257:
672:. Although many tubular chassis developed additional tubes and were even described as "space frames", their design was rarely correctly stressed as a space frame and they behaved mechanically as a tube ladder chassis, with additional brackets to support the attached components, suspension, engine etc. The distinction of the true space frame is that all the forces in each strut are either tensile or compression, never bending. Although these additional tubes did carry some extra load, they were rarely diagonalised into a rigid space frame.
606:
828:
768:
810:
39:
711:
206:
31:
307:
charge) and the risk of bending the arc to unexpected stresses are problems that require pre-compression and pre-stressing elements. Although in most cases tend to be the cheapest and the technical solution that best fits the acoustics and ventilation of the covered enclosure, are vulnerable to vibration.
306:
show their ability to channel forces theoretically better than any other alternative, have an infinite range of possibilities for composition and adaptability to any type of plant cover or ensure vain. However, imprecisions in shape having the loaded strand (ideally adapts dynamically to the state of
282:
Double layer grid: Elements are organized in two layers parallel to each other at a certain distance apart. Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in which the projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be displaced relative to each other. Diagonal bars connect the
759:
chassis, another with four tubes of two different diameters, separated by narrower tubes. Chapman reduced the main tube diameter for the lighter Lotus, but did not reduce the minor tubes any further, possibly because he considered that this would appear flimsy to buyers. Although widely described as
265:
Barrel vaults: This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch. Usually this type of space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing. The section type barrel vault is organized according to IS: 800-2007, and the evaluation is carried out mostly using
123:
Space frames are strong, adaptable, and efficient buildings that can support a variety of weights. For their effective implementation in construction, it is important to comprehend their behavior under various loads, probable modes of failure, and rules for optimal arrangement. To maximize space
53:
to its resistance (or lack thereof) to bending; however, with the red bar in place, then assuming negligible bending rigidity of the blue node as compared with the red bar's contributing rigidity, this 3-dimensional load-bearing truss structure could be solved using a rigidity matrix (neglecting
233:
in which all the struts have unit length. More technically this is referred to as an isotropic vector matrix or in a single unit width an octet truss. More complex variations change the lengths of the struts to curve the overall structure or may incorporate other geometrical shapes.
985:
185:; a material scientist known for his work on the molecular matrices of crystalline solids. Gilman was an admirer of Buckminster Fuller's architectural trusses, and developed a stronger matrix, in part by rotating an alignment of tetrahedral nodes in relation to each other.
156:) in 1943 in Germany, thus initiating the use of space trusses in architecture. The commonly used method, still in use has individual tubular members connected at node joints (ball shaped) and variations such as the space deck system, octet truss system and cubic system.
675:
An earlier contender for the first true space frame chassis is the one off
Chamberlain 8 race "special" built by brothers Bob and Bill Chamberlain in Melbourne, Australia in 1929. Others attribute vehicles produced in the 1930s by designers such as
251:
Space plane covers: These spatial structures are composed of planar substructures. Their behavior is similar to that of a plate in which the deflections in the plane are channeled through the horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the
989:
294:
Pleated metallic structures: Emerged to try to solve the problems that formwork and pouring concrete had their counterparts. Typically run with welded joint, but may raise prefabricated joints, a fact which makes them space
649:. In both a space frame and a tube-frame chassis, the suspension, engine, and body panels are attached to a skeletal frame of tubes, and the body panels have little or no structural function. By contrast, in a
699:
of 1946. This used two small diameter tubes along each side, but they were spaced apart by vertical smaller tubes, and so were not diagonalised in any plane. A year later, Porsche designed their
159:
Stéphane de
Chateau in France invented the Tridirectional SDC system (1957), Unibat system (1959), Pyramitec (1960). A method of tree supports was developed to replace the individual columns.
135:
from 1898 to 1908 developed space frames based on tetrahedral geometry. Bell's interest was primarily in using them to make rigid frames for nautical and aeronautical engineering, with the
197:
in an architectural space frame is the independence of the angular factors. If the joints are sufficiently rigid, the angular deflections can be neglected, simplifying the calculations.
1083:
Otero C. (1990). "Diseño geomĂ©trico de cĂșpulas no esfĂ©ricas aproximadas por mallas triangulares, con un nĂșmero mĂnimo de longitudes de barra". Tesis
Doctoral. Universidad de Cantabria.
283:
nodes of both layers in different directions in space. In this type of meshes, the elements are associated into three groups: upper cordon, cordon and cordon lower diagonal.
786:
A drawback of the space frame chassis is that it encloses much of the working volume of the car and can make access for both the driver and to the engine difficult. The
229:
struts. In many ways this looks like the horizontal jib of a tower crane repeated many times to make it wider. A stronger form is composed of interlocking
793:
Some space frames have been designed with removable sections, joined by bolted pin joints. Such a structure had already been used around the engine of the
797:. Although somewhat inconvenient, an advantage of the space frame is that the same lack of bending forces in the tubes that allow it to be modelled as a
741:, the small British car manufacturers developed the concept and produced an alloy-bodied two seater on a multi tubular chassis, which appeared in 1949.
1412:
1052:
1220:
269:
Spherical domes and other compound curves usually require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional support from a skin.
668:
forces better. Some tube chassis were little more than a ladder chassis made with two large diameter tubes, or even a single tube as a
1102:
1018:
1397:
1019:"The innovative structural conception in Stéphane du Chùteau's work: from metallic trusses to the development of spatial frames"
944:
1440:
1174:
1252:
707:. As this included diagonal tubes, it can be considered a true space frame and arguable the first mid-rear engined design.
1478:
17:
790:âGullwingâ received its iconic upward-opening doors when its tubular space frame made using regular doors impossible.
286:
Triple layer grid: Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals. They are almost always flat.
531:
178:
1213:
924:
1504:
1407:
1144:
1382:
457:
437:
Space frames are a common feature in modern building construction; they are often found in large roof spans in
568:
310:
Pneumatic structures: Closure membranes subjected to a pressurized state may be considered within this group.
1434:
46:
present, the resultant effect on the structure would depend entirely on the blue node's bending rigidity,
1473:
1206:
894:
779:
use space frame construction, because manufacture in small quantity requires only simple and inexpensive
726:
549:
124:
frames' performance and longevity, proper design, material selection, and joint integrity are essential.
1499:
801:
also means that creating such a removable section need not reduce the strength of the assembled frame.
1370:
478:
266:
STAAD. This work elicit evaluations of models for range, extreme redirection, self-weight, and cost.
1295:
563:
783:, and it is relatively easy for an amateur designer to achieve good stiffness with a space frame.
664:. The advantage of using tubes rather than the previous open channel sections is that they resist
629:
Many early âwhirlybirdâ-style exposed-boom helicopters had tubular space frame booms, such as the
1244:
1049:
1003:
692:) who understood the theory of the true space frame from either architecture or aircraft design.
535:
75:
884:
681:
193:
Space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix. The special characteristic of the
113:
63:
1354:
419:
242:
Within the meaning of space frame, we can find three systems clearly different between them:
132:
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8:
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162:
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764:, with the influence of other designers, with experience from the aircraft industry.
734:
660:
Tube-frame chassis pre-date space frame chassis and are a development of the earlier
623:
353:
948:
605:
100:, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing
96:. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the
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136:
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182:
142:
1145:
https://primotipo.com/2015/07/24/chamberlain-8-by-john-medley-and-mark-bisset/
279:
Single layer grid: All elements are located on the surface to be approximated.
167:
1493:
1313:
904:
874:
756:
752:
744:
714:
696:
626:
aircraft were built using roughly the same welded steel tube fuselage frame.
544:
517:
470:
369:
299:
34:
The roof of this industrial building is supported by a space frame structure.
1301:
1289:
909:
689:
685:
501:
172:
59:
827:
737:; the Jowett went on to take a class win at the 1950 Le Mans 24hr. Later,
1325:
700:
646:
642:
619:
513:
347:
230:
218:
760:
a space frame, Lotus did not build a true space frame chassis until the
209:
Simplified space frame roof with the half-octahedron highlighted in blue
1319:
1307:
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578:
521:
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710:
213:
The simplest form of space frame is a horizontal slab of interlocking
1422:
1402:
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889:
809:
704:
654:
465:
438:
336:
260:
This train station in India is supported by a barrel vault structure
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38:
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90:
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of 1959 (Birdcage) is often thought of as the first but in 1949
850:
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are also frequently built from space frames and octet trusses.
557:
363:
205:
30:
1183:
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1119:
695:
A post WW2 attempt to build a racing car space frame was the
553:
226:
97:
86:
82:
78:
771:
Chilean kitcar showing off its space frame structure (2013).
42:
If a force is applied to the blue node and the red bar were
1103:"Design and Analysis of Barrel Vault Space Frame Structure"
641:
Space frames are sometimes used in the chassis designs of
298:
Hanging covers: Designs on the cable taut, spine, and the
738:
145:
developed the space grid system called MERO (acronym of
290:
Other examples classifiable as space frames are these:
1449:
The Last
Dymaxion: Buckminster Fullerâs Dream Restored
1147:. âThe Chamberlain An Australian Storyâ John Hazelden
860:, which readily favor stressed triangular sectioning.
961:
444:
Examples of buildings based on space frames include:
1069:
Dorothy Harley Eber, via telephone (June 29, 1978).
27:
Rigid three dimensional load bearing truss structure
853:extensively uses tube frame chassis on its models.
344:Commercial, entertainment, and service facilities:
119:Chief applications include buildings and vehicles.
1189:
1161:
1132:
657:design, the body serves as part of the structure.
274:Classification by the arrangement of its elements
1491:
1413:R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home
510:, Sweden - Dome with diameter of 110 m, (1989)
85:-like structure constructed from interlocking
1214:
844:
751:introduced his first 'production' car, the
1221:
1207:
964:"Tetrahedral Principle In Kite Structure"
766:
709:
604:
319:Chief space frame applications include:
255:
204:
37:
29:
1169:. Haynes Publishing. pp. 150â164.
14:
1492:
1228:
755:, in 1952. This was influenced by the
116:loads along the length of each strut.
1441:Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud
1202:
1016:
441:commercial and industrial buildings.
1253:Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
856:Space frames have also been used in
569:Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport
1167:Colin Chapman: Inside the Innovator
1086:
1077:
1032:(40). Poland: 51â64. Archived from
962:Alexander Graham Bell (June 1903).
609:Yeoman YA-1 vs CA-6 Wackett frames.
593:Large portable stages and lighting
24:
25:
1516:
1398:Proposed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium
532:Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
352:Conference halls, pavilions, and
188:
925:Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb
826:
808:
1138:
1095:
1017:Porto, ClĂĄudia Estrela (2014).
849:Italian motorbike manufacturer
432:
314:
1338:Expo 67 United States Pavilion
1062:
1043:
1010:
996:
978:
955:
937:
139:being one of his inventions.
13:
1:
1190:Ludvigsen & Colin Chapman
1133:Ludvigsen & Colin Chapman
930:
412:Architectural design elements
383:
1435:Buckminster Fuller Challenge
1408:Old Man River's City project
1383:Cloud Nine tensegrity sphere
968:National Geographic Magazine
171:) in 1961 while focusing on
7:
895:Modular construction system
863:
727:Robert Eberan von Eberhorst
624:Yeoman YA-1 Cropmaster 250R
613:
600:
550:Sochi International Airport
200:
81:) is a rigid, lightweight,
10:
1521:
1055:November 19, 2015, at the
179:Gilman's Tetrahedral Truss
165:patented the octet truss (
127:
1469:
1371:Design science revolution
1347:
1276:
1236:
1050:Evolution of Space Frames
733:exhibited at that year's
181:of 1980 was developed by
1296:Dymaxion deployment unit
845:Motorcycles and bicycles
564:Six Flags Magic Mountain
246:Curvature classification
237:
1245:Nine Chains to the Moon
945:"Alexander Graham Bell"
636:
543:in Barcelona, Spain by
536:New York City, New York
328:Industrial structures:
1505:Structural engineering
1039:on September 16, 2016.
885:Framing (construction)
772:
718:
682:William Bushnell Stout
610:
261:
210:
64:structural engineering
55:
35:
1355:Allegra Fuller Snyder
986:"Modular space grids"
799:pin-jointed structure
770:
713:
608:
259:
208:
168:U.S. patent 2,986,241
133:Alexander Graham Bell
108:) are transmitted as
41:
33:
1428:Buckminsterfullerene
1361:Current solar income
1092:Cavia Sorret (1993).
820:Museum of Modern Art
788:Mercedes-Benz 300 SL
584:Hedyar Aliyev Centre
504:in Cornwall, England
495:in Natal, Brazil by
1268:Dymaxion Chronofile
458:Bank of China Tower
143:Max Mengeringhausen
18:Space frame chassis
1452:(2012 documentary)
1444:(1996 documentary)
1230:Buckminster Fuller
775:A large number of
773:
719:
678:Buckminster Fuller
611:
575:Harbin Opera House
571:airport terminal 2
528:in Oracle, Arizona
354:exhibition centers
304:inverted funicular
262:
211:
163:Buckminster Fuller
56:
36:
1500:Structural system
1487:
1486:
1176:978-1-84425-413-2
1135:, p. 153â154
735:London Motor Show
586:in Azerbaijan by
453:Foster + Partners
137:tetrahedral truss
54:angular factors).
16:(Redirected from
1512:
1456:Karlis Johansons
1418:Ephemeralization
1223:
1216:
1209:
1200:
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1075:
1074:
1071:"Fuller on Bell"
1066:
1060:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1006:. 4 August 2010.
1000:
994:
993:
988:. Archived from
982:
976:
975:
959:
953:
952:
947:. Archived from
941:
920:Tessellated roof
870:Backbone chassis
837:Monster S2R 1000
830:
812:
723:Maserati Tipo 61
670:backbone chassis
620:CAC CA-6 Wackett
541:Palau Sant Jordi
526:Peter Jon Pearce
449:Stansted Airport
195:stiffness matrix
170:
52:
21:
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1519:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:
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1465:
1461:Kenneth Snelson
1343:
1272:
1232:
1227:
1197:
1196:
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1184:
1177:
1163:Ludvigsen, Karl
1160:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1107:www.ijraset.com
1101:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1067:
1063:
1057:Wayback Machine
1048:
1044:
1036:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1004:"Unibat system"
1002:
1001:
997:
984:
983:
979:
960:
956:
943:
942:
938:
933:
880:Exoskeleton car
866:
847:
842:
841:
840:
839:
838:
831:
823:
822:
816:Moulton Bicycle
813:
639:
616:
603:
493:Arena das Dunas
484:McCormick Place
435:
366:and fair houses
317:
240:
215:square pyramids
203:
191:
166:
130:
122:
72:space structure
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1400:
1395:
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1378:
1376:Design science
1373:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1332:Fly's Eye Dome
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1284:Dymaxion house
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
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1175:
1149:
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1118:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1061:
1042:
1009:
995:
992:on 2016-09-15.
977:
954:
951:on 2003-03-26.
935:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
900:Platonic solid
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865:
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843:
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795:Lotus Mark III
731:Jowett Jupiter
662:ladder chassis
638:
635:
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591:
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462:Louvre Pyramid
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370:Shopping malls
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189:Design methods
187:
183:John J. Gilman
150:ngeringhausen
129:
126:
49:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1314:Geodesic dome
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1261:Critical Path
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1192:, p. 151
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906:
905:Stressed skin
903:
901:
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888:
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878:
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875:Body-on-frame
873:
871:
868:
867:
861:
859:
854:
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836:
829:
821:
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811:
802:
800:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
778:
769:
765:
763:
758:
757:Jaguar C-Type
754:
750:
746:
745:Colin Chapman
742:
740:
736:
732:
729:designed the
728:
724:
716:
715:Jaguar C-Type
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:Cisitalia D46
693:
691:
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555:
551:
548:
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545:Arata Isozaki
542:
539:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
519:
518:John P. Allen
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
498:
494:
491:
489:
485:
482:
480:
479:Michael Allan
476:
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471:Rogers Centre
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1447:
1439:
1302:Dymaxion map
1290:Dymaxion car
1259:
1251:
1243:
1185:
1166:
1140:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1064:
1045:
1034:the original
1029:
1025:
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990:the original
980:
971:
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949:the original
939:
910:Superleggera
855:
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743:
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694:
690:Stout Scarab
674:
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628:
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592:
577:in China by
562:Entrance to
502:Eden Project
443:
436:
433:Construction
411:
410:
382:
381:
348:Sports halls
322:
321:
318:
315:Applications
289:
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71:
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60:architecture
57:
1366:Synergetics
1326:Octet truss
1026:Architectus
647:motorcycles
643:automobiles
514:Biosphere 2
399:Motorcycles
396:Automobiles
225:or tubular
221:built from
114:compression
68:space frame
1494:Categories
1357:(daughter)
1320:World Game
1308:Tensegrity
1112:2022-11-08
1059:Cities Now
931:References
915:Tensegrity
588:Zaha Hadid
579:Ma Yansong
522:Phil Hawes
475:Rod Robbie
405:Spacecraft
337:Warehouses
252:diagonals.
231:tetrahedra
219:tetrahedra
154:hrbauweise
1423:Fullerene
1403:Gold Dome
890:Monocoque
762:Mark VIII
705:Cisitalia
666:torsional
655:monocoque
466:I. M. Pei
439:modernist
425:Geodesics
332:Factories
323:Buildings
223:Aluminium
104:(bending
91:geometric
1474:Category
1393:Dymaxion
1388:Geoscope
1165:(2010).
1053:Archived
864:See also
858:bicycles
777:kit cars
701:Type 360
688:and the
686:Dymaxion
633:series.
614:Aircraft
601:Vehicles
595:gantries
497:Populous
486:East in
460:and the
402:Bicycles
393:Aircraft
384:Vehicles
375:Airports
359:Stadiums
201:Overview
1479:Commons
1348:Related
818:at the
753:Mark VI
651:unibody
631:Bell 47
488:Chicago
420:Atriums
364:Museums
295:meshes.
128:History
110:tension
106:moments
94:pattern
51:
1340:(1967)
1334:(1965)
1328:(1961)
1322:(1961)
1316:(1953)
1310:(1949)
1304:(1946)
1298:(1940)
1292:(1933)
1286:(1928)
1264:(1981)
1256:(1968)
1248:(1938)
1173:
851:Ducati
835:Ducati
558:Russia
508:Globen
87:struts
1277:Other
1237:Books
1037:(PDF)
1022:(PDF)
833:2006
749:Lotus
717:frame
684:(the
554:Sochi
464:, by
451:, by
238:Types
227:steel
102:loads
98:truss
89:in a
83:truss
79:truss
1171:ISBN
974:(6).
781:jigs
721:The
703:for
680:and
645:and
637:Cars
622:and
618:The
477:and
217:and
112:and
66:, a
62:and
48:i.e.
972:XIV
747:of
739:TVR
653:or
552:in
516:by
473:by
70:or
58:In
44:not
1496::
1152:^
1121:^
1105:.
1028:.
1024:.
970:.
966:.
556:,
534:,
524:,
520:,
387::
152:RO
148:ME
76:3D
1222:e
1215:t
1208:v
1179:.
1115:.
1073:.
1030:4
339:,
302:(
74:(
20:)
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