Space elevator - Knowledge

22: 231:, to supply various glass, plastic and metal companies with these strong materials. Although LiftPort hopes to eventually use carbon nanotubes in the construction of a 100,000 km (62,000 mi) space elevator, this move will allow it to make money in the short term and conduct research and development into new production methods." Their announced goal was a space elevator launch in 2010. On 13 February 2006, the LiftPort Group announced that, earlier the same month, they had tested a mile of "space-elevator tether" made of carbon-fiber composite strings and fiberglass tape measuring 5 cm (2.0 in) wide and 1 mm (0.039 in) (approx. 13 sheets of paper) thick, lifted with balloons. In April 2019, Liftport CEO Michael Laine admitted little progress has been made on the company's lofty space elevator ambitions, even after receiving more than $ 200,000 in seed funding. The carbon nanotube manufacturing facility that Liftport announced in 2005 was never built. 1604: 2016:

point. A long cable would be dropped "downward" (toward Earth) and would be balanced by a mass being dropped "upward" (away from Earth) for the whole system to remain on the geosynchronous orbit. Earlier designs imagined the balancing mass to be another cable (with counterweight) extending upward, with the main spool remaining at the original geosynchronous orbit level. Most current designs elevate the spool itself as the main cable is payed out, a simpler process. When the lower end of the cable is long enough to reach the surface of the Earth (at the equator), it would be anchored. Once anchored, the center of mass would be elevated more (by adding mass at the upper end or by paying out more cable). This would add more tension to the whole cable, which could then be used as an elevator cable.

872: 1817: 77:(35,786 km altitude). The competing forces of gravity, which is stronger at the lower end, and the upward centrifugal force, which is stronger at the upper end, would result in the cable being held up, under tension, and stationary over a single position on Earth. With the tether deployed, climbers (crawlers) could repeatedly climb up and down the tether by mechanical means, releasing their cargo to and from orbit. The design would permit vehicles to travel directly between a planetary surface, such as the Earth's, and orbit, 5854: 854:(i.e., the tension per unit of cross sectional area) is constant along the length of the cable. The constant-stress criterion is a starting point in the design of the cable cross section area as it changes with altitude. Other factors considered in more detailed designs include thickening at altitudes where more space junk is present, consideration of the point stresses imposed by climbers, and the use of varied materials. To account for these and other factors, modern detailed designs seek to achieve the largest 1802:, which is in a low orbit and intersects the Equator regularly (twice every orbital period of 11 h 6 min). Phobos and Deimos may get in the way of an areostationary space elevator; on the other hand, they may contribute useful resources to the project. Phobos is projected to contain high amounts of carbon. If carbon nanotubes become feasible for a tether material, there will be an abundance of carbon near Mars. This could provide readily available resources for future colonization on Mars. 1280: 38: 1901: 847:

This means that the cable material, combined with its design, must be strong enough to hold up its own weight from the surface up to 35,786 km (22,236 mi). A cable which is thicker in cross section area at that height than at the surface could better hold up its own weight over a longer length. How the cross section area tapers from the maximum at 35,786 km (22,236 mi) to the minimum at the surface is therefore an important design factor for a space elevator cable.

1919: 191:, avoiding lightning and hurricanes by locating the anchor in the western equatorial Pacific, construction costs, construction schedule, and environmental hazards. Additionally, he researched the structural integrity and load-bearing capabilities of space elevator cables, emphasizing their need for high tensile strength and resilience. His space elevator concept never reached NIAC's third phase, which he attributed to submitting his final proposal during the week of the 2580: 1806: 1585: 1425: 6370: 1479: 5078: 6752: 1459:

both a compression tower close to the surface, and a tether structure at higher altitudes. Combining a compression structure with a tension structure would reduce loads from the atmosphere at the Earth end of the tether, and reduce the distance into the Earth's gravity field that the cable needs to extend, and thus reduce the critical strength-to-density requirements for the cable material, all other design factors being equal.

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the effect being even more severe when they increased the number of misaligned atoms... That's bad news for people who want to build a space elevator, a cable between the Earth and an orbiting satellite that would provide easy access to space. Estimates suggest such a cable would need a tensile strength of 50 GPa, so CNTs were a promising solution, but Ding's research suggests they won't work.

1502:. Since Edwards consistently assumed the density of his carbon nanotube cable to be 1300 kg/m, that implies a specific strength of 77 megapascal/(kg/m). This value takes into consideration the entire weight of the space elevator. An untapered space elevator cable would need a material capable of sustaining a length of 4,960 kilometers (3,080 mi) of its own weight 2133:(and in this article), a "Space Elevator" means the Tsiolkovsky-Artsutanov-Pearson type as considered by the International Space Elevator Consortium. This conventional type is a static structure fixed to the ground and extending into space high enough that cargo can climb the structure up from the ground to a level where simple release will put the cargo into an 2159:(100 km, 62 mi), they are unlikely to reach geostationary orbit. The concept of a Tsiolkovsky tower combined with a classic space elevator cable (reaching above the level of GEO) has been suggested. Other ideas use very tall compressive towers to reduce the demands on launch vehicles. The vehicle is "elevated" up the tower, which may extend as high as 1491:

cable and counterweight above. Maximum tension on a space elevator cable would be at geosynchronous altitude so the cable would have to be thickest there and taper as it approaches Earth. Any potential cable design may be characterized by the taper factor – the ratio between the cable's radius at geosynchronous altitude and at the Earth's surface.

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pull of the Earth, and the stronger the upward centrifugal force due to the rotation, so that more centrifugal force opposes less gravity. The centrifugal force and the gravity are balanced at geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO). Above GEO, the centrifugal force is stronger than gravity, causing objects attached to the cable there to pull

1468: 44: 43: 40: 39: 2148:" describing a concept using a rotating cable. The rotation speed would exactly match the orbital speed in such a way that the tip velocity at the lowest point was zero compared to the object to be "elevated". It would dynamically grapple and then "elevate" high flying objects to orbit or low orbiting objects to higher orbit. 1641:

elevators and their loads would be designed so that the center of mass is always well-enough above the level of geostationary orbit to hold up the whole system. Lift and descent operations would need to be carefully planned so as to keep the pendulum-like motion of the counterweight around the tether point under control.

45: 134:, the cable would be thickest at geostationary orbit where tension is greatest, and narrowest at the tips to minimize weight per unit area. He proposed extending a counterweight to 144,000 kilometers (89,000 miles) as without a large counterweight, the upper cable would need to be longer due to the way 3875:

The chief obstacle is that no known material has the necessary combination of lightness and strength needed for the cable, which has to be able to support its own weight. Carbon nanotubes are often touted as a possibility, but they have only about a tenth of the necessary strength-to-weight ratio and

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One plan for construction uses conventional rockets to place a "minimum size" initial seed cable of only 19,800 kg. This first very small ribbon would be adequate to support the first 619 kg climber. The first 207 climbers would carry up and attach more cable to the original, increasing its

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required for the tether is low enough to use currently available materials. The Moon does not rotate fast enough for an elevator to be supported by centrifugal force (the proximity of the Earth means there is no effective lunar-stationary orbit), but differential gravity forces means that an elevator

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is currently considered the most likely method, using megawatt-powered free electron or solid state lasers in combination with adaptive mirrors approximately 10 m (33 ft) wide and a photovoltaic array on the climber tuned to the laser frequency for efficiency. For climber designs powered by

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Stationary land-based platforms would have simpler and less costly logistical access to the base. They also would have the advantage of being able to be at high altitudes, such as on top of mountains. In an alternate concept, the base station could be a tower, forming a space elevator which comprises

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Historically, the main technical problem has been considered the ability of the cable to hold up, with tension, the weight of itself below any given point. The greatest tension on a space elevator cable is at the point of geostationary orbit, 35,786 km (22,236 mi) above the Earth's equator.

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geostationary orbit, downward gravity would be greater than the upward centrifugal force, so the apparent gravity would pull objects attached to the cable downward. Any object released from the cable below that level would initially accelerate downward along the cable. Then gradually it would deflect

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An Earth space elevator cable rotates along with the rotation of the Earth. Therefore, the cable, and objects attached to it, would experience upward centrifugal force in the direction opposing the downward gravitational force. The higher up the cable the object is located, the less the gravitational

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For a space elevator on Earth, with its comparatively high gravity, the cable material would need to be stronger and lighter than currently available materials. For this reason, there has been a focus on the development of new materials that meet the demanding specific strength requirement. For high

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Feng Ding of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and his colleagues simulated CNTs with a single atom out of place, turning two of the hexagons into a pentagon and heptagon, and creating a kink in the tube. They found this simple change was enough to cut the ideal strength of a CNT to 40 GPa, with

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Climber speed would be limited by the Coriolis force, available power, and by the need to ensure the climber's accelerating force does not break the cable. Climbers would also need to maintain a minimum average speed in order to move material up and down economically and expeditiously. At the speed

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As a payload is lifted up a space elevator, it would gain not only altitude, but horizontal speed (angular momentum) as well. The angular momentum is taken from the Earth's rotation. As the climber ascends, it is initially moving slower than each successive part of cable it is moving on to. This is

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published "Road to the Space Elevator Era", a study report summarizing the assessment of the space elevator as of summer 2018. The essence is that a broad group of space professionals gathered and assessed the status of the space elevator development, each contributing their expertise and coming to

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The aerovator is a concept invented by a Yahoo Group discussing space elevators, and included in a 2009 book about space elevators. It would consist of a >1000 km long ribbon extending diagonally upwards from a ground-level hub and then levelling out to become horizontal. Aircraft would pull on

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Since 2001, most work has focused on simpler methods of construction requiring much smaller space infrastructures. They conceive the launch of a long cable on a large spool, followed by deployment of it in space. The spool would be initially parked in a geostationary orbit above the planned anchor

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The construction of a space elevator would need reduction of some technical risk. Some advances in engineering, manufacturing and physical technology are required. Once a first space elevator is built, the second one and all others would have the use of the previous ones to assist in construction,

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point from an anchor point near the center of the visible part of Earth's Moon: the length of such an elevator must exceed the maximum L1 altitude of 59,548 km, and would be considerably longer to reduce the mass of the required apex counterweight. A far-side lunar elevator would pass through

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within 20 years. The four-year long study looked into many facets of space elevator development including missions, development schedules, financial investments, revenue flow, and benefits. It was reported that it would be possible to operationally survive smaller impacts and avoid larger impacts,

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suggested that a 100,000 km (62,000 mi) long paper-thin ribbon, utilizing a carbon nanotube composite material could solve the tether issue due to their high tensile strength and low weight The proposed wide-thin ribbon-like cross-section shape instead of earlier circular cross-section

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The conventional current concept of a "Space Elevator" has evolved from a static compressive structure reaching to the level of GEO, to the modern baseline idea of a static tensile structure anchored to the ground and extending to well above the level of GEO. In the current usage by practitioners

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Extending the cable has the advantage of some simplicity of the task and the fact that a payload that went to the end of the counterweight-cable would acquire considerable velocity relative to the Earth, allowing it to be launched into interplanetary space. Its disadvantage is the need to produce

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Climbers would need to be paced at optimal timings so as to minimize cable stress and oscillations and to maximize throughput. Lighter climbers could be sent up more often, with several going up at the same time. This would increase throughput somewhat, but would lower the mass of each individual

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A space elevator cable would need to carry its own weight as well as the additional weight of climbers. The required strength of the cable would vary along its length. This is because at various points it would have to carry the weight of the cable below, or provide a downward force to retain the

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below the maximum altitude of the cable that are not synchronous with the cable would impact the cable eventually, unless avoiding action is taken. One potential solution proposed by Edwards is to use a movable anchor (a sea anchor) to allow the tether to "dodge" any space debris large enough to

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Prior to the work of Edwards in 2000, most concepts for constructing a space elevator had the cable manufactured in space. That was thought to be necessary for such a large and long object and for such a large counterweight. Manufacturing the cable in space would be done in principle by using an

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The first gathering of multiple experts who wanted to investigate this alternative to space flight took place at the 1999 NASA conference 'Advanced Space Infrastructure Workshop on Geostationary Orbiting Tether Space Elevator Concepts'. in Huntsville, Alabama. D.V. Smitherman, Jr., published the

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During the last ten years, the assumption was that the only power available would come from the surface of the Earth, as it was inexpensive and technologically feasible. However, during the last ten years of discussions, conference papers, IAA Cosmic Studies, and interest around the globe, many

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When the payload has reached GEO, the horizontal speed is exactly the speed of a circular orbit at that level, so that if released, it would remain adjacent to that point on the cable. The payload can also continue climbing further up the cable beyond GEO, allowing it to obtain higher speed at

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Modern concepts for the base station/anchor are typically mobile stations, large oceangoing vessels or other mobile platforms. Mobile base stations would have the advantage over the earlier stationary concepts (with land-based anchors) by being able to maneuver to avoid high winds, storms, and

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The overall effect of the centrifugal force acting on the cable would cause it to constantly try to return to the energetically favorable vertical orientation, so after an object has been lifted on the cable, the counterweight would swing back toward the vertical, a bit like a pendulum. Space

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ISEC coordinates with the two other major societies focusing on space elevators: the Japanese Space Elevator Association and EuroSpaceward. ISEC supports symposia and presentations at the International Academy of Astronautics and the International Astronautical Federation Congress each year.

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A space elevator cannot be an elevator in the typical sense (with moving cables) due to the need for the cable to be significantly wider at the center than at the tips. While various designs employing moving cables have been proposed, most cable designs call for the "elevator" to climb up a

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held the 2007 Space Elevator games, which featured US$ 500,000 awards for each of the two competitions ($ 1,000,000 total), as well as an additional $ 4,000,000 to be awarded over the next five years for space elevator related technologies. No teams won the competition, but a team from

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The taper ratio becomes very large unless the specific strength of the material used approaches 48 (MPa)/(kg/m). Low specific strength materials require very large taper ratios which equates to large (or astronomical) total mass of the cable with associated large or impossible costs.

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electrons. For carbon, the strength and stability of those bonds is high compared to the mass of the atom. The challenge in using carbon nanotubes remains to extend to macroscopic sizes the production of such material that are still perfect on the microscopic scale (as microscopic

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program, which, in March 2005, announced a partnership with the Spaceward Foundation (the operator of Elevator:2010), raising the total value of prizes to US$ 400,000. The first European Space Elevator Challenge (EuSEC) to establish a climber structure took place in August 2011.

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at a point approximately 66 percent of the height between the surface and geostationary orbit, or a height of about 23,400 km. A payload released at this point would go into a highly eccentric elliptical orbit, staying just barely clear from atmospheric reentry, with the

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As the car climbs, the cable takes on a slight lean due to the Coriolis force. The top of the cable travels faster than the bottom. The climber is accelerated horizontally as it ascends by the Coriolis force which is imparted by angles of the cable. The lean-angle shown is

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similar conclusions: (a) Earth Space Elevators seem feasible, reinforcing the IAA 2013 study conclusion (b) Space Elevator development initiation is nearer than most think. This last conclusion is based on a potential process for manufacturing macro-scale single crystal

128:'s 1969 speech before Congress. After working as an engineer for NASA and the Air Force Research Laboratory, he developed a design for an "Orbital Tower", intended to harness Earth's rotational energy to transport supplies into low Earth orbit. In his publication in 3929:

recent calculations by Nicola Pugno of the Polytechnic of Turin, Italy, suggest that carbon nanotube cables will not work... According to their calculations, the cable would need to be twice as strong as that of any existing material including graphite, quartz, and

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Impacts by space objects such as meteoroids, micrometeorites and orbiting man-made debris pose another design constraint on the cable. A cable would need to be designed to maneuver out of the way of debris, or absorb impacts of small debris without breaking.

3824:'This is extremely complicated. I don't think it's really realistic to have a space elevator,' said Elon Musk during a conference at MIT, adding that it would be easier to 'have a bridge from LA to Tokyo' than an elevator that could take material into space. 1637:: the climber "drags" (westward) on the cable, as it climbs, and slightly decreases the Earth's rotation speed. The opposite process would occur for descending payloads: the cable is tilted eastward, thus slightly increasing Earth's rotation speed. 1437:

on the counterweight. The counterweight is held down by the cable while the cable is held up and taut by the counterweight. The base station anchors the whole system to the surface of the Earth. Climbers climb up and down the cable with cargo.

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Alright, space elevator plans are back to square one, people. Carbon nanotubes probably aren't going to be our material solution for a space elevator, because apparently even a minuscule (read: atomic) flaw in the design drastically decreases

5346:"CLIMB: The Journal of the International Space Elevator Consortium", Volume 1, Number 1, December 2011, This journal is cited as an example of what is generally considered to be under the term "Space Elevator" by the international community. 491:. The apparent gravitational field for attached objects is the (downward) gravity minus the (upward) centrifugal force. The apparent gravity experienced by an object on the cable is zero at GEO, downward below GEO, and upward above GEO. 4563:

discussions have led some individuals to the following conclusions: • Solar Array technology is improving rapidly and will enable sufficient energy for climbing • Tremendous advances are occurring in lightweight deployable structures.

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There are a variety of space elevator designs proposed for many planetary bodies. Almost every design includes a base station, a cable, climbers, and a counterweight. For an Earth Space Elevator the Earth's rotation creates upward

446:, a family excursion up the Ecuador "beanstalk" is actually a child-custody kidnapping. Gerrold's book also examines some of the industrial applications of a mature elevator technology. The concept of a space elevator, called the 1797:

is much closer to the surface, and hence the elevator could be much shorter. Current materials are already sufficiently strong to construct such an elevator. Building a Martian elevator would be complicated by the Martian moon

3850:'We understand it's a difficult project,' Yoji Ishikawa says. 'Our technology is very low. If we need to be at 100 to get an elevator built – right now we are around a 1 or 2. But we cannot say this project is not possible.' 1957:

Rapidly spinning asteroids or moons could use cables to eject materials to convenient points, such as Earth orbits; or conversely, to eject materials to send a portion of the mass of the asteroid or moon to Earth orbit or a

73:) anchored to the surface and extending into space. An Earth-based space elevator would consist of a cable with one end attached to the surface near the equator and the other end attached to a counterweight in space beyond 3876:

cannot be made into filaments more than a few centimetres long, let alone thousands of kilometres. Diamond nanothreads, another exotic form of carbon, might be stronger, but their properties are still poorly understood.

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independently developed the concept of a "Cosmic Railway", a space elevator tethered from an orbiting satellite to an anchor on the equator, aiming to provide a safer and more efficient alternative to rockets. In 1966,

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announced that it could build a space elevator by 2050 using carbon nanotube technology. The design's passenger climber would be able to reach the GEO level after an 8-day trip. Further details were published in 2016.

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A significant difficulty with making a space elevator for the Earth is strength of materials. Since the structure must hold up its own weight in addition to the payload it may carry, the strength to weight ratio, or

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The idea of the space elevator appears to have developed independently in different times and places. The earliest models originated with two Russian scientists in the late nineteenth century. In his 1895 collection

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Corporation formed to promote the development, construction, and operation of a space elevator as "a revolutionary and efficient way to space for all humanity". It was formed after the Space Elevator Conference in

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on it. Because the counterweight, above GEO, is rotating about the Earth faster than the natural orbital speed for that altitude, it exerts a centrifugal pull on the cable and thus holds the whole system aloft.

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entered the first 2-gram (0.07 oz), 100-percent carbon nanotube entry into the competition. Japan held an international conference in November 2008 to draw up a timetable for building the elevator.

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the L2 Lagrangian point and would need to be longer than on the near-side; again, the tether length depends on the chosen apex anchor mass, but it could also be made of existing engineering materials.

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of Mars (17,032 km). A rocket launch would still be needed to get the rocket and cargo to the beginning of the space elevator 28 km above the surface. The surface of Mars is rotating at 0.25

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At some point up the cable, the two terms (downward gravity and upward centrifugal force) are equal and opposite. Objects fixed to the cable at that point put no weight on the cable. This altitude (r

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Some concepts related to this modern baseline are not usually termed a "Space Elevator", but are similar in some way and are sometimes termed "Space Elevator" by their proponents. For example,

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Both power and energy are significant issues for climbers – the climbers would need to gain a large amount of potential energy as quickly as possible to clear the cable for the next payload.

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making their costs considerably lower. Such follow-on space elevators would also benefit from the great reduction in technical risk achieved by the construction of the first space elevator.

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the ribbon while flying in a circle, causing the ribbon to rotate around the hub once every 13 minutes with its tip travelling at 8 km/s. The ribbon would stay in the air through a mix of

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tether could be much shorter than one on Earth. Mars' surface gravity is 38 percent of Earth's, while it rotates around its axis in about the same time as Earth. Because of this, Martian

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depicts a college student ascending a space elevator constructed of self-healing cables of anthrax bacilli. The engineered bacteria can regrow the cables when severed by space debris.

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published a technological feasibility assessment which concluded that the critical capability improvement needed was the tether material, which was projected to achieve the necessary

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and centrifugal forces change with distance from Earth. His analysis included the Moon's gravity, wind, and moving payloads. Building the elevator would have required thousands of

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cross section area and widening the initial ribbon to about 160 mm wide at its widest point. The result would be a 750-ton cable with a lift capacity of 20 tons per climber.

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to maneuver an asteroid into its needed orbit around Earth. They also required the development of technologies for manufacture in space of large quantities of exacting materials.

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reaches from a large mass (the counterweight) beyond geostationary orbit to the ground. This structure is held in tension between Earth and the counterweight like an upside-down

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ribbons (perfect two-dimensional sheets of carbon) are expected to have breaking lengths of 5000–6000 km (50–60 MPa/(kg/m)), and also are able to conduct electrical power.

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parked spent climbers that had been used to thicken the cable during construction, other junk, and material lifted up the cable for the purpose of increasing the counterweight.

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at the release height. With increasing release height the orbit would become less eccentric as both periapsis and apoapsis increase, becoming circular at geostationary level.

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To maximize the usable excess strength for a given amount of cable material, the cable's cross section area would need to be designed for the most part in such a way that the

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For early systems, transit times from the surface to the level of geosynchronous orbit would be about five days. On these early systems, the time spent moving through the

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The horizontal speed, i.e. due to orbital rotation, of each part of the cable increases with altitude, proportional to distance from the center of the Earth, reaching low

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Space elevator in motion rotating with Earth, viewed from above North Pole. A free-flying satellite (green dot) is shown in geostationary orbit slightly behind the cable.

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would be needed to get to the space elevator. Phobos orbits at 2.15 km/s and the outermost part of the space elevator would rotate around Mars at 3.52 km/s.

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Using the above formula, the ratio between the cross-section at geostationary orbit and the cross-section at Earth's surface, known as taper ratio, can be calculated:

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At the end of Pearson's 144,000 km (89,000 mi) cable, the tangential velocity is 10.93 kilometers per second (6.79 mi/s). That is more than enough to

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were first synthesized. Since they have strength properties similar to carbon nanotubes, diamond nanothreads were quickly seen as candidate cable material as well.

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Artsutanov, Y. V Kosmos na Elektrovoze (Into Space by Funicular Railway). Komsomolskaya Pravda (Young Communist Pravda), 31 July 1960. Contents described in Lvov,

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Climbers cover a wide range of designs. On elevator designs whose cables are planar ribbons, most propose to use pairs of rollers to hold the cable with friction.

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the level of stationary orbit, upward centrifugal force would be greater than downward gravity, so the apparent gravity would pull objects attached to the cable

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power beaming, this efficiency is an important design goal. Unused energy would need to be re-radiated away with heat-dissipation systems, which add to weight.

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With a space elevator, materials might be sent into orbit at a fraction of the current cost. As of 2022, conventional rocket designs cost about US$ 12,125 per

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In 2014, Google X's Rapid Evaluation R&D team began the design of a Space Elevator, eventually finding that no one had yet manufactured a perfectly formed

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For a constant-stress cable with no safety margin, the cross-section-area as a function of distance from Earth's center is given by the following equation:

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and director of the Japan Space Elevator Association, suggested including a second cable and using the conductivity of carbon nanotubes to provide power.

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the first, so the center of mass of this system remains in Phobos. In total the space elevator would extend out over 12,000 km which would be below

175:(NIAC), his work was involved more than 20 institutions and 50 participants. The Space Elevator NIAC Phase II Final Report, in combination with the book 4554: 5471: 3314: 2095:, states that "The first country to deploy a space elevator will have a 95 percent cost advantage and could potentially control all space activities." 4602: 2163:, and is launched from the top. Such a tall tower to access near-space altitudes of 20 km (12 mi) has been proposed by various researchers. 150:. Pearson's findings, published in Acta Astronautica, caught Clarke's attention and led to technical consultations for Clarke's science fiction novel 5560:

A conference publication based on findings from the Advanced Space Infrastructure Workshop on Geostationary Orbiting Tether "Space Elevator" Concepts

4933: 4350: 69:, is a proposed type of planet-to-space transportation system, often depicted in science fiction. The main component would be a cable (also called a 6065: 4404: 3209: 183:

Edwards and Westling, 2003) summarized all effort to design a space elevator including deployment scenario, climber design, power delivery system,

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would be enough that passengers would need to be protected from radiation by shielding, which would add mass to the climber and decrease payload.

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at the equator and the bottom of the space elevator would be rotating around Mars at 0.77 km/s, so only 0.52 km/s (1872 km/h) of

416:, the principal character mentions a disaster at the “Quito Sky Hook” and makes use of the "Nairobi Beanstalk" in the course of her travels. In 6539: 4629:. Carnegie Mellon University. "Interestingly enough, they are already more than strong enough for constructing skyhooks on the moon and Mars." 3546: 1848:: one side always faces its primary, Mars. An elevator extending 6,000 km from that inward side would end about 28 kilometers above the 5397: 33:

from Earth's rotation to fully counter the downward gravity, keeping the cable upright and taut. Climbers carry cargo up and down the cable.

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Available materials are not strong and light enough to make an Earth space elevator practical. Some sources expect that future advances in

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and his colleagues introduced the concept of the 'Sky-Hook', proposing a satellite in geostationary orbit with a cable extending to Earth.

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possible, with as little variation over altitude and time as possible. In simple starting-point designs, that equates to constant-stress.

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are most responsible for material weakness). As of 2014, carbon nanotube technology allowed growing tubes up to a few tenths of meters.

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strand longer than a meter. They thus put the project in "deep freeze" and also keep tabs on any advances in the carbon nanotube field.

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A space elevator using presently available engineering materials could be constructed between mutually tidally locked worlds, such as

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altitude of 35,786 km (22,236 mi) without yielding. Therefore, a material with very high strength and lightness is needed.

3837: 5805: 5317: 4972: 505: 498: 5632: 2784:. Presented as paper IAF-95-V.4.07, 46th International Astronautics Federation Congress, Oslo, Norway, 2-6 October 1995: 175–180. 25:

A space elevator is conceived as a cable fixed to the equator and reaching into space. A counterweight at the upper end keeps the

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connected by a tether, which a mini-elevator will travel on. The experiment was launched as a test bed for a larger structure.

142:

trips, though material could be transported once a minimum strength strand reached the ground or be manufactured in space from

4216: 2661: 330:. The cable thickness is tapered based on tension; it has its maximum at a geostationary orbit and the minimum on the ground. 264:

with meteors and space debris, and that the estimated cost of lifting a kilogram of payload to GEO and beyond would be $ 500.

5660: 5509: 4917: 4526: 3759: 3617: 880: 286: 256: 5347: 345:), the strength-to-density requirements for tether materials are not as problematic. Currently available materials (such as 6058: 5757: 4626: 4186: 1734:

a further upward extension of the cable itself so that the net upward pull would be the same as an equivalent counterweight

738:) depends on the mass of the planet and its rotation rate. Setting actual gravity equal to centrifugal acceleration gives: 172: 5559: 1763:

could be attained by release at 50,630 and 51,240 km, respectively, and transfer to lunar orbit from 50,960 km.

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of a very fast car or train of 300 km/h (190 mph) it will take about 5 days to climb to geosynchronous orbit.

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A space elevator would present a navigational hazard, both to aircraft and spacecraft. Aircraft could be diverted by

5640: 2729:"The Steep Climb to Low Earth Orbit: A History of the Space Elevator Community's Battle Against the Rocket Paradigm" 2171:

and centrifugal force. Payloads would climb up the ribbon and then be launched from the fast-moving tip into orbit.

21: 6788: 6783: 4999: 3468: 4900:

Graham FG (2009). "Preliminary Design of a Cable Spacecraft Connecting Mutually Tidally Locked Planetary Bodies".

1498:. For example, the Edwards space elevator design assumes a cable material with a tensile strength of at least 100 6808: 6374: 6051: 5532: 3795: 3448:"If a space elevator was ever going to happen, it could have gotten its start in N. J. Here's how it went wrong" 3244: 6803: 6394: 5764:. By Sir Arthur C. Clarke. Address to the XXXth International Astronautical Congress, Munich, 20 September 1979 4329: 4180: 2226: 1181: 322:

structures, with the weight of the system held up from above by centrifugal forces. In the tensile concepts, a

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Isaacs, J. D.; Vine, A. C.; Bradner, H.; Bachus, G. E. (1966). "Satellite Elongation into a True 'Sky-Hook'".

6756: 6722: 6534: 3527: 5026: 3749: 3318: 1629:

jettison. If released from 100,000 km, the payload would have enough speed to reach the asteroid belt.

6567: 6109: 5798: 4609: 3811: 3109: 147: 4456:

Cohen, Stephen S.; Misra, Arun K. (2009). "The effect of climber transit on the space elevator dynamics".

4357: 3262: 890: 103:

envisioned a massive sky ladder to reach the stars as a way to overcome gravity. Decades later, in 1960,

6798: 5947: 5828: 3366: 1990: 204: 4412: 227:

of space elevator companies announced that it will be building a carbon nanotube manufacturing plant in

6727: 6663: 6328: 5868: 5843: 5747: 4077: 402: 377: 349:) are strong and light enough that they could be practical as the tether material for elevators there. 4749: 4281:"Fabrication of Ultralong and Electrically Uniform Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Clean Substrates" 3943: 3712: 6710: 6670: 5725: 4151: 2035: 508: 388: 152: 5733: 5425: 4308: 2988: 2151:

The original concept envisioned by Tsiolkovsky was a compression structure, a concept similar to an

856: 814:

This is 35,786 km (22,236 mi) above Earth's surface, the altitude of geostationary orbit.

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In 1979, space elevators were introduced to a broader audience with the simultaneous publication of

6572: 6529: 6524: 6432: 6137: 5893: 5833: 2117: 2063: 1661: 1566: 5612:. Title page: "The great space elevator: the dream machine that will turn us all into astronauts." 3607:

Swan, Peter A.; Raitt, David I.; Swan, Cathy W.; Penny, Robert E.; Knapman, John M., eds. (2013).

6778: 6675: 6648: 6509: 6491: 6312: 6197: 5791: 5706: 3565: 1677:

Solar power – After the first 40 km it is possible to use solar energy to power the climber

1536:

have breaking lengths of 100–400 km (1.0–4.0 MPa/(kg/m)). Nanoengineered materials such as

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An object attached to a space elevator at a radius of approximately 53,100 km would be at

710: 357: 192: 100: 78: 3497: 6793: 6611: 6501: 6417: 6361: 6032: 5838: 5652: 5167: 4577:"This building hanging from an asteroid is absurd – but let's take it seriously for a second" 4435: 3341: 2029: 1742:

greater amounts of cable material as opposed to using just anything available that has mass.

447: 228: 216: 4576: 6658: 6621: 6601: 5916: 5721: 5412: 5375: 4779: 4709: 4655: 4465: 4295: 4061: 3577: 3075: 2975: 2917: 2829: 2817: 2785: 2677: 2009: 1922: 1880: 1861: 1794: 1775: 1452: 1131: 1090: 417: 338: 248: 3608: 3223: 2749: 442: 8: 6715: 6690: 6562: 6469: 6132: 5926: 3978: 2664:(Report). NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 2191: 2145: 2109: 2042: 2008:

for source material. These earlier concepts for construction require a large preexisting

1682: 1162: 334: 275: 74: 5416: 5379: 5325: 4783: 4713: 4659: 4469: 4299: 4065: 3581: 3079: 2979: 2921: 2833: 2789: 1667:

Transfer the energy to the climber through some material structure while it is climbing.

6732: 6356: 6333: 5973: 5533:"Space Shaft: Or, the story that would have been a bit finer, if only one had known..." 5398:"A free-standing space elevator structure: A practical alternative to the space tether" 4679: 3422: 3203: 3163: 3143: 2941: 2776:

Landis, Geoffrey A. & Cafarelli, Craig (1999). "The Tsiolkovski Tower Reexamined".

2571: 1853: 1455:, simplifying and reducing the cost of negotiating territory use for the base station. 851: 703:

is the centrifugal acceleration, pointing up (positive) along the vertical cable (m s),

407: 167: 5772: 4217:"Space Elevators On Hold At Least Until Stronger Materials Are Available, Experts Say" 2960: 1816: 5656: 5505: 4913: 4750:"Lunar Space Elevators for Cislunar Space Development Phase I Final Technical Report" 4522: 4321: 4126: 3755: 3621: 3189: 3016: 2997: 2933: 2883: 2853: 2845: 2702: 2005: 1884: 1573: 1548:

specific strength, carbon has advantages because it is only the sixth element in the

1517: 1495: 1434: 1306: 697:

is the gravitational acceleration due to Earth's pull, pointing down (negative)(m s),

571: 563: 397: 361: 319: 312: 295: 260: 130: 30: 5853: 5602: 5434: 4880: 4477: 3778: 3748:

Swan PA, Raitt DI, Knapman JM, Tsuchida A, Fitzgerald MA, Ishikawa Y (30 May 2019).

2945: 6700: 6616: 6519: 6307: 5999: 5588: 5497: 5453: 5430: 5193:"The International Space Elevator Consortium (ISEC) 2017 Space Elevator Conference" 4905: 4787: 4725: 4717: 4704:

Weinstein, Leonard (2003). "Space Colonization Using Space-Elevators from Phobos".

4683: 4671: 4663: 4473: 4313: 4176: 4069: 3610:

Space Elevators: An Assessment of the Technological Feasibility and the Way Forward

3147: 3083: 2993: 2925: 2837: 2593: 2168: 1959: 1889: 1820: 1760: 1690: 1561: 1537: 1471: 458: 452: 383: 171:

concepts would increase survivability against meteoroid impacts. With support from

125: 3916: 3797:

Non-Synchronous Orbital Skyhooks for the Moon and Mars with Conventional Materials

1786:

A space elevator could also be constructed on other planets, asteroids and moons.

1556:

which contribute most of the dead weight of any material. Most of the interatomic

1467: 688:

gravity, pointing down (negative) or up (positive) along the vertical cable (m s),

337:. For locations in the Solar System with weaker gravity than Earth's (such as the 6261: 5968: 5878: 5761: 5609: 5566: 5353: 4887: 4792: 4767: 4603:"IAC-04-IAA.3.8.3.04 Lunar transportation scenarios utilising the space elevator" 4279:

Wang, X.; Li, Q.; Xie, J.; Jin, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, Y.; Jiang, K.; Fan, S. (2009).

4005:"New diamond nanothreads could be the key material for building a space elevator" 3230: 2929: 2841: 2085: 1927: 1908: 1849: 1824: 1767: 1756: 1671: 1521: 1428:

One concept for the space elevator has it tethered to a mobile seagoing platform.

1395: 353: 299: 268: 143: 104: 5752: 5501: 4766:

Shepard, Michael K.; Richardson, James; Taylor, Patrick A.; et al. (2017).

4190: 6705: 6479: 6182: 6009: 5978: 5931: 5883: 5366:

Moravec, Hans P. (October–December 1977). "A Non-Synchronous Orbital Skyhook".

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Safety margin can be accounted for by dividing T by the desired safety factor.

871: 412: 224: 208: 121: 109: 26: 5489: 3694:"A colossal elevator to space could be going up sooner than you ever imagined" 3110:

Space Elevators: An Advanced Earth-Space Infrastructure for the New Millennium

2961:"The orbital tower: a spacecraft launcher using the Earth's rotational energy" 1670:

Store the energy in the climber before it starts – requires an extremely high

1588:

A conceptual drawing of a space elevator climber ascending through the clouds.

162:

Space Elevators: An Advanced Earth-Space Infrastructure for the New Millennium

6772: 6737: 6449: 5952: 5873: 5595: 5114: 3735:"Japan Testing Miniature Space Elevator Near the International Space Station" 2849: 1974: 1963: 1845: 1841: 1810: 1799: 1724: 1613: 1557: 1510: 1279: 437: 235: 212: 188: 139: 5576: 5573: 4730: 4675: 3668:"Google X Confirms The Rumors: It Really Did Try To Design A Space Elevator" 1900: 6641: 6514: 6484: 6464: 6441: 6187: 5921: 5888: 5144: 4936:, International Astronautical Congress 2012, IAC-2012, Naples, Italy, 2012. 4325: 3791: 2937: 2857: 2617: 2598: 2195: 2179: 2141: 2077: 2073: 1935: 1533: 1448: 805:{\displaystyle r_{1}=\left({\frac {GM}{\omega ^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}} 432: 323: 184: 70: 5292: 4542:

Swan, P. A.; Swan, C. W.; Penny, R. E.; Knapman, J. M.; Glaskowsky, P. N.

3292: 1856:. A similar cable extending 6,000 km in the opposite direction would 838:

along the cable. Then gradually it would deflect westward from the cable.

6636: 6631: 6459: 6225: 6192: 6104: 6083: 6043: 6027: 6004: 5911: 4123:

The Space Elevator: A Revolutionary Earth-to-Space Transportation System.

2187: 2160: 2156: 2081: 427: 406:, also featuring the building of a space elevator. Three years later, in 6386: 5457: 5003: 4909: 4255:"60,000 miles up: Space elevator could be built by 2035, says new study" 3779:"Space Elevator Technology and Graphene: An Interview with Adrian Nixon" 3186:

The Space Elevator: A Revolutionary Earth-to-Space Transportation System

1918: 1805: 1584: 1424: 6596: 6546: 6302: 6297: 6277: 5709:

was created from a revision of this article dated 29 May 2006

4934:

Producing a Space Elevator Tether Using a NEO: A Preliminary Assessment

4102: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3063: 1978: 1720: 1529: 1499: 203:

To speed space elevator development, proponents have organized several

5748:

Times of London Online: Going up ... and the next floor is outer space

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related to a space elevator (or parts of a space elevator) include an

2116:

in August 2013. ISEC hosts an annual Space Elevator conference at the

2103:

The International Space Elevator Consortium (ISEC) is a US Non-Profit

1478: 6626: 6251: 1904: 1835: 1728: 1656:

Various methods have been proposed to provide energy to the climber:

1618: 1516:

For comparison, metals like titanium, steel or aluminium alloys have

1505: 393: 327: 5618:. An overview by Leonard David of space.com, published 27 March 2002 5448:

Landis, Geoffrey (1998). "Compression structures for Earth launch".

3498:"Japan hopes to turn sci-fi into reality with elevator to the stars" 3248: 3183: 3130: 6235: 5628: 4748:

Pearson, Jerome; Levin, Eugene; Oldson, John; Wykes, Harry (2005).

4187:"The space elevator: 'thought experiment', or key to the universe?" 3038:"The Space Elevator: 'Thought Experiment', or Key to the Universe?" 2084:, but higher than the $ 310/ton to 500 km orbit quoted to Dr. 2069: 2001: 1770:

Earth's gravitational field and send probes at least as far out as

1714: 1622: 1553: 1541: 422: 365: 291: 6167: 4179:

in 1979) is much shorter than the actual distance spanned because

3890:"Carbon nanotubes too weak to get a space elevator off the ground" 1701: 610:

Together, the apparent gravitational field is the sum of the two:

318:

Since 1959, most ideas for space elevators have focused on purely

29:

well above geostationary orbit level. This produces enough upward

6230: 6220: 5783: 5754:

The Space Elevator: 'Thought Experiment', or Key to the Universe?

5168:"Space Elevator Advocates Take Lofty Look at Innovative Concepts" 4902:

45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit

4708:. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 654. pp. 1227–1235. 3514:

Lewis, Leo; News International Group; accessed 22 September 2008.

2098: 2046: 1941: 1869: 1831: 1771: 1483: 279: 135: 5265: 1709:

Several solutions have been proposed to act as a counterweight:

5450:

34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit

4768:"Radar observations and shape model of asteroid 16 Psyche" 3266: 2144:

published an article in 1977 called "A Non-Synchronous Orbital

1689:

Yoshio Aoki, a professor of precision machinery engineering at

1525: 1368: 1343: 346: 5293:"Homepage of the Study Group 3.24, Road to Space Elevator Era" 3370: 1114:

is the cross-section area of the cable at Earth's surface (m),

494:

The apparent gravitational field can be represented this way:

487:

The net force for objects attached to the cable is called the

2134: 1970: 1950: 1318: 5240: 4759: 4517:

Fawcett, Bill; Laine, Michael & Nugent Jr., Tom (2006).

3648:

Swan, Peter; Penny, Rober "Skip"; Swan, Cathy, eds. (2010).

3566:"Obayashi Corporation's Space Elevator Construction Concept" 2023: 4183:

increase (and gravity decreases) dramatically with height:

4145:"NAS-97-029: NASA Applications of Molecular Nanotechnology" 3602: 3600: 3598: 3116: 2112:

in July 2008 and became an affiliate organization with the

1892:. A near-side elevator would extend through the Earth-Moon 1876: 1865: 1828: 1790: 1778:

maneuver could permit solar escape velocity to be reached.

1085:

is the gravitational acceleration at Earth's surface (m·s),

342: 5027:"Friday's VIEW post from the 2004 Space Access Conference" 1494:

The cable would need to be made of a material with a high

883:

Several taper profiles with different material parameters

4544:"Design Consideration for Space Elevator Tether Climbers" 1482:

A seagoing anchor station would also act as a deep-water

1120:

is the density of the material used for the cable (kg·m),

240: 5767: 4625:

Forward, Robert L. and Moravec, Hans P. (22 March 1980)

4351:"Space Elevator Dynamic Response to In-Transit Climbers" 3747: 3595: 3289:"Space Elevator Ribbon Climbing Robot Competition Rules" 315:, of the material it is made of must be extremely high. 120:

The space elevator concept reached America in 1975 when

5216:"Annual Space Elevator Conference Set for August 25–27" 4881:

Asteroid Slingshot Express – Tether-based Sample Return

4765: 4747: 4436:"Why the Space Elevator's Center of Mass is not at GEO" 2907: 5046: 4641:"Space Colonization Using Space-Elevators from Phobos" 4521:. Canada: Meisha Merlin Publishing, Inc. p. 103. 4516: 1161:

is the stress the cross-section area can bear without

725:

is the distance from that point to Earth's center (m),

5572:"The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects" 5047:

Ramadge, Andrew; Schneider, Kate (17 November 2008).

3974:"Liquid Benzene Squeezed to Form Diamond Nanothreads" 3863:"Why the world still awaits its first space elevator" 3650:

Space Elevator Survivability, Space Debris Mitigation

2229: 2045:

restrictions. All objects in stable orbits that have

1184: 1134: 1093: 893: 746: 617: 577: 511: 181:

A Revolutionary Earth-to-Space Transportation System(

4997: 3812:"Should We give up on the dream of space elevators?" 3315:"NASA Announces First Centennial Challenges' Prizes" 3013:

The fountains of Paradise. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

2561: 834:

the geosynchronous level would initially accelerate

4947:"Space elevators: 'First floor, deadly radiation!'" 3838:"People Are Still Trying to Build a Space Elevator" 3547:"Japan Takes Tiny First Step Toward Space Elevator" 3522: 3520: 3369:. European Space Elevator Challenge. Archived from 2620:. The International Space Elevator Consortium. 2014 1520:of only 20–30 km (0.2–0.3 MPa/(kg/m)). Modern 668:{\displaystyle g=-{\frac {GM}{r^{2}}}+\omega ^{2}r} 5496:, New York, New York: Springer, pp. 143–178, 5391: 5389: 3655:(Report). International Space Elevator Consortium. 3606: 3342:"NASA Details Cash Prizes for Space Privatization" 2542: 2214:Specific substitutions used to produce the factor 1269: 1147: 1106: 1069: 804: 667: 599: 551: 4953:. Reed Business Information Ltd. 13 November 2006 6770: 5365: 4800: 4541: 4493:"Space elevator trips could be agonisingly slow" 3944:"Carbon Nanotubes Can't Handle a Space Elevator" 3517: 3390: 3388: 2726: 2682:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2080:), similar to the $ 5–$ 300/kg estimates of the 1759:when released. Transfer orbits to the L1 and L2 5768:International Space Elevator Consortium Website 5478:, 30 November 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2015. 5386: 5297:The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) 5049:"Race on to build world's first space elevator" 4743: 4741: 4210: 4208: 3713:"Japan is trying to build an elevator to space" 3491: 3489: 3397:"Space Elevator Group to Manufacture Nanotubes" 3367:"What's the European Space Elevator Challenge?" 3107: 2775: 1474:are one of the candidates for a cable material. 473: 450:, is also depicted in John Scalzi's 2005 novel 333:The concept is applicable to other planets and 5396:Quine, B. M.; Seth, R. K.; Zhu, Z. H. (2009). 4044: 3168:The Space Elevator: NIAC Phase II Final Report 2099:International Space Elevator Consortium (ISEC) 1451:. Oceanic anchor points are also typically in 1283:Taper ratio as a function of specific strength 6402: 6059: 5799: 5734:The Economist: Waiting For The Space Elevator 4175:This 4,960 km "escape length" (calculated by 3800:. Carnegie Mellon University. frc.ri.cmu.edu. 3647: 3570:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 3528:"Going up: Japan builder eyes space elevator" 3385: 3224:"Audacious & Outrageous: Space Elevators" 3184:Bradley C. Edwards; Eric A. Westling (2003). 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3064:"A Space Elevator Based Exploration Strategy" 2778:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 1781: 436:describes a space elevator built on Mars. In 5740:CBC Radio Quirks and Quarks November 3, 2001 5395: 4738: 4600: 4344: 4342: 4278: 4205: 3486: 3469:Elevator:2010 – The Space Elevator Challenge 3208:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1750: 211:, for relevant technologies. Among them are 198: 16:Proposed type of space transportation system 5002:. Mountain View, California. Archived from 3998: 3996: 3967: 3965: 3914: 3773: 3771: 2958: 2696: 1660:Transfer the energy to the climber through 1560:of any element are contributed by only the 160:findings in August of 2000 under the title 6751: 6409: 6395: 6073: 6066: 6052: 5806: 5792: 5616:The Space Elevator Comes Closer to Reality 4455: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 3917:"Nanotubes Might Not Have the Right Stuff" 3423:"Space-elevator tether climbs a mile high" 3108:Smitherman, Jr., D.V., ed. (August 2000). 3094: 2870: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2655: 396:, albeit moved south to the Equator), and 115: 6416: 5621:Krishnaswamy, Sridhar. Stress Analysis – 5424: 5024: 4899: 4791: 4729: 4703: 4638: 4339: 4307: 4252: 3971: 3941: 3754:. International Academy of Astronautics. 2987: 2740: 2738: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2543:{\displaystyle A(R_{g})/A_{s}=\exp \left} 2024:Safety issues and construction challenges 1270:{\displaystyle A(R_{g})/A_{s}=\exp \left} 156:(1979), which features a space elevator. 5717:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 5700: 5487: 5195:. National Space Society. 14 August 2017 4003:Anthony, Sebastian (23 September 2014). 3993: 3962: 3836:Donahue, Michelle Z. (21 January 2016). 3768: 3665: 3563: 3420: 1917: 1899: 1815: 1804: 1700: 1602: 1583: 1477: 1466: 1423: 1278: 124:began researching the idea, inspired by 36: 20: 5213: 5101: 5099: 4608:. www.spaceelevator.com. Archived from 4574: 4233: 4125:San Francisco, California: Spageo Inc. 4108: 4023: 4002: 3835: 3809: 3691: 3162: 3061: 3035: 2882:. Young Person's Pravda. Archived from 2764: 6771: 6607:Differential technological development 5447: 5322:International Astronautical Federation 4879:Ben Shelef, the Spaceward Foundation. 4806:Calculated based on known parameters: 4639:Weinstein, Leonard M. (January 2003). 4214: 4184: 4142: 3972:Calderone, Julia (26 September 2014). 3710: 3010: 2735: 2632: 1852:, just out of the denser parts of the 1552:. Carbon has comparatively few of the 1155:is the radius of geosynchronous orbit, 822:eastward from the cable. On the cable 6390: 6047: 5787: 5736:(8 June 2006 – subscription required) 5641:"Space elevators face wobble problem" 5638: 5472:"Structural Design of the Tall Tower" 5368:Journal of the Astronautical Sciences 5290: 5165: 4490: 3618:International Academy of Astronautics 3544: 3495: 3339: 3242: 3158: 3156: 1977:or the components of binary asteroid 830:. Any object released from the cable 731:is Earth's rotation speed (radian/s). 287:International Academy of Astronautics 257:International Academy of Astronautics 5166:David, Leonard (22 September 2014). 5096: 4236:"Why Don't We Have Space Elevators?" 3887: 3711:Barber, Meghan (12 September 2018). 3394: 3263:"The Space Elevator – Elevator:2010" 2815: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2155:. While such structures might reach 2093:Leaving the Planet by Space Elevator 2091:Philip Ragan, co-author of the book 1648: 1621:at the same altitude as LEO and the 1070:{\displaystyle A(r)=A_{s}\exp \left} 187:avoidance, anchor system, surviving 173:NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts 6696:Future-oriented technology analysis 5778:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 5582:Journal of Evolution and Technology 4433: 4381: 4047:"The physics of the space elevator" 3421:Groshong, Kimm (15 February 2006). 3340:Britt, Robert Roy (24 March 2005). 3126:from the original on 28 March 2015. 2816:Lvov, Vladimir (17 November 1967). 2748:. NASA Science News. Archived from 2659: 2127: 1731:positioned past geostationary orbit 13: 5813: 5687: 5653:Non Rocket Space Launch and Flight 5594:Ziemelis K. (2001) "Going up". In 5552: 5291:Akira, Tsuchida (2 October 2014). 5241:"Japan Space Elevator Association" 5025:Pournelle, Jerry (23 April 2003). 4253:Templeton, Graham (6 March 2014). 3915:Christensen, Billn (2 June 2006). 3153: 2952: 2901: 1171: 14: 6825: 5668: 5631:'s Roadmap for Elevator To Space 5494:Space Tethers and Space Elevators 3810:Fleming, Nic (15 February 2015). 3692:Snowden, Scott (2 October 2018). 3666:Gayomali, Chris (15 April 2014). 3637:from the original on 16 May 2014. 3545:Daley, Jason (5 September 2018). 3245:"Space elevator contest proposed" 2873:"To the Cosmos by Electric Train" 2715: 1705:Space Elevator with Space Station 1681:Wireless energy transfer such as 1126:is the Earth's equatorial radius, 6750: 6369: 6368: 6166: 5852: 5699: 5525: 5481: 5464: 4348: 4121:Edwards BC, Westling EA. (2002) 3942:Whittaker, Clay (15 June 2016). 3865:. The Economist. 30 January 2018 3496:Lewis, Leo (22 September 2008). 2578: 2564: 1696: 870: 841: 274:In 2018, researchers at Japan's 89: 79:without the use of large rockets 5441: 5435:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.02.018 5359: 5340: 5310: 5284: 5258: 5233: 5207: 5185: 5159: 5129: 5107:"What is ISEC? : About Us" 5071: 5040: 5018: 4991: 4965: 4939: 4926: 4893: 4873: 4697: 4632: 4619: 4594: 4575:Chodosh, Sara (29 March 2017). 4568: 4535: 4510: 4484: 4478:10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.10.003 4449: 4427: 4397: 4375: 4272: 4246: 4227: 4215:Scharr, Jillian (29 May 2013). 4169: 4136: 4095: 3935: 3908: 3881: 3855: 3829: 3803: 3785: 3741: 3727: 3704: 3685: 3659: 3641: 3557: 3538: 3474: 3462: 3440: 3414: 3359: 3333: 3307: 3281: 3255: 3236: 3216: 3177: 3055: 3029: 3004: 2697:Tsiolkovsky, Konstanti (2004). 2662:The NIAC Space Elevator Program 2208: 2088:for an orbital airship system. 1984: 1745: 1540:and, more recently discovered, 1441: 1288:Taper ratio for some materials 552:{\displaystyle g_{r}=-GM/r^{2}} 364:and macro-scale single crystal 5639:Shiga, David (28 March 2008). 5536:Knight Science Journalism @MIT 5214:Boucher, Marc (17 July 2012). 4405:"Space elevator to low orbit?" 3751:Road to the Space Elevator Era 3395:Cain, Fraser (27 April 2005). 3243:Boyle, Alan (27 August 2004). 3036:Boucher, Marc (8 April 2013). 2864: 2809: 2796: 2746:"The Audacious Space Elevator" 2690: 2610: 2518: 2498: 2484: 2464: 2418: 2398: 2384: 2364: 2313: 2293: 2246: 2233: 2198:, and a buoyant "SpaceShaft". 1911:is less than 2% of earths at ~ 1879:is a potential location for a 1496:tensile strength/density ratio 1201: 1188: 903: 897: 600:{\displaystyle a=\omega ^{2}r} 1: 6723:Technology in science fiction 4411:. 19 May 2010. Archived from 3015:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 2604: 1888:could be constructed through 719:is the mass of the Earth (kg) 566:due to the planet's rotation 497:The downward force of actual 371: 6568:Laser communication in space 6110:Pneumatic freestanding tower 4973:"Smallsat Rideshare Program" 4793:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.08.011 4234:Feltman, R. (7 March 2013). 3888:Aron, Jacob (13 June 2016). 3173:(Report). Eureka Scientific. 3062:Edwards, Bradley C. (2004). 2998:10.1016/0094-5765(75)90021-1 2930:10.1126/science.151.3711.682 2842:10.1126/science.158.3803.946 2057: 1419: 489:apparent gravitational field 474:Apparent gravitational field 305: 7: 5502:10.1007/978-0-387-76556-3_6 5318:"IAC 2014 Meeting Schedule" 4054:American Journal of Physics 3483:. The Spaceward Foundation. 2618:"What is a Space Elevator?" 2557: 2010:space-faring infrastructure 1991:Space elevator construction 1907:space elevator concept—the 1579: 10: 6830: 6814:Vertical transport devices 6728:Technology readiness level 6664:Technological unemployment 5869:Electromagnetic propulsion 5655:". Elsevier, 2005. 488 pgs 5488:Van Pelt, Micheal (2009), 4998:The Spaceward Foundation. 4706:AIP Conference Proceedings 4648:AIP Conference Proceedings 3247:. NBC News. Archived from 3068:AIP Conference Proceedings 3011:Clarke, Arthur C. (1979). 2061: 2027: 1988: 1782:Extraterrestrial elevators 468: 403:The Web Between the Worlds 378:Space elevators in fiction 375: 84: 6746: 6711:Technological singularity 6671:Technological convergence 6589: 6555: 6500: 6440: 6431: 6424: 6347: 6321: 6290: 6270: 6244: 6213: 6206: 6175: 6164: 6146: 6125: 6118: 6097: 6090: 6081: 6018: 5992: 5961: 5940: 5904: 5861: 5850: 5821: 5743:Riding the Space Elevator 5245:一般｜JSEA 一般社団法人宇宙エレベーター協会 4101:Artuković, Ranko (2000). 3229:19 September 2008 at the 2806:158:946, 17 November 1967 2727:Derek J. Pearson (2022). 2036:Van Allen radiation belts 1751:Launching into deep space 1165:(N·m), its elastic limit. 457:In a biological version, 389:The Fountains of Paradise 199:21st century advancements 153:The Fountains of Paradise 6573:Orbital propellant depot 6530:Plasma propulsion engine 6525:Nuclear pulse propulsion 6138:Momentum exchange tether 5894:Momentum exchange tether 5352:18 December 2013 at the 5244: 5000:"The Space Elevator FAQ" 4143:Globus, Al; et al. 2201: 2118:Seattle Museum of Flight 2064:Space elevator economics 1925:space elevator concept – 1662:wireless energy transfer 1462: 57:, also referred to as a 6789:Hypothetical technology 6784:Exploratory engineering 6676:Technological evolution 6649:Exploratory engineering 6510:Beam-powered propulsion 6492:Reusable launch vehicle 6313:Beam-powered propulsion 6198:Endo-atmospheric tether 5760:1 February 2020 at the 5608:12 January 2022 at the 5603:Republished in SpaceRef 5591:By Bradley Carl Edwards 4045:Aravind, P. K. (2007). 3450:. NJ.com. 28 March 2019 2871:Artsutanov, Yu (1960). 2699:Dreams of Earth and Sky 2660:Edwards, Bradley Carl. 1674:such as nuclear energy. 684:is the acceleration of 358:boron nitride nanotubes 278:launched STARS-Me, two 116:Innovations and designs 97:Dreams of Earth and Sky 6809:Spaceflight technology 6686:Technology forecasting 6681:Technological paradigm 6654:Proactionary principle 6455:Non-rocket spacelaunch 6339:High-altitude platform 6257:Blast wave accelerator 6075:Non-rocket spacelaunch 6023:Non-rocket spacelaunch 5984:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 5695: 5675:Listen to this article 5589:A Hoist to the Heavens 5585:Vol. 4 – November 1999 5579:, John Hickman, Ph.D. 4185:Clarke, A. C. (1979). 4150:. NASA. Archived from 3840:. Smithsonian Magazine 3317:. 2005. Archived from 2544: 2176:non-rocket spacelaunch 2114:National Space Society 1954: 1915: 1838: 1813: 1706: 1609: 1589: 1487: 1475: 1429: 1284: 1271: 1149: 1108: 1071: 806: 711:gravitational constant 669: 601: 553: 443:Jumping Off The Planet 193:Space Shuttle Columbia 101:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 50: 34: 6804:Spacecraft propulsion 6612:Disruptive innovation 6418:Emerging technologies 6362:Megascale engineering 6033:Megascale engineering 5694: 5651:Alexander Bolonkin, " 5565:28 March 2015 at the 4886:6 August 2013 at the 4103:"The Space Elevator". 3564:Ishikawa, Y. (2016). 2545: 2030:Space elevator safety 1921: 1903: 1819: 1808: 1774:. Once at Jupiter, a 1704: 1664:while it is climbing. 1606: 1587: 1534:carbon/graphite fiber 1481: 1470: 1427: 1282: 1272: 1150: 1148:{\displaystyle R_{g}} 1109: 1107:{\displaystyle A_{s}} 1072: 807: 670: 602: 554: 229:Millville, New Jersey 217:Centennial Challenges 48: 24: 6659:Technological change 6602:Collingridge dilemma 6207:Projectile launchers 5948:List of competitions 5917:Lunar space elevator 5726:More spoken articles 5328:on 24 September 2015 5059:on 13 September 2015 4560:on 16 January 2017. 3551:Smithsonian Magazine 3481:Spaceward Games 2007 3251:on 14 December 2013. 2959:Pearson, J. (1975). 2818:"Sky-Hook: Old Idea" 2752:on 19 September 2008 2227: 2161:above the atmosphere 1883:, especially as the 1881:Lunar space elevator 1862:areostationary orbit 1776:gravitational assist 1554:protons and neutrons 1453:international waters 1182: 1132: 1091: 891: 744: 615: 575: 509: 463:The Highest Frontier 418:Kim Stanley Robinson 249:Obayashi Corporation 6716:Technology scouting 6691:Accelerating change 6563:Interstellar travel 5458:10.2514/6.1998-3737 5417:2009AcAau..65..365Q 5380:1977JAnSc..25..307M 5006:on 27 February 2009 4910:10.2514/6.2009-4906 4853:Rotation velocity: 4784:2017Icar..281..388S 4714:2003AIPC..654.1227W 4660:2003AIPC..654.1227W 4491:Courtland, Rachel. 4470:2009AcAau..64..538C 4415:on 16 December 2013 4300:2009NanoL...9.3137W 4083:on 21 December 2018 4066:2007AmJPh..75..125A 3979:Scientific American 3737:. 4 September 2018. 3582:2016JBIS...69..227I 3534:. 22 February 2012. 3164:Edwards, Bradley C. 3080:2004AIPC..699..854E 2980:1975AcAau...2..785P 2922:1966Sci...151..682I 2834:1967Sci...158..946L 2790:1999JBIS...52..175L 2174:Other concepts for 2110:Redmond, Washington 2043:air-traffic control 1683:laser power beaming 1574:diamond nanothreads 1289: 1053: 1003: 362:diamond nanothreads 276:Shizuoka University 75:geostationary orbit 6799:Space colonization 6733:Technology roadmap 6357:Rocket sled launch 6334:Buoyant space port 6176:Dynamic structures 5974:Bradley C. Edwards 5696: 5470:Hjelmstad, Keith, 5147:on 16 October 2015 4384:"Falling Climbers" 4181:centrifugal forces 3295:on 6 February 2005 3148:The Space Elevator 3144:Bradley C. Edwards 2572:Spaceflight portal 2540: 1955: 1916: 1854:atmosphere of Mars 1839: 1814: 1713:a heavy, captured 1707: 1610: 1593:stationary cable. 1590: 1524:materials such as 1488: 1476: 1430: 1287: 1285: 1267: 1145: 1104: 1067: 1039: 989: 802: 665: 597: 549: 408:Robert A. Heinlein 177:The Space Elevator 51: 35: 6766: 6765: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6384: 6383: 6286: 6285: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6126:Orbiting skyhooks 6091:Static structures 6041: 6040: 5692: 5661:978-0-08044-731-5 5623:The Orbital Tower 5511:978-0-387-76556-3 5490:"Space Elevators" 5405:Acta Astronautica 5079:"ISEC IRS filing" 4919:978-1-60086-972-3 4830:Escape velocity: 4812:Surface gravity: 4809:Surface area: 4πr 4722:10.1063/1.1541423 4668:10.1063/1.1541423 4615:on 24 April 2012. 4601:Engel, Kilian A. 4528:978-1-59222-109-7 4458:Acta Astronautica 4434:Gassend, Blaise. 4382:Gassend, Blaise. 4335:on 8 August 2017. 4318:10.1021/nl901260b 4240:Popular Mechanics 4193:on 3 January 2014 4074:10.1119/1.2404957 4011:. Zeff Davis, LLC 3946:. Popular Science 3761:978-0-9913370-3-3 3504:. London, England 3373:on 15 August 2011 3269:on 6 January 2007 3233:, September 2000. 3088:10.1063/1.1649650 2974:(9–10): 785–799. 2968:Acta Astronautica 2916:(3711): 682–683. 2828:(3803): 946–947. 2528: 2456: 2428: 2356: 2326: 2006:Near-Earth object 1890:Lagrangian points 1885:specific strength 1761:Lagrangian points 1649:Powering climbers 1435:centrifugal force 1413: 1412: 1307:Specific strength 1241: 1055: 1018: 1005: 968: 953: 799: 785: 647: 564:centrifugal force 398:Charles Sheffield 313:Specific strength 296:specific strength 261:specific strength 207:, similar to the 131:Acta Astronautica 46: 31:centrifugal force 6821: 6754: 6753: 6701:Horizon scanning 6617:Ephemeralization 6535:Helicon thruster 6520:Laser propulsion 6438: 6437: 6429: 6428: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6372: 6371: 6353: 6308:Laser propulsion 6211: 6210: 6170: 6123: 6122: 6095: 6094: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6045: 6044: 6000:KC Space Pirates 5905:Related concepts 5856: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5716: 5714: 5703: 5702: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5648: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5485: 5479: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5402: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5363: 5357: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5324:. 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Archived from 3259: 3253: 3252: 3240: 3234: 3222:Science @ NASA, 3220: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3199: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3166:(1 March 2003). 3160: 3151: 3141: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3114: 3105: 3092: 3091: 3074:. AIP: 854–862. 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2991: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2888: 2877: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2813: 2807: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2773: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2724: 2713: 2712: 2701:. Athena Books. 2694: 2688: 2687: 2681: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2657: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2614: 2594:Gravity elevator 2588: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2279: 2263: 2262: 2253: 2245: 2244: 2221: 2219: 2212: 2169:aerodynamic lift 2128:Related concepts 1960:Lagrangian point 1949:less than 3% of 1914: 1795:stationary orbit 1691:Nihon University 1538:carbon nanotubes 1518:breaking lengths 1472:Carbon nanotubes 1389: 1387: 1363: 1361: 1338: 1336: 1296:Tensile strength 1290: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1242: 1234: 1218: 1217: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1113: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1034: 1033: 1024: 1019: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1002: 997: 984: 983: 974: 969: 961: 954: 949: 948: 947: 931: 918: 917: 874: 811: 809: 808: 803: 801: 800: 792: 790: 786: 784: 783: 774: 766: 756: 755: 674: 672: 671: 666: 661: 660: 648: 646: 645: 636: 628: 606: 604: 603: 598: 593: 592: 558: 556: 555: 550: 548: 547: 538: 521: 520: 459:Joan Slonczewski 400:'s first novel, 384:Arthur C. Clarke 354:carbon nanotubes 335:celestial bodies 300:carbon nanotubes 168:Dr. B.C. Edwards 126:Arthur C. Clarke 47: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6742: 6577: 6551: 6496: 6420: 6415: 6385: 6380: 6351: 6343: 6322:Buoyant lifting 6317: 6291:Reaction drives 6282: 6266: 6262:Ram accelerator 6240: 6202: 6171: 6154: 6147:Space elevators 6142: 6114: 6086: 6077: 6072: 6042: 6037: 6014: 5988: 5969:Yuri Artsutanov 5957: 5936: 5900: 5879:Carbon nanotube 5857: 5848: 5817: 5812: 5762:Wayback Machine 5730: 5729: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5707:This audio file 5704: 5697: 5688: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5666: 5610:Wayback Machine 5567:Wayback Machine 5555: 5553:Further reading 5550: 5540: 5538: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5486: 5482: 5469: 5465: 5446: 5442: 5426:10.1.1.550.4359 5400: 5394: 5387: 5364: 5360: 5354:Wayback Machine 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5266:"Eurospaceward" 5264: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5105: 5104: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4898: 4894: 4888:Wayback Machine 4878: 4874: 4863: 4860: 4858:rotation period 4857: 4856: 4854: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4739: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4627:Space Elevators 4624: 4620: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4581:Popular Science 4573: 4569: 4557: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4489: 4485: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4349:Lang, David D. 4347: 4340: 4332: 4309:10.1.1.454.2744 4283: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4251: 4247: 4232: 4228: 4221:Huffington Post 4213: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4157:on 8 April 2016 4154: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4120: 4109: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4049: 4043: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4001: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3970: 3963: 3949: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3922: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3895: 3893: 3892:. New Scientist 3886: 3882: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3843: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3817: 3815: 3808: 3804: 3790: 3786: 3781:. 23 July 2018. 3777: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3628: 3613: 3605: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3562: 3558: 3543: 3539: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3507: 3505: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3393: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3241: 3237: 3231:Wayback Machine 3221: 3217: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3161: 3154: 3142: 3131: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3095: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3009: 3005: 2989:10.1.1.530.3120 2963: 2957: 2953: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2797: 2774: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2736: 2725: 2716: 2709: 2695: 2691: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2658: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2494: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2394: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2130: 2101: 2086:Jerry Pournelle 2072:(US$ 5,500 per 2066: 2060: 2032: 2026: 1993: 1987: 1948: 1928:Surface gravity 1926: 1912: 1909:surface gravity 1850:Martian surface 1809:Space elevator 1784: 1757:escape velocity 1753: 1748: 1699: 1672:specific energy 1651: 1582: 1465: 1444: 1422: 1396:carbon nanotube 1385: 1383: 1359: 1357: 1334: 1332: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1277: 1256: 1252: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1195: 1191: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1172:Cable materials 1166: 1156: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1077: 1048: 1043: 1035: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1010: 998: 993: 985: 979: 975: 973: 960: 959: 955: 943: 939: 932: 930: 929: 925: 913: 909: 892: 889: 888: 886: 885: 884: 882: 877: 876: 875: 844: 812: 791: 779: 775: 767: 765: 761: 760: 751: 747: 745: 742: 741: 737: 732: 726: 720: 714: 704: 698: 695: 689: 676: 675: 656: 652: 641: 637: 629: 627: 616: 613: 612: 608: 588: 584: 576: 573: 572: 560: 543: 539: 534: 516: 512: 510: 507: 506: 476: 471: 440:'s 2000 novel, 380: 374: 308: 269:carbon nanotube 201: 118: 105:Yuri Artsutanov 92: 87: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6827: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6779:Space elevator 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6480:Space fountain 6477: 6475:Space elevator 6472: 6467: 6462: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6183:Space fountain 6179: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6152:Space elevator 6150: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6071: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6010:LiftPort Group 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5979:Jerome Pearson 5976: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5932:Space fountain 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5884:Nanotechnology 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5815:Space elevator 5811: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5773:Space Elevator 5770: 5765: 5750: 5745: 5737: 5719: 5705: 5698: 5686: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669:External links 5667: 5665: 5664: 5649: 5636: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5601:: 24–27. 5592: 5586: 5570: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5524: 5510: 5480: 5463: 5440: 5385: 5358: 5339: 5309: 5283: 5257: 5232: 5206: 5184: 5158: 5128: 5117:on 7 July 2012 5095: 5070: 5039: 5017: 4990: 4979:. 1 March 2022 4964: 4938: 4925: 4918: 4892: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4851: 4828: 4810: 4799: 4758: 4737: 4696: 4631: 4618: 4593: 4567: 4534: 4527: 4509: 4483: 4448: 4426: 4409:Endless Skyway 4396: 4374: 4363:on 28 May 2016 4338: 4271: 4245: 4226: 4204: 4168: 4135: 4107: 4094: 4022: 3992: 3961: 3934: 3907: 3880: 3854: 3828: 3802: 3784: 3767: 3760: 3740: 3726: 3703: 3684: 3658: 3640: 3626: 3594: 3556: 3537: 3516: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3439: 3413: 3401:Universe Today 3384: 3358: 3332: 3321:on 8 June 2005 3306: 3280: 3254: 3235: 3215: 3194: 3188:. BC Edwards. 3176: 3152: 3129: 3093: 3054: 3028: 3021: 3003: 2951: 2900: 2863: 2808: 2795: 2763: 2734: 2714: 2707: 2689: 2631: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2586:Science portal 2575: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2538: 2533: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2223: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2184:space fountain 2129: 2126: 2100: 2097: 2062:Main article: 2059: 2056: 2028:Main article: 2025: 2022: 1989:Main article: 1986: 1983: 1947: 1946: 1938: 1931: 1913:0.144 m/s 1858:counterbalance 1783: 1780: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1717: 1698: 1695: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1650: 1647: 1635:Coriolis force 1581: 1578: 1558:bonding forces 1550:periodic table 1464: 1461: 1443: 1440: 1421: 1418: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1391: 1390: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1365: 1364: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1265: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1157: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1081: 1065: 1060: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 982: 978: 972: 967: 964: 958: 952: 946: 942: 938: 935: 928: 924: 921: 916: 912: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 887: 879: 878: 869: 868: 867: 866: 865: 843: 840: 798: 795: 789: 782: 778: 773: 770: 764: 759: 754: 750: 740: 735: 727: 721: 715: 705: 699: 693: 690: 680: 664: 659: 655: 651: 644: 640: 635: 632: 626: 623: 620: 611: 609: 596: 591: 587: 583: 580: 561: 546: 542: 537: 533: 530: 527: 524: 519: 515: 496: 475: 472: 470: 467: 461:'s 2011 novel 420:'s 1993 novel 410:'s 1982 novel 376:Main article: 373: 370: 307: 304: 225:LiftPort Group 223:In 2005, "the 209:Ansari X Prize 200: 197: 185:orbital debris 122:Jerome Pearson 117: 114: 91: 88: 86: 83: 55:space elevator 27:center of mass 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6826: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6759: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6739: 6738:Transhumanism 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:Fusion rocket 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:Space science 6430: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6377: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993:Organizations 5991: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5953:Elevator:2010 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5874:Counterweight 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822:Main articles 5820: 5816: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5708: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5645:New Scientist 5642: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5596:New Scientist 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5537: 5534: 5528: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5343: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5271: 5270:Eurospaceward 5267: 5261: 5242: 5236: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5194: 5188: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5028: 5021: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4952: 4951:New Scientist 4948: 4942: 4935: 4932:Hein, A. M., 4929: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4864:circumference 4852: 4829: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4654:: 1227–1235. 4653: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4498: 4497:New Scientist 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4437: 4430: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4385: 4378: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4343: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4209: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4131:0-9726045-0-2 4128: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3997: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3792:Moravec, Hans 3788: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3736: 3730: 3714: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3651: 3644: 3633: 3629: 3627:9782917761311 3623: 3619: 3612: 3611: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3449: 3443: 3428: 3427:New Scientist 3424: 3417: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3389: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3197: 3195:9780974651712 3191: 3187: 3180: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3022:9780151327737 3018: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2889:on 6 May 2006 2885: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2708:9781414701639 2704: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2679: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2562: 2536: 2531: 2522: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2422: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2388: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2096: 2094: 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