1034:"came to Tirana with the mission of seizing not only the eight submarines ... but even the submarines which we had taken over earlier. We told him bluntly: Either you hand the submarines over to us according to the agreement, or within a short time (we set the date) you must withdraw immediately from the bay ... He did not hand over the submarines, but went to Vlora, boarded the command submarine and lined up the others in fighting formation. We gave orders to close the Sazan Narrows and to train the guns on the Soviet ships. Admiral Kasatonov, who had wanted to frighten us, was frightened himself. He was caught like a rat in a trap and if he attempted to implement his plan he might find himself at the bottom of the sea. In these conditions the admiral was obliged to take only the submarines with Soviet crews, and he sailed out of the bay back home with his tail between his legs."
926:
Khrushchev replied, "If our ambassador said such a thing, he was foolish." Hoxha in turn replied, "He was no fool. He committed this 'foolishness' following the
Bucharest Meeting." The subject eventually came to the Vlora naval base, which was the subject of a Soviet–Albanian dispute to become acute months later. Khrushchev threatened Hoxha, saying, "We can dismantle the base if you like." Hoxha replied, "If you dismantle the base you will be making a big mistake. We have fought empty-bellied and bare-footed, but have never kowtowed to anybody." As the meeting's atmosphere became increasingly hostile Khrushchev declared, "You flare up in anger. You spat on me; no one can talk to you." The meeting ended after Kapo declared, "I do not agree that the talks should be conducted like this."
242:
746:, the Soviet Defense Minister who was visiting the country with him, "Look, how marvelous this is! An ideal base for our submarines could be built here. These old things should be dug up and thrown into the sea ... We shall have the most ideal and most secure base in the Mediterranean. From here we can paralyze and attack everything." He was also said to have remarked to Hoxha to turn his country "into a flourishing garden," suggested he make it an attractive holiday spot for Soviet tourists, and rather than produce grain, Albania should focus on growing oranges for export. Khrushchev allegedly said, "The Soviet Union has such an abundance of grain that the mice eat more than you can produce here."
897:
means that the danger which the
Khrushchev group represents for the world communist movement is not understood. It does not depend on us whether this group should continue in power or not, but it is essential that we, should expose this group with Khrushchev at the head, as they deserve ... we shall not allow ourselves to be impressed by those who say: 'How can one attack the glorious Soviet Union or the great Communist Party of Lenin for the faults of a few rascals?' We say: Precisely to defend the Soviet Union and the Party of Lenin, these 'rascals' must be exposed, and there must be no toning down of criticism or covering up of the deviationists."
844:, remarked to an Albanian military delegation that they would not get military equipment agreed upon beforehand, saying, "You are only in the Warsaw Pact for the time being, anyway." Attempts were made to inoculate anti-government views in Albanian students studying abroad in the USSR and to convince the armed forces to go against the government. According to an Albanian account, the Soviet embassy in Albania also "carried out intensive diversionist activity in order to create an atmosphere of uncertainty and ideological confusion about the correct line of the PLA ." In July, a military plot headed by Soviet-trained Rear Admiral
194:
154:
293:
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the line of the Party of Labour, calling for a review of the case of Xoxe along with other political and economic policies and phenomena. However, Hoxha entered the conference and managed to defeat these proposals. The Third
Congress of the Party of Labour was convened a month later, electing a Central Committee and Politburo "composed of staunch Hoxha loyalists" while also demonstrating "Hoxha's first public defiance of the Soviet Union" by refusing to rehabilitate Xoxe and other persons linked with, or otherwise supportive of, rapprochement with Yugoslavia.
722:
Griffith wrote that "the statement leaned strongly toward the
Russian position but usually was sufficiently ambiguous so that the Chinese and Albanians could (and did) interpret it in their favor." In a notable example, the Albanian and Chinese view that revisionism was the "principal danger in the communist world" existed alongside the Soviet view that the 20th Party Congress "opened a new stage in the international communist movement," but despite this the declaration was considered overall by both Albania and China as an ideological victory.
140:
1015:
countries ... On April 5, 1961, in a letter addressed to the governments of the Soviet Union and the East-European states it resolutely reaffirmed that it accepted only one solution of the problem: the base of Vlora belonged to
Albania and all the naval means that were its property should be handed over to Albanian crew as soon as possible. Any other solution was an act which would lead to the unilateral violation on the part of the Soviet Union of the existing Albanian–Soviet agreements of the years 1957 and 1959."
810:
the differences which had emerged between China and the Soviet Union would be discussed ... we had heard only one side of the argument, the Soviet side, and we were not acquainted with the objections of the
Chinese ... They had to be thrashed out thoroughly, they had to be studied carefully, and time was required for this. Therefore our Party sent Comrade Hysni Kapo to Bucharest to discuss only the date of the future meeting," for decisions besides this date were not to be taken at the Conference itself.
934:
from us, either by means of political and economic pressure, or by means of threats and names they might call us." According to Alia, Khrushchev "tried to appear calm" when first replying, reading his written text "almost mechanically" in regards to China but as soon as he began to reply to Hoxha's speech "he lost his head and began to shout, scream and splutter." Khrushchev was said to have angrily remarked, "Comrade Hoxha, you have poured a bucket of filth over me: you are going to have to wash it off again."
468:
206:
318:
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169:
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Albania did not generate enough return for Soviet interests and their strategic interests'. Reacting to early post-Stalin Soviet pressure on the East
European countries to pursue economic and political reforms, Albania announced slight changes in planning priorities and some willingness to improve state relations with Yugoslavia as the Soviets were doing. There was also a reshuffling of political portfolios in line with the Soviet re-emphasis on the principle of
918:
voluminous material against China before the meeting, in order to prepare the terrain and to brainwash the delegations of other parties, and to intimidate the
Chinese, to compel them to take a moderate stand, if they would not submit. This anti-Chinese material did not surprise us, but it strengthened the conviction we had in the correctness of the line and the Marxist–Leninist stands of our Party in defence of the Communist Party of China."
230:
735:
of pressuring
Albania's leadership into building up Yugoslav–Albanian and Soviet–Albanian ties and also to, in the words of historian Miranda Vickers, "focus their economy on the growing of citrus fruits rather than concentrate on industrialization and the expansion of their oil industry ... Khrushchev's visit was clouded by an atmosphere of mistrust, which culminated in a hurried departure two days earlier than scheduled."
595:
polemic with modern revisionism, have their official beginning in
Khrushchev's report to the 20th Congress ... we saw how the Khrushchevites, in order to consolidate their power, operated allegedly with "a great party spirit", "free from the fear of Stalin" ... Every good thing of the past was distorted, allegedly in light of the "new situations", "new developments", "new roads and possibilities", in order to go ahead.
750:
began applying its first signs of economic pressure on Albania in March 1960, stating its intention to alter a scholarship agreement for Albanians to study in the USSR in which the Soviets paid 60 percent of tuition costs and upkeep for the students. This threat was subsequently retracted on the eve of the Bucharest Conference in June that year, possibly in an attempt not to push Albania further into the Chinese orbit.
1046:'for 30 pieces of silver' ... They would rather die honourably on their feet than live in shame on their knees." Nicholas C. Pano noted that " pronouncements , at least insofar as the Soviet leadership was concerned, had made the policies of de-Stalinization, peaceful coexistence, and reconciliation with Yugoslavia adopted at the 20th Congress of the CPSU binding upon the members of the communist system."
958:
repudiation of revisionist theses ... condemned the Yugoslav form of 'international opportunism which is a concentrated expression of the theories of modern revisionism.' ... the Soviet revisionists and the revisionists in other countries and parties demonstrated their opportunistic character by completely disregarding the principles set forth in a document they had found it expedient to sign."
1050:
demanding that the personnel of the Albanian embassy and the Albanian commercial adviser should leave the territory of the Soviet Union." "Thus," the Albanian account continues, "the Khrushchev revisionist group, consistent in its line, cut off all relations with socialist Albania at a time when it maintained contacts with and was drawing ever closer to the most reactionary regimes of the world."
1062:
ideological disagreements to the field of state relations and began to behave with the PRA as towards an enemy country ... he aims to intimidate and subjugate the PLA, to shift it from its revolutionary Marxist–Leninist positions, to shake the confidence of our people in the PLA and its leadership, to upset the feelings of friendship of the Albanian people towards the Soviet Union ...
922:
going to follow these parties, but without mentioning any names ... wanted to keep all the communist and workers' parties of the world under his conductor's baton, under his dictate." On November 12, a private meeting was held between members of the Albanian delegation including Hoxha and members of the Soviet leadership, which "showed that no compromise between them was possible."
893:. Alia later recalled: "the aim of the Soviets was to ensure that our Party did not come out against their party and Khrushchev, did not bring the fight out in the open, and speak about Bucharest and the contradictions which existed. To this end, they created around our delegation a harsh and dangerous atmosphere, in which open threats were combined with cunning flattery."
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for the Albanian People's Army, from food and clothing to weapons and technical equipment whose delivery had been approved by the Joint Command of the Warsaw Treaty. The countries of Eastern Europe, too, set out on the course of aggravating relations with the PRA and created a difficult situation by setting up a blockade on Albania jointly with the Soviet government.
667:, Hoxha defended Stalin's legacy and attacked the Yugoslavs – but not the Soviet leadership by name. He added that, "In blackening Stalin, the enemies are not concerned about him as a person, but their aim is to discredit the Soviet Union, the socialist system, and the international communist movement, consequently, to undermine the workers' faith in socialism."
1011:
and Navy, Antonov, and the deputy chief of the Supreme Staff of the Soviet Navy, Sergeyev. They came allegedly 'to reach agreement', but in fact they brought us an ultimatum: The Vlora base must be put completely and solely under Soviet command, which was to be subordinate to the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty."
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friends and brothers have a right to benefit." On August 19, the Soviet ambassador to Albania left Tirana "and was never to return." On August 26, "only five days before the beginning of the fall semester," the Soviets canceled scholarships for Albanian students studying in the USSR; these students were given a deadline to leave by October.
946:
measures ... Hysni and Ramiz stayed on in Moscow, as they had to sign the declaration" while Hoxha left the Soviet Union by train and "arrived in Austria, went down by train through Italy and from Bari returned safe and sound to Tirana on our own aircraft and went directly to the reception organized on the occasion of the
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Stalin did, which caused all these things we know about." The meeting became increasingly acrimonious and when the subject of rehabilitating disgraced Albanian politicians came up Khrushchev eventually concluded, "You are like Stalin who killed people," to which Hoxha replied, "Stalin killed traitors, and we kill them, too."
561:
Khrushchev sent a letter to the leaders of the parties of the Eastern Bloc in which the Cominform resolutions denouncing Yugoslavia in the 1948–1949 period were criticised for allegedly forcing Tito and the rest of the Yugoslav leadership "into the arms of the United States and Great Britain and had led to Yugoslavia's
578:
with all the parties interested in this issue." With only Albania among the Eastern Bloc states opposing Khrushchev's move, the Soviets succeeded in unilaterally rehabilitating Tito's standing within the international communist movement and apologized for past Soviet activities in relation to Yugoslavia.
974:
According to an Albanian account, "Right after the 4th Congress of the PLA, when it became clear that its attempts at imposing its will on Albania were futile, the Soviet leadership cut off all the credits envisaged in the agreements between the two countries." The Congress, which was the last one in
921:
On November 10, 1960, the second International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties was convened. As Hoxha recalled, "In his speech Khrushchev expressed the revisionist views completely and attacked the Communist Party of China and the Party of Labour of Albania, as well as those who were
805:
took his place. The stated purpose of the Conference was to have "the character of a preliminary meeting of the representatives of the communist and workers' parties, mainly for the purpose of 'exchanging opinions' and taking a joint decision on the date and place of a future meeting of the communist
734:
At the end of 1958, Comecon had begun to push for what was later termed an "international socialist division of labor," in which Albania was relegated to "the task of supplying the member states with agricultural and mineral raw materials." In May 1959, Khrushchev paid a visit to Albania with the aim
678:
He once more said that the Yugoslav leadership failed to understand "any of its grave mistakes and deviations," to which Khrushchev replied that Yugoslavia did not betray Marxism–Leninism though it had "slipped" from its positions. "According to you," Khrushchev continued, "we ought to return to what
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Tito, a move which encouraged reformist and dissident trends in Eastern Europe. The Albanian government had received a letter two days before the Soviet delegation was to leave Moscow. The Soviets requested the Albanians approve a statement drawn up by Khrushchev in the name of the Information Bureau
452:
on its soil. A combination of these factors led Stalin to initially have been "both curious and suspicious about the only leader of a Communist regime in the Soviet bloc who escaped from any historical ties or contact with the Soviet Union." This, Halliday continues, "was true not just of Hoxha as an
1118:
In July 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc and political upheaval in Albania itself, Alia announced the restoration of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. In an official communiqué the Soviets "attributed the normalisation to the better political climate in Europe, and the state radio
1114:
Writing in 1988, Ramiz Alia reiterated the Albanian view that, "The revisionist current most dangerous to the world communist movement has been and still is Soviet revisionism" and that, "To oppose the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which had great political and theoretical authority, meant to
1084:
in which he stated that, "Despite the fact that Khrushchev was the head of modern revisionism, his political liquidation as a person does not mean the liquidation of his political, ideological, economic and organizational course ... Khrushchevite revisionism is not dead, his ideology and policy
1006:
Military pressure was stepped up still further; during summer "the training of all Albanian officers, cadets, and noncoms in the Soviet Union or the East European satellite countries was brought to a stop. Since then, there has been not a single Albanian studying at a military academy in the Eastern
1002:
An Albanian account of the economy during this period states observes "the foreign specialists left unfinished about 40 important objects of the 2nd Five-year Plan in the industrial sector alone. Difficulties increased even more after the cessation of military aid. Thus in the first years of the 3rd
674:
Hoxha later recalled the meeting as follows: Khrushchev advised the Albanians to improve their relations with Yugoslavia, to which Hoxha replied, "We have always wanted to have good relations with Yugoslavia, but to put it bluntly, we do not trust the Yugoslav leaders, because they speak against the
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believed to be a means to separate the world into influential provinces in which each side would occupy complete control. One anti-revisionist author described Khrushchev's policy as follows: "Khrushchev made it clear that he was prepared to give up international class struggle, renouncing on behalf
1130:
In 2020, the building of the former state security house and headquarters of Albania's KGB was opened for public visitation. The 'Museum of Secret Surveillance' commemorates Albania's popular experience of World War Two and Cold War Secret Surveillance that occurred during their 1944-1991 relations
1010:
Hoxha later recalled: "When we returned from Moscow , the provocations at the base were increased and in order to exert pressure on and impress us, the Soviet deputy foreign minister, Firyubin, came to Tirana with two other 'deputies': the first deputy-chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Army
970:
At the Fourth Congress of the Party of Labour held in February 1961, Hoxha declared—although still not mentioning the Soviets by name—that, "During the past few years, our Party and other Marxist–Leninist parties have waged a successful struggle against the views of modern revisionists ... But
933:
According to Khrushchev, Hoxha said—amongst other things—that the Party of Labour and Albania itself "should merely applaud and approve, but express no opinion of its own. But this is neither Marxist nor acceptable. Marxism–Leninism has granted us the right to have our say, and no one can take this
909:
From November 3–25, Enver Hoxha headed the Albanian delegation which would present its case at the Second International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties together with Kapo, Alia, and others. Alia later noted, "The Soviets' aim was to ensure that Comrade Enver did not speak openly in
896:
Hoxha once again communicated via radiogram, writing to Kapo on October 13: "We are not of the same opinion as those who are trying to smooth out the problems by means of phrases in resolutions or declarations ... We are for carrying the matter through to the end. If this is not understood, it
831:
cut systematically all economic aid to Albania. It delayed and in some cases ceased altogether the delivery of goods and industrial equipment to Albania, refused to ship the grain our people were in urgent need of ... sell not through clearing but in free currency ... stopped all supplies
809:
In his memoirs Hoxha describes the Conference as being a "putsch" and adds, "The revisionist renegades needed another meeting of international communism to gain approval for their old plan for the final legitimization of modern revisionism," he did not attend because " suspected that the problem of
716:
would take part as a "party of a socialist country", but if possible also, to ensure that Tito would reach agreement with Khrushchev over the platform ... Each side wanted to exploit the meeting for its own aims: Khrushchev, to declare "unity", even with painful concessions to satisfy and draw
670:
As a result of the February plenum of 1957, which was seen as directly rebuffing many post-Stalin Soviet views, the Soviet leadership invited Hoxha to visit Moscow in April that year allegedly for consultations. Instead, Khrushchev called on Hoxha to rehabilitate and reinstate party members who had
633:
Although the Third Party Congress did not openly criticize the 20th Party Congress of the CPSU partly because "the real aims of were still not fully recognized", and because of a perceived necessity to preserve the unity of the international communist movement, it did declare the line of the Party
495:
From that point onward, relations between Albania and the Soviet Union were relatively close until March 5, 1953, following the death of Stalin. In the words of historian Nicholas C. Pano, "by the beginning of 1949, Albania had progressed from the status of a sub-satellite to that of a full-fledged
1106:
excluded from the Pact since 1961, "on September 13, 1968, at an extraordinary session the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Albania decided to denounce this Treaty and exonerate Albania from any obligation deriving from it." In the 1970s, the alliance between Albania and China against
1061:
The real cause must be sought in the revisionist views of Khrushchev and in his anti-Marxist efforts to impose them on the other parties by any means ... with a view to silencing our Party, to subjugating it and giving a lesson to anyone that would dare to oppose him, Khrushchev extended the
1049:
Despite Albanian calls for the continued existence of state relations between the two countries, the Soviet government formally withdrew its ambassador on November 25, and on December 3, withdrew "the whole personnel of its embassy and commercial representation from the PRA, while at the same time
929:
Hoxha delivered his speech to the Conference on November 16, where he spoke "of the tremendous Soviet pressures to which the Albanian party and government had been subjected after the Bucharest meeting ... The only crime his régime had committed, the Albanian leader added, was that it did not
925:
During the meeting Hoxha noted that " has asked to whom the Albanian army will be loyal. This question he addressed to our generals at the airport, in the presence of one of your generals. Our officers replied that our army would be loyal to Marxism–Leninism, to the Party of Labour and socialism."
629:
of Bulgaria; Hoxha was also an obvious target for removal due to his intransigent position on Yugoslavia. The Soviets sought without success to force Hoxha to rehabilitate Koçi Xoxe. In April 1956, a party conference was held in Tirana: various delegates, inspired by Khrushchev's actions, attacked
594:
all the distortions of the major issues of principle, such as those about the character of our epoch, the roads of transition to socialism, peaceful coexistence, war and peace, the stand towards modern revisionism and towards imperialism, etc., etc., which later became the basis of the great, open
577:
On May 25, the Central Committee of the Party of Labour sent a letter to its Soviet counterpart, stating among other things, "In our opinion such a hasty (and ill-considered) decision on an issue of great importance and of principle" was conducted "without first making a profound analysis together
560:
Jon Halliday noted that Moscow and Tirana's relationship was observably good until late 1950s, but Khrushchev's rapprochement with Yugoslavia in 1955 and his denunciation of Stalin in 1956 were the two main issues responsible for the deterioration of relations between the two states. In June 1954,
1065:
But Khrushchev is trying in vain ... Under the leadership of the PLA, the Albanian people have scored historic victories in the course of these 20 years: they liberated the country from the fascist invaders and established the people's state power, reconstructed the war-ravaged country,
1045:
He further stated that "The imperialists are always prepared to pay 30 pieces of silver to those who split the Communist ranks." To this Hoxha replied in a November 7 speech, "the Albanian people and their Party of Labor will even live on grass if need be, but they will never sell themselves
1041:
in October that year, Khrushchev openly attacked the Albanian leadership, proclaiming Hoxha a "leftist nationalist deviationist" and calling for his overthrow, declaring that, "We are certain the time will come when the Albanian communists and the Albanian people will have their say, and then the
1022:
in the process. As the Albanian account describes it, "The Soviet sailors and officers carried out numerous provocations, trying by all manner of means to create a pretext for the Soviet military intervention in Albania ... On May 26, it seized in a demonstrative manner eight submarines, the
1014:
An Albanian account describes the dispute as follows: "By violating the formal Albanian–Soviet agreements signed in September 1957 and May 1959, the Soviet government did everything in its power to put under its control this Albanian base which at the same time served the defence of the socialist
937:
Jon Halliday states "on this occasion Hoxha truly succeeded in putting himself and Albania on the world map. His denunciation of Khrushchev made headlines round the world and even his harshest critics usually concede Hoxha turned in an able performance and showed personal courage." In retirement,
868:
While in China Belishova made contact with the Soviet embassy there, telling them what the Chinese had told her without authorization from the Albanian Politburo. Belishova and Koço Tashko, Chairman of the Central Auditing Committee, shared leadership of the pro–Soviet faction. Foreign journalist
749:
By the beginning of 1960, Albania and China had concurred "on such questions as Yugoslav revisionism, global strategy, and de-Stalinization", and the Albanian leadership made "little secret of their sympathies for the Chinese stand." With the Sino-Soviet split also deepening the Soviet leadership
725:
In Hoxha's view, "The whole concern of the Soviet Khrushchevites was 'to preserve unity', to keep the socialist countries and the communist parties of different countries in check ... They retreated, held back temporarily, in order to gather strength and take their revisionist revenge in the
453:
individual, but of almost the entire leading group in Albania." Despite this, however, for Halliday, Hoxha's cult of personality made him "the quintessential Stalinist". Halliday considers that many of the reasons used by Nikita Khrushchev to denounce Josef Stalin, were applicable to Enver Hoxha.
917:
On November 5, a 125-page letter was sent from the Central Committee of the CPSU to its Chinese counterpart ignoring the existence of Albania as a socialist country and "malign the Party of Labour of Albania." Later noting this letter in regards to China, Hoxha wrote that, "They distributed this
905:
and Kapo, in which the former asked, "Are you Hysni Kapo?! I've heard so much about you ..." Kapo replied, "For good or bad?" to which Furtseva stated, "You have attacked the Soviet Union, but you are heading for trouble on that course," getting "the reply she deserved" from Kapo, with Alia
691:
to Albania in late-1957 for Albania's Third Five-Year Plan and among other things forgave $ 105 million in past debts Albania owed the Soviet Union. These efforts proved unsuccessful in persuading the Albanians to change their course. James S. O'Donnell observed that the Soviets, then in an
1099:
An Albanian account discussing the invasion notes, "Albania resolutely denounced this act, calling it 'an aggression of the fascist type' which 'represented the greatest debasement of the honour and authority of the Soviet Union and the Soviet people on the part of the Khrushchevite revisionist
957:
At the Conference itself the Albanian delegation played a leading role together with its Chinese counterpart in giving the draft declaration "Marxist–Leninist content", and despite "serious flaws" (in the view of these delegations) "the Declaration eventually signed by the 81 parties was a
550:
should be appointed first secretary of the party ..." Hence, right from the start Khrushchev was for pushing Bierut aside in the leadership of the party ... were giving the green light for all the revisionist elements, who, up till yesterday, were wriggling and keeping a low profile,
528:
A meeting with Soviet leaders held in June that year further raised his suspicions about the intentions of the new leadership, as did a reduction in Soviet and Eastern Bloc aid to Albania in early-1954 as Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev 'generally believed that the trade cost for the support of
1115:
isolate oneself, at least for a time, from most of the communist parties of the world. Precisely here lies the heroism of the Party of Labour of Albania, the majesty of its decision, and its courage and determination for the cause of Marxism–Leninism, for the cause of socialism and communism."
1069:
On this course, marching shoulder to shoulder with the sister Marxist–Leninist parties and the fraternal peoples of the socialist countries, as well as with all the revolutionary forces of the world, our Party and people will score complete victory over the imperialist and revisionist enemies.
998:
sent a letter five days later which effectively signaled the end to Soviet–Albanian trade agreements. Among other things it stated that "It is understandable that the Albanian leadership cannot expect in the future that the USSR will help it as it has in the past, with aid from which only true
826:
After the Conference ended, Khrushchev stepped up economic pressure on Albania, delaying a reply concerning 50,000 tons of requested grain to offset an acute food shortage caused by drought, and then issuing significant reductions in the amount of grain shipments. According to an Albanian
813:
In the words of Nicholas C. Pano, "Khrushchev attempted to transform the Bucharest Conference into a communist summit meeting for the purpose of securing the condemnation of the Chinese" with Kapo being the only representative of a European party "to refrain from criticizing Peking, to attack
721:
The Albanian delegation led by Hoxha worked with the Chinese and other like-minded delegations to the Conference in drafting a declaration alongside the CPSU and the pro–Soviet parties, with the resulting document being described by some Western observers as a compromise; historian William E.
541:
Khrushchev told us that the other sister parties had been told of the Soviet "experience" of who should be first secretary of the party and who prime minister in the countries of people's democracy. "We talked over these questions with the Polish comrades before the congress of their party,"
961:
On December 19, Hoxha delivered his report to a plenum of the Central Committee of the Party concerning the Moscow Conference, remarking on the mutual defenses Albania and China provided for each other at Bucharest and Moscow and adding, "In the future our Party will strengthen its ties and
817:
During the Conference Hoxha communicated with Kapo via radiogram, stating for instance on June 24, in response to a lengthy document distributed at the Conference by the Soviets attacking the Chinese, "When you make your speech at the meeting you should declare: 'I am not authorized to make
945:
Alia relates that during the Conference a Soviet security officer had said to both him and Kapo that the Soviet leadership might have been contemplating Hoxha's assassination. For this reason, as Hoxha relates in his memoirs, "The Khrushchevites were capable of anything and we took our own
765:
to the Greeks by the Albanians ... It is likely that Khrushchev used the meeting with Venizelos as a way to pay back Hoxha for snubbing him during his visit to Albania." Griffith added: "Hoxha viewed this move by Khrushchev as an implicit threat to partition Albania – the overwhelming
978:
On January 20 that year, the Soviets announced a withdrawal of their oil specialists within a seven- to ten-day period. The Albanians later claimed the specialists had sabotaged Albania's oil installations before departing. Although Khrushchev had symbolically delivered blueprints for the
900:
On October 22, after the work of the commission had ended, Khrushchev invited the delegates to a dinner which, according to Alia, was used "to threaten those parties which might oppose the line of the Soviets in November." He gave as an example an exchange between Soviet Politburo member
860:
visited China, giving a speech on June 6 which, in the words of Griffith, "could hardly have made her pro–Soviet sympathies clearer," having been full of praise for the Soviet Union, with said praise being omitted when the text was published the day after in the Party newspaper
818:
statements on these matters because our leadership knows that these matters will be discussed at the forthcoming Meeting of representatives of the parties, as we have all agreed.' ... We understand your difficult situation, but don't worry at all, for we are on the right road."
814:
Yugoslav revisionism, and to refuse to alter his stand on the Chinese and Yugoslav issues despite Soviet pressure. Khrushchev's hopes of bringing the Albanians to heel by means of peaceful persuasion were certainly shattered by the time the Bucharest Conference had come to an end."
512:
In his memoirs, Hoxha recounts the apprehension he and others had about the post-Stalin leadership, just days after Stalin's death. "The way in which the death of Stalin was announced and his funeral ceremony was organized created the impression ... that many members of the
1079:
In his memoirs Khrushchev described the Albanian leadership as "monsters," saying that, "The rift which developed between the Soviet Union and Albania stemmed mainly from the Albanians' fear of democratisation." The downfall of Khrushchev in 1964 saw Hoxha write an article for
761:. O'Donnell comments: "The obvious purpose of this discussion was to infuriate Enver Hoxha as Albanian–Greek relations were strained at this time. It became known that Khrushchev had hinted to Venizelos that the Soviet Union would not be against territorial and/or
971:
in spite of all the crushing blows and defeats it has received, revisionism ... remains the main danger to the international communist movement ... a resolute and uncompromising struggle must be waged against revisionism until it is utterly destroyed."
648:
denouncing Tito for encouraging the activity of the rebels, though the Soviets rebuked Hoxha for his harsh tone soon after. Soviet efforts to improve relations with Yugoslavia resumed before long, prompting a further deterioration in Soviet–Albanian relations.
565:
with two NATO members." Hoxha, however, disagreed with this view, later writing, "even if the Yugoslav leadership had been unjustly condemned in 1949, as Khrushchev was claiming, nothing could permit or justify its falling into the lap of imperialism."
888:
In October 1960, a preparatory Commission for the upcoming International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties scheduled for November that year was held from October 1–21, with the Albanian delegation being led by Hysni Kapo and
536:
Hoxha regarded Soviet pressure as acting in the service of ulterior, revisionist aims in an effort to unseat or otherwise undermine "Stalinist" leaders. Thus in a meeting with Khrushchev on the issue of collective leadership, he recalled:
930:
agree that the Chinese communist party should be summarily and unjustly condemned. For this it had been treated in a manner that was shabby, anti-Marxist and uncomradely. Hoxha's speech had a shattering effect on the Moscow gathering."
675:
social system in our countries and are opposed to the foundations of Marxism–Leninism. In all their propaganda, they do not say one word against imperialism, on the contrary, have joined the chorus of the Western powers against us."
574:
even though he had not convened it. The move was refused by the Albanians 'with reasoning that the Yugoslav leadership had had no change since its condemnation in 1948 by the communist and workers' parties represented on the Bureau'.
484:, the head of the pro–Yugoslav faction. Hoxha was threatened on the basis of his opposition to the pro–Yugoslav line, as Xoxe's final goal was to overthrow Hoxha and to incorporate Albania into Yugoslavia as its Seventh Republic. The
605:
of the colonial peoples any right to liberate themselves from oppression and reassuring capitalist governments by emphasising 'peaceful transition to socialism' or the Parliamentary road ..." He then quoted Khrushchev as saying
910:
Moscow, that, at the most, he should restrict himself to general criticisms on a theoretical plane ... they brought all-sided pressure to bear on our delegation ... even us the official reception for the celebration of
869:
Harry Hamm was told by Albanian functionaries that "Belishova and Tashko had never made any secret of their pro–Soviet leanings, and that they had maintained their attitude long after the decision had been made to move closer to
447:
intellectual traditions" were the most significant force behind the foundation of the Communist Party of Albania. Albania was also the only Eastern European country liberated from Axis occupation without the presence of the
1131:
with the Soviet Union. An example of transitional justice and of how states in the former Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact alliance grappled with the socialist era, the museum won the Council of Europe's Museum Prize in 2020.
671:
been sacked for their support of Yugoslavia and the theses of the 20th Party Congress; Hoxha refused. In response to this Khrushchev accused Hoxha of sectarianism and of being "hell-bent on pursuing Stalinist policies."
1119:
reported that, as the Soviet Union was on course for reform, 'there has been a marked trend recently towards democratisation of Albanian society'." In June 1991, the ruling Party of Labour became the social-democratic
641:
in November 1956, relations between Albania and the Soviet Union improved somewhat due to Yugoslavia's part in the event, which caused friction in Yugoslav–Soviet relations. On November 7, Hoxha wrote an article for
599:
A notable event at the Congress was the promotion of the policy of "peaceful coexistence" by Khrushchev, which officially was a policy to increase East–West collaboration against the threat of nuclear war, but which
1066:
liquidated the centuries-old backwardness and achieved great successes in the construction of socialist society ... Our Party is fighting for a great cause, for the truth of Marxism–Leninism ...
551:
awaiting the opportune moments. Now these moments were being created by Khrushchev who, with his actions, stands and "new ideas", was becoming the inspirer and organizer of "changes" and "reorganizations".
514:
1007:
Bloc. It has been impossible, therefore, for the Tirana Government to keep its army up-to-date on military theory." In March, Albania had not been invited to attend a meeting of the Warsaw Treaty states.
975:
which Soviet and East European representatives from other parties would attend, "confirmed that the rift with Russia was almost complete and the alliance between China and Albania an accomplished fact."
962:
friendship with the Communist Party of China and the great Chinese people, always upholding the teachings of Marxism–Leninism and the correct line always pursued by the Central Committee of our Party."
373:
705:
1023:
floating base 'Kotelnikov', as well as the Albanian warships that were laid for repair in the port of Sevastopol. On June 5, the personnel of Soviet advisers left the base at Vlora, too."
1003:
Five-year Plan the fulfillment of the plan in many sectors of the economy was made very difficult and to a certain extent the development of the Albanian economy as a whole was impaired."
590:
in February 1956, Khrushchev issued—in addition to his main report—his "Secret Speech" denouncing Stalin. In addition to its attack on Stalin, Hoxha later stated about the Congress that:
942:, an old revolutionary and a devoted worker in the Communist movement, got up indignantly and said, very much to the point, that Hoxha was like a dog who bites the hand that feeds it."
4330:
480:
Within the leadership of the Communist Party of Albania tensions arose between pro– and anti–Yugoslav factions and personalities, with the latter increasingly coming under attack by
2938:
5665:
692:
early stage of the Sino-Soviet split, may have also tried to demonstrate Soviet "generosity" in an effort to counteract the amount of trade Albania was conducting with the
876:
Tashko, asked to speak on his own behalf, had his text prepared beforehand by the Soviet embassy and, having gotten confused, accidentally read the punctuation mark for a
518:
488:
in 1948, however, had allowed Albania to break from Yugoslav dominance, and it became the first state to side with the Information Bureau (better known in the West as the
1038:
587:
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in Tito, while the latter, to urge the others to openly and finally abandon Marxism–Leninism, the struggle against modern revisionism and any principled stand.
4516:
1151:
3947:
5835:
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Brezhnev–Kosygin clique' ... the Warsaw Treaty had completely been transformed from a means of defence into a means of aggression" and having been
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on the occasion of his 1959 visit, all Soviet construction efforts on it ceased by April 1961. A shipment of materials for the Palace, which arrived in
3995:
621:
One of Tito's preconditions for improving relations with the Soviets was for a Soviet-backed removal of "Stalinist" leaders in Eastern Europe, such as
1092:, writing in support of the Albanian position, "The final proof of the correctness of Albania's characterisation of Soviet revisionism came with the
938:
Khrushchev recalled the Conference and said Hoxha "bared his fangs at us even more menacingly than the Chinese themselves. After his speech, comrade
5650:
5177:
3927:
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Albanian leaders will have to answer for the harm they have done their country, their people and the cause of socialist construction in Albania."
3494:
726:
future." O'Donnell states that after the Moscow Conference any trouble in Soviet–Albanian relations "was kept strictly private" until June 1960.
358:
1846:
873:'s general line. Their stubborn attitude was bound to lead to their expulsion from the Party and to their being relieved of all their offices."
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3245:
3054:
1896:
456:
Following Albania's liberation, the country's economic and foreign policies were dominated by its neighbour Yugoslavia under the leadership of
2814:
5726:
492:) with its resolution attacking the Yugoslav leadership for allegedly pursuing a road of nationalist deviation and capitalist restoration.
708:, the goal of which was to establish the general line and common positions of the international communist movement. As Hoxha later wrote:
5810:
5700:
4587:
1018:
In May 1961, the Soviets began dismantling the base and tried to seize the submarines, seizing some Albanian ships undergoing repairs at
464:." During this period ties with the Soviet Union remained limited, though formal diplomatic relations were established in December 1945.
1179:
Mihai Croitor, Sanda Croitor (2020), Sub zodia Dragonului: Lungul marș către ruptura sovieto-albaneză (1956-1961), Editura Mega, p.35-39
1096:
in 1968 – 'Khrushchevism without Khrushchev', since Brezhnev who succeeded the deposed revisionist leader followed the same line."
5690:
778:
doctrine of qualified sovereignty as a fascist policy adopted by the Soviet government, and called for the immediate withdrawal of the
5779:
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In an effort to persuade the Albanian leadership to reconcile itself with the Soviets, the USSR gave a loan of $ 160 million in
134:
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3764:
354:
2842:
5167:
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987:, was "withdrawn at once on the pretext that the materials 'had been loaded by mistake and were not really intended for Albania.
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commented "it was set up without any known direct contact with Moscow." Halliday argues that "middle-class intellectuals" with "
338:
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3932:
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609:'if any mad man wanted war, we , the two strongest countries in the world, would have but to shake our fingers to warn him off.
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in Russian amid a burst of laughter from those present. Both Belishova and Tashko were expelled from the Party in September.
17:
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further writing "her mission was just to transmit the signal. Throughout the whole dinner she did not speak to us again."
411:, the Soviet–Albanian split culminated in the termination of relations in 1961, however Albania did not withdraw from the
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At the opening of the Bucharest Conference on June 21, 1960, which was held on the occasion of the Third Congress of the
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Within the Party itself an effort was also made by pro–Soviet elements to overthrow Hoxha. In June, Politburo member
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696:. Albania's passive trade balance with China had grown from 4.2 percent in 1955 to 21.6 percent in 1957.
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in 1949, and joined the Warsaw Treaty upon its founding in 1955. In addition the Soviets built a submarine base at
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of the country, with the majority of its members including its leader, Enver Hoxha, having no connection to the
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Relations between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia deteriorated further following Tito's refusal to attend the
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Albanian officials called for the Soviet Naval presence to be removed from the Mediterranean, denounced the
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of Labour had been "followed up to now", and thus tacitly rejected Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policies.
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2889:"Communist Relations in Crisis: The End of Soviet-Albanian Relations, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1961"
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1851:. Indiana University: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 35.
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1967:
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In May 1955, Khrushchev led a Soviet delegation to the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade with the aim of
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On April 23, a Sino-Albanian trade agreement was concluded; Soviet First Deputy Premier
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expressed in the line of the 20th and 22nd Congresses of the CPSU are not liquidated."
1027:
911:
562:
5457:
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However, the Albanian–Soviet split did not become public until 1960, when, during the
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1140:
794:
758:
743:
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381:
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139:
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365:, including efforts to extend these policies into Albania as was occurring in other
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5392:
5377:
5357:
5304:
5087:
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5062:
5012:
5002:
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4779:
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4457:
4397:
4237:
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3527:
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3488:
3468:
3458:
3307:
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939:
626:
601:
362:
81:
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4132:
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3292:
3225:
3215:
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3136:
3123:
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883:
798:
658:
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Khrushchev told us. "We thrashed matters out thoroughly and thought that Comrade
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322:
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3365:
1864:
Naval policy and strategy in the Mediterranean : past, present, and future
1123:, dropping its prior commitment to Marxism–Leninism, and in December 1991, the
995:
857:
837:
100:
738:
According to Hoxha, Khrushchev displayed contempt for Albanian archaeology in
661:
of the Central Committee of the Party subsequently published in the newspaper
5799:
5746:
5592:
5487:
5452:
5437:
5397:
4939:
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4417:
4280:
4260:
4147:
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3886:
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3430:
3425:
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3302:
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3011:
2912:
2039:
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perceived Soviet revisionism gradually began to break down, resulting in the
688:
396:
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Marxism–Leninism cannot be vanquished! Socialism and communism will triumph!
5532:
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5412:
5402:
5256:
5244:
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4365:
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and reacted positively to the latter's suggestion of greater autonomy for
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3769:
3375:
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1019:
890:
845:
802:
377:
3990:
460:, and Albania became in the words of historian Miranda Vickers a "sub-
349:, which occurred in the 1956–1961 period as a result of Soviet leader
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5326:
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5112:
5067:
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Khrushchev and Co. made feverish efforts not only to ensure that the
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4643:
4547:
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2445:
1102:
1089:
775:
706:
1957 International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties
616:
449:
89:
43:
4331:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
2170:
376:
of Communist and Workers Parties, the Albanian delegation, led by
5157:
5042:
5032:
4981:
4522:
3267:
1257:
870:
836:
The Soviets also attempted to threaten the Albanians with force;
739:
497:
2702:"Albania's Museum of Secret Surveillance: The "House of Leaves""
2442:
5225:
5027:
4966:
3901:
2794:
The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
2573:
769:
644:
546:
should remain chairman of the Council of Ministers and Comrade
2645:
2597:
2537:
2509:
1907:
1741:
1739:
1666:
1664:
1556:
1554:
1357:
1333:
884:
International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties
431:
after 1948—was founded in November 1941 in the context of the
5710:
5666:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
5172:
4955:
3034:
2657:
1991:
1931:
1633:
1321:
501:
159:
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satellite of the Soviet Union." Albania became a member of
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1401:
1399:
1374:
1372:
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2210:
2131:
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1423:
1247:
1245:
1039:
22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
588:
20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
582:
20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
380:, did not support Khrushchev's ideological views on the
2669:
2561:
2318:
2294:
2222:
2155:
2143:
2015:
1751:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1396:
1369:
2864:(Second ed.). Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House.
2342:
2234:
2067:
1955:
1826:
1814:
1763:
1712:
1519:
1507:
1384:
1345:
2621:
1792:
1790:
1285:
1242:
1194:
1152:
De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania
2940:
The History of the Socialist Construction of Albania
2681:
2354:
2330:
2186:
1775:
1606:
1459:
1218:
753:
Early in June, Khrushchev met with Greek politician
2744:
Pickaxe and Rifle: The Story of the Albanian People
2633:
2270:
2198:
2119:
2107:
1943:
1802:
1471:
1411:
2850:. Vol. 3. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House.
2836:. Vol. 2. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House.
2761:
2473:
2282:
2079:
2003:
1787:
1566:
1447:
1309:
1094:invasion and military occupation of Czechoslovakia
1206:
1182:
5797:
5651:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
851:
766:traditional fear of all Albanian nationalists."
617:Third Congress of the Party of Labour of Albania
4088:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
3495:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
2775:The Artful Albanian: The Memoirs of Enver Hoxha
391:perceived Khrushchev's policies as contrary to
27:Deterioration of bilateral relations, 1956–1961
99:Propaganda, arrest of Soviets in Albania, and
2984:
2927:
2579:
2491:
2312:
2097:
2045:
1981:
1977:
1913:
1745:
1682:
1670:
1541:
1501:
1363:
1339:
1303:
1236:
842:Supreme Commander of the Warsaw Treaty forces
407:. Occurring within the context of the larger
5727:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
3278:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
914:against our delegation for these purposes."
770:Albanian attack on the Soviet naval presence
427:The Communist Party of Albania—known as the
399:as an opportunistic act meant to legitimize
4588:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2880:The Albanians: Europe's Forgotten Survivors
793:, Hoxha was not among the various heads of
5691:United States involvement in regime change
3246:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
2991:
2977:
2936:
2930:A Coming of Age: Albania under Enver Hoxha
2651:
2603:
2543:
2515:
2467:
2384:
2033:
1997:
1925:
1895:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1584:
1327:
1267:
1074:
555:
525:had been awaiting his death impatiently."
2955:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press.
2816:Albania Challenges Khrushchev Revisionism
848:was uncovered and the plotters executed.
2877:
2772:
2759:
2750:
2567:
2531:
2451:
2436:
2408:
2396:
2300:
2252:
2228:
2176:
2061:
2021:
1973:
1832:
1820:
1706:
1651:
1627:
1600:
1596:
1560:
1537:
1525:
1441:
1405:
1279:
1224:
1200:
475:
466:
415:until 1968, mainly as a reaction to the
3817:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
2959:
2675:
1848:Albania and Sino-Soviet Relations, 1971
1769:
1655:
1545:
1251:
1026:Hoxha's account is as follows: Admiral
784:
374:Bucharest Conference of Representatives
14:
5836:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
5798:
5661:Russian espionage in the United States
3933:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2964:. New York: I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd.
2932:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2796:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2753:Economic Warfare in the Communist Bloc
1844:
5656:Soviet espionage in the United States
3812:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
3591:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
3256:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
2972:
2946:. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House.
2886:
2854:
2840:
2826:
2809:
2737:. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House.
2627:
2615:
2555:
2503:
2372:
2360:
2336:
2264:
2240:
2216:
2192:
2180:
2137:
2101:
2073:
1961:
1937:
1781:
1730:
1694:
1639:
1615:
1489:
1465:
1429:
1390:
1351:
5732:Soviet Union–United States relations
4083:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
2950:
2868:
2803:Albania: China's Beachhead in Europe
2800:
2791:
2729:
2699:
2687:
2663:
2591:
2527:
2479:
2424:
2324:
2288:
2276:
2204:
2164:
2149:
2125:
2113:
2085:
2049:
1985:
1949:
1867:. John B. Hattendorf. London. 2000.
1808:
1757:
1572:
1477:
1417:
1378:
1315:
1291:
1263:
1212:
1188:
806:and workers' parties of the world."
699:
5696:Soviet involvement in regime change
2777:. London: Chatto & Windus Ltd.
2741:
2639:
2455:
2420:
2348:
2009:
1796:
1718:
1513:
1453:
523:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
343:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
101:attack on the Soviet naval presence
24:
5737:Soviet Union–United States summits
3211:1947 Polish parliamentary election
3096:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
2768:. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press.
714:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
507:
25:
5857:
4498:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4433:United States invasion of Grenada
3703:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
3644:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
2805:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
2746:. London: Howard Baker Press Ltd.
652:
111:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
4573:United States invasion of Panama
4423:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
4063:1971 Turkish military memorandum
4026:Communist insurgency in Thailand
3996:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
3928:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
3755:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
3683:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
3201:Restatement of Policy on Germany
2953:The People's Republic of Albania
2893:The International History Review
2822:. New York: Gamma Publishing Co.
2764:Albania and the Sino-Soviet Rift
2693:
801:in attendance; Politburo member
729:
409:split between China and the USSR
405:international communist movement
316:
305:
291:
280:
252:
240:
228:
216:
204:
192:
178:
167:
152:
138:
128:
5293:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4674:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
4603:Fall of the inner German border
4503:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
4153:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
4143:Spanish transition to democracy
4103:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
3730:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
3236:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
3117:Occupation of the Baltic states
2962:The Albanians: A Modern History
2755:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
2723:
1855:
1838:
657:In a February 1957 speech to a
5811:Albania–Soviet Union relations
4073:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
3708:Mozambican War of Independence
3147:Indonesian National Revolution
2882:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.
2871:The Search for Greater Albania
1173:
965:
821:
471:Geopolitical situation in 1956
387:The Albanian leadership under
13:
1:
5671:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
4686:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
4639:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
4361:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
4326:Seven Days to the River Rhine
4058:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
3345:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
3273:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
2937:Omari, L.; Pollo, S. (1988).
2905:10.1080/07075332.2019.1620825
1162:
852:Pro–Soviet faction in Albania
563:conclusion of a military pact
422:
337:was the gradual worsening of
4664:Fall of communism in Albania
4634:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
4583:Polish Round Table Agreement
3923:1968 Polish political crisis
3740:Eritrean War of Independence
3506:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3401:East German uprising of 1953
3333:Chinese Communist Revolution
2998:
2873:. London: C. Hurst & Co.
347:People's Republic of Albania
7:
5821:Cold War history of Albania
4538:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
4266:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
4011:Corrective Movement (Syria)
3975:New People's Army rebellion
3970:Sino-Soviet border conflict
3698:Angolan War of Independence
3561:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
3441:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
3086:Jamaican political conflict
1134:
981:Palace of Culture of Tirana
827:account, the Soviet Union:
10:
5862:
4734:Sino-Indian border dispute
4563:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4493:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
4251:1976 Argentine coup d'état
4163:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
4113:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
3797:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
3765:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
3454:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
3221:Asian Relations Conference
2773:Halliday, J., ed. (1986).
1148:, or Yugoslav–Soviet split
1125:Soviet Union was dissolved
694:People's Republic of China
429:Party of Labour of Albania
417:Invasion of Czechoslovakia
5806:Battles involving Albania
5770:
5719:
5641:
5618:William Appleman Williams
5563:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
5345:
5317:
5266:
5198:
5191:
5125:
4990:
4915:
4845:
4838:
4747:
4694:
4626:
4339:
4078:Bangladesh Liberation War
4068:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
3983:
3955:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
3943:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
3606:
3381:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
3358:
3068:
3006:
2928:O'Donnell, J. S. (1999).
1845:Prifti, Peter R. (1971).
393:Marxist–Leninist doctrine
275:
270:
121:
116:
106:
95:
77:
61:
53:
41:
36:
4393:1980 Turkish coup d'état
4228:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
4198:1978 Somali coup attempt
4158:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
4123:1973 Chilean coup d'état
3948:Revolutionary Government
3842:South African Border War
3634:1960 Turkish coup d'état
3551:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
3406:1953 Iranian coup d'état
3386:1952 Egyptian revolution
2878:Logoreci, Anton (1977).
2760:Griffith, W. E. (1963).
2751:Freedman, R. O. (1970).
2666:, pp. 236, 238–239.
1940:, pp. 394, 400–401.
1642:, pp. 364–365, 374.
1167:
682:
395:and his denunciation of
4598:Fall of the Berlin Wall
4543:People Power Revolution
4528:Central American crisis
4468:1986 Black Sea incident
4118:1973 Afghan coup d'état
4016:Western Sahara conflict
3827:1966 Syrian coup d'état
3750:1963 Syrian coup d'état
3693:Portuguese Colonial War
3656:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
3421:1954 Syrian coup d'état
3298:Annexation of Hyderabad
3241:1947–1949 Palestine war
2855:—— (1984).
2841:—— (1980).
2827:—— (1975).
1075:Subsequent developments
791:Romanian Workers' Party
556:Beginnings of the split
4892:Neoclassical economics
4403:Gulf of Sidra incident
3960:1969 Libyan revolution
3651:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3436:1954 Geneva Conference
3196:Turkish straits crisis
3191:Corfu Channel incident
2792:Held, J., ed. (1992).
2652:Omari & Pollo 1988
2604:Omari & Pollo 1988
2544:Omari & Pollo 1988
2516:Omari & Pollo 1988
2468:Omari & Pollo 1988
2385:Omari & Pollo 1988
2034:Omari & Pollo 1988
1998:Omari & Pollo 1988
1926:Omari & Pollo 1988
1585:Omari & Pollo 1988
1328:Omari & Pollo 1988
1268:Omari & Pollo 1988
1109:Albanian-Chinese split
1072:
1057:article, Hoxha wrote:
834:
719:
597:
553:
472:
353:'s rapprochement with
5742:Russia–NATO relations
5623:Jonathan Reed Winkler
4907:Democratic capitalism
4902:Supply-side economics
4870:American conservatism
4669:Breakup of Yugoslavia
4558:Bougainville conflict
4473:South Yemen civil war
4408:Martial law in Poland
4271:Nicaraguan Revolution
4246:Dirty War (Argentina)
4053:1971 JVP insurrection
3867:Years of Lead (Italy)
3745:North Yemen civil war
3663:Berlin Crisis of 1961
3639:Albanian–Soviet split
3571:1959 Tibetan uprising
3536:Syrian Crisis of 1957
3391:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
3251:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2887:Marku, Ylber (2019).
1899:) CS1 maint: others (
1059:
829:
763:political concessions
710:
592:
539:
531:collective leadership
486:Soviet–Yugoslav split
476:Soviet–Yugoslav split
470:
335:Albanian–Soviet split
84:of the Soviet Union,
37:Albanian-Soviet split
18:Soviet-Albanian split
5163:Non-Aligned Movement
4785:Peaceful coexistence
4739:North Borneo dispute
4654:German reunification
4649:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
4347:Salvadoran Civil War
4296:Grand Mosque seizure
4291:Yemenite War of 1979
4183:Mozambican Civil War
4138:Carnation Revolution
4093:Yemenite War of 1972
4031:1970 Polish protests
3862:1967 Hong Kong riots
3837:Argentine Revolution
3787:Guatemalan Civil War
3715:Cuban Missile Crisis
3629:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3501:1956 Poznań protests
3479:Geneva Summit (1955)
3081:Hukbalahap Rebellion
3060:Non-Aligned Movement
2960:Vickers, M. (1999).
2951:Pano, N. C. (1968).
2706:www.wilsoncenter.org
785:Bucharest Conference
369:states at the time.
5831:Ideological rivalry
5608:Alex von Tunzelmann
5598:Vladimir Tismăneanu
5523:Thomas J. McCormick
5518:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
5418:Robert Hugh Ferrell
5281:Crusade for Freedom
5078:Illiberal democracy
4962:Ho Chi Minh Thought
4765:Eisenhower Doctrine
4618:Peaceful Revolution
4613:Romanian Revolution
4593:Revolutions of 1989
4578:1988 Polish strikes
4488:Operation INFEKTION
4483:1987 Lieyu massacre
4388:Eritrean Civil Wars
4371:Peruvian Revolution
4321:1979 Herat uprising
4311:Sino-Vietnamese War
4276:Uganda–Tanzania War
4256:Egyptian–Libyan War
4223:Third Indochina War
4218:Sino-Albanian split
4208:Ethiopian Civil War
4108:Eritrean Civil Wars
4048:Ping-pong diplomacy
4021:Cambodian Civil War
3847:Korean DMZ Conflict
3832:Cultural Revolution
3802:Dominican Civil War
3780:Tlatelolco massacre
3566:1959 Mosul uprising
3556:1958 Lebanon crisis
3283:Al-Wathbah uprising
3206:First Indochina War
3176:Iran crisis of 1946
2708:. The Wilson Center
2654:, pp. 289–290.
2618:, pp. 352–356.
2606:, pp. 287–288.
2594:, pp. 150–151.
2558:, pp. 467–468.
2546:, pp. 285–286.
2518:, pp. 282–283.
2506:, pp. 466–467.
2399:, pp. 128–129.
2375:, pp. 278–278.
2351:, pp. 201–202.
2327:, pp. 284–285.
2267:, pp. 126–127.
2255:, pp. 127–128.
2219:, pp. 446–447.
2167:, pp. 282–283.
2152:, pp. 278–279.
2140:, pp. 151–152.
2104:, pp. 109–110.
2052:, pp. 137–138.
2000:, pp. 203–204.
1760:, pp. 130–131.
1733:, pp. 344–345.
1721:, pp. 192–193.
1697:, pp. 334–335.
1563:, pp. 119–120.
1516:, pp. 183–184.
1492:, pp. 185–186.
1444:, pp. 115–116.
1432:, pp. 110–111.
1381:, pp. 113–114.
1330:, pp. 153–154.
1157:Sino-Albanian split
903:Yekaterina Furtseva
755:Sophocles Venizelos
5762:Russian Revolution
5558:Mary Elise Sarotte
5543:William B. Pickett
5468:Patrick J. Hearden
5448:Gabriel Gorodetsky
5443:Timothy Garton Ash
5428:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
5023:Ethnic nationalism
4775:Hallstein Doctrine
4659:Yemeni unification
4448:1985 Geneva Summit
4413:Casamance conflict
4316:New Jewel Movement
4301:Iranian Revolution
4286:Chadian–Libyan War
4233:Cambodian conflict
4213:Lebanese Civil War
4203:Western Sahara War
4178:June 1976 protests
4173:Cambodian genocide
3938:17 July Revolution
3892:Nigerian Civil War
3807:Rhodesian Bush War
3792:Colombian conflict
3735:Ramadan Revolution
3474:Bandung Conference
3350:Operation Valuable
3231:Partition of India
2858:The Khrushchevites
2700:Heilmann, Katrin.
2048:, pp. 47–48;
1282:, pp. 93–100.
1028:Vladimir Kasatonov
639:Hungarian Uprising
473:
433:foreign occupation
5846:Nikita Khrushchev
5841:Political schisms
5793:
5792:
5780:List of conflicts
5628:Rudolph Winnacker
5573:Giles Scott-Smith
5548:Ronald E. Powaski
5503:Melvyn P. Leffler
5433:John Lewis Gaddis
5408:Robert D. English
5373:Warren H. Carroll
5363:Michael Beschloss
5332:Nuclear arms race
5313:
5312:
5219:Neues Deutschland
5121:
5120:
5103:White nationalism
5073:Liberal democracy
4810:Ulbricht Doctrine
4800:Brezhnev Doctrine
4608:Velvet Revolution
4352:Soviet–Afghan War
4168:Angolan Civil War
3965:Goulash Communism
3822:ASEAN Declaration
3775:Mexican Dirty War
3673:Annexation of Goa
3624:1960 U-2 incident
3598:Sino-Soviet split
3576:Laotian Civil War
3416:Bricker Amendment
3396:Mau Mau rebellion
3340:Malayan Emergency
3328:Chinese Civil War
3288:Tito–Stalin split
3142:Division of Korea
2869:Kola, P. (2003).
2801:Hamm, H. (1963).
2582:, pp. 56–57.
2439:, pp. 77–78.
2411:, pp. 76–77.
2243:, pp. 84–92.
2076:, pp. 92–93.
2064:, pp. 38–39.
1964:, pp. 15–16.
1916:, pp. 46–47.
1874:978-1-136-71316-3
1709:, pp. 57–59.
1393:, pp. 38–39.
1366:, pp. 38–39.
1354:, pp. 13–14.
1342:, pp. 37–38.
1294:, pp. 83–86.
1146:Tito–Stalin split
1141:Sino-Soviet split
1053:In a December 10
795:communist parties
759:Greeks in Albania
744:Rodion Malinovsky
700:Moscow Conference
602:anti-revisionists
519:Central Committee
382:Sino-Soviet split
361:" and subsequent
351:Nikita Khrushchev
331:
330:
312:Nikita Khrushchev
266:
265:
48:Sino-Soviet split
16:(Redirected from
5853:
5816:Anti-revisionism
5538:David S. Painter
5463:John Earl Haynes
5393:Nicholas J. Cull
5378:Adrian Cioroianu
5358:Thomas A. Bailey
5305:Voice of America
5196:
5195:
5108:White separatism
5088:Social democracy
5083:Guided democracy
5063:Authoritarianism
5013:Ultranationalism
5003:Anti-imperialism
4930:Marxism–Leninism
4843:
4842:
4830:Kinmen Agreement
4795:Johnson Doctrine
4780:Kennedy Doctrine
4696:Frozen conflicts
4679:1991 August Coup
4568:Afghan Civil War
4463:Reykjavík Summit
4458:Somali Rebellion
4398:Ugandan Bush War
4376:Gdańsk Agreement
3897:Protests of 1968
3877:War of Attrition
3586:Cuban Revolution
3522:We will bury you
3489:Cyprus Emergency
3469:Kashmir Princess
3459:Jebel Akhdar War
3308:Western betrayal
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2933:
2924:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2851:
2849:
2837:
2835:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2769:
2767:
2756:
2747:
2742:Ash, W. (1974).
2738:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1886:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1177:
990:
952:29th of November
940:Dolores Ibarruri
627:Valko Chervenkov
612:
608:
363:de-Stalinization
357:along with his "
321:
320:
319:
310:
309:
308:
296:
295:
294:
285:
284:
283:
258:
256:
255:
246:
244:
243:
234:
232:
231:
222:
220:
219:
210:
208:
207:
198:
196:
195:
182:
173:
171:
170:
158:
156:
155:
142:
133:
132:
131:
123:
122:
82:De-Stalinization
34:
33:
21:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5766:
5757:Second Cold War
5715:
5643:
5637:
5613:Odd Arne Westad
5603:Patrick Vaughan
5588:Athan Theoharis
5568:Ellen Schrecker
5553:Yakov M. Rabkin
5528:Timothy Naftali
5473:Tvrtko Jakovina
5458:Jussi Hanhimäki
5341:
5319:
5309:
5287:Paix et Liberté
5262:
5206:Active measures
5187:
5117:
5098:White supremacy
5058:Totalitarianism
4986:
4911:
4834:
4820:Reagan Doctrine
4815:Carter Doctrine
4755:Truman Doctrine
4743:
4690:
4622:
4517:Soviet reaction
4428:Ndogboyosoi War
4335:
4306:Saur Revolution
4133:1973 oil crisis
4098:Munich massacre
4006:Alcora Exercise
4001:Black September
3979:
3725:Sino-Indian War
3619:Simba rebellion
3602:
3446:Capture of the
3354:
3293:Berlin Blockade
3226:May 1947 crises
3216:Truman Doctrine
3181:Greek Civil War
3170:Blacklist Forty
3137:Gouzenko Affair
3124:Cursed soldiers
3076:Morgenthau Plan
3064:
3002:
2997:
2943:
2861:
2847:
2833:
2819:
2785:
2726:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:, p. 148;
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:, p. 204;
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:, p. 126;
2175:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1662:
1654:, p. 123;
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1607:
1599:, p. 122;
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1137:
1121:Socialist Party
1088:In the view of
1082:Zëri i Popullit
1077:
1055:Zëri i Popullit
1032:Black Sea Fleet
988:
968:
886:
863:Zëri i Popullit
854:
824:
787:
772:
732:
702:
685:
664:Zëri i Popullit
655:
625:of Hungary and
619:
610:
606:
584:
558:
510:
508:Death of Stalin
478:
458:Josip Broz Tito
425:
345:(USSR) and the
327:
326:
323:Leonid Brezhnev
317:
315:
314:
306:
304:
301:
292:
290:
289:
281:
279:
262:
253:
251:
250:
241:
239:
238:
229:
227:
226:
217:
215:
214:
205:
203:
202:
193:
191:
190:
186:
177:
168:
166:
162:
153:
151:
150:
146:
137:
129:
127:
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5859:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5583:Timothy Snyder
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5513:Vojtech Mastny
5510:
5508:Geir Lundestad
5505:
5500:
5498:Walter Laqueur
5495:
5493:Walter LaFeber
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5423:André Fontaine
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Gar Alperovitz
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5283:
5278:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5253:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5093:Third-Worldism
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4882:Libertarianism
4879:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4860:Chicago school
4857:
4851:
4849:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4805:Nixon Doctrine
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4748:Foreign policy
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Operation RYAN
4530:
4525:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4438:Able Archer 83
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4188:Oromo conflict
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4128:Yom Kippur War
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3760:Aden Emergency
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Papua conflict
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3581:Kitchen Debate
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3541:Sputnik crisis
3538:
3533:
3525:
3518:
3513:
3511:Polish October
3508:
3503:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Pact of Madrid
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Bamboo Curtain
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2934:
2925:
2899:(4): 813–832.
2884:
2875:
2866:
2852:
2844:Selected Works
2838:
2830:Selected Works
2824:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2770:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2692:
2690:, p. 196.
2680:
2678:, p. 215.
2668:
2656:
2644:
2642:, p. 207.
2632:
2630:, p. 663.
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2580:O'Donnell 1999
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2534:, p. 129.
2520:
2508:
2496:
2492:O'Donnell 1999
2484:
2472:
2470:, p. 214.
2460:
2458:, p. 205.
2454:, p. 79;
2441:
2429:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2387:, p. 213.
2377:
2365:
2363:, p. 277.
2353:
2341:
2339:, p. 455.
2329:
2317:
2313:O'Donnell 1999
2305:
2303:, p. 227.
2293:
2281:
2279:, p. 289.
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2231:, p. 126.
2221:
2209:
2207:, p. 139.
2197:
2195:, p. 444.
2185:
2169:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2128:, p. 265.
2118:
2116:, p. 137.
2106:
2100:, p. 48;
2098:O'Donnell 1999
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2046:O'Donnell 1999
2038:
2036:, p. 202.
2026:
2024:, p. 127.
2014:
2012:, p. 197.
2002:
1990:
1988:, p. 137.
1984:, p. 47;
1982:O'Donnell 1999
1980:, p. 72;
1978:O'Donnell 1999
1976:, p. 61;
1966:
1954:
1952:, p. 136.
1942:
1930:
1928:, p. 201.
1918:
1914:O'Donnell 1999
1906:
1873:
1854:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1811:, p. 134.
1801:
1799:, p. 195.
1786:
1784:, p. 385.
1774:
1772:, p. 184.
1762:
1750:
1746:O'Donnell 1999
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1683:O'Donnell 1999
1675:
1671:O'Donnell 1999
1660:
1658:, p. 183.
1644:
1632:
1630:, p. 123.
1620:
1618:, p. 691.
1605:
1589:
1587:, p. 165.
1577:
1565:
1550:
1548:, p. 181.
1544:, p. 40;
1542:O'Donnell 1999
1540:, p. 61;
1530:
1518:
1506:
1502:O'Donnell 1999
1494:
1482:
1480:, p. 114.
1470:
1468:, p. 122.
1458:
1456:, p. 182.
1446:
1434:
1422:
1420:, p. 113.
1410:
1408:, p. 143.
1395:
1383:
1368:
1364:O'Donnell 1999
1356:
1344:
1340:O'Donnell 1999
1332:
1320:
1308:
1304:O'Donnell 1999
1296:
1284:
1272:
1266:, p. 86;
1256:
1254:, p. 173.
1241:
1239:, p. 195.
1237:O'Donnell 1999
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1076:
1073:
996:Alexei Kosygin
967:
964:
885:
882:
858:Liri Belishova
853:
850:
838:Andrei Grechko
823:
820:
786:
783:
771:
768:
731:
728:
701:
698:
684:
681:
654:
653:Plenum of 1957
651:
637:Following the
618:
615:
583:
580:
571:rehabilitating
557:
554:
509:
506:
477:
474:
446:
424:
421:
329:
328:
302:
277:
276:
273:
272:
268:
267:
264:
263:
212:Czechoslovakia
165:
163:
126:
119:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
97:
93:
92:
79:
75:
74:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5858:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5747:War on terror
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:Espionage and
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:Andrew Thorpe
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5488:Gabriel Kolko
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5453:Fred Halliday
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Lloyd Gardner
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:Norman Davies
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:John Costello
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5318:Technological
5316:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:Pro-communist
5197:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:Organizations
5124:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4940:Eurocommunism
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:Domino theory
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:South Ossetia
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:8888 Uprising
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Iran–Iraq War
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Falklands War
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:NDF Rebellion
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:German Autumn
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Metapolitefsi
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3909:Prague Spring
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Al-Wadiah War
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:12-3 incident
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Domino theory
3429:
3427:
3426:Petrov Affair
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Madiun Affair
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Marshall Plan
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3012:United States
3009:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2784:9780701129705
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2570:, p. 79.
2569:
2568:Freedman 1970
2564:
2557:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2532:Logoreci 1977
2529:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2494:, p. 53.
2493:
2488:
2482:, p. 28.
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2452:Freedman 1970
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:Freedman 1970
2433:
2427:, p. 34.
2426:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2409:Freedman 1970
2405:
2398:
2397:Logoreci 1977
2393:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2315:, p. 47.
2314:
2309:
2302:
2301:Halliday 1986
2297:
2291:, p. 19.
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2253:Logoreci 1977
2249:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2229:Logoreci 1977
2225:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2183:, p. 70.
2182:
2178:
2177:Logoreci 1977
2173:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2088:, p. 14.
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2062:Griffith 1963
2058:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2022:Logoreci 1977
2018:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:Freedman 1970
1970:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1835:, p. 40.
1834:
1833:Griffith 1963
1829:
1823:, p. 71.
1822:
1821:Freedman 1970
1817:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1748:, p. 46.
1747:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1707:Griffith 1963
1703:
1696:
1691:
1685:, p. 45.
1684:
1679:
1673:, p. 44.
1672:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1652:Logoreci 1977
1648:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1628:Logoreci 1977
1624:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1603:, p. 62.
1602:
1601:Freedman 1970
1598:
1597:Logoreci 1977
1593:
1586:
1581:
1575:, p. 37.
1574:
1569:
1562:
1561:Logoreci 1977
1557:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:Freedman 1970
1534:
1528:, p. 24.
1527:
1526:Griffith 1963
1522:
1515:
1510:
1504:, p. 42.
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1442:Logoreci 1977
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1406:Halliday 1986
1402:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1318:, p. 89.
1317:
1312:
1306:, p. 38.
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1280:Logoreci 1977
1276:
1270:, p. 82.
1269:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1225:Halliday 1986
1221:
1215:, p. 33.
1214:
1209:
1203:, p. 22.
1202:
1201:Halliday 1986
1197:
1191:, p. 29.
1190:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:
986:
982:
976:
972:
963:
959:
955:
953:
949:
943:
941:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
913:
907:
904:
898:
894:
892:
881:
879:
874:
872:
866:
864:
859:
849:
847:
843:
839:
833:
828:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
782:
781:
777:
767:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
745:
741:
736:
730:Split deepens
727:
723:
718:
715:
709:
707:
697:
695:
690:
680:
676:
672:
668:
666:
665:
660:
650:
647:
646:
640:
635:
631:
628:
624:
623:Mátyás Rákosi
614:
603:
596:
591:
589:
579:
575:
572:
567:
564:
552:
549:
545:
538:
534:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
505:
503:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
469:
465:
463:
459:
454:
451:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:Joseph Stalin
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
359:Secret Speech
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
325:
324:
313:
300:
299:
288:
274:
269:
261:
249:
237:
225:
213:
201:
189:
188:Supported by:
185:
181:
176:
164:
161:
149:
148:Supported by:
145:
141:
136:
125:
124:
120:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
30:
19:
5752:Brinkmanship
5644:intelligence
5533:Marius Oprea
5483:Harvey Klehr
5413:Herbert Feis
5403:Willem Drees
5368:Archie Brown
5285:
5273:
5255:
5245:Trybuna Ludu
5243:
5236:
5232:Radio Moscow
5224:
5217:
5210:
5038:Anti-Zionism
4954:
4877:Keynesianism
4865:Conservatism
4729:Transnistria
4709:China-Taiwan
4366:Gera Demands
4239:
4040:
3915:
3720:El Porteñazo
3638:
3614:Congo Crisis
3529:
3464:Algerian War
3447:
3323:Western Bloc
3318:Eastern Bloc
3313:Iron Curtain
3169:
3161:
3153:
3130:
3110:
3102:
3019:Soviet Union
3017:
3010:
2961:
2952:
2939:
2929:
2896:
2892:
2879:
2870:
2857:
2843:
2829:
2815:
2802:
2793:
2774:
2763:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2724:Bibliography
2710:. Retrieved
2705:
2695:
2683:
2676:Vickers 1999
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2432:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2172:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1863:
1857:
1847:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1777:
1770:Vickers 1999
1765:
1753:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1656:Vickers 1999
1647:
1635:
1623:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1546:Vickers 1999
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1386:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1259:
1252:Vickers 1999
1232:
1227:, p. 6.
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1175:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1101:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
977:
973:
969:
960:
956:
944:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
899:
895:
887:
875:
867:
862:
855:
835:
830:
825:
816:
812:
808:
788:
773:
752:
748:
742:and said to
737:
733:
724:
720:
711:
703:
686:
677:
673:
669:
662:
656:
643:
636:
632:
620:
598:
593:
585:
576:
568:
559:
540:
535:
527:
511:
494:
479:
455:
441:Jon Halliday
439:. Historian
426:
386:
371:
367:Eastern Bloc
341:between the
334:
332:
303:
298:Mehmet Shehu
278:
271:Lead figures
224:East Germany
187:
175:Soviet Union
147:
71:Soviet Union
42:Part of the
31:
29:
5826:Enver Hoxha
5578:Shen Zhihua
5388:Michael Cox
5320:competition
5267:Pro-Western
5257:Soviet Life
5183:Safari Club
5153:Warsaw Pact
5008:Nationalism
4998:Imperialism
4897:Reaganomics
4760:Containment
4553:Perestroika
4042:Realpolitik
3872:Six-Day War
3857:Greek junta
3668:Berlin Wall
3516:Suez Crisis
3484:Vietnam War
3371:McCarthyism
3186:Baruch Plan
3131:Unthinkable
3091:Dekemvriana
3030:Warsaw Pact
966:Culmination
822:Hostilities
780:Soviet Navy
413:Warsaw Pact
403:within the
401:revisionism
389:Enver Hoxha
287:Enver Hoxha
107:Resulted in
86:revisionism
5800:Categories
5346:Historians
5337:Space Race
5238:Rudé právo
5192:Propaganda
5048:Neo-Nazism
5018:Chauvinism
4972:Trotskyism
4887:Monetarism
4855:Liberalism
4847:Capitalism
4839:Ideologies
4790:Ostpolitik
4513:Solidarity
4478:Toyota War
4381:Solidarity
4238:Operation
4193:Ogaden War
3882:Dhofar War
3770:Shifta War
3528:Operation
3376:Korean War
3168:Operation
3160:Operation
3152:Operation
3129:Operation
3109:Operation
3101:Operation
2628:Hoxha 1980
2616:Hoxha 1980
2556:Hoxha 1984
2504:Hoxha 1984
2373:Hoxha 1980
2361:Hoxha 1976
2337:Hoxha 1984
2265:Hoxha 1980
2241:Hoxha 1980
2217:Hoxha 1984
2193:Hoxha 1984
2181:Hoxha 1980
2138:Hoxha 1976
2102:Hoxha 1976
2074:Hoxha 1976
1962:Hoxha 1976
1938:Hoxha 1984
1782:Hoxha 1984
1731:Hoxha 1984
1695:Hoxha 1984
1640:Hoxha 1984
1616:Hoxha 1975
1490:Hoxha 1984
1466:Hoxha 1984
1430:Hoxha 1984
1391:Hoxha 1984
1352:Hoxha 1984
1163:References
1020:Sevastopol
912:November 7
891:Ramiz Alia
846:Teme Sejko
803:Hysni Kapo
423:Background
378:Hysni Kapo
355:Yugoslavia
5633:Ken Young
5478:Tony Judt
5327:Arms race
5300:Red Scare
5168:NN States
5113:Apartheid
5068:Autocracy
4977:Stalinism
4945:Guevarism
4935:Castroism
4925:Communism
4917:Socialism
4443:Star Wars
4036:Koza riot
3162:Beleaguer
3154:Masterdom
2921:191900853
2913:0707-5332
2811:Hoxha, E.
2735:Our Enver
2688:Kola 2003
2664:Alia 1988
2592:Pano 1968
2528:Pano 1968
2480:Hamm 1963
2425:Hamm 1963
2325:Alia 1988
2289:Hamm 1963
2277:Alia 1988
2205:Pano 1968
2165:Alia 1988
2150:Alia 1988
2126:Alia 1988
2114:Pano 1968
2086:Hamm 1963
2050:Pano 1968
1986:Pano 1968
1950:Pano 1968
1891:cite book
1883:863157405
1809:Pano 1968
1758:Pano 1968
1573:Held 1992
1478:Kola 2003
1418:Kola 2003
1379:Pano 1968
1316:Pano 1968
1292:Pano 1968
1264:Pano 1968
1213:Held 1992
1189:Held 1992
878:full stop
515:Presidium
504:in 1952.
490:Cominform
482:Koçi Xoxe
462:satellite
437:Comintern
339:relations
78:Caused by
57:1956–1961
5785:Timeline
5775:Category
5720:See also
5212:Izvestia
5053:Islamism
4950:Hoxhaism
4825:Rollback
4704:Abkhazia
4644:Gulf War
4548:Glasnost
3918:incident
3688:Sand War
3546:Ifni War
3055:Rio Pact
3000:Cold War
2813:(1976).
2733:(1988).
2731:Alia, R.
2712:31 March
2640:Ash 1974
2456:Ash 1974
2421:Ash 1974
2349:Ash 1974
2010:Ash 1974
1797:Ash 1974
1719:Ash 1974
1514:Ash 1974
1454:Ash 1974
1135:See also
1103:de facto
1090:Bill Ash
776:Brezhnev
450:Red Army
248:Mongolia
200:Bulgaria
90:Hoxhaism
62:Location
44:Cold War
5275:Amerika
5158:Comecon
5043:Fascism
5033:Zionism
4982:Titoism
4523:Contras
3991:Détente
3268:Comecon
1037:At the
1030:of the
871:Beijing
840:, then
740:Butrint
689:roubles
586:At the
521:of the
517:of the
498:Comecon
445:Western
236:Hungary
135:Albania
117:Parties
96:Methods
67:Albania
5226:Pravda
5028:Racism
4967:Maoism
4719:Kosovo
4240:Condor
3916:Pueblo
3902:May 68
3530:Gladio
3448:Tuapse
3111:Jungle
3103:Priboi
2919:
2911:
2781:
1881:
1871:
985:Durrës
799:states
659:plenum
645:Pravda
544:Bierut
260:Poland
257:
245:
233:
221:
209:
197:
172:
157:
88:, and
5711:Stasi
5178:SAARC
5173:ASEAN
5138:SEATO
4991:Other
4956:Juche
4714:Korea
4627:1990s
4340:1980s
3984:1970s
3607:1960s
3359:1950s
3069:1940s
3050:NEATO
3045:SEATO
3035:ANZUS
2944:(PDF)
2917:S2CID
2862:(PDF)
2848:(PDF)
2834:(PDF)
2820:(PDF)
1168:Notes
683:Trade
548:Ochab
502:Vlora
160:China
5251:TASS
5143:METO
5133:NATO
4359:and
4357:1980
3914:USS
3040:METO
3025:NATO
2909:ISSN
2779:ISBN
2714:2024
1901:link
1897:link
1879:OCLC
1869:ISBN
950:and
948:28th
797:and
333:The
184:CPSU
144:PPSH
54:Date
46:and
5706:KGB
5701:MVD
5686:MI6
5681:MI5
5676:CIA
5148:EEC
2901:doi
954:."
5802::
2915:.
2907:.
2897:42
2895:.
2891:.
2704:.
2444:^
2157:^
1893:}}
1889:{{
1877:.
1789:^
1738:^
1663:^
1608:^
1553:^
1398:^
1371:^
1244:^
1127:.
1111:.
991:"
865:.
613:"
533:.
419:.
384:.
69:,
4519:)
4515:(
3524:"
3520:"
3497:"
3493:"
2992:e
2985:t
2978:v
2923:.
2903::
2787:.
2716:.
1903:)
1885:.
989:'
611:'
607:"
20:)
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