotuta became the implacable enemies of the European colonisers.
10661:
9539:
9416:
9276:
9261:
9244:
9239:
8828:
7086:"Domingo Fajardo: vicario y defensor de indios en Petén. 1795–1828"
3932:
3487:
3327:
3306:, who was now in his late 60s, turned his royal rights to colonise
3195:
3130:
3108:
3101:
3017:
2764:
2723:
2715:
2672:
2668:
2461:
2155:
2114:
1997:
1860:
1856:
1808:
1708:
1691:). South of Chanputun, and extending west along the Gulf coast was
1680:
1676:
1668:
1656:
1459:
1332:
1312:
1272:
1231:
1220:
1163:
1122:
1118:
1058:
1043:
1023:
931:
8979:
8420:
7088:[Domingo Fajardo: Vicar and Defender of Indians in Petén]
5306:
5304:
4299:; in response the Spanish scoured the region with search parties.
3935:, pushed ahead with the road builders from Tzuktzokʼ to the first
1378:
flows from Lamanai Lake in Belize northwards to Chetumal Bay. The
11819:
11790:
10300:
10285:
9442:
9306:
9271:
9164:
8735:
7470:"Los primeros contactos lingüísticos de los españoles en Yucatán"
6970:(trans.) (6th printing (1973) ed.). Harmondsworth, England:
4329:
4163:
4033:
4027:
3989:
3936:
3830:
3558:
3428:
3392:
3373:
3365:
3353:
3261:
3211:
3070:
3050:
2935:
2795:
2772:
2656:
2611:
2487:
2375:
2264:
2194:
2106:
2001:
1959:
1892:
1820:
1736:
1716:
1704:
1647:
1607:
1435:
1410:
1106:
1102:
1019:
926:
8989:
7748:. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. pp.
7713:. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. pp.
7678:. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. pp.
7537:. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. pp.
7379:. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. pp.
3997:. Avendaño returned to Tzuktokʼ and reconsidered his plans; the
3887:
In mid-May 1695 García de Paredes again marched southwards from
3318:; he did not remain there long, and quickly moved his forces to
2997:). At Chaktumal, Montejo learnt that shipwrecked Spanish sailor
2066:
with flint-tipped spears, bows and arrows and stones. They wore
1398:, Candelaría, and Mamantel Rivers, which all form a part of the
1061:. In 1511, Spanish survivors of the shipwrecked caravel called
10756:
10310:
10305:
10082:
9256:
9204:
9169:
8974:
7884:
7624:. Albuquerque, New Mexico, US: University of New Mexico Press.
7348:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 346–391.
6929:[Gonzalo Guerrero, First Mexican by his Own Free Will]
6692:
5301:
4304:
4264:
4240:
3834:
3570:
3404:
3396:
3381:
3290:
ca. 1590–1600 from the stone taken from the nearby Maya temples
3207:
3062:
3029:
2905:
2874:
2846:
rapids, which took two days to cross and cost him more horses.
2719:
2660:
2623:, who had been enslaved by a Maya lord. Aguilar had learnt the
2561:
2538:
2513:
The Spanish boarded their ships and continued along the coast.
1993:
1943:
1852:
1795:
1759:
1692:
1664:
1635:
1584:
1451:
1367:
1340:
1307:. The extreme north of the peninsula, roughly corresponding to
1288:
1139:
1007:
990:
982:
5482:
Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 767. Clendinnen 1989, 2003, p. 21.
4160:, who retreated and raised a white flag from a safe distance.
2701:
1207:
missions attempted the peaceful conversion of the still pagan
11797:
10071:
9735:
9301:
9286:
9234:
9144:
9134:
9129:
9004:
6830:
Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517–1570
4308:
4169:
4084:
4010:
San Buenaventura among the Kejache, September – November 1695
3913:
3892:
3774:
proposed to the Spanish king the construction of a road from
3721:
3400:
3388:
3377:
3357:
3356:
resisted fiercely but were soon defeated by the Spanish. The
3257:
3223:
3146:
3112:
3005:
2983:
2940:
2687:
2496:
1787:
1627:
1615:
1592:
1134:
1011:
8216:
Roukema, E. (1956). "A Discovery of Yucatan Prior to 1503".
7704:
7615:
3959:) and 100 were Maya, together with labourers and muleteers.
2326:
2130:, carrying well-dressed Maya and a rich cargo that included
10140:
10055:
8969:
8942:
8123:
7618:
Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Maya Political Geography
7467:
7446:
History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas
6935:
Inventio: La Génesis de la Cultura Universitaria en Morelos
4293:
Nuestra Señora de los Remedios y San Pablo, Laguna del Itza
3361:
3179:
2964:
2948:
2572:
2534:
2479:
The coast of Cozumel was Grijalva's first sight of Yucatán.
2417:
2379:
2355:
2335:
2260:
2029:
of Campeche. Among the Maya, ambush was a favoured tactic.
1812:
1631:
1549:
In the early 16th century, when the Spanish discovered the
1484:
has a hot climate and receives the highest rainfall in all
1093:
explored the coast in 1518, and heard tales of the wealthy
1086:
10033:
7923:(2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts, US and Oxford, UK:
6758:
3314:. In early 1541, Montejo the Younger joined his cousin in
1798:
appear to have been one of the three dominant polities in
7864:
Yucatan's Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War
7123:
6956:
4648:
4646:
4644:
3844:
In March 1695, Captain Juan Díaz de Velasco set out from
2975:
2275:
served as pilot; he had previously served as pilot under
2233:, a war leader who served against Nachan Chan's enemies.
1542:. A significant Maya presence remained in Petén into the
8294:
6996:
5511:
Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 768. Clendinnen 2003, p. 21.
5425:
Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 767. Clendinnen 2003, p. 20.
4248:
carried 114 men and at least five artillery pieces. The
1598:
At the time of conquest, polities in the north included
8007:
7438:
6927:"Gonzalo Guerrero, primer mexicano por voluntad propia"
6168:
6166:
6164:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5681:
5679:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5580:
5578:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
2236:
1370:
to empty into the same lake. Bacalar Lake empties into
8075:
7083:
6924:
6729:
Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala
5469:
5467:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5169:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4954:
4952:
4922:
4739:
4698:
4641:
3924:, which would serve as the main military base for the
3470:, before being transferred to the jurisdiction of the
3272:
Conquest and settlement in northern Yucatán, 1540–1546
1591:
of Maní allied themselves with the Spanish, while the
1153:
In 1531 the Spanish moved their base of operations to
9788:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
6715:
Cecil, Leslie; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (1999).
6350:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5136:
Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 759. Recinos 1986, p. 18.
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5062:
4721:
4103:
1630:
was a small landlocked province south of Chikinchel.
1053:
may have occurred in 1502, when the fourth voyage of
7980:
7949:
7501:
7052:
7019:
6777:
6454:
6314:
6161:
5688:
5676:
5633:
5619:
5596:
5575:
5514:
5007:
5005:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4541:
4539:
4503:
3431:
in December 1546, with reinforcements gathered from
3138:
province at Dzikabal, near Tʼho (the modern city of
1913:, from whence it was introduced to the port city of
1758:
controlled or influenced much of Petén and parts of
1418:. A chain of fourteen lakes runs across the central
1174:
failed after a renewed Spanish military presence at
1113:; from there Cortés continued onward to conquer the
6762:
The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan, 1517–1550
6659:
6561:
6533:
6427:
6332:
5984:
5464:
5428:
5354:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5247:
5166:
4986:
4949:
4041:
Avendaño's expedition, December 1695 – January 1696
3962:
3872:hunting parties. At the lakeshore, within sight of
3786:; this was part of a greater plan to subjugate the
3510:' visit, no Spanish attempted to visit the warlike
3333:Montejo the Younger's cousin met the Canul Maya at
3036:
Francisco de Montejo and Alonso d' Ávila, 1531–1535
2651:, who was given the Spanish name Marina. She spoke
2154:– the first prophecies of bearded invaders sent by
1965:
1735:(not to be confused with the modern inhabitants of
1259:on the Caribbean coast. It incorporates the modern
7889:
7813:
6827:
5446:
5220:
5148:
5114:
5105:
5073:
5059:
5041:
4459:
3868:and engaged in a series of fierce skirmishes with
3286:Ruins of a mission church built by the Spanish in
2880:
2074:
1642:was to the south of it; all three bordered on the
8046:
7918:
7861:
7739:
7669:
7405:
7195:
5912:
5910:
5023:
5002:
4977:
4961:
4825:
4536:
4441:
4128:warriors. They were also accompanied by about 40
3233:in 1535 to attempt the peaceful incorporation of
3080:In 1531, Montejo moved his base of operations to
1950:in 1697, there are estimated to have been 60,000
1350:– all other rivers are located in the south. The
11846:
7528:
6822:
5762:
5760:
5539:
5537:
5263:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4600:
4529:
4527:
4517:
4515:
1707:, as far as what is now the southern portion of
1426:some of these lakes become interconnected. This
10332:
7563:
7370:
7343:
7318:
6890:
6860:
6409:
6407:
6307:
6305:
6078:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4496:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4404:
4402:
4400:
1838:
1335:; if the bottom of the cave is deeper than the
1117:. In 1524, Cortés led a sizeable expedition to
71:
7620:". In Susan Kepecs; Rani T. Alexander (eds.).
7001:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK and New York, US:
6630:
6601:
6497:
6495:
6011:
5966:
5946:
5919:
5907:
5898:
5889:
5829:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5244:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 758–759, 760–761.
4730:
4714:
4712:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4416:
4414:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4164:Expedition from Verapaz, February – March 1696
2614:, and Cortés remained there for several days.
2440:and Alonso d'Avila captained the other ships.
2138:, yellow stone axes, flint-studded war clubs,
2032:
1508:
684:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
143:
9977:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
9458:
8638:
8280:
8084:(2). Uppsala, Sweden: Opulus Press: 151–160.
5757:
5534:
4816:
4771:
4759:
4671:
4524:
4512:
3747:
3191:, taking their remaining soldiers with them.
2054:
674:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)
129:
57:
9652:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
6542:
6474:
6404:
6386:
6302:
6293:
6273:
6253:
6152:
5975:
4632:
4623:
4609:
4591:
4559:
4491:
4477:
4468:
4397:
4193:, AjKʼixaw was sent ahead as an emissary to
3802:. The original plan was for the province of
2978:, some 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north of
2865:to the settlement of Nito, somewhere on the
2826:(also known as Tayasal), and crossed to the
1311:, has underlying bedrock consisting of flat
1097:further west. As a result of these rumours,
8215:
7453:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
6604:"The Spanish Conquest of Yucatán (1526–46)"
6492:
5392:
5313:
4709:
4689:
4655:
4411:
4370:
2787:province of Acalan, where he recruited 600
2702:Hernán Cortés in the Maya lowlands, 1524–25
2679:, and from there on to conquer the Aztecs.
1996:, which occupied an area spanning southern
1770:; it has developed into the modern town of
1354:flows from west to east from south central
1129:in what is now northern Guatemala. In 1527
9465:
9451:
8645:
8631:
8287:
8273:
7475:. In Miguel Rivera; Andrés Ciudad (eds.).
6765:. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution.
4014:Juan de San Buenaventura's small group of
3754:
3740:
136:
122:
64:
50:
11771:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
7567:La colonización de los mayas peninsulares
5455:
3447:
2989:The support ship eventually arrived from
2408:
1719:occupied a territory to the north of the
1394:. In the southwest of the peninsula, the
1386:flow through Belize and join to form the
1303:. The north coast features a wide, sandy
11776:Colonial universities in the Philippines
7616:Rice, Prudence M.; Don S. Rice (2005). "
4064:to an enthusiastic welcome by the local
3971:in Yucatán, had appointed two groups of
3904:would continue onwards independently to
3817:As governor of Yucatán (1695-1696) now,
3518:for almost a hundred years. In 1618 two
3497:
3293:
3281:
3217:
3198:, a claim that put him in conflict with
3057:. Alonso d' Ávila was sent from eastern
2884:
2548:
2364:
2325:
2246:
2078:
1842:
1699:-speaking province extended east of the
1553:, the region was still dominated by the
1230:
10767:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
8124:Wise, Terence; McBride, Angus (2008) .
7124:Gómez Martín, Jorge Angel (June 2013).
4083:On 19 January AjKowoj, the king of the
2738:. His aim was to subdue the rebellious
2607:, veterans of the Grijalva expedition.
1235:Satellite view of the Yucatán Peninsula
14:
11847:
11720:
8020:] (in Spanish). Potsdam, Germany:
7572:The Colonisation of the Peninsula Maya
6791:Academy of American Franciscan History
4588:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 613, 616.
4213:
4116:, García's senior officer, arrived at
3686:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
2794:The expedition passed onwards through
2544:
2263:with a small fleet, consisting of two
1683:) was to the south of it, followed by
1057:came across a large trading canoe off
27:Campaign against Late Postclassic Maya
11885:16th century in the Maya civilization
11719:
11615:
11614:
10738:
10616:
10331:
10190:
10158:
10095:
10032:
9947:
9870:
9810:
9724:
9713:
9485:
9484:
9446:
8652:
8626:
8268:
8014:Los Mayas: Una Civilización Milenaria
7322:The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom
6510:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 777–778.
6239:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 775–776.
5616:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 770–771.
5593:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 769–770.
5572:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 768–769.
5502:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 767–768.
5416:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 766–767.
5235:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 760–761.
4652:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 761–762.
4579:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 499–500.
4303:was soon captured with help from the
3864:friars. The Spanish pressed ahead to
3716:Spanish American wars of independence
3493:
2610:The fleet made its first landfall at
2490:, off the east coast of Yucatán. The
1925:settlements being wiped out. Sixteen
1671:was the northernmost province on the
1105:he continued around the peninsula to
669:Caribbean and North America (1739–48)
117:
45:
10048:Captaincy General of the Philippines
9540:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
8296:Spanish colonization of the Americas
7468:Perramon, Francesc Ligorred (1986).
7242:
4052:on 13 December 1695, and arrived in
3656:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
3615:
3088:, where he was well received by the
2730:kingdom in what is now the northern
2708:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
2237:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, 1517
2062:warriors entered battle against the
1917:, and from there was transmitted to
1166:. In 1535, peaceful attempts by the
1146:with the aid of his son, also named
11975:Spanish conquest of Central America
11751:Indochristian painting in New Spain
9871:
8053:. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
7211:(in Spanish) (9). Berlin, Germany:
6759:Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (1948).
6564:Journal of Anthropological Research
4456:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 46–47.
3462:covers an area that is now part of
3024:and head for the Spanish colony of
2806:They arrived at the north shore of
2330:Early 16th century European caravel
1042:diseases previously unknown in the
957:was the campaign undertaken by the
170:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
24:
10718:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
10191:
9472:
8152:
8090:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02250.x
7412:(3rd ed.). Montreal, Canada:
5835:Jones 1998, pp. 111, 132–133, 145.
4104:Battle at Chʼichʼ, 2 February 1696
3502:17th century entry routes to Petén
3065:, which extended southeast of the
1634:was a large province in the east.
1101:set sail with another fleet. From
25:
11986:
9948:
9811:
9692:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
8018:The Maya: An Ancient Civilization
7985:. London, UK: Thames and Hudson.
6997:Estrada-Belli, Francisco (2011).
5886:Jones 1998, pp. 135–136, 139–140.
4937:de Díos González 2008, pp. 25–26.
4856:Wise and McBride 2008, pp. 33–34.
4068:. The following day, the current
2861:, perhaps Xocolo. He crossed the
2682:In 1519, Cortés sent the veteran
2571:return aroused great interest in
2405:notifying it of "his" discovery.
1255:on the Gulf coast through to the
1069:made contact with two survivors,
11865:History of the Yucatán Peninsula
11803:Criollos in the colonial society
11731:Spanish missions in the Americas
10853:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
8714:
8612:Spanish missions in the Americas
8419:
7502:Pohl, John; Hook, Adam (2008) .
7477:Los mayas de los tiempos tardíos
6524:
6519:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 778.
6513:
6504:
6483:
6469:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 777.
6463:
6460:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 777.
6445:
6436:
6416:
6395:
6377:
6368:
6359:
6341:
6323:
6320:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 776.
6290:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 776.
6282:
6270:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 776.
6262:
6244:
6233:
6224:
6219:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 775.
6213:
6204:
6195:
6186:
6181:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 775.
6175:
6172:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 775.
6141:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6069:
6056:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6002:
5993:
5955:
5937:
5928:
5880:
5869:
5860:
5849:
5838:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5797:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 774.
5791:
5780:
5775:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 774.
5769:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5721:
5714:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 774.
5708:
5705:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 774.
5685:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 773.
5673:Fialko Coxemans 2003, pp. 72–73.
5667:
5658:
5649:
5646:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 772.
5630:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 771.
5610:
5607:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 770.
5587:
5584:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 769.
5566:
5563:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 768.
5555:
5546:
5531:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 768.
5505:
5496:
5491:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 767.
5485:
5476:
5443:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 767.
5387:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 773.
5376:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 762.
5367:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 762.
5310:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 766.
5260:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 761.
5206:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 760.
5185:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 760.
4999:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 759.
4894:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 758.
4727:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 617.
4342:
4325:Index of Mexico-related articles
4234:arrived on the western shore of
3963:Avendaño's expedition, June 1695
3696:Spanish missions in the Americas
3644:
3312:Francisco de Montejo the Younger
3298:Colonial coat of arms of Yucatán
3171:Francisco de Montejo the Younger
2857:found a village on the shore of
2627:and became Cortés' interpreter.
2560:coast on his way to conquer the
2508:to sail down the west coast. At
2472:
2460:
1966:Weaponry, strategies and tactics
1170:to incorporate Yucatán into the
11830:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
9714:
7414:McGill-Queen's University Press
7126:"El Descubrimiento del Yucatán"
7084:Fialko Coxemans, Vilma (2003).
7026:. Raleigh, North Carolina, US:
6925:de Dios González, Juan (2008).
6834:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK:
6694:Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco
6633:"The Valdivia Shipwreck (1511)"
5419:
5410:
5401:
5381:
5370:
5345:
5336:
5327:
5292:
5283:
5238:
5229:
5211:
5188:
5139:
5130:
5096:
5087:
5050:
5032:
5014:
4940:
4931:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4868:
4859:
4850:
4841:
4805:
4796:
4787:
4750:
4680:
4582:
4573:
4548:
4465:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 47.
4447:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 46.
3821:, began to build the road from
3256:was unsuccessful and the local
3092:. Ávila continued southeast to
3049:(a local colonial governor) of
2881:Francisco de Montejo, 1527–1528
2541:five months after he had left.
2243:Hernández de Córdoba expedition
2075:First encounters: 1502 and 1511
2025:town and the extinction of the
1077:, eight years later. In 1517,
392:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)
10159:
9882:Captaincy General of Guatemala
9590:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
7981:Townsend, Richard F. (1995) .
7133:Revista de Estudios Colombinos
7057:. Durham, North Carolina, US:
6785:. In John F. Schwaller (ed.).
6230:Vayhinger-Scheer 2011, p. 383.
5655:Caso Barrera 2002, pp. 17, 19.
4928:Gómez Martín June 2013, p. 56.
4919:Gómez Martín June 2013, p. 56.
4847:Pohl and Hook 2008, pp. 26–27.
4450:
4432:
4423:
4386:
4361:
4048:friar Andrés de Avendaño left
3304:Francisco de Montejo the Elder
3248:Godoy's attempt to subdue the
3151:Francisco de Montejo the Elder
2257:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
2251:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
2122:boarded it. He found it was a
1782:. The Itza spoke a variety of
1774:, which is the capital of the
1488:. The climate is divided into
1462:and a portion of the south of
1079:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
13:
1:
11781:General Archive of the Indies
11042:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
10713:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
10698:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
9647:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
9600:War of the Spanish Succession
9565:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
8476:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
8182:10.1126/science.246.4935.1254
8078:Journal of Vegetation Science
7213:Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut
7053:Feldman, Lawrence H. (2000).
7020:Feldman, Lawrence H. (1998).
6778:Chuchiak IV, John F. (2005).
6554:
6424:Jones 1998, pp. 253, 265–266.
6008:Jones 1998, pp. 130, 151–152.
5289:Hernández et al. 2010, p. 26.
4946:de Díos González 2008, p. 26.
4917:de Díos González 2008, p. 25.
3860:, native muleteers, and four
3798:and the upper reaches of the
3661:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
2759:, the captive Aztec lords of
2169:In 1511, the Spanish caravel
1946:. At the time of the fall of
1888:Maya inhabitants of Yucatán.
1655:. The capital of Cochuah was
1275:, the eastern portion of the
1049:The first encounter with the
981:plain covering south-eastern
32:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
10739:
9853:Captaincy General of Yucatan
9783:Union with Holy Roman Empire
9762:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
9677:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
8224:. Imago Mundi, Ltd.: 30–38.
7785:University Press of Colorado
7325:. Stanford, California, US:
6789:. Berkeley, California, US:
6660:Caso Barrera, Laura (2002).
4509:White and Hood 2004, p. 152.
4392:White and Hood 2004, p. 152.
4355:
3778:southwards to link with the
3676:Spanish conquest of the Maya
2642:town. The Maya prepared for
2209:. There they were seized by
1839:Impact of Old World diseases
1362:on the Caribbean Coast; the
1226:
1183:. When the powerful lord of
1109:where he fought a battle at
860:Dominican Republic (1863–65)
7:
10617:
10333:Administrative subdivisions
9530:War of the League of Cognac
7919:Smith, Michael E. (2003) .
7814:Romero, Rolando J. (1992).
7248:"Zona Arqueológica El Meco"
5351:Rice and Rice 2005, p. 152.
5217:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 15–16.
5194:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 14–15.
5102:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 12–13.
5093:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 11–12.
5056:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 10–11.
4736:Rice and Rice 2005, p. 149.
4318:
4252:longboat used to cross the
4232:Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi
3819:Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi
3772:Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi
3728:Mexican War of Independence
3666:Spanish conquest of Yucatán
3602:hanged, drawn and quartered
2533:. As the fleet returned to
2386:wrote a report to Governor
2217:lord. Captain Valdivia was
2033:Spanish weaponry and armour
1509:Yucatán before the conquest
1217:Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi
973:states and polities in the
955:Spanish conquest of Yucatán
18:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
10:
11991:
11047:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
11032:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
10934:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
10096:
9832:), Western United States (
9725:
9595:Portuguese Restoration War
9367:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
8576:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
8566:Tristán de Luna y Arellano
8466:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
8461:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
8047:Webster, David L. (2002).
7862:Rugeley, Terry L. (1996).
7504:The Conquistador 1492–1550
7406:Lovell, W. George (2005).
6836:Cambridge University Press
6699:Crónica de la Nueva España
5333:Rice and Rice 2009, p. 12.
5038:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 9–10.
4718:Cecil et al. 1999, p. 788.
4704:Rice and Rice 2009, p. 10.
4545:Estrada-Belli 2011, p. 52.
4177:. He marched his men from
3474:of Guatemala in 1703. The
3451:
3278:1543–1544 Pachecos entrada
3275:
2951:, in what is now Mexico's
2718:over land, cutting across
2414:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
2240:
2055:Native weaponry and armour
2047:that included much of the
1638:was in the southeast, and
1469:
1121:, cutting across southern
716:Banda Oriental (1776–1777)
147:Spanish colonial campaigns
29:
11895:16th century in Guatemala
11890:16th century in New Spain
11815:Slavery in Spanish Empire
11726:
11715:
11621:
11610:
11508:
11402:
11395:
11280:
11129:
11122:
11115:
11102:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
11012:
10881:
10843:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
10805:
10749:
10745:
10734:
10703:Barcelona Trading Company
10670:
10627:
10623:
10612:
10516:
10468:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
10438:
10380:
10342:
10338:
10327:
10278:
10237:
10201:
10197:
10186:
10165:
10102:
10043:
9975:Venezuela, part of Guyana
9954:
9877:
9828:, Central United States (
9817:
9731:
9720:
9709:
9560:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
9545:Expulsion of the Moriscos
9491:
9480:
9390:
9315:
9115:
9022:Annals of the Cakchiquels
9013:
8958:
8882:
8723:
8712:
8662:
8594:
8428:
8417:
8302:
8230:10.1080/03085695608592123
7888:; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
7868:University of Texas Press
7783:. Boulder, Colorado, US:
7327:Stanford University Press
6963:The Conquest of New Spain
6958:Díaz del Castillo, Bernal
6442:Jones 1998, pp. 252, 268.
6250:Jones 1998, pp. 189, 226.
6138:Jones 1998, pp. 187, 189.
6062:Jones 1998, pp. 148, 157.
6026:Jones 1998, pp. 150, 154.
5999:Jones 1998, pp. 148, 150.
5934:Jones 1998, pp. 130, 144.
5875:Jones 1998, pp. 132, 134.
5736:Chuchiak IV 2005, p. 132.
5718:Chuchiak IV 2005, p. 131.
5664:Caso Barrera 2002, p. 19.
5342:Rice et al. 2009, p. 127.
5020:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 8–9.
4958:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 4–5.
4885:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 3–4.
4606:Caso Barrera 2002, p. 17.
4474:Rice and Rice 2009, p. 5.
4271:to negotiate with Ursúa.
3908:to make contact with the
3671:Spanish conquest of Petén
3454:Spanish conquest of Petén
3153:had met the Xiu ruler at
1390:, which empties into the
768:Spanish America (1808–33)
763:Río de la Plata (1806–07)
155:
83:
36:Spanish conquest of Petén
11756:Quito painting tradition
11746:Cusco painting tradition
11107:García López de Cárdenas
11097:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
11004:Felipe González de Ahedo
10924:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
9501:Conquest of the Americas
8486:Luis de Carvajal y Cueva
8456:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
7564:Quezada, Sergio (2011).
7319:Jones, Grant D. (1998).
7171:Harvard University Press
6719:; H.L. Escobedo (eds.).
6576:10.1086/jar.40.4.3629799
6489:Jones 1998, pp. 298–299.
6451:Jones 1998, pp. 269–270.
6433:Jones 1998, pp. 268–269.
6401:Jones 1998, pp. 241–242.
6383:Jones 1998, pp. 238–239.
6374:Jones 1998, pp. 237–238.
6347:Jones 1998, pp. 233–234.
6329:Jones 1998, pp. 232–233.
6241:Jones 1998, pp. 218–219.
6221:Jones 1998, pp. 214–215.
6210:Jones 1998, pp. 209–210.
6147:Jones 1998, pp. 189–190.
6129:Jones 1998, pp. 160–161.
6111:Jones 1998, pp. 159–160.
6102:Jones 1998, pp. 158–159.
6035:Jones 1998, pp. 154–155.
5963:Means 1917, pp. 117–118.
5943:Jones 1998, pp. 148–149.
5855:Jones 1998, pp. 130–131.
5844:Jones 1998, pp. 129–130.
5552:Quezada 2011, pp. 37–38.
5298:Townsend 1995, pp. 16ff.
4429:Quezada 2011, pp. 14–15.
4335:
4307:ruler Chamach Xulu; The
4259:On 10 March a number of
4120:with 60 musketeers, two
3928:("Royal Road") project.
3608:in what is now Mexico's
2675:, a subject city of the
2605:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
2442:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
2281:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
2097:On 30 July 1502, during
1902:Chilam Balam of Chumayel
1675:coast of the peninsula.
1521:in the far south of the
998:or joining neighbouring
937:Western Sahara (1973–76)
865:Peru and Chile (1864–66)
664:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
165:Canary Islands (1402–96)
11541:Comuneros (New Granada)
11318:Balearic Islands (1558)
11037:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
10964:Ruy López de Villalobos
10919:Miguel López de Legazpi
10833:García de Toledo Osorio
9697:Western Sahara conflict
9687:Independence of Morocco
9627:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
9570:Piracy in the Caribbean
9555:French Wars of Religion
9382:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
9342:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
8496:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
8471:Sebastián de Belalcázar
8259:(subscription required)
8211:(subscription required)
8119:(subscription required)
7976:(subscription required)
7440:Means, Philip Ainsworth
6702:(in Spanish). readme.it
6631:Athena Review (1999b).
6602:Athena Review (1999a).
6597:(subscription required)
6365:Jones 1998, p. 234-235.
5727:Jones 1998, pp. 42, 47.
5561:Clendinnen 2003, p. 23.
5473:Clendinnen 2003, p. 21.
5452:Clendinnen 2003, p. 20.
5226:Clendinnen 2003, p. 16.
5208:Clendinnen 2003, p. 15.
5163:Clendinnen 2003, p. 15.
5127:Clendinnen 2003, p. 14.
5111:Clendinnen 2003, p. 13.
5084:Clendinnen 2003, p. 12.
5070:Clendinnen 2003, p. 11.
5047:Clendinnen 2003, p. 10.
4983:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 5.
4974:Clendinnen 2003, pp. 6.
4143:was now convinced that
3691:Piracy in the Caribbean
2775:; the army crossed the
2171:Santa María de la Barca
1750:populations existed in
1247:to the east and by the
1085:, forcing a retreat to
1063:Santa María de la Barca
721:North America (1779–83)
639:North America (1702–13)
477:Philippines (1599-1600)
412:Philippines (1565–1898)
11900:16th-century conflicts
11875:16th century in Belize
11870:History of Mesoamerica
11786:Colonial Spanish Horse
11460:Colonia del Sacramento
10683:Spanish treasure fleet
10260:Royal Decree of Graces
8491:Bartolomé de las Casas
7849:Cite journal requires
6356:Jones 1998, p. 479n59.
5817:Jones 1998, pp. 48–49.
5788:Jones 1998, pp. 47–48.
5029:Clendinnen 2003, p. 9.
5011:Clendinnen 2003, p. 8.
4903:Clendinnen 2003, p. 4.
4876:Clendinnen 2003, p. 3.
4874:Perramon 1986, p. 242.
4865:Clendinnen 2003, p. 3.
4838:Clendinnen 2003, p. 7.
4276:canoes upon the lake.
4267:emissaries arrived at
3503:
3448:Petén Basin, 1618–1697
3299:
3291:
2901:
2810:on 13 March 1525. The
2767:. Cortés marched into
2667:, Cortés continued to
2565:
2422:Hernández de Córdoba's
2409:Juan de Grijalva, 1518
2370:
2331:
2252:
2117:. He sent his brother
2094:
1851:A soldier arriving in
1848:
1766:, an island city upon
1366:flows northwards from
1236:
10944:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
10904:Juan Sebastián Elcano
10219:Council of the Indies
9580:Spanish–Moro conflict
9550:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
9510:Treaty of Tordesillas
9357:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
9347:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
9106:Título de Totonicapán
8679:Classic Maya collapse
8571:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
8526:Pedro de Portocarrero
8521:Francisco de Orellana
7059:Duke University Press
5826:Feldman 2000, p. 151.
5280:Townsend 1995, p. 16.
4822:Houwald 1984, p. 256.
4813:Houwald 1984, p. 256.
4784:Thompson 1966, p. 26.
4768:Thompson 1966, p. 24.
4747:Feldman 2000, p. xxi.
4677:Houwald 1984, p. 257.
4638:Andrews 1984, p. 592.
4629:Andrews 1984, p. 593.
4620:Andrews 1984, p. 591.
4597:Andrews 1984, p. 590.
4570:Andrews 1984, p. 589.
4533:Schwartz 1990, p. 18.
4521:Schwartz 1990, p. 17.
4408:Thompson 1966, p. 25.
3711:Spanish–Moro conflict
3501:
3297:
3285:
3218:Conflict at Champotón
3202:, captain general of
2888:
2783:and crossed into the
2714:led an expedition to
2625:Yucatec Maya language
2552:
2403:Council of the Indies
2368:
2329:
2250:
2191:Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
2160:feathered serpent god
2082:
1867:groups of the entire
1855:in 1520 was carrying
1846:
1811:on Lake Macanché and
1794:and Lake Sacnab. The
1622:. The modern city of
1569:Yucatec Maya language
1540:Classic Maya collapse
1422:of Petén; during the
1281:Guatemalan department
1234:
1223:fell to the Spanish.
942:Western Sahara (1975)
895:Philippines (1896–98)
850:Cochinchina (1858–62)
751:Caribbean (1796–1802)
612:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
548:Philippines (1638-46)
422:Philippines (1567–72)
277:El Salvador (1524–39)
272:Guatemala (1524–1697)
232:Puerto Rico (1511–29)
11741:Mesoamerican Codices
11465:Comuneros (Paraguay)
11303:Siege of Castelnuovo
10889:Christopher Columbus
10708:Consulate of the Sea
10688:Casa de Contratación
10279:Titles and positions
9672:Spanish–American War
9662:Liberal constitution
9505:Asia and the Pacific
9362:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
9085:Ritual of the Bacabs
8746:Twin-pyramid complex
8506:Francisco de Montejo
8436:Christopher Columbus
8024:. pp. 382–383.
7951:Thompson, J. Eric S.
7925:Blackwell Publishing
6966:. Penguin Classics.
6793:. pp. 119–142.
6064:Quezada 2011, p. 23.
6053:Jones 1998, p. 156.
6044:Jones 1998, p. 155.
5543:Quezada 2011, p. 37.
5407:Webster 2002, p. 83.
5145:Recinos 1986, p. 18.
4556:Webster 2002, p. 45.
4500:Quezada 2011, p. 17.
4488:Quezada 2011, p. 16.
4420:Quezada 2011, p. 15.
4394:Quezada 2011, p. 14.
4383:Quezada 2011, p. 14.
4367:Quezada 2011, p. 13.
3606:Partido de la Sierra
3522:friars set out from
3482:had been visited by
3055:Francisco de Montejo
2910:Francisco de Montejo
2904:The richer lands of
2684:Francisco de Montejo
2601:Francisco de Montejo
2434:Francisco de Montejo
2384:Hernández de Cordóba
2352:Hernández de Córdoba
2277:Christopher Columbus
2223:fattened for killing
2158:, the northern Maya
2142:axes and bells, and
2103:Christopher Columbus
2084:Bartholomew Columbus
2068:padded cotton armour
1932:Francisco de Montejo
1877:Guatemalan Highlands
1448:Guatemalan Highlands
1148:Francisco de Montejo
1131:Francisco de Montejo
1055:Christopher Columbus
622:New Mexico (1680–92)
11910:History of Campeche
11880:Maya Contact Period
11470:Cartagena de Indias
11092:Diego de Mazariegos
11062:Pere Fages i Beleta
10929:Sebastián de Ocampo
10410:Provincias Internas
10382:Captaincies General
10296:Municipal president
10265:School of Salamanca
10036:Spanish East Indies
10015:Misiones Orientales
9887:Spanish West Indies
9851:, Central America (
9798:Pyrénées-Orientales
9751:Union with Portugal
9642:Napoleonic invasion
9622:War of Jenkins' Ear
9327:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
9297:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
9092:Songs of Dzitbalché
8174:1989Sci...246.1254G
6900:Thames & Hudson
6818:on 15 October 2013.
6643:(1). Archived from
6614:(1). Archived from
6548:Jones 1998, p. xix.
6539:Jones 1998, p. 306.
6530:Jones 1998, p. 295.
6480:Jones 1998, p. 297.
6471:Jones 1998, p. 295.
6413:Jones 2000, p. 362.
6392:Jones 1998, p. 240.
6338:Jones 1998, p. 233.
6311:Jones 1998, p. 229.
6299:Jones 1998, p. 228.
6288:Jones 1998, p. 228.
6279:Jones 1998, p. 227.
6268:Jones 1998, p. 227.
6259:Jones 1998, p. 226.
6201:Jones 1998, p. 207.
6192:Jones 1998, p. 205.
6183:Jones 1998, p. 192.
6158:Jones 1998, p. 190.
6149:Means 1917, p. 128.
6120:Jones 1998, p. 160.
6093:Jones 1998, p. 158.
6084:Jones 1998, p. 148.
6075:Jones 1998, p. 157.
6017:Jones 1998, p. 152.
5990:Jones 1998, p. 162.
5981:Jones 1998, p. 163.
5972:Jones 1998, p. 154.
5961:Jones 1998, p. 154.
5952:Jones 1998, p. 147.
5925:Jones 1998, p. 143.
5916:Jones 1998, p. 142.
5904:Jones 1998, p. 140.
5895:Jones 1998, p. 141.
5866:Jones 1998, p. 131.
5398:Feldman 1998, p. 6.
5389:Jones 2000, p. 358.
5378:Jones 2000, p. 358.
5324:Jones 2000, p. 358.
4793:Jones 2000, p. 364.
4756:Smith 2003, p. 279.
4695:Jones 2000, p. 352.
4686:Jones 2000, p. 351.
4668:Jones 2000, p. 353.
4438:Lovell 2005, p. 17.
4214:Assault on Nojpetén
3812:kingdom of the Itza
3243:Montejo the Younger
2899:Montejo the Younger
2871:Cristóbal de Olid's
2706:In 1524, after the
2621:Gerónimo de Aguilar
2599:. Also aboard were
2593:Gonzalo de Sandoval
2545:Hernán Cortés, 1519
2199:Gerónimo de Aguilar
2173:set sail along the
2126:trading canoe from
1819:, the Icaiche, the
1243:is bordered by the
1142:. Montejo pacified
1071:Gerónimo de Aguilar
855:Morocco (1859–1860)
845:Balanguingui (1848)
813:Venezuela (1811–23)
778:Argentina (1810–18)
292:Yucatán (1527–1697)
267:Chiapas (1523–1695)
11960:1540s in New Spain
11955:1530s in New Spain
11950:1520s in New Spain
11905:History of Yucatán
11766:Academia Antártica
11721:Other civil topics
11087:Pánfilo de Narváez
10989:Sebastián Vizcaíno
10954:Andrés de Urdaneta
10914:Juan Ponce de León
10899:Ferdinand Magellan
10873:Bernardo de Gálvez
10772:Indian auxiliaries
10270:Trial of residence
10250:Laws of the Indies
10034:Asia and Oceania (
9895:Dominican Republic
9352:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
9160:Howler monkey gods
8607:Indian auxiliaries
8546:Nikolaus Federmann
8511:Pánfilo de Narváez
8501:Juan Ponce de León
8320:Strait of Magellan
8126:The Conquistadores
7603:on 4 November 2013
7173:. pp. 17–36.
6746:on 2 November 2013
6521:Jones 2009, p. 59.
6501:Jones 2009, p. 59.
6422:Jones 2009, p. 59.
5877:Means 1917, p. 97.
5808:Jones 1998, p. 48.
5799:Jones 1998, p. 48.
5786:Means 1917, p. 81.
5777:Means 1917, p. 81.
5766:Means 1917, p. 81.
5754:Means 1917, p. 80.
5745:Means 1917, p. 79.
5716:Jones 1998, p. 46.
4811:Pugh 2009, p. 191.
4230:once and for all.
4092:them to return to
3949:Southern Europeans
3681:Columbian exchange
3549:; he set out from
3504:
3494:Early 17th century
3300:
3292:
3067:Laguna de Terminos
2960:Salamanca de Xelha
2912:(a veteran of the
2902:
2818:, the king of the
2692:Diego de Velásquez
2569:Juan de Grijalva's
2566:
2501:Ascension Thursday
2424:report of gold in
2420:, was enthused by
2416:, the governor of
2371:
2360:Governor Velásquez
2332:
2253:
2095:
1895:in the region and
1849:
1544:Postclassic period
1253:Laguna de Términos
1237:
900:Puerto Rico (1898)
870:Puerto Rico (1868)
828:Colombia (1819–20)
823:Colombia (1815–16)
803:El Salvador (1811)
788:Paraguay (1810–11)
731:New Granada (1781)
701:Philippines (1762)
607:Porto Bello (1668)
577:Philippines (1646)
533:Philippines (1630)
489:Philippines (1602)
472:Puerto Rico (1598)
462:Philippines (1596)
457:Puerto Rico (1595)
452:Cambodia (1593–97)
332:Colombia (1537–40)
282:Honduras (1524–39)
247:Mexico (1519–1821)
11970:1546 in New Spain
11965:Conflicts in 1546
11855:Maya civilization
11842:
11841:
11838:
11837:
11711:
11710:
11616:Spanish conquests
11606:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11391:
11390:
11072:Pedro de Alvarado
11057:Gaspar de Portolà
11052:Pedro de Valdivia
11027:Francisco Pizarro
10979:Nicolás de Ovando
10974:Alonso de Ercilla
10949:Alonso de Salazar
10782:Ships of the line
10730:
10729:
10726:
10725:
10608:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10323:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10182:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10154:
10153:
10111:Northern Africa (
10107:Equatorial Guinea
10091:
10090:
10028:
10027:
9943:
9942:
9866:
9865:
9857:Spanish Caribbean
9830:Spanish Louisiana
9806:
9805:
9741:Crown of Castille
9705:
9704:
9682:Spanish Civil War
9657:Adams–Onís Treaty
9637:Nootka Convention
9585:Thirty Years' War
9575:Eighty Years' War
9496:Catholic Monarchs
9486:Timeline–immersed
9440:
9439:
9377:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
9337:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
8655:Maya civilization
8620:
8619:
8541:Pedro de Valdivia
8531:Francisco Pizarro
8451:Pedro de Alvarado
8315:Pacific Northwest
8135:978-0-85045-357-7
8031:978-3-8331-6293-0
7934:978-0-631-23016-8
7886:Sharer, Robert J.
7798:978-0-87081-930-8
7759:978-0-87081-930-8
7724:978-0-87081-930-8
7689:978-0-87081-930-8
7655:External link in
7585:978-607-7824-27-5
7548:978-0-87081-930-8
7513:978-1-84176-175-6
7390:978-0-87081-930-8
7336:978-0-8047-3522-3
7294:México South East
7254:on 23 August 2013
7197:Houwald, Götz von
7012:978-0-415-42994-8
6677:978-968-16-6714-6
4802:Rice 2009, p. 83.
4745:Rice 2009, p. 17.
4706:Rice 2009, p. 17.
4244:attack boat. The
3764:
3763:
3616:Late 17th century
3438:Yucatán Peninsula
3341:. On 23 January,
3310:over to his son,
3266:Yucatán Peninsula
3227:Jacobo de Testera
3200:Pedro de Alvarado
3176:Francisco Pizarro
3022:Yucatán Peninsula
2995:Chetumal Province
2895:Montejo the Elder
2740:Cristóbal de Olid
2589:Cristóbal de Olid
2585:Pedro de Alvarado
2506:Yucatán Peninsula
2446:Antón de Alaminos
2438:Pedro de Alvarado
2285:Yucatán Peninsula
2273:Antón de Alaminos
2152:Maya trade routes
2150:passed along the
2113:off the coast of
2099:his fourth voyage
2049:Yucatán Peninsula
1869:Yucatán Peninsula
1555:Maya civilization
1551:Yucatán Peninsula
1535:League of Mayapán
1523:Yucatán Peninsula
1517:developed in the
1241:Yucatán Peninsula
1191:converted to the
975:Yucatán Peninsula
950:
949:
932:Morocco (1957–58)
927:Morocco (1920–26)
922:Morocco (1911–12)
885:Morocco (1893–94)
833:Ecuador (1820–22)
773:Bolivia (1809–25)
706:Chile (1766–1767)
654:Chile (1723–1726)
587:Hispaniola (1655)
494:Insulindia (1603)
447:Insulindia (1585)
442:Insulindia (1582)
352:Chile (1546–1662)
242:Algeria (1517–18)
111:
110:
16:(Redirected from
11982:
11717:
11716:
11683:Chibchan Nations
11612:
11611:
11581:Santiago de Cuba
11440:Guadalupe Island
11400:
11399:
11127:
11126:
11120:
11119:
11082:Diego de Almagro
10959:Antonio de Ulloa
10863:Ambrosio Spinola
10858:Pedro de Zubiaur
10828:Alfonso d'Avalos
10818:Antonio de Leyva
10762:Army of Flanders
10747:
10746:
10736:
10735:
10625:
10624:
10614:
10613:
10340:
10339:
10329:
10328:
10199:
10198:
10188:
10187:
10156:
10155:
10129:Peñón of Algiers
10093:
10092:
10030:
10029:
9945:
9944:
9868:
9867:
9850:
9808:
9807:
9722:
9721:
9711:
9710:
9632:Seven Years' War
9605:Queen Anne's War
9482:
9481:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9444:
9443:
9402:Lady Eveningstar
9394:
9319:
9119:
8962:
8886:
8718:
8684:Spanish conquest
8666:
8656:
8647:
8640:
8633:
8624:
8623:
8581:Amerigo Vespucci
8536:Hernando de Soto
8446:Diego de Almagro
8423:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8266:
8265:
8260:
8257:
8212:
8209:
8147:
8120:
8117:
8072:
8043:
8004:
7977:
7974:
7946:
7915:
7895:
7892:The Ancient Maya
7881:
7858:
7852:
7847:
7845:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7827:
7821:. Archived from
7820:
7810:
7782:
7771:
7747:
7736:
7712:
7701:
7677:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7653:
7651:
7643:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7602:
7596:. Archived from
7577:
7560:
7536:
7525:
7498:
7474:
7464:
7450:
7435:
7402:
7378:
7367:
7340:
7315:
7289:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7206:
7192:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7130:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7091:
7080:
7049:
7023:Motagua Colonial
7016:
6993:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6932:
6921:
6887:
6857:
6833:
6824:Clendinnen, Inga
6819:
6817:
6811:. Archived from
6784:
6774:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6745:
6739:. Archived from
6726:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6689:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6598:
6595:
6549:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6490:
6487:
6481:
6478:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6452:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6434:
6431:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6402:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6330:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6312:
6309:
6300:
6297:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6277:
6271:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6251:
6248:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6202:
6199:
6193:
6190:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6170:
6159:
6156:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6076:
6073:
6067:
6060:
6054:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5982:
5979:
5973:
5970:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5764:
5755:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5719:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5686:
5683:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5631:
5628:
5617:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5594:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5573:
5570:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5532:
5529:
5512:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5462:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5426:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5352:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5311:
5308:
5299:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5261:
5258:
5245:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5204:
5195:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5164:
5161:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5112:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5071:
5068:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5000:
4997:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4959:
4956:
4947:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4920:
4915:
4904:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4769:
4766:
4757:
4754:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4653:
4650:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4607:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4557:
4554:Coe 1999, p. 31.
4552:
4546:
4543:
4534:
4531:
4522:
4519:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4489:
4486:
4475:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4409:
4406:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4368:
4365:
4349:
4346:
4114:Pedro de Zubiaur
4004:Carmelita, Petén
3969:Franciscan Order
3800:Usumacinta River
3756:
3749:
3742:
3701:Queen Anne's War
3648:
3638:
3620:
3619:
3486:on his march to
3178:'s conquests in
3010:Playa del Carmen
2999:Gonzalo Guerrero
2777:Usumacinta River
2732:Petén Department
2476:
2467:Juan de Grijalva
2464:
2430:Juan de Grijalva
2203:Gonzalo Guerrero
2187:Diego de Nicuesa
2175:Central American
2092:Gulf of Honduras
2045:Caribbean region
1776:Petén department
1701:Usumacinta River
1513:The first large
1500:in the south to
1277:state of Tabasco
1257:Gulf of Honduras
1199:The polities of
1168:Franciscan Order
1091:Juan de Grijalva
1075:Gonzalo Guerrero
995:Spanish conquest
968:Late Postclassic
838:Mexico (1821–29)
793:Mexico (1810–21)
696:Nicaragua (1762)
347:Halmahera (1545)
317:Brazil (1534-36)
252:Mexico (1519–21)
150:
148:
138:
131:
124:
115:
114:
78:
74:Spanish conquest
66:
59:
52:
43:
42:
21:
11990:
11989:
11985:
11984:
11983:
11981:
11980:
11979:
11945:1540s conflicts
11940:1530s conflicts
11935:1520s conflicts
11930:1540s in Mexico
11925:1530s in Mexico
11920:1520s in Mexico
11915:1510s in Mexico
11860:Colonial Mexico
11845:
11844:
11843:
11834:
11810:Old inquisition
11722:
11707:
11617:
11590:
11546:Trinidad (1797)
11516:La Noche Triste
11504:
11500:San Juan (1797)
11450:San Juan (1595)
11387:
11276:
11116:Notable battles
11111:
11077:Martín de Ursúa
11008:
10939:Alonso de Ojeda
10909:Juan de la Cosa
10894:Pinzón brothers
10877:
10848:John of Austria
10823:Martín de Goiti
10801:
10741:
10722:
10666:
10619:
10600:
10512:
10508:Terra Australis
10503:Río de la Plata
10448:Castilla de Oro
10434:
10376:
10372:Río de la Plata
10334:
10315:
10274:
10233:
10229:Santa Hermandad
10193:
10174:
10170:Terra Australis
10161:
10150:
10117:Spanish Morocco
10098:
10087:
10078:Northern Taiwan
10039:
10024:
9995:Río de la Plata
9950:
9939:
9873:
9872:Central America
9862:
9844:
9813:
9802:
9746:Crown of Aragon
9727:
9716:
9701:
9617:Bourbon Reforms
9487:
9476:
9471:
9441:
9436:
9427:Wak Chanil Ajaw
9392:
9386:
9317:
9311:
9117:
9111:
9009:
8960:
8954:
8926:Human sacrifice
8884:
8878:
8741:Triadic pyramid
8719:
8710:
8674:Preclassic Maya
8664:
8658:
8654:
8651:
8621:
8616:
8590:
8586:Juan de la Cosa
8556:Pedro de Candia
8441:Alonso de Ojeda
8424:
8415:
8298:
8293:
8263:
8258:
8210:
8155:
8153:Further reading
8150:
8136:
8118:
8061:
8032:
7993:
7975:
7963:10.2307/3031712
7935:
7904:
7878:
7850:
7848:
7839:
7838:
7831:
7829:
7828:on 6 March 2009
7825:
7818:
7799:
7760:
7725:
7690:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7645:
7644:
7632:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7586:
7575:
7549:
7514:
7487:
7472:
7424:
7391:
7356:
7337:
7304:
7292:
7278:
7266:
7257:
7255:
7233:
7231:
7204:
7181:
7153:
7151:
7128:
7114:
7112:
7089:
7069:
7038:
7013:
6982:
6947:
6945:
6930:
6910:
6892:Coe, Michael D.
6876:
6862:Coe, Michael D.
6846:
6815:
6801:
6782:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6724:
6705:
6703:
6678:
6650:
6648:
6647:on 13 July 2006
6621:
6619:
6618:on 28 June 2006
6596:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6405:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5689:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5634:
5629:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5530:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5314:
5309:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5264:
5259:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5167:
5162:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5074:
5069:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5003:
4998:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4916:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4656:
4651:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4560:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4412:
4407:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4321:
4254:San Pedro River
4236:Lake Petén Itzá
4216:
4191:Lake Petén Itzá
4166:
4141:Martín de Ursúa
4118:Lake Petén Itza
4106:
4076:) port town of
4062:Lake Petén Itzá
4058:San Pedro River
4043:
4020:Lake Petén Itzá
4012:
3981:Lake Petén Itza
3965:
3945:San Pedro River
3922:Lake Petén Itzá
3866:Lake Petén Itzá
3760:
3706:Bourbon Reforms
3636:
3629:
3618:
3583:Lake Petén Itzá
3557:, southwest of
3540:Maya priesthood
3514:inhabitants of
3496:
3480:Lake Petén Itzá
3456:
3450:
3384:and the Tazes.
3280:
3274:
3222:The Franciscan
3220:
3038:
2883:
2808:Lake Petén Itzá
2757:Tetlepanquetzal
2704:
2547:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2411:
2245:
2239:
2136:cotton textiles
2077:
2057:
2035:
1980:(also known as
1968:
1956:Lake Petén Itzá
1881:Pánfilo Narváez
1841:
1768:Lake Petén Itzá
1511:
1472:
1432:Lake Petén Itza
1348:Champotón River
1229:
951:
946:
818:Chile (1812–27)
679:Portugal (1762)
572:Valdivia (1643)
509:Petén (1618–97)
151:
146:
144:
142:
112:
107:
79:
75:
72:
70:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11988:
11978:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11840:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11806:
11805:
11795:
11794:
11793:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11727:
11724:
11723:
11713:
11712:
11709:
11708:
11706:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11664:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11626:Canary Islands
11622:
11619:
11618:
11608:
11607:
11604:
11603:
11600:
11599:
11596:
11595:
11592:
11591:
11589:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11512:
11510:
11506:
11505:
11503:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11480:Túpac Amaru II
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11425:Bogotá savanna
11422:
11417:
11412:
11406:
11404:
11397:
11393:
11392:
11389:
11388:
11386:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11333:Spanish Armada
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11284:
11282:
11278:
11277:
11275:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11227:White Mountain
11224:
11222:Cape Celidonia
11219:
11217:English Armada
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11133:
11131:
11124:
11117:
11113:
11112:
11110:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11018:
11016:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10994:Juan Fernández
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10969:Diego Columbus
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10885:
10883:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10809:
10807:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10799:
10797:Army of Africa
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10777:Spanish Armada
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10753:
10751:
10743:
10742:
10732:
10731:
10728:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10678:Manila galleon
10674:
10672:
10668:
10667:
10665:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10633:
10631:
10621:
10620:
10610:
10609:
10606:
10605:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10522:
10520:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10444:
10442:
10436:
10435:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10386:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10348:
10346:
10336:
10335:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10314:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10282:
10280:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10241:
10239:
10235:
10234:
10232:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10205:
10203:
10195:
10194:
10192:Administration
10184:
10183:
10180:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10172:
10166:
10163:
10162:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10148:
10113:Western Sahara
10109:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10044:
10041:
10040:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10022:
10011:Banda Oriental
9992:
9978:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9884:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9860:
9826:Coastal Alaska
9818:
9815:
9814:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9760:
9759:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9718:
9717:
9707:
9706:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9608:
9607:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9498:
9492:
9489:
9488:
9478:
9477:
9474:Spanish Empire
9470:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9447:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9398:
9396:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9372:Yoʼnal Ahk III
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9323:
9321:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9123:
9121:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9102:
9095:
9088:
9081:
9074:
9067:
9066:
9065:
9058:
9051:
9044:
9032:
9025:
9017:
9015:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8966:
8964:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8938:Social classes
8935:
8934:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8896:
8890:
8888:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8800:Maritime trade
8797:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8755:
8754:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8681:
8676:
8670:
8668:
8660:
8659:
8650:
8649:
8642:
8635:
8627:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8598:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8551:Inés de Suárez
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8299:
8292:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8269:
8262:
8261:
8213:
8164:. New Series.
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8134:
8121:
8073:
8059:
8044:
8030:
8005:
7991:
7978:
7947:
7933:
7916:
7902:
7882:
7876:
7859:
7851:|journal=
7811:
7797:
7772:
7758:
7737:
7723:
7702:
7688:
7667:
7658:|chapter=
7630:
7613:
7584:
7561:
7547:
7526:
7512:
7499:
7485:
7465:
7436:
7422:
7403:
7389:
7368:
7354:
7341:
7335:
7316:
7302:
7290:
7276:
7264:
7240:
7193:
7179:
7160:
7121:
7081:
7067:
7050:
7036:
7017:
7011:
6994:
6980:
6954:
6922:
6908:
6888:
6874:
6858:
6844:
6820:
6799:
6775:
6756:
6712:
6690:
6676:
6657:
6628:
6599:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6541:
6532:
6523:
6512:
6503:
6491:
6482:
6473:
6462:
6453:
6444:
6435:
6426:
6415:
6403:
6394:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6349:
6340:
6331:
6322:
6313:
6301:
6292:
6281:
6272:
6261:
6252:
6243:
6232:
6223:
6212:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6174:
6160:
6151:
6140:
6131:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6068:
6055:
6046:
6037:
6028:
6019:
6010:
6001:
5992:
5983:
5974:
5965:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5927:
5918:
5906:
5897:
5888:
5879:
5868:
5859:
5848:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5810:
5801:
5790:
5779:
5768:
5756:
5747:
5738:
5729:
5720:
5707:
5687:
5675:
5666:
5657:
5648:
5632:
5618:
5609:
5595:
5586:
5574:
5565:
5554:
5545:
5533:
5513:
5504:
5495:
5484:
5475:
5463:
5454:
5445:
5427:
5418:
5409:
5400:
5391:
5380:
5369:
5353:
5344:
5335:
5326:
5312:
5300:
5291:
5282:
5262:
5246:
5237:
5228:
5219:
5210:
5196:
5187:
5165:
5147:
5138:
5129:
5113:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5072:
5058:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5001:
4985:
4976:
4960:
4948:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4824:
4815:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4770:
4758:
4749:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4708:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4654:
4640:
4631:
4622:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4558:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4502:
4490:
4476:
4467:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4410:
4396:
4385:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4215:
4212:
4165:
4162:
4105:
4102:
4042:
4039:
4011:
4008:
3964:
3961:
3825:south towards
3788:Lakandon Chʼol
3784:congregaciones
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3495:
3492:
3472:Audiencia Real
3452:Main article:
3449:
3446:
3345:, the lord of
3273:
3270:
3239:Spanish Empire
3219:
3216:
3043:was appointed
3037:
3034:
2882:
2879:
2844:Gracias a Dios
2840:Maya Mountains
2812:Roman Catholic
2703:
2700:
2597:Diego de Ordaz
2546:
2543:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2410:
2407:
2291:city some two
2259:set sail from
2241:Main article:
2238:
2235:
2086:came across a
2076:
2073:
2056:
2053:
2034:
2031:
2010:Gulf of Mexico
1982:congregaciones
1967:
1964:
1954:living around
1840:
1837:
1825:Lakandon Chʼol
1784:Yucatecan Maya
1709:Campeche state
1673:Gulf of Mexico
1527:Classic period
1510:
1507:
1471:
1468:
1420:drainage basin
1400:Gulf of Mexico
1279:, most of the
1261:Mexican states
1249:Gulf of Mexico
1228:
1225:
1193:Roman Catholic
1185:Tutul-Xiu Maya
1172:Spanish Empire
1133:set sail from
1125:, and through
963:conquistadores
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
917:Morocco (1909)
913:
912:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
890:Cuba (1895–98)
887:
882:
880:Cuba (1879–80)
877:
875:Cuba (1868–78)
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
808:Uruguay (1811)
805:
800:
798:Peru (1811–24)
795:
790:
785:
783:Florida (1810)
780:
775:
765:
759:
758:
754:
753:
748:
743:
741:Algiers (1784)
738:
736:Algiers (1783)
733:
728:
726:Peru (1780–82)
723:
718:
713:
711:Algiers (1775)
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
687:
686:
681:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
649:Bahamas (1720)
646:
641:
635:
634:
630:
629:
627:Morocco (1689)
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
602:Jamaica (1658)
599:
597:Jamaica (1657)
594:
592:Jamaica (1655)
589:
584:
582:Tortuga (1654)
579:
574:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
521:
516:
511:
506:
504:Morocco (1614)
501:
499:Tunisia (1605)
496:
491:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Tunisia (1574)
429:
427:Tunisia (1573)
424:
419:
417:Florida (1565)
414:
409:
407:Morocco (1564)
404:
402:Morocco (1563)
399:
397:Algeria (1563)
394:
389:
387:Tunisia (1560)
384:
382:Algeria (1558)
379:
377:Algeria (1556)
374:
372:Algeria (1555)
369:
364:
362:Tunisia (1550)
359:
357:Algeria (1547)
354:
349:
344:
342:Algeria (1543)
339:
337:Algeria (1541)
334:
329:
327:Tunisia (1535)
324:
322:Algeria (1535)
319:
314:
312:Tunisia (1534)
309:
307:Peru (1532–72)
304:
302:Algeria (1531)
299:
297:Algeria (1529)
294:
289:
287:Morocco (1525)
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
262:Tunisia (1520)
259:
257:Algeria (1519)
254:
249:
244:
239:
237:Algeria (1516)
234:
229:
227:Tunisia (1510)
224:
222:Tripoli (1510)
219:
217:Algeria (1510)
214:
212:Algeria (1509)
209:
207:Morocco (1508)
204:
202:Algeria (1507)
199:
197:Algeria (1505)
193:
192:
188:
187:
185:Melilla (1497)
182:
180:Algeria (1497)
177:
172:
167:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
141:
140:
133:
126:
118:
109:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
84:
81:
80:
69:
68:
61:
54:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11987:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11852:
11850:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11804:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11796:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11761:Tapada limeña
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11728:
11725:
11718:
11714:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11643:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11623:
11620:
11613:
11609:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11513:
11511:
11507:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11407:
11405:
11401:
11398:
11394:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11353:Montes Claros
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11293:Vienna (1529)
11291:
11289:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11279:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11134:
11132:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11118:
11114:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11022:Hernán Cortés
11020:
11019:
11017:
11015:
11014:Conquistadors
11011:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10984:Juan de Ayala
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10886:
10884:
10880:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10838:Duke of Savoy
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10804:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10737:
10733:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10637:Dollar (Peso)
10635:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10615:
10611:
10597:
10596:Santo Domingo
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10515:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10473:New Andalusia
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10437:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10420:Santo Domingo
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10387:
10385:
10383:
10379:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10344:Viceroyalties
10341:
10337:
10330:
10326:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10277:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10236:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10196:
10189:
10185:
10171:
10168:
10167:
10164:
10157:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10101:
10094:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10046:
10045:
10042:
10037:
10031:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9993:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9979:
9976:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9949:South America
9946:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9876:
9869:
9858:
9854:
9848:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9834:Spanish Texas
9831:
9827:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9812:North America
9809:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9793:Franche-Comté
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9737:
9734:
9733:
9730:
9723:
9719:
9712:
9708:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9606:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9468:
9463:
9461:
9456:
9454:
9449:
9448:
9445:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9412:Lady of Tikal
9410:
9408:
9407:Lady of Itzan
9405:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9332:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
9330:
9328:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9314:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9099:Título Cʼoyoi
9096:
9094:
9093:
9089:
9087:
9086:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9052:
9050:
9049:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9030:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8957:
8951:
8948:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8932:
8931:Death rituals
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8912:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8881:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8756:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8717:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8661:
8657:
8648:
8643:
8641:
8636:
8634:
8629:
8628:
8625:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8516:Juan de Oñate
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8481:Hernán Cortés
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8427:
8422:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8340:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8310:Inter caetera
8308:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8290:
8285:
8283:
8278:
8276:
8271:
8270:
8267:
8255:
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8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8214:
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8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8060:0-500-05113-5
8056:
8052:
8051:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8023:
8022:Tandem Verlag
8019:
8015:
8011:
8010:Nikolai Grube
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7992:0-500-27720-6
7988:
7984:
7979:
7972:
7968:
7964:
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7913:
7909:
7905:
7903:0-8047-4817-9
7899:
7894:
7893:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7877:0-292-77078-2
7873:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7856:
7843:
7824:
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7812:
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7804:
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7676:
7675:
7668:
7664:
7649:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7631:9780826337399
7627:
7623:
7619:
7614:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
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7573:
7569:
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7562:
7558:
7554:
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7540:
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7534:
7527:
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7515:
7509:
7505:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7486:9788439871200
7482:
7478:
7471:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7449:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7423:0-7735-2741-9
7419:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7382:
7377:
7376:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7355:0-521-65204-9
7351:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7323:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7303:0-921463-22-7
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7277:0-921463-64-2
7273:
7269:
7265:
7253:
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7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7202:
7198:
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7182:
7180:9780884023463
7176:
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7150:
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7138:
7134:
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7122:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7068:0-8223-2624-8
7064:
7060:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7037:1-886420-51-3
7033:
7029:
7025:
7024:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6981:0-14-044123-9
6977:
6973:
6972:Penguin Books
6969:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6955:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6928:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6909:0-500-28066-5
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6875:0-500-27455-X
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6845:0-521-52731-7
6841:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6825:
6821:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6800:0-88382-306-3
6796:
6792:
6788:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6757:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6637:Athena Review
6634:
6629:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6608:Athena Review
6605:
6600:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6560:
6559:
6545:
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6507:
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6410:
6408:
6398:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6362:
6353:
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5911:
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5841:
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5805:
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5772:
5763:
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5751:
5742:
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5711:
5702:
5700:
5698:
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5692:
5682:
5680:
5670:
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5652:
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5641:
5639:
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5625:
5623:
5613:
5604:
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5590:
5581:
5579:
5569:
5558:
5549:
5540:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5508:
5499:
5488:
5479:
5470:
5468:
5458:
5449:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5422:
5413:
5404:
5395:
5384:
5373:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5348:
5339:
5330:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5307:
5305:
5295:
5286:
5277:
5275:
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5271:
5269:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5214:
5203:
5201:
5191:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5108:
5099:
5090:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4980:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4955:
4953:
4943:
4934:
4925:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4819:
4808:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4753:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4713:
4701:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4603:
4594:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4506:
4497:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4471:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4389:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4364:
4360:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:, and allied
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4087:, arrived at
4086:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3957:West Africans
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3611:
3610:Yucatán state
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:Maya religion
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:Hernán Cortés
3481:
3478:centred upon
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:Ekab province
3359:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3289:
3288:Dzibilchaltún
3284:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:alcalde mayor
3042:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:Santo Domingo
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2932:Santo Domingo
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:and his son,
2896:
2892:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2771:territory in
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:Hernán Cortés
2709:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:Tabasco River
2628:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:Hernán Cortés
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2556:followed the
2555:
2554:Hernán Cortés
2551:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2522:Tabasco River
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2475:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2451:cassava bread
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:cones catoche
2318:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:Santo Domingo
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:, one of the
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:canoe in the
2089:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2006:Hernán Cortés
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1644:Caribbean Sea
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1464:Yucatán State
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:Mirador Basin
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:drainage area
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:Caribbean Sea
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1339:level then a
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:phreatic zone
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:Yucatán State
1306:
1305:littoral zone
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:, and all of
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Caribbean Sea
1242:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:Hernán Cortés
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:Hernán Cortés
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:Maya warriors
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
989:, and all of
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
969:
965:
964:
960:
956:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
909:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:Chiloé (1712)
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
617:Panama (1671)
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
571:
566:
564:
563:Taiwan (1642)
561:
559:
558:Taiwan (1641)
556:
554:
553:Brazil (1640)
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Brazil (1638)
541:
539:
538:Brazil (1631)
536:
534:
531:
529:
527:
522:
520:
519:Taiwan (1626)
517:
515:
514:Brazil (1625)
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:Brunei (1578)
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
190:
189:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Guinea (1478)
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
149:
139:
134:
132:
127:
125:
120:
119:
116:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
82:
77:
67:
62:
60:
55:
53:
48:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
11736:Architecture
11650:
11631:The Americas
11495:Newfoundland
11485:Túpac Katari
11475:Cuerno Verde
11410:Tenochtitlan
11242:Valenciennes
10999:Luis Fajardo
10868:Blas de Lezo
10813:Duke of Alba
10693:Spanish Road
10531:Buenos Aires
10440:Governorates
10209:Ayuntamiento
10202:Organization
9667:Carlist Wars
9515:Italian Wars
9292:Vucub Caquix
9251:
9220:Ah-Muzen-Cab
9211:Post-Classic
9200:Moon goddess
9104:
9097:
9090:
9083:
9078:Rabinal Achí
9076:
9069:
9061:
9054:
9047:
9040:
9029:Chilam Balam
9027:
9020:
8731:Architecture
8703:
8393:
8369:Aztec Empire
8221:
8217:
8165:
8161:
8125:
8081:
8077:
8049:
8017:
8013:
7982:
7954:
7920:
7891:
7863:
7842:cite journal
7830:. Retrieved
7823:the original
7778:
7743:
7708:
7673:
7621:
7605:. Retrieved
7598:the original
7571:
7566:
7532:
7503:
7476:
7445:
7408:
7374:
7345:
7321:
7293:
7267:
7256:. Retrieved
7252:the original
7232:. Retrieved
7208:
7165:
7152:. Retrieved
7132:
7113:. Retrieved
7093:
7054:
7022:
6998:
6962:
6946:. Retrieved
6934:
6895:
6865:
6829:
6813:the original
6786:
6761:
6748:. Retrieved
6741:the original
6728:
6717:J.P. Laporte
6704:. Retrieved
6698:
6667:
6662:
6649:. Retrieved
6645:the original
6640:
6636:
6620:. Retrieved
6616:the original
6611:
6607:
6567:
6563:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6515:
6506:
6485:
6476:
6465:
6456:
6447:
6438:
6429:
6418:
6397:
6388:
6379:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6343:
6334:
6325:
6316:
6295:
6284:
6275:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6235:
6226:
6215:
6206:
6197:
6188:
6177:
6154:
6143:
6134:
6125:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6089:
6080:
6071:
6058:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5968:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5900:
5891:
5882:
5871:
5862:
5851:
5840:
5831:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5793:
5782:
5771:
5750:
5741:
5732:
5723:
5710:
5669:
5660:
5651:
5612:
5589:
5568:
5557:
5548:
5507:
5498:
5487:
5478:
5457:
5448:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5394:
5383:
5372:
5347:
5338:
5329:
5294:
5285:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5213:
5190:
5141:
5132:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5016:
4979:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4843:
4818:
4807:
4798:
4789:
4752:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4700:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4634:
4625:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4550:
4505:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4388:
4363:
4344:
4292:
4289:
4280:
4278:
4258:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4217:
4199:
4168:
4167:
4139:
4126:Yucatec Maya
4109:
4107:
4082:
4044:
4032:
4013:
3995:Itza kingdom
3975:to head for
3966:
3942:
3930:
3925:
3886:
3878:Itza kingdom
3850:Alta Verapaz
3843:
3816:
3794:of southern
3792:Manche Chʼol
3783:
3765:
3720:
3665:
3605:
3587:
3544:
3505:
3476:Itza kingdom
3457:
3386:
3351:
3332:
3301:
3247:
3221:
3193:
3144:
3120:
3117:Chichén Itzá
3106:
3079:
3044:
3039:
3003:
2988:
2969:
2957:
2953:Quintana Roo
2947:province of
2925:
2903:
2889:Monument in
2867:Amatique Bay
2848:
2837:
2805:
2803:neighbours.
2793:
2789:Chontal Maya
2785:Chontal Maya
2744:Tenochtitlan
2722:in southern
2705:
2695:
2681:
2677:Aztec Empire
2640:Chontal Maya
2629:
2609:
2567:
2531:Pánuco River
2527:Aztec Empire
2515:
2485:
2432:in command.
2412:
2400:
2372:
2345:
2333:
2320:
2317:Cape Catoche
2313:
2305:
2301:Isla Mujeres
2254:
2230:
2211:Halach Uinik
2170:
2168:
2164:Chilam Balam
2096:
2088:Yucatec Maya
2058:
2036:
2027:Chontal Maya
2022:
2018:
2014:
2000:and eastern
1989:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1937:
1923:Yucatec Maya
1900:
1897:yellow fever
1890:
1873:Yucatec Maya
1850:
1829:Manche Chʼol
1745:
1697:Chontal Maya
1653:kuchkabaloob
1652:
1597:
1577:kuchkabaloob
1576:
1572:
1565:kuchkabaloob
1564:
1558:
1548:
1531:Maya Classic
1512:
1502:semitropical
1480:
1473:
1456:Quintana Roo
1439:
1424:rainy season
1415:
1404:
1388:Belize River
1372:Chetumal Bay
1360:Lake Bacalar
1356:Quintana Roo
1345:
1325:
1301:Amatique Bay
1297:Chetumal Bay
1269:Quintana Roo
1238:
1198:
1159:Chichen Itza
1152:
1115:Aztec Empire
1095:Aztec Empire
1062:
1051:Yucatec Maya
1048:
1030:, and light
966:against the
961:
954:
952:
911:20th century
757:19th century
746:Chile (1792)
633:18th century
569:
528:Nevis (1629)
525:
483:17th century
367:Libya (1551)
291:
191:16th century
159:15th century
102:
39:
11703:Philippines
11668:El Salvador
11288:Capo d'Orso
11172:St. Quentin
11147:Rome (1527)
10806:Strategists
10556:Guadalajara
10483:New Navarre
10478:New Castile
10463:La Luisiana
10415:Puerto Rico
10405:Philippines
10362:New Granada
10052:Philippines
10013:(Uruguay),
10009:(Bolivia),
9959:New Granada
9899:Puerto Rico
9845: [
9715:Territories
9535:Encomiendas
9432:Yohl Ikʼnal
9267:Hun Hunahpu
9185:Kinich Ahau
9175:Jaguar gods
8401:El Salvador
8330:Inca Empire
8218:Imago Mundi
7787:. pp.
7154:17 December
7028:Boson Books
6968:J. M. Cohen
6948:17 December
6750:26 November
4305:Yalain Maya
4122:Franciscans
4110:Camino Real
4016:Franciscans
3999:Franciscans
3973:Franciscans
3953:Amerindians
3926:Camino Real
3918:lay brother
3902:Franciscans
3897:Oxkʼutzkabʼ
3635:History of
3460:Petén Basin
3442:Petén Basin
3354:Cochua Maya
3229:arrived in
3104:in canoes.
3061:to conquer
3028:in central
2863:Dulce River
2859:Lake Izabal
2851:Lake Izabal
2119:Bartholomew
2111:Bay Islands
2105:arrived at
2019:reducciones
1990:reducciones
1977:reducciones
1800:Postclassic
1729:Cholan Maya
1713:Petén Basin
1612:Ah Kin Chel
1519:Petén Basin
1515:Maya cities
1494:dry seasons
1486:Mesoamerica
1458:, southern
1384:Macal River
1380:Mopan River
1352:Sibun River
1343:is formed.
1337:groundwater
1004:broadswords
985:, northern
905:Guam (1898)
691:Cuba (1762)
659:Oran (1732)
467:Cuba (1596)
76:of the Maya
11849:Categories
11373:Somosierra
11363:Manila Bay
11237:Nördlingen
11177:Gravelines
10657:Columnario
10629:Currencies
10546:Concepción
10518:Audiencias
10493:New Toledo
10458:La Florida
10291:Corregidor
10255:Papal bull
10160:Antarctica
10068:Micronesia
9525:Golden Age
9282:Qʼuqʼumatz
9155:Hero Twins
9140:Death gods
9014:Literature
8950:Households
8916:Priesthood
8602:Encomienda
8561:Juan Pardo
8325:California
8254:4651172881
7983:The Aztecs
7921:The Aztecs
7866:. Austin:
7607:20 January
7258:7 December
7234:3 December
7115:6 December
6555:References
6066:ITMB 1998.
5857:ITMB 2000.
5846:ITMB 2000.
5493:INAH 2010.
5461:ITMB 2000.
4070:Aj Kan Ekʼ
4046:Franciscan
3780:Guatemalan
3575:sacrificed
3520:Franciscan
3506:Following
3417:sacrificed
3413:Chikinchel
3358:Cupul Maya
3328:Canul Maya
3276:See also:
3258:Kowoj Maya
3122:encomienda
3014:Ulúa River
2927:adelantado
2833:Franciscan
2816:Aj Kan Ekʼ
2753:Cohuanacox
2749:Cuauhtemoc
2696:adelantado
2269:brigantine
2219:sacrificed
2017:. Coastal
1927:Franciscan
1907:Guadeloupe
1831:, and the
1792:Lake Yaxhá
1731:-speaking
1624:Valladolid
1620:Chikinchel
1593:Cocom Maya
1454:, most of
1402:drainage.
1317:Puuc Hills
1205:Franciscan
1028:matchlocks
524:St. Kitts
30:See also:
11678:Nicaragua
11656:Guatemala
11566:Pichincha
11551:Chacabuco
11490:Pensacola
11435:Mataquito
11415:Cajamarca
11396:New World
11368:Trafalgar
11272:Alhucemas
11152:Landriano
11137:Comuneros
11123:Old World
11067:Joan Orpí
10787:Royalists
10561:Guatemala
10488:New Spain
10425:Venezuela
10400:Guatemala
10357:New Spain
10352:Columbian
10245:Exequatur
10145:Cape Juby
9999:Argentina
9822:New Spain
9756:Gibraltar
9520:Habsburgs
9422:Sak Kʼukʼ
9252:Popol Vuh
9190:Maize god
9150:Goddess I
9071:Popol Vuh
8921:Sacrifice
8904:Midwifery
8894:Childhood
8844:Mythology
8807:Languages
8694:Guatemala
8411:Nicaragua
8384:Guatemala
8238:0308-5694
8098:1654-1103
8040:828120761
7807:225875268
7768:225875268
7733:225875268
7698:225875268
7648:cite book
7594:796677890
7557:225875268
7399:225875268
7286:421536238
7268:Guatemala
7221:0341-8642
7189:845573515
7149:436472699
7141:1699-3926
7102:1130-6157
7077:254438823
7003:Routledge
6990:162351797
6960:(1963) .
6943:613144193
6826:(2003) .
6771:459181680
6696:(n.d.) .
6686:835645038
6592:163743879
4356:Citations
4208:Guatemala
4187:Dominican
3862:Dominican
3854:Guatemala
3839:Guatemala
3770:nobleman
3637:New Spain
3590:Oxkutzcab
3579:Maya gods
3490:in 1525.
3464:Guatemala
3433:Champotón
3343:Tutul-Xiu
3316:Champoton
3302:In 1540,
3254:Champotón
3237:into the
3231:Champotón
3204:Guatemala
3075:Champotón
3026:New Spain
2781:Tenosique
2736:Guatemala
2649:Malintzin
2636:Potonchán
2518:Champotón
2388:Velázquez
2362:of Cuba.
2348:Champotón
2315:headland
2255:In 1517,
2148:Caribbean
2023:reducción
2015:reducción
1911:Caribbean
1885:Old World
1817:Chinamita
1780:Guatemala
1741:Guatemala
1689:Champotón
1685:Chanputun
1573:kuchkabal
1567:) in the
1560:kuchkabal
1396:San Pedro
1376:Río Nuevo
1364:Río Hondo
1333:sinkholes
1321:Champotón
1227:Geography
1176:Champotón
1111:Potonchán
1083:Champotón
1040:Old World
1032:artillery
1024:crossbows
987:Guatemala
979:limestone
977:, a vast
93:Guatemala
11688:Colombia
11673:Honduras
11586:Asomante
11571:Ayacucho
11561:Carabobo
11536:Curalaba
11313:Ceresole
11207:Gembloux
11167:Mühlberg
10882:Mariners
10740:Military
10662:Doubloon
10647:Maravedí
10591:Santiago
10498:Paraguay
10224:Germania
10064:Caroline
10019:Malvinas
10003:Paraguay
9963:Colombia
9905:Trinidad
9772:Sardinia
9612:Bourbons
9417:Lady Xoc
9277:Jacawitz
9262:Camazotz
9245:Yum Kaax
9240:Kukulkan
9000:Tzolkʼin
8961:Calendar
8911:Religion
8869:Textiles
8849:Numerals
8834:Medicine
8829:Mayanist
8770:Ceramics
8763:Graffiti
8406:Honduras
8342:Colombia
8198:17832220
8144:12782941
8114:50781866
8069:48753878
8001:27825022
7943:59452395
7912:57577446
7640:60550555
7522:47726663
7495:16268597
7442:(1917).
7432:58051691
7364:33359444
7312:46660694
7246:(2010).
7199:(1984).
7110:14209890
7046:82561350
6918:59432778
6896:The Maya
6894:(1999).
6884:15895415
6866:The Maya
6864:(1987).
6854:50868309
6809:61229653
6737:42674202
4319:See also
4285:Nojpetén
4228:Nojpetén
4226:to take
4224:Campeche
4195:Nojpetén
4149:Nojpetén
4089:Nojpetén
4054:Nojpetén
3933:Campeche
3906:Nojpetén
3889:Campeche
3874:Nojpetén
3823:Campeche
3766:In 1692
3626:a series
3624:Part of
3563:Nojpetén
3516:Nojpetén
3488:Honduras
3425:Campeche
3409:Chetumal
3370:Chetumal
3320:Campeche
3196:Honduras
3189:Veracruz
3185:Campeche
3163:Campeche
3109:Campeche
3102:Honduras
3094:Chetumal
3090:Xiu Maya
3082:Campeche
3018:Honduras
2914:Grijalva
2877:by sea.
2824:Nojpetén
2765:Tlacopan
2726:and the
2724:Campeche
2716:Honduras
2686:back to
2673:Veracruz
2669:Cempoala
2510:Campeche
2382:, where
2341:Campeche
2297:pyramids
2265:caravels
2227:Chetumal
2156:Kukulkan
2132:ceramics
2115:Honduras
1998:Campeche
1948:Nojpetén
1915:Campeche
1861:Americas
1857:smallpox
1809:Zacpeten
1764:Nojpetén
1733:Lakandon
1725:Chetumal
1687:(modern
1681:Campeche
1679:(modern
1669:Ah Canul
1657:Tihosuco
1640:Chetumal
1589:Xiu Maya
1563:(plural
1498:tropical
1460:Campeche
1436:savannah
1382:and the
1313:Cenozoic
1293:Campeche
1273:Campeche
1221:Americas
1213:Nojpetén
1164:Veracruz
1155:Campeche
1123:Campeche
1119:Honduras
1059:Honduras
1044:Americas
1020:halberds
11820:Asiento
11791:Mustang
11651:Yucatán
11646:Chiapas
11526:Tucapel
11358:Passaro
11308:Algiers
11298:Preveza
11267:Tetouan
11262:Vitoria
11252:Bitonto
11192:Antwerp
11187:Lepanto
11142:Bicocca
10618:Economy
10541:Charcas
10536:Caracas
10430:Yucatán
10301:Regidor
10286:Alcalde
10214:Cabildo
10121:Tripoli
10060:Mariana
10007:Charcas
9983:(Peru,
9967:Ecuador
9930:Bonaire
9925:Curazao
9910:Jamaica
9838:Florida
9307:Zipacna
9272:Huracan
9180:Kʼawiil
9165:Itzamna
9126:Classic
9118:Deities
9048:Grolier
9041:Dresden
9035:Codices
8885:Society
8874:Warfare
8812:Classic
8790:Economy
8780:Cuisine
8751:Revival
8736:E-Group
8704:Yucatán
8689:Chiapas
8665:History
8595:Related
8394:Yucatán
8379:Chiapas
8359:Florida
8347:Chibcha
8303:History
8246:1150238
8206:8476626
8190:1704619
8170:Bibcode
8162:Science
8106:3236749
8012:(ed.).
7971:3031712
7832:26 July
7229:2452883
7209:Indiana
6706:26 July
6651:25 July
6622:25 July
6584:3629799
4330:Yucatan
4301:Kan Ekʼ
4281:galeota
4273:Kan Ekʼ
4269:Chʼichʼ
4250:piragua
4246:galeota
4241:galeota
4179:Cahabón
4153:Chʼichʼ
4145:Kan Ekʼ
4078:Chʼichʼ
4034:cacique
4028:Kejache
3990:Kejache
3937:Kejache
3882:Cahabón
3858:Verapaz
3846:Cahabón
3831:Kejache
3804:Yucatán
3598:Sakalum
3577:to the
3559:Bacalar
3555:Sakalum
3551:Yucatán
3532:Kan Ekʼ
3468:Yucatán
3429:Chiapas
3366:Cozumel
3308:Yucatán
3262:Tabasco
3252:around
3235:Yucatán
3212:Tabasco
3159:Yucatán
3071:Kejache
3059:Yucatán
3051:Tabasco
3041:Montejo
2980:Tizimín
2955:state.
2943:in the
2936:Cozumel
2922:Yucatán
2796:Kejache
2773:Tabasco
2761:Texcoco
2751:, and
2665:Tabasco
2657:Nahuatl
2612:Cozumel
2577:Yucatán
2558:Yucatán
2488:Cozumel
2426:Yucatán
2396:Yucatán
2376:Florida
2308:draught
2293:leagues
2207:Yucatán
2195:Jamaica
2128:Yucatán
2107:Guanaja
2064:Spanish
2004:. When
2002:Tabasco
1972:Spanish
1960:Tabasco
1909:in the
1893:malaria
1821:Kejache
1737:Chiapas
1717:Kejache
1705:Tabasco
1695:. This
1677:Canpech
1648:Cochuah
1608:Cehpech
1470:Climate
1411:karstic
1265:Yucatán
1144:Tabasco
1107:Tabasco
1103:Cozumel
1008:rapiers
959:Spanish
568:Chiloé
103:Yucatán
88:Chiapas
11798:Castas
11556:Boyacá
11531:Guiana
11521:Iguape
11445:Recife
11383:Mactan
11378:Annual
11343:Rocroi
11338:Leiden
11323:Djerba
11257:Bailén
11212:Ostend
11197:Azores
10792:Legión
10757:Tercio
10750:Armies
10652:Escudo
10581:Panamá
10576:Mexico
10571:Manila
10526:Bogotá
10311:Vecino
10306:Syndic
10137:Béjaïa
10097:Africa
10083:Tidore
9971:Panama
9935:Belize
9842:Mexico
9768:Sicily
9764:Naples
9726:Europe
9393:Queens
9257:Awilix
9205:Yopaat
9170:Ixchel
9055:Madrid
8985:Kʼatun
8975:Baktun
8864:Stelae
8854:People
8817:Script
8775:Cities
8724:Topics
8429:People
8352:Muisca
8252:
8244:
8236:
8204:
8196:
8188:
8142:
8132:
8112:
8104:
8096:
8067:
8057:
8038:
8028:
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7459:
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6674:
6590:
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4265:Yalain
4203:Mérida
4094:Mérida
4050:Mérida
4024:Mérida
3985:Mérida
3955:, and
3916:and a
3893:Tekʼax
3835:Mexico
3776:Mérida
3768:Basque
3628:on the
3571:Belize
3524:Mérida
3508:Cortés
3421:Mérida
3405:Uaymil
3397:Sotuta
3393:Cochua
3382:Sotuta
3374:Cochua
3339:Mérida
3335:Chakan
3208:Mexico
3140:Mérida
3136:Chakan
3063:Acalan
3030:Mexico
2918:Cortés
2906:Mexico
2891:Mérida
2875:Mexico
2855:Cortés
2720:Acalan
2661:Aztecs
2644:battle
2575:, and
2562:Aztecs
2539:Havana
2267:and a
2183:Darién
2140:copper
1994:Acalan
1944:Belize
1919:Mérida
1853:Mexico
1827:, the
1823:, the
1796:Yalain
1786:. The
1772:Flores
1760:Belize
1727:. The
1715:. The
1693:Acalan
1665:Sotuta
1661:Hocabá
1636:Uaymil
1618:, and
1606:, and
1604:Chakan
1585:Sotuta
1476:Mérida
1452:Belize
1374:. The
1368:Belize
1341:cenote
1289:Belize
1181:Mérida
1140:Mexico
1012:lances
993:. The
991:Belize
983:Mexico
11693:Chile
11661:Petén
11636:Aztec
11455:Bahia
11430:Penco
11420:Cusco
11348:Downs
11328:Tunis
11247:Ceuta
11232:Breda
11182:Malta
11162:Tunis
11157:Pavia
10671:Trade
10586:Quito
10551:Cusco
10390:Chile
10125:Tunis
10072:Palau
9989:Chile
9920:Aruba
9915:Haiti
9849:]
9778:Milan
9736:Spain
9318:Kings
9302:Xquic
9287:Tohil
9235:Ixtab
9145:God L
9135:Chaac
9130:Bacab
9062:Paris
9005:Winal
8980:Haabʼ
8899:Women
8859:Sites
8839:Music
8795:Trade
8785:Dance
8699:Petén
8389:Petén
8364:Texas
8335:Chile
8242:JSTOR
8202:S2CID
8186:JSTOR
8102:JSTOR
8016:[
7967:JSTOR
7826:(PDF)
7819:(PDF)
7752:–19.
7717:–15.
7682:–83.
7601:(PDF)
7576:(PDF)
7570:[
7473:(PDF)
7383:–69.
7205:(PDF)
7129:(PDF)
7094:Mayab
7090:(PDF)
6931:(PDF)
6816:(PDF)
6783:(PDF)
6744:(PDF)
6725:(PDF)
6666:[
6588:S2CID
6580:JSTOR
4336:Notes
4309:Kowoj
4297:Petén
4220:Itzas
4183:Mopán
4170:Oidor
4098:Tipuj
4085:Kowoj
3977:Petén
3914:friar
3910:Itzas
3827:Petén
3808:Chʼol
3796:Petén
3722:Casta
3567:Tipuj
3528:Petén
3401:Tazes
3389:Cupul
3378:Cupul
3224:friar
3147:Cupul
3113:Cupul
3006:Xelha
2984:Xelha
2941:Xelha
2779:near
2688:Spain
2499:. On
2497:Tulum
2231:nacom
2181:from
2144:cacao
2040:bills
1940:Petén
1833:Mopan
1804:Tipuj
1788:Kowoj
1752:Petén
1628:Tazes
1616:Cupul
1482:Petén
1440:bajos
1416:bajos
1407:Petén
1285:Petén
1201:Petén
1135:Spain
1127:Petén
1016:pikes
98:Petén
11698:Inca
11641:Maya
11576:Guam
11509:Lost
11281:Lost
11202:Mons
10642:Real
10566:Lima
10453:Cuba
10395:Cuba
10367:Perú
10143:and
10141:Ifni
10133:Oran
10056:Guam
9985:Acre
9981:Peru
9891:Cuba
9770:and
9230:Chin
9225:Akna
9215:Acat
8990:Kʼin
8970:Ajaw
8943:Ajaw
8822:List
8374:Maya
8250:OCLC
8234:ISSN
8194:PMID
8140:OCLC
8130:ISBN
8110:OCLC
8094:ISSN
8065:OCLC
8055:ISBN
8036:OCLC
8026:ISBN
7997:OCLC
7987:ISBN
7939:OCLC
7929:ISBN
7908:OCLC
7898:ISBN
7872:ISBN
7855:help
7834:2006
7803:OCLC
7793:ISBN
7764:OCLC
7754:ISBN
7729:OCLC
7719:ISBN
7694:OCLC
7684:ISBN
7663:help
7636:OCLC
7626:ISBN
7609:2013
7590:OCLC
7580:ISBN
7553:OCLC
7543:ISBN
7518:OCLC
7508:ISBN
7491:OCLC
7481:ISBN
7457:OCLC
7428:OCLC
7418:ISBN
7395:OCLC
7385:ISBN
7360:OCLC
7350:ISBN
7331:ISBN
7308:OCLC
7298:ISBN
7282:OCLC
7272:ISBN
7260:2013
7244:INAH
7236:2012
7225:OCLC
7217:ISSN
7185:OCLC
7175:ISBN
7156:2013
7145:OCLC
7137:ISSN
7117:2012
7106:OCLC
7098:ISSN
7073:OCLC
7063:ISBN
7042:OCLC
7032:ISBN
7007:ISBN
6986:OCLC
6976:ISBN
6950:2013
6939:OCLC
6914:OCLC
6904:ISBN
6880:OCLC
6870:ISBN
6850:OCLC
6840:ISBN
6805:OCLC
6795:ISBN
6767:OCLC
6752:2012
6733:OCLC
6708:2006
6682:OCLC
6672:ISBN
6653:2006
6624:2006
4313:Itza
4263:and
4261:Itza
4218:The
4175:Itza
4158:Itza
4134:Itza
4130:Maya
4096:via
4074:Itza
4066:Itza
3895:and
3870:Itza
3837:and
3790:and
3594:Itza
3547:Itza
3512:Itza
3458:The
3423:and
3411:and
3347:Maní
3324:Maya
3250:Maya
3180:Peru
3167:Chel
3155:Maní
3131:Pech
3127:Chel
3098:Maya
3086:Maní
2972:Maya
2965:Ekab
2949:Ekab
2945:Maya
2916:and
2828:Maya
2820:Itza
2801:Itza
2769:Maya
2763:and
2755:and
2728:Itza
2655:and
2653:Maya
2638:, a
2616:Maya
2603:and
2595:and
2573:Cuba
2535:Cuba
2492:Maya
2418:Cuba
2392:Maya
2380:Cuba
2356:Cuba
2336:Cuba
2289:Maya
2261:Cuba
2215:Maya
2213:, a
2201:and
2189:and
2124:Maya
2060:Maya
1986:Maya
1970:The
1952:Maya
1942:and
1865:Maya
1813:Ixlu
1756:Itza
1748:Maya
1721:Itza
1663:and
1632:Ecab
1600:Maní
1583:and
1581:Maní
1492:and
1405:The
1327:the
1299:and
1271:and
1239:The
1209:Itza
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1087:Cuba
1073:and
1000:Maya
971:Maya
953:The
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11403:Won
11130:Won
10238:Law
10135:,
9855:),
9836:),
9195:Mam
8995:Tun
8758:Art
8226:doi
8178:doi
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