701:. Observations indicated that the Barrier edge had moved some 30 statute miles (50 km) south since Ross's time, which meant that the ship were already south of Ross's record. Borchgrevink was determined to make a landing on the Barrier itself, and in the vicinity of Ross's inlet he found a spot where the ice sloped sufficiently to suggest that a landing was possible. On 16 February he, Colbeck and Savio landed with dogs and a sledge, ascended to the Barrier surface, and then journeyed a few miles south to a point which they calculated as 78°50′S, a new Farthest South record. They were the first persons to travel on the Barrier surface, earning Amundsen's approbation: "We must acknowledge that, by ascending the Barrier, Borchgrevink opened the way to the south, and threw aside the greatest obstacle to the expeditions that followed". Close to the same spot ten years later, Amundsen would establish his base camp "Framheim", prior to his successful South Pole journey.
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prefabricated huts were erected, one as living quarters and the other for storage. These were the first buildings erected on the continent. A third structure was contrived from spare materials, to serve as a magnetic observation hut. As accommodation for ten men the "living hut" was small and cramped, and seemingly precarious—Bernacchi later described it as "fifteen feet square, lashed down by cables to the rocky shore". The dogs were housed in kennels fashioned from packing cases. By 2 March the base, christened "Camp Ridley" after
Borchgrevink's English mother's maiden name, was fully established, and the Duke of York's flag raised. That day,
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were not widely recognised. Markham persisted in describing
Borchgrevink as cunning and unprincipled; Amundsen's warm tribute was a lone approving voice. According to Scott's biographer David Crane, if Borchgrevink had been a British naval officer his expedition would have been treated differently, but "a Norwegian seaman/schoolmaster was never going to be taken seriously". A belated recognition came in 1930, long after Markham's death, when the Royal Geographical Society presented Borchgrevink with its Patron's Medal. It admitted that "justice had not been done at the time to the pioneer work of the
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746:"—in terms of the prospects for fishing, sealing, and mineral extraction. He had proved that it was possible for a resident expedition to survive an Antarctic winter, and had made a series of geographical discoveries. These included new islands in Robertson's Bay and the Ross Sea, and the first landings on Franklin Island, Coulman Island, Ross Island and the Great Ice Barrier. The survey of the Victoria Land coast had revealed the "important geographical discovery ... of the Southern Cross Fjord, as well as the excellent camping place at the foot of
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622:, had fallen ill during the winter. On 14 October 1899 he died, apparently of an intestinal disorder, and became the first person to be buried on the Antarctic continent. The grave was dynamited from the frozen ground at the summit of the Cape. Bernacchi wrote: "There amidst profound silence and peace, there is nothing to disturb that eternal sleep except the flight of seabirds". Hanson left a wife, and a baby daughter born after he left for the Antarctic.
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712:, off the Victoria Land coast, and made a series of magnetic calculations. These indicated that the location of the South Magnetic Pole was, as expected, within Victoria Land, but further north and further west than had previously been assumed. The party then sailed for home, crossing the Antarctic Circle on 28 February. On 1 April, news of their safe return was sent by telegram from
765:, was published the following year; the English edition, much of which may have been embroidered by Newnes's staff, was criticised for its "journalistic" style and for its bragging tone. The author, whom commentators recognised was "not known for either his modesty or his tact", embarked on a lecture tour of England and Scotland, but the reception was generally poor.
144:. There were also questions about Borchgrevink's leadership qualities, and criticism of the limited extent of scientific results. Thus, despite the number of significant "firsts", Borchgrevink was never accorded the heroic status of Scott or Shackleton, and his expedition was soon forgotten in the dramas which surrounded these and other Heroic Age explorers. However,
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been calculated (though not visited); samples of the continent's natural fauna and flora, and of its geology, had been collected. Borchgrevink also claimed the discovery of new insect and shallow-water fauna species, proving "bi-polarity" (existence of species in proximity to the North and South poles).
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Despite the unexplained disappearance of many of Hanson's notes, Hugh Robert Mill described the expedition as "interesting as a dashing piece of scientific work". The meteorological and magnetic conditions of
Victoria Land had been recorded for a full year; the location of the South Magnetic Pole had
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The party was well-supplied with a variety of basic foodstuffs—butter, tea and coffee, herrings, sardines, cheeses, soup, tinned tripe, plum pudding, dry potatoes and vegetables. There were nevertheless complaints about the lack of luxuries, Colbeck noting that "all the tinned fruits supplied for the
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Borchgrevink's lack of scientific training, and his inability to make simple observations, were additional matters of concern. Nevertheless, the programme of scientific observations was maintained throughout the winter. Exercise was taken outside the hut when the weather permitted, and as a further
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for attending the
Southern Cross Expedition launch. Mill had toasted the success of the expedition, calling it "a reproach to human enterprise" that there were parts of the earth that man had never attempted to reach. He hoped that this reproach would be lifted through "the munificence of Sir George
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The geographical establishments in
Britain and abroad were slow to give formal recognition to the expedition. The Royal Geographical Society gave Borchgrevink a fellowship, and other medals and honours eventually followed from Norway, Denmark and the United States, but the expedition's achievements
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After his return from Cape Adare, Borchgrevink spent much of the following years in
Britain and Australia, seeking financial backing for an Antarctic expedition. Despite a well-received address to the 1895 Sixth International Geographical Congress in London, in which he professed his willingness to
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in the snowdrifts. Concerts were held, including lantern slides, songs and readings. During this time there were two near-fatal incidents; in the first, a candle left burning beside a bunk set fire to the hut and caused extensive damage. In the second, three of the party were nearly asphyxiated by
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to be fitted out with engines designed to
Borchgrevink's specification. Although Markham continued to question the ship's seaworthiness, she was able to fulfil all that was required of her in Antarctic waters. Like several of the historic polar ships her post-expedition life was relatively short.
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As winter gave way to spring, the party prepared for more ambitious inland journeys using the dogs and sledges. Their base camp was cut off from the continent's interior by high mountain ranges, and journeys along the coastline were frustrated by unsafe sea ice. These factors severely restricted
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The ten-man shore party who were to winter at Cape Adare consisted of
Borchgrevink, five scientists, a medical officer, a cook who also served as a general assistant, and two dog drivers. Five—including Borchgrevink—were Norwegian, two were English, one Australian and the two dog experts from
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deposits that he had observed during his 1894–95 voyage were not pursued. Research would be carried out across a range of disciplines, and
Borchgrevink hoped that the scientific results would be complemented by spectacular geographical discoveries and journeys, even perhaps an attempt on the
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Unloading began on 17 February. First ashore were the dogs, with their two Sami handlers, Savio and Must, who remained with them and thus became the first men to spend a night on the
Antarctic continent. During the next twelve days the rest of the equipment and supplies were landed, and two
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returned to England in June 1900, to a cool welcome; public attention was distracted by the preparations for the upcoming Discovery Expedition, due to sail the following year. Borchgrevink meanwhile pronounced his voyage a great success, stating: "The Antarctic regions might be another
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Winter proved to be a difficult time; Bernacchi wrote of rising boredom and irritation: "Officers and men, ten of us in all, found tempers wearing thin". During this period of confinement, Borchgrevink's weaknesses as a commander were exposed; he was, according to Bernacchi, "in many
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coastline. Here they carried out an extensive programme of scientific observations, although opportunities for inland exploration were restricted by the mountainous and glaciated terrain surrounding the base. In January 1900, the party left Cape Adare in
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returned. Borchgrevink and his party quickly vacated the camp, and on 2 February he took the ship south into the Ross Sea. Evidence of a hasty and disorderly departure from Cape Adare was noted two years later by members of the Discovery Expedition, when
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was backing the RGS venture) to meet the full cost of his expedition, some £40,000. This gift infuriated Markham and the RGS, since Newnes's donation, had it come their way would, he said have been enough "to get the National Expedition on its legs".
244:, and be styled the "British Antarctic Expedition". Borchgrevink readily agreed to these conditions, even though only two of the entire expedition party were British. This annoyed Markham all the more, and he subsequently rebuked the RGS librarian
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The ship's company, under Captain Bernard Jensen, consisted of 19 Norwegian officers and seamen and one Swedish steward. Jensen was an experienced ice navigator in Arctic and Antarctic waters, and had been with Borchgrevink on Bull's
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Born in Oslo in 1864 to a Norwegian father and an English mother, Carsten Borchgrevink emigrated to Australia in 1888, where he worked as a land surveyor in the interior before accepting a provincial schoolteaching appointment in
630:, after the expedition's patron. A few years later this find was dismissed by members of Scott's Discovery Expedition, who claimed that the island "did not exist", but its position has since been confirmed at 71°38′S, 170°04′E.
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land party were either eaten on the passage or left on board for the crew". There was also a shortage of tobacco; in spite of an intended provision of half a ton (500 kg), only a quantity of chewing tobacco was landed.
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expedition", and that the magnitude of the difficulties it had overcome had previously been underestimated. After the expedition, Borchgrevink lived quietly, largely out of the public eye. He died in Oslo on 21 April 1934.
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His later chronicle of the expedition was critical of aspects of Borchgrevink's leadership, but defended the expedition's scientific achievements. In 1901, Bernacchi would return to Antarctica as a physicist on Scott's
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to explore the Ross Sea, following the route taken by Ross 60 years earlier. They reached the Great Ice Barrier, where a team of three made the first sledge journey on the Barrier surface, during which a new
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rookeries on the entire continent and had ample room, as Borchgrevink had remarked in 1895, "for houses, tents and provisions". The abundance of penguins would provide both a winter larder and a fuel source.
581:, surveyed the coastline, collected specimens of birds and fish, and slaughtered seals and penguins for food and fuel. Outside activities were largely curtailed in mid-May, with the onset of winter.
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Borchgrevink's original expedition objectives included the development of commercial opportunities, as well as scientific and geographical discovery. However, his plans to exploit the extensive
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coast and discovering further islands, one of which Borchgrevink named after Sir Clements Markham, whose hostility towards the expedition was evidently unchanged by this honour.
185:. A party including Bull and Borchgrevink briefly landed there, and claimed to be the first men to set foot on the Antarctic continent—although the English-born American sealer
750:". The most significant exploration achievement, Borchgrevink thought, was the scaling of the Great Ice Barrier and the journey to "the furthest south ever reached by man".
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in 1911, acknowledged that Borchgrevink's expedition had removed the greatest obstacles to Antarctic travel, and had opened the way for all the expeditions that followed.
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wrote; "... heaps of refuse all around, and a mountain of provision boxes, dead birds, seals, dogs, sledging gear ... and heaven knows what else".
462:. The others were Anton Fougner, scientific assistant and general handyman; Kolbein Ellifsen, cook and general assistant; and the two Sami dog-handlers,
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first called at Possession Island, where the tin box left by Borchgrevink and Bull in 1895 was recovered. They then proceeded southwards, following the
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in the Ross Sea, leaving a message in a tin box as proof of their journey. Borchgrevink was convinced that the Cape Adare location, with its huge
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506:. The ship was carrying 31 men and 90 Siberian sledge dogs, the first to be taken on an Antarctic expedition. After final provisioning in
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their exploration, which was largely confined to the vicinity of Robertson Bay. Here, a small island was discovered, which was named
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Nine men (Ole Must in traditional Lap dress) and two dogs on deck, Southern Cross, British Antarctic (Southern Cross) Expedition, 1898
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itself; he was unaware at this stage that the site of the base at Cape Adare would not allow access to the hinterland of Antarctica.
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sixty years previously, they proceeded eastwards along the Barrier edge, to find the inlet where, in 1843, Ross had reached his
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She was sold to the Newfoundland Sealing Company, and in April 1914, was lost with her entire complement of 173, in the
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On its return to Britain the expedition was coolly received by London's geographical establishment exemplified by the
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later described the conditions as "democratic anarchy", with dirt, disorder and inactivity the order of the day.
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Mount Melbourne, on Victoria Land, at the foot of which Borchgrevink discovered "an excellent camping place"
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where Bull and Borchgrevink had made their brief landing in 1895. This foreshore held one of the largest
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and Ole Must, who, at 21 and 20 years of age respectively, were the youngest of the party.
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sighted Cape Adare on 16 February, before anchoring close to the shore on the following day.
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as a foreign interloper and a rival for funding. Borchgrevink persuaded the publisher Sir
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Camp and Hut (summer), Antarctica, British Antarctic (Southern Cross) Expedition, 1899
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of 1897–1899, but had been unable to take up his post when the expedition's ship, the
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Borchgrevink's assistant zoologist was Hugh Blackwell Evans, a vicar's son from
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Report of the Sixth International Geographical Congress held in London, 1895
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The expedition was privately financed by the British magazine publisher Sir
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on the south east coast of Norway, to the design of renowned shipbuilder
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SS Southern Cross (1886) § 1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster
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The living hut contained a small ante-room used as a photographic
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Scene from a hut at Camp Ridley, with Fougner, Evans, and Colbeck.
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northern Norway, sometimes described in expedition accounts as
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The expedition was the first to use dogs in the Antarctic.
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respects ... not a good leader". The polar historian
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sailed for the Antarctic on 19 December. She crossed the
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lead such a venture, he was initially unsuccessful. The
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Jones, pp. 59–60. Another member of the shore party,
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on 23 January 1899, and after a three-week delay in
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Encyclopaedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans
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827:. Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition
498:left London on 23 August 1898, after inspection by
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1753:"What Of Borchgrevink And The Southern Cross?"
1358:
1199:
541:, below which is the large triangular shingle
529:Cape Adare, discovered by Antarctic explorer
2094:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
91:—later known as the Ross Ice Shelf—since Sir
1815:
1048:"Antarctic Explorers – Carsten Borchgrevink"
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1018:"Antarctic Explorers – Carsten Borchgrevink"
925:"Antarctic Explorers – Carsten Borchgrevink"
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
821:"Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864–1934)".
502:(the future King George V), who presented a
427:, who held a lieutenant's commission in the
249:Newnes and the courage of Mr Borchgrevink".
1995:
1896:. www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz. Archived from
1661:
1659:
1474:
1472:
983:
981:
340:, and 146 feet (45 m) overall length.
201:providing a ready supply of fresh food and
112:, and spent the southern winter of 1899 at
27:1898–1900 research expedition to Antarctica
2101:
2087:
2017:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1151:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1068:
1066:
860:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
839:
761:Borchgrevink's account of the expedition,
1640:
1638:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1033:
1010:
898:
824:Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864–1934)
164:A cartoon depiction of Sir George Newnes.
5159:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1793:
1656:
1469:
1379:
1377:
1375:
978:
780:
752:
637:
588:
552:
486:
400:
363:
278:
257:
159:
31:
4734:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1976:
1865:
1632:Wilson diary, 9 January 1902, pp. 93–95
1255:
1176:
1079:
1063:
633:
380:Among the scientists was the Tasmanian
368:Carsten Borchgrevink, expedition leader
343:The ship was taken to Archer's yard in
67:, was the first British venture of the
65:British Antarctic Expedition, 1898–1900
14:
5204:
2036:
1912:
1635:
1305:
1002:. London: John Murray. 1896. pp.
689:or breakaway of ice from the adjacent
3878:
2120:
2108:
2082:
1957:
1934:
1846:
1372:
816:
814:
812:
810:
106:. Borchgrevink's party sailed in the
1243:. Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador
5252:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
5247:Expeditions from the United Kingdom
4520:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2717:Norse colonization of North America
2003:. London: Bloomsbury Publications.
1943:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1920:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1284:, Hurst & Blackett, London 1901
584:
193:in 1821. Bull's party also visited
69:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
24:
4049:United States Exploring Expedition
1960:Ships of Discovery and Exploration
1877:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
1677:
807:
25:
5273:
5123:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4491:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2059:
2042:Diary of the Discovery Expedition
1614:. United States Geographic Survey
566:departed to winter in Australia.
296:, that had been built in 1886 in
116:, the northwest extremity of the
87:mainland, the first to visit the
5257:United Kingdom and the Antarctic
5017:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4410:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1822:First on the Antarctic Continent
763:First on the Antarctic Continent
304:. Archer had designed and built
1894:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1787:
1775:
1745:
1722:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1702:
1668:
1647:
1626:
1604:
1595:
1572:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1541:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1503:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1481:
1446:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1410:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1335:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1296:
1287:
1275:
1233:
1211:
1190:
1167:
1115:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1095:
955:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
611:coal fire fumes as they slept.
388:. He had been appointed to the
252:
5262:History of the Ross Dependency
1981:. London: Constable & Co.
1219:"Ships of the Polar Explorers"
990:
876:
189:believed he had landed on the
13:
1:
4396:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4331:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3879:
1801:. London: C. Hurst & Co.
1759:, New Zealand. Archived from
1728:, New Zealand. Archived from
1578:, New Zealand. Archived from
1547:, New Zealand. Archived from
1523:(Departure of the Expedition)
1509:, New Zealand. Archived from
1452:, New Zealand. Archived from
1416:, New Zealand. Archived from
1341:, New Zealand. Archived from
1272:Borchgrevink, pp. 13–19.
1187:Borchgrevink, pp. 10–11.
1121:, New Zealand. Archived from
961:, New Zealand. Archived from
858:"Norway's Forgotten Explorer"
796:
677:, and attempted a landing at
606:diversion Savio improvised a
482:
326:, which Borchgrevink renamed
155:
4753:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4569:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4375:French Antarctic Expeditions
4305:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4191:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2309:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2018:Stonehouse, B., ed. (2002).
801:
727:
537:, lies at the end of a long
390:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
359:
181:, the western portal to the
7:
3838:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3517:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2382:Andrée's balloon expedition
2044:. London: Blandford Press.
1674:Amundsen, Vol I, pp. 167–68
1241:"The 1914 Sealing Disaster"
10:
5278:
3039:Franklin's lost expedition
2739:Christian IV's expeditions
2121:
1958:Paine, Lincoln P. (2000).
1665:Amundsen, Vol I, pp. 25–26
1387:. Antarctic Heritage Trust
1385:"The Forgotten Expedition"
1282:To the South Polar Regions
1149:"The Forgotten Expedition"
731:
704:On its passage northward,
456:Royal Frederick University
450:. The chief zoologist was
215:Royal Geographical Society
135:Royal Geographical Society
97:expedition of 1839 to 1843
4856:
4587:
4174:
3914:
3891:
3887:
3874:
3393:Great Northern Expedition
3287:
3069:Rae–Richardson expedition
2818:
2663:
2269:British Arctic Expedition
2161:
2133:
2129:
2116:
1962:. Boston: Mariner Books.
1851:. London: HarperCollins.
1355:(Equipment and Personnel)
477:
63:, otherwise known as the
18:Southern Cross expedition
4677:British Antarctic Survey
4671:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3916:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2022:. New York: John Wiley.
1757:University of Canterbury
1726:University of Canterbury
1576:University of Canterbury
1545:University of Canterbury
1507:University of Canterbury
1450:University of Canterbury
1414:University of Canterbury
1339:University of Canterbury
1302:Crane, pp. 232–233.
1119:University of Canterbury
959:University of Canterbury
716:. The dogs were left on
693:. Following the path of
44:reading in front of the
5153:Pole of inaccessibility
4816:Antarctic Treaty System
3157:2nd Grinnell expedition
1977:Preston, Diana (1997).
1430:(Arrival at Cape Adare)
1135:Equipment and Personnel
884:"An Antarctic Timeline"
673:, observed the volcano
274:
1918:Scott of the Antarctic
1849:Scott of the Antarctic
1799:The South Pole: Vol. I
793:
758:
643:
594:
558:
492:
454:, a graduate from the
406:
369:
289:
232:(whose business rival
165:
51:
5242:Antarctic expeditions
4823:Transglobe Expedition
4722:Operation Deep Freeze
4131:Challenger expedition
2997:Coppermine expedition
2518:Drifting ice stations
1847:Crane, David (2005).
1825:. George Newnes Ltd.
1817:Borchgrevink, Carsten
1561:(Life at Camp Ridley)
784:
756:
641:
592:
556:
490:
474:voyage in 1894–1895.
404:
386:Melbourne Observatory
367:
282:
258:Expedition objectives
163:
36:Expedition commander
35:
1979:A First Rate Tragedy
1939:The Last Great Quest
1892:Harrowfield, David.
1208:Preston, p. 16.
634:Ross Sea exploration
226:Sir Clements Markham
81:Carsten Borchgrevink
38:Carsten Borchgrevink
4993:South magnetic pole
3659:Brusilov expedition
2768:Danish colonization
2206:North magnetic pole
1935:Jones, Max (2003).
1324:Borchgrevink, p. 22
1293:Crane, p. 108.
1155:on 20 November 2009
1101:Borchgrevink, p. 25
864:on 20 November 2009
646:On 28 January 1900
628:Duke of York Island
429:Royal Naval Reserve
338:gross register tons
191:Antarctic Peninsula
148:, conqueror of the
73:Robert Falcon Scott
5232:1900 in Antarctica
5222:1899 in Antarctica
5212:1898 in Antarctica
4684:Operation Windmill
4665:Operation Highjump
3640:Rusanov expedition
3545:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3289:North East Passage
3093:McClure expedition
1781:Riffenburgh, p. 56
1763:on 14 October 2008
1732:on 14 October 2008
1582:on 14 October 2008
1551:on 14 October 2008
1513:on 14 October 2008
1456:on 14 October 2008
1345:on 14 October 2008
1196:Jones, p. 63.
1125:on 14 October 2008
987:Preston, pp. 14–16
965:on 14 October 2008
794:
759:
714:Bluff, New Zealand
669:then sailed on to
644:
595:
573:, and another for
559:
535:1839–43 expedition
493:
407:
370:
290:
222:Expedition 1901–04
166:
95:'s groundbreaking
52:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
4651:Operation Tabarin
4513:Far Eastern Party
4359:Nimrod Expedition
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3429:M. Pronchishcheva
3351:Siberian Cossacks
2820:Northwest Passage
2153:Research stations
2110:Polar exploration
2038:Wilson, Edward A.
1997:Riffenburgh, Beau
1832:978-0-905838-41-0
1708:Stonehouse, p. 40
1689:nzhistory.govt.nz
1466:(First Buildings)
1221:. Cool Antarctica
722:Ernest Shackleton
691:Great Ice Barrier
681:, at the foot of
448:Kerguelen Islands
234:Alfred Harmsworth
195:Possession Island
89:Great Ice Barrier
77:Ernest Shackleton
16:(Redirected from
5269:
4698:Ronne Expedition
4183:
4177:
4041:Dumont d'Urville
3889:
3888:
3876:
3875:
3424:V. Pronchishchev
2131:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2066:Works about the
2055:
2033:
2014:
1992:
1973:
1954:
1942:
1931:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1888:
1876:
1867:Fiennes, Ranulph
1862:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1812:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1718:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1537:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1499:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1442:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1381:
1370:
1367:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1174:
1173:Crane, pp. 74–75
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1050:. South-pole.com
1044:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:. South-pole.com
1014:
1008:
1007:
994:
988:
985:
976:
974:
972:
970:
951:
938:
936:
934:
932:
927:. South-pole.com
921:
896:
895:
893:
891:
886:. South-pole.com
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
854:
837:
836:
834:
832:
818:
695:James Clark Ross
585:Antarctic winter
531:James Clark Ross
520:Antarctic Circle
500:the Duke of York
354:sealing disaster
246:Hugh Robert Mill
93:James Clark Ross
21:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5237:1900 in science
5227:1899 in science
5217:1898 in science
5202:
5201:
5198:
5185:
4860:
4852:
4728:McMurdo Station
4597:Modern research
4595:
4583:
4318:O. Nordenskjöld
4181:
4175:
4170:
4086:Ross expedition
3910:
3883:
3862:
3291:
3283:
2824:Northern Canada
2822:
2814:
2667:
2659:
2165:
2157:
2125:
2112:
2107:
2062:
2052:
2030:
2011:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1928:
1914:Huxley, Elspeth
1903:
1901:
1900:on 6 April 2017
1885:
1859:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1809:
1795:Amundsen, Roald
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1735:
1733:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1554:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1516:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1459:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1423:
1421:
1420:on 6 April 2017
1408:
1407:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1348:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1080:
1074:Louis Bernacchi
1071:
1064:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1011:
996:
995:
991:
986:
979:
968:
966:
953:
952:
941:
930:
928:
923:
922:
899:
889:
887:
882:
881:
877:
867:
865:
856:
855:
840:
830:
828:
820:
819:
808:
804:
799:
748:Mount Melbourne
736:
730:
710:Franklin Island
636:
618:The zoologist,
600:Ranulph Fiennes
587:
485:
480:
433:Kew Observatory
425:William Colbeck
382:Louis Bernacchi
362:
306:Fridtjof Nansen
277:
260:
255:
199:penguin rookery
171:New South Wales
158:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5275:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5145:Vostok Station
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5096:Cherry-Garrard
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4936:Southern Cross
4932:
4931:
4930:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4866:
4864:
4858:Farthest South
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4819:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4768:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4730:
4725:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4555:Ross Sea party
4551:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4420:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4249:Southern Cross
4242:Southern Cross
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4186:
4184:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4107:
4101:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3988:Bellingshausen
3978:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3847:
3835:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3297:
3295:
3293:Russian Arctic
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2735:
2730:
2728:Snæbjörn galti
2725:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2630:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:Farthest North
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2068:Southern Cross
2061:
2060:External links
2058:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2015:
2009:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1932:
1926:
1910:
1889:
1883:
1863:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1813:
1807:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1744:
1710:
1701:
1676:
1667:
1655:
1653:Preston, p. 13
1646:
1634:
1625:
1603:
1594:
1592:(First Burial)
1563:
1525:
1489:
1487:Fiennes, p. 43
1480:
1468:
1432:
1398:
1371:
1369:Preston, p. 14
1357:
1326:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1274:
1254:
1232:
1210:
1198:
1189:
1175:
1166:
1137:
1103:
1094:
1078:
1062:
1032:
1009:
989:
977:
975:(Introduction)
939:
897:
875:
838:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
775:Southern Cross
739:Southern Cross
729:
726:
706:Southern Cross
699:farthest south
667:Southern Cross
659:Southern Cross
648:Southern Cross
635:
632:
620:Nicolai Hanson
586:
583:
564:Southern Cross
547:Adelie penguin
516:Southern Cross
496:Southern Cross
484:
481:
479:
476:
452:Nicolai Hanson
446:voyage to the
361:
358:
329:Southern Cross
286:Southern Cross
276:
273:
259:
256:
254:
251:
157:
154:
146:Roald Amundsen
128:Farthest South
123:Southern Cross
109:Southern Cross
57:Southern Cross
47:Southern Cross
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5274:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5200:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
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5156:
5155:
5154:
5150:
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5143:
5142:
5141:
5140:
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5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
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5084:
5082:
5079:
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5069:
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5067:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5057:
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5046:
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5041:
5038:
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5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
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4813:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4654:
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4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
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4556:
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4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4522:
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4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4276:Discovery Hut
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3806:A. Sibiryakov
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:Glavsevmorput
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
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3737:
3733:
3730:
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3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
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3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
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3660:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
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3606:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
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3563:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:J. Richardson
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:M. Corte-Real
2840:
2838:
2837:G. Corte-Real
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:C. Richardson
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:Georgiy Sedov
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Riiser-Larsen
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2051:0-7137-0431-4
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2029:0-471-98665-8
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2010:0-7475-7253-4
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1988:0-09-479530-4
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1969:0-395-98415-7
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1950:0-19-280483-9
1946:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1927:0-297-77433-6
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1884:0-340-82697-5
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:Captain Scott
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:0-00-715068-7
1854:
1850:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:0-903983-47-8
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1778:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1644:Huxley, p. 25
1641:
1639:
1629:
1613:
1607:
1601:Huxley, p. 60
1598:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1484:
1478:Crane, p. 153
1475:
1473:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1386:
1380:
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1366:
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1344:
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1242:
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1220:
1214:
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1193:
1184:
1182:
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1154:
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1144:
1142:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1089:
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1083:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1049:
1043:
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1037:
1019:
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1005:
1001:
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993:
984:
982:
964:
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956:
950:
948:
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926:
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918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
885:
879:
863:
859:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
826:
825:
817:
815:
813:
811:
806:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:
770:
766:
764:
755:
751:
749:
745:
740:
735:
725:
723:
719:
718:Native Island
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:Victoria Land
660:
656:
654:
653:Edward Wilson
649:
640:
631:
629:
623:
621:
616:
612:
609:
603:
601:
591:
582:
580:
579:Robertson Bay
576:
572:
567:
565:
555:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
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366:
357:
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346:
341:
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334:barque-rigged
331:
330:
325:
321:
319:
313:
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307:
303:
299:
295:
288:
287:
281:
272:
270:
267:geographical
265:
250:
247:
243:
238:
235:
231:
230:George Newnes
227:
223:
221:
216:
210:
208:
204:
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196:
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184:
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172:
162:
153:
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147:
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136:
131:
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124:
119:
115:
111:
110:
105:
104:George Newnes
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
58:
49:
48:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5199:
5151:
5139:Pole of Cold
5137:
5063:
5054:
5022:
5015:
4991:
4962:
4948:
4942:Borchgrevink
4935:
4934:
4921:
4906:
4886:
4871:
4840:
4821:
4814:
4798:
4784:
4775:
4758:
4751:
4732:
4720:
4696:
4682:
4675:
4663:
4649:
4635:
4621:
4614:
4575:
4567:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4526:
4518:
4511:
4498:
4489:
4451:
4443:
4434:
4427:
4415:
4408:
4394:
4382:Pourquoi-Pas
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4352:Orcadas Base
4350:
4342:
4329:
4323:C. A. Larsen
4311:
4303:
4289:
4282:
4269:
4261:
4255:Borchgrevink
4248:
4241:
4240:
4197:
4189:
4164:C. A. Larsen
4157:
4138:
4129:
4111:
4093:
4084:
4071:
4056:
4047:
4034:
3995:
3981:
3974:
3955:
3940:
3850:
3843:
3826:
3819:
3805:
3790:
3776:
3763:
3738:
3724:
3722:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3664:
3657:
3638:
3604:
3602:
3588:
3586:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3536:
3534:
3515:
3391:
3349:
3332:
3300:
3264:
3262:
3242:
3241:
3221:
3220:
3206:
3193:
3178:
3164:
3155:
3142:
3113:
3101:Investigator
3100:
3091:
3067:
3054:
3046:
3037:
3024:
2995:
2972:
2957:
2942:
2912:
2897:
2867:
2786:
2766:
2737:
2733:Erik the Red
2715:
2693:
2686:
2643:submersibles
2640:
2634:Arktika 2007
2632:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2599:
2590:
2587:
2568:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2523:
2516:
2492:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2467:
2433:
2431:
2402:
2399:
2388:S. A. Andrée
2380:
2367:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2307:
2289:
2276:
2267:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2204:
2074:Open Library
2067:
2041:
2019:
2000:
1978:
1959:
1938:
1917:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1872:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1821:
1798:
1788:Book sources
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1747:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:the original
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1670:
1649:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:the original
1566:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1515:. Retrieved
1511:the original
1483:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1422:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1389:. Retrieved
1347:. Retrieved
1343:the original
1329:
1298:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1245:. Retrieved
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1213:
1192:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1127:. Retrieved
1123:the original
1097:
1092:Crane, p. 74
1052:. Retrieved
1022:. Retrieved
1012:
998:
992:
967:. Retrieved
963:the original
929:. Retrieved
888:. Retrieved
878:
866:. Retrieved
862:the original
829:. Retrieved
823:
786:Borchgrevink
774:
771:
767:
762:
760:
738:
737:
705:
703:
683:Mount Terror
679:Cape Crozier
675:Mount Erebus
666:
658:
657:
647:
645:
624:
617:
613:
604:
596:
568:
563:
560:
528:
515:
495:
494:
471:
468:
437:
419:
412:
408:
394:
379:
377:or "Finns".
371:
352:Newfoundland
351:
342:
328:
323:
317:
310:
302:Colin Archer
293:
291:
285:
261:
253:Organisation
242:British flag
239:
219:
211:
167:
139:
132:
122:
108:
101:
64:
60:
56:
55:
53:
46:
29:
4842:Lake Vostok
4792:Tryoshnikov
4714:Schlossbach
4605:Christensen
4547:James Caird
4468:E. R. Evans
4234:Dobrowolski
4204:de Gerlache
3906:Expeditions
3792:Aviaarktika
3746:Samoylovich
3617:Kolomeitsev
3511:Middendorff
3471:Gedenshtrom
2891:I. Fyodorov
2653:Chilingarov
2541:E. Fyodorov
2148:Expeditions
1247:2 September
671:Ross Island
533:during his
175:Henryk Bull
5206:Categories
5065:Terra Nova
4970:Shackleton
4913:J. C. Ross
4872:Resolution
4862:South Pole
4637:New Swabia
4561:Mackintosh
4533:Shackleton
4452:Terra Nova
4445:Terra Nova
4179:Heroic Age
4139:Challenger
4099:J. C. Ross
4009:Bransfield
3941:Resolution
3856:icebreaker
3820:Chelyuskin
3561:expedition
3539:Expedition
3481:Matyushkin
3439:Kh. Laptev
3434:Chelyuskin
3328:Heemskerck
3318:Chancellor
3313:Willoughby
3308:Koch boats
3251:Stefansson
3185:McClintock
3149:Inglefield
2991:J. C. Ross
2898:Resolution
2750:Cunningham
2648:Sagalevich
2337:expedition
2296:Stephenson
2256:C. F. Hall
2243:expedition
2217:J. C. Ross
2180:Heemskerck
2167:North Pole
2070:expedition
797:References
790:Cape Adare
732:See also:
708:halted at
539:promontory
504:Union Flag
483:Cape Adare
415:expedition
320:expedition
269:South Pole
207:overwinter
187:John Davis
179:Cape Adare
156:Background
150:South Pole
142:Expedition
114:Cape Adare
61:Expedition
42:theodolite
5164:Tolstikov
4950:Discovery
4920:HMS
4905:HMS
4887:Adventure
4885:HMS
4870:HMS
4806:Tolstikov
4527:Endurance
4312:Antarctic
4297:Drygalski
4270:Discovery
4263:Discovery
4224:Arctowski
4137:HMS
4110:HMS
4104:Abernethy
4092:HMS
4070:USS
4057:Vincennes
4055:USS
4035:Astrolabe
3975:San Telmo
3956:Adventure
3954:HMS
3939:HMS
3934:Kerguelen
3896:Continent
3881:Antarctic
3758:Urvantsev
3716:Vilkitsky
3569:Jeannette
3567:USS
3559:Jeannette
3523:Weyprecht
3501:Pakhtusov
3451:Chichagov
3444:D. Laptev
3387:Permyakov
3362:Stadukhin
3357:Perfilyev
3334:Mangazeya
3272:H. Larsen
3237:Rasmussen
3192:HMS
3163:USS
3112:HMS
3099:HMS
3063:Collinson
3053:HMS
3045:HMS
3023:HMS
2971:HMS
2956:HMS
2941:HMS
2926:Mackenzie
2913:Discovery
2911:HMS
2896:HMS
2868:Discovery
2847:Frobisher
2810:Rasmussen
2723:Gunnbjörn
2669:Greenland
2598:USS
2589:USS
2461:Ellsworth
2403:Roosevelt
2333:Nansen's
2290:Discovery
2288:HMS
2275:HMS
2222:Abernethy
2190:Marmaduke
1904:10 August
1838:11 August
1767:10 August
1742:(Results)
1736:10 August
1694:29 August
1618:18 August
1586:10 August
1555:10 August
1517:10 August
1460:10 August
1424:10 August
1391:13 August
1349:10 August
1225:11 August
1159:10 August
1129:10 August
1054:10 August
1024:10 August
969:10 August
931:10 August
890:29 August
868:10 August
831:10 August
802:Citations
728:Aftermath
575:taxidermy
543:foreshore
472:Antarctic
464:Per Savio
413:Discovery
360:Personnel
316:Nansen's
308:'s ship,
220:Discovery
140:Discovery
85:Antarctic
40:taking a
5176:A. Fuchs
5133:V. Fuchs
5113:McKinley
5076:E. Evans
5035:Bjaaland
5030:Amundsen
4980:Marshall
4893:Furneaux
4745:V. Fuchs
4709:E. Ronne
4704:F. Ronne
4643:Ritscher
4497:SY
4485:Filchner
4429:Framheim
4423:Amundsen
4229:Racoviță
4214:Amundsen
4209:Lecointe
4078:Ringgold
4072:Porpoise
3962:Furneaux
3798:Shevelev
3753:Begichev
3732:Amundsen
3694:Nagórski
3672:Brusilov
3666:Sv. Anna
3580:Melville
3550:Palander
3506:Tsivolko
3466:Sannikov
3461:Billings
3404:Chirikov
3323:Barentsz
3265:St. Roch
3256:Bartlett
3230:Amundsen
3214:Sverdrup
3114:Resolute
3003:Franklin
2931:Kotzebue
2798:Sverdrup
2781:Scoresby
2755:Lindenov
2606:Plaisted
2591:Nautilus
2536:Shirshov
2510:Belyakov
2505:Baydukov
2479:Nautilus
2441:Amundsen
2401:SS
2360:Sverdrup
2355:Johansen
2325:Brainard
2320:Lockwood
2175:Barentsz
2040:(1973).
1999:(2004).
1916:(1977).
1869:(2003).
1819:(1901).
1797:(1976).
744:Klondyke
571:darkroom
524:pack ice
512:Tasmania
284:SS
183:Ross Sea
118:Ross Sea
5181:Messner
5128:Hillary
5108:Balchen
5056:Polheim
5050:Wisting
4928:Crozier
4900:Weddell
4878:J. Cook
4848:Kapitsa
4829:Fiennes
4771:Klenova
4740:Hillary
4690:Ketchum
4616:BANZARE
4591:·
4436:Polheim
4402:Shirase
4388:Charcot
4198:Belgica
4117:Crozier
4029:Morrell
4024:Weddell
4002:Lazarev
3947:J. Cook
3901:History
3851:Arktika
3827:Krassin
3812:Voronin
3784:Schmidt
3770:Ushakov
3709:Vaygach
3677:Albanov
3646:Rusanov
3627:Kolchak
3622:Matisen
3596:Makarov
3575:De Long
3476:Wrangel
3456:Lyakhov
3409:Malygin
3367:Dezhnev
3194:Pandora
3165:Advance
3132:Kennedy
3127:Belcher
3120:Kellett
3107:McClure
3031:Beechey
3025:Blossom
3018:Simpson
2986:Crozier
2979:Hoppner
2936:J. Ross
2904:J. Cook
2852:Gilbert
2745:J. Hall
2711:Ingólfr
2701:Naddodd
2695:Vikings
2682:Brendan
2677:Pytheas
2665:Iceland
2619:Arktika
2611:Herbert
2576:Badygin
2546:Krenkel
2531:Papanin
2500:Chkalov
2486:Wilkins
2451:Wisting
2395:F. Cook
2301:Markham
2261:Bessels
2250:Polaris
2241:Polaris
2212:J. Ross
2195:Carolus
2143:History
687:calving
444:sealing
440:Bristol
420:Morning
395:Belgica
298:Arendal
203:blubber
5091:Bowers
5086:Wilson
5045:Hassel
5040:Helmer
5009:Mackay
4999:Mawson
4964:Nimrod
4922:Terror
4907:Erebus
4834:Burton
4629:Rymill
4505:Mawson
4499:Aurora
4478:Lashly
4463:Wilson
4366:Nimrod
4343:Scotia
4150:Murray
4125:Cooper
4112:Terror
4094:Erebus
4063:Wilkes
4014:Palmer
3982:Vostok
3929:Bouvet
3853:-class
3833:Gakkel
3701:Taymyr
3682:Konrad
3651:Kuchin
3589:Yermak
3496:Lavrov
3414:Ovtsyn
3399:Bering
3377:Ivanov
3340:Hudson
3302:Pomors
3279:Cowper
3244:Karluk
3143:Isabel
3137:Bellot
3087:Austin
3055:Terror
3047:Erebus
2943:Griper
2919:Clerke
2879:Baffin
2862:Hudson
2793:Nansen
2706:Garðar
2627:Barneo
2494:ANT-25
2470:Italia
2446:Nobile
2415:Henson
2374:Amedeo
2350:Nansen
2315:Greely
2185:Hudson
2123:Arctic
2048:
2026:
2007:
2001:Nimrod
1985:
1966:
1947:
1924:
1881:
1855:
1829:
1805:
508:Hobart
478:Voyage
460:Bergen
423:, was
345:Larvik
336:, 520
332:, was
324:Pollux
294:Pollux
50:, 1899
5171:Crary
5118:Dufek
5081:Oates
5071:Scott
5004:David
4985:Adams
4956:Barne
4777:Mirny
4766:Somov
4576:Quest
4473:Crean
4458:Scott
4337:Bruce
4291:Gauss
4284:Gauss
4158:Jason
4145:Nares
4019:Davis
3996:Mirny
3969:Smith
3924:Roché
3844:Lenin
3764:Sadko
3689:Wiese
3634:Sedov
3605:Zarya
3528:Payer
3491:Litke
3486:Anjou
3419:Minin
3382:Vagin
3372:Popov
3345:Poole
3200:Young
3013:Dease
2958:Hecla
2949:Parry
2874:Bylot
2857:Davis
2832:Cabot
2805:Peary
2787:Jason
2774:Egede
2688:Papar
2600:Skate
2581:Wiese
2561:NP-37
2554:NP-36
2434:Norge
2422:Sedov
2410:Peary
2368:Jason
2283:Nares
2277:Alert
2232:Hayes
2200:Parry
2138:Ocean
1006:–175.
608:sauna
375:Lapps
350:1914
264:guano
5103:Byrd
5024:Fram
4975:Wild
4657:Marr
4623:BGLE
4610:Byrd
4538:Wild
4417:Fram
4219:Cook
3740:AARI
3725:Maud
3612:Toll
3537:Vega
3223:Gjøa
3208:Fram
3171:Kane
3008:Back
2973:Fury
2964:Lyon
2886:Munk
2525:NP-1
2427:Byrd
2344:Fram
2335:Fram
2227:Kane
2046:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1906:2008
1879:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1840:2008
1827:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1769:2008
1738:2008
1696:2023
1620:2008
1588:2008
1557:2008
1519:2008
1462:2008
1426:2008
1393:2008
1351:2008
1249:2019
1227:2008
1161:2008
1131:2008
1060:p. 2
1056:2008
1030:p. 1
1026:2008
971:2008
937:p. 3
933:2008
892:2008
870:2008
833:2008
318:Fram
311:Fram
275:Ship
75:and
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