690:. Observations indicated that the Barrier edge had moved some 30 statute miles (50 km) south since Ross's time, which meant that the ship were already south of Ross's record. Borchgrevink was determined to make a landing on the Barrier itself, and in the vicinity of Ross's inlet he found a spot where the ice sloped sufficiently to suggest that a landing was possible. On 16 February he, Colbeck and Savio landed with dogs and a sledge, ascended to the Barrier surface, and then journeyed a few miles south to a point which they calculated as 78°50′S, a new Farthest South record. They were the first persons to travel on the Barrier surface, earning Amundsen's approbation: "We must acknowledge that, by ascending the Barrier, Borchgrevink opened the way to the south, and threw aside the greatest obstacle to the expeditions that followed". Close to the same spot ten years later, Amundsen would establish his base camp "Framheim", prior to his successful South Pole journey.
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prefabricated huts were erected, one as living quarters and the other for storage. These were the first buildings erected on the continent. A third structure was contrived from spare materials, to serve as a magnetic observation hut. As accommodation for ten men the "living hut" was small and cramped, and seemingly precarious—Bernacchi later described it as "fifteen feet square, lashed down by cables to the rocky shore". The dogs were housed in kennels fashioned from packing cases. By 2 March the base, christened "Camp Ridley" after
Borchgrevink's English mother's maiden name, was fully established, and the Duke of York's flag raised. That day,
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were not widely recognised. Markham persisted in describing
Borchgrevink as cunning and unprincipled; Amundsen's warm tribute was a lone approving voice. According to Scott's biographer David Crane, if Borchgrevink had been a British naval officer his expedition would have been treated differently, but "a Norwegian seaman/schoolmaster was never going to be taken seriously". A belated recognition came in 1930, long after Markham's death, when the Royal Geographical Society presented Borchgrevink with its Patron's Medal. It admitted that "justice had not been done at the time to the pioneer work of the
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735:"—in terms of the prospects for fishing, sealing, and mineral extraction. He had proved that it was possible for a resident expedition to survive an Antarctic winter, and had made a series of geographical discoveries. These included new islands in Robertson's Bay and the Ross Sea, and the first landings on Franklin Island, Coulman Island, Ross Island and the Great Ice Barrier. The survey of the Victoria Land coast had revealed the "important geographical discovery ... of the Southern Cross Fjord, as well as the excellent camping place at the foot of
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611:, had fallen ill during the winter. On 14 October 1899 he died, apparently of an intestinal disorder, and became the first person to be buried on the Antarctic continent. The grave was dynamited from the frozen ground at the summit of the Cape. Bernacchi wrote: "There amidst profound silence and peace, there is nothing to disturb that eternal sleep except the flight of seabirds". Hanson left a wife, and a baby daughter born after he left for the Antarctic.
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701:, off the Victoria Land coast, and made a series of magnetic calculations. These indicated that the location of the South Magnetic Pole was, as expected, within Victoria Land, but further north and further west than had previously been assumed. The party then sailed for home, crossing the Antarctic Circle on 28 February. On 1 April, news of their safe return was sent by telegram from
754:, was published the following year; the English edition, much of which may have been embroidered by Newnes's staff, was criticised for its "journalistic" style and for its bragging tone. The author, whom commentators recognised was "not known for either his modesty or his tact", embarked on a lecture tour of England and Scotland, but the reception was generally poor.
133:. There were also questions about Borchgrevink's leadership qualities, and criticism of the limited extent of scientific results. Thus, despite the number of significant "firsts", Borchgrevink was never accorded the heroic status of Scott or Shackleton, and his expedition was soon forgotten in the dramas which surrounded these and other Heroic Age explorers. However,
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been calculated (though not visited); samples of the continent's natural fauna and flora, and of its geology, had been collected. Borchgrevink also claimed the discovery of new insect and shallow-water fauna species, proving "bi-polarity" (existence of species in proximity to the North and South poles).
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Despite the unexplained disappearance of many of Hanson's notes, Hugh Robert Mill described the expedition as "interesting as a dashing piece of scientific work". The meteorological and magnetic conditions of
Victoria Land had been recorded for a full year; the location of the South Magnetic Pole had
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The party was well-supplied with a variety of basic foodstuffs—butter, tea and coffee, herrings, sardines, cheeses, soup, tinned tripe, plum pudding, dry potatoes and vegetables. There were nevertheless complaints about the lack of luxuries, Colbeck noting that "all the tinned fruits supplied for the
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Borchgrevink's lack of scientific training, and his inability to make simple observations, were additional matters of concern. Nevertheless, the programme of scientific observations was maintained throughout the winter. Exercise was taken outside the hut when the weather permitted, and as a further
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for attending the
Southern Cross Expedition launch. Mill had toasted the success of the expedition, calling it "a reproach to human enterprise" that there were parts of the earth that man had never attempted to reach. He hoped that this reproach would be lifted through "the munificence of Sir George
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The geographical establishments in
Britain and abroad were slow to give formal recognition to the expedition. The Royal Geographical Society gave Borchgrevink a fellowship, and other medals and honours eventually followed from Norway, Denmark and the United States, but the expedition's achievements
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After his return from Cape Adare, Borchgrevink spent much of the following years in
Britain and Australia, seeking financial backing for an Antarctic expedition. Despite a well-received address to the 1895 Sixth International Geographical Congress in London, in which he professed his willingness to
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in the snowdrifts. Concerts were held, including lantern slides, songs and readings. During this time there were two near-fatal incidents; in the first, a candle left burning beside a bunk set fire to the hut and caused extensive damage. In the second, three of the party were nearly asphyxiated by
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to be fitted out with engines designed to
Borchgrevink's specification. Although Markham continued to question the ship's seaworthiness, she was able to fulfil all that was required of her in Antarctic waters. Like several of the historic polar ships her post-expedition life was relatively short.
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As winter gave way to spring, the party prepared for more ambitious inland journeys using the dogs and sledges. Their base camp was cut off from the continent's interior by high mountain ranges, and journeys along the coastline were frustrated by unsafe sea ice. These factors severely restricted
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The ten-man shore party who were to winter at Cape Adare consisted of
Borchgrevink, five scientists, a medical officer, a cook who also served as a general assistant, and two dog drivers. Five—including Borchgrevink—were Norwegian, two were English, one Australian and the two dog experts from
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deposits that he had observed during his 1894–95 voyage were not pursued. Research would be carried out across a range of disciplines, and
Borchgrevink hoped that the scientific results would be complemented by spectacular geographical discoveries and journeys, even perhaps an attempt on the
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Unloading began on 17 February. First ashore were the dogs, with their two Sami handlers, Savio and Must, who remained with them and thus became the first men to spend a night on the
Antarctic continent. During the next twelve days the rest of the equipment and supplies were landed, and two
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returned to England in June 1900, to a cool welcome; public attention was distracted by the preparations for the upcoming Discovery Expedition, due to sail the following year. Borchgrevink meanwhile pronounced his voyage a great success, stating: "The Antarctic regions might be another
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Winter proved to be a difficult time; Bernacchi wrote of rising boredom and irritation: "Officers and men, ten of us in all, found tempers wearing thin". During this period of confinement, Borchgrevink's weaknesses as a commander were exposed; he was, according to Bernacchi, "in many
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coastline. Here they carried out an extensive programme of scientific observations, although opportunities for inland exploration were restricted by the mountainous and glaciated terrain surrounding the base. In January 1900, the party left Cape Adare in
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returned. Borchgrevink and his party quickly vacated the camp, and on 2 February he took the ship south into the Ross Sea. Evidence of a hasty and disorderly departure from Cape Adare was noted two years later by members of the Discovery Expedition, when
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was backing the RGS venture) to meet the full cost of his expedition, some £40,000. This gift infuriated Markham and the RGS, since Newnes's donation, had it come their way would, he said have been enough "to get the National Expedition on its legs".
233:, and be styled the "British Antarctic Expedition". Borchgrevink readily agreed to these conditions, even though only two of the entire expedition party were British. This annoyed Markham all the more, and he subsequently rebuked the RGS librarian
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The ship's company, under Captain Bernard Jensen, consisted of 19 Norwegian officers and seamen and one Swedish steward. Jensen was an experienced ice navigator in Arctic and Antarctic waters, and had been with Borchgrevink on Bull's
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Born in Oslo in 1864 to a Norwegian father and an English mother, Carsten Borchgrevink emigrated to Australia in 1888, where he worked as a land surveyor in the interior before accepting a provincial schoolteaching appointment in
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land party were either eaten on the passage or left on board for the crew". There was also a shortage of tobacco; in spite of an intended provision of half a ton (500 kg), only a quantity of chewing tobacco was landed.
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expedition", and that the magnitude of the difficulties it had overcome had previously been underestimated. After the expedition, Borchgrevink lived quietly, largely out of the public eye. He died in Oslo on 21 April 1934.
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His later chronicle of the expedition was critical of aspects of Borchgrevink's leadership, but defended the expedition's scientific achievements. In 1901, Bernacchi would return to Antarctica as a physicist on Scott's
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to explore the Ross Sea, following the route taken by Ross 60 years earlier. They reached the Great Ice Barrier, where a team of three made the first sledge journey on the Barrier surface, during which a new
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rookeries on the entire continent and had ample room, as Borchgrevink had remarked in 1895, "for houses, tents and provisions". The abundance of penguins would provide both a winter larder and a fuel source.
570:, surveyed the coastline, collected specimens of birds and fish, and slaughtered seals and penguins for food and fuel. Outside activities were largely curtailed in mid-May, with the onset of winter.
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Borchgrevink's original expedition objectives included the development of commercial opportunities, as well as scientific and geographical discovery. However, his plans to exploit the extensive
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coast and discovering further islands, one of which Borchgrevink named after Sir Clements Markham, whose hostility towards the expedition was evidently unchanged by this honour.
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in 1911, acknowledged that Borchgrevink's expedition had removed the greatest obstacles to Antarctic travel, and had opened the way for all the expeditions that followed.
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wrote; "... heaps of refuse all around, and a mountain of provision boxes, dead birds, seals, dogs, sledging gear ... and heaven knows what else".
451:. The others were Anton Fougner, scientific assistant and general handyman; Kolbein Ellifsen, cook and general assistant; and the two Sami dog-handlers,
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first called at Possession Island, where the tin box left by Borchgrevink and Bull in 1895 was recovered. They then proceeded southwards, following the
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in the Ross Sea, leaving a message in a tin box as proof of their journey. Borchgrevink was convinced that the Cape Adare location, with its huge
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495:. The ship was carrying 31 men and 90 Siberian sledge dogs, the first to be taken on an Antarctic expedition. After final provisioning in
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their exploration, which was largely confined to the vicinity of Robertson Bay. Here, a small island was discovered, which was named
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Nine men (Ole Must in traditional Lap dress) and two dogs on deck, Southern Cross, British Antarctic (Southern Cross) Expedition, 1898
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itself; he was unaware at this stage that the site of the base at Cape Adare would not allow access to the hinterland of Antarctica.
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sixty years previously, they proceeded eastwards along the Barrier edge, to find the inlet where, in 1843, Ross had reached his
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She was sold to the Newfoundland Sealing Company, and in April 1914, was lost with her entire complement of 173, in the
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On its return to Britain the expedition was coolly received by London's geographical establishment exemplified by the
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later described the conditions as "democratic anarchy", with dirt, disorder and inactivity the order of the day.
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Mount Melbourne, on Victoria Land, at the foot of which Borchgrevink discovered "an excellent camping place"
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where Bull and Borchgrevink had made their brief landing in 1895. This foreshore held one of the largest
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and Ole Must, who, at 21 and 20 years of age respectively, were the youngest of the party.
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sighted Cape Adare on 16 February, before anchoring close to the shore on the following day.
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as a foreign interloper and a rival for funding. Borchgrevink persuaded the publisher Sir
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Camp and Hut (summer), Antarctica, British Antarctic (Southern Cross) Expedition, 1899
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Borchgrevink's assistant zoologist was Hugh Blackwell Evans, a vicar's son from
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Report of the Sixth International Geographical Congress held in London, 1895
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The expedition was privately financed by the British magazine publisher Sir
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on the south east coast of Norway, to the design of renowned shipbuilder
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SS Southern Cross (1886) § 1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster
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The living hut contained a small ante-room used as a photographic
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Scene from a hut at Camp Ridley, with Fougner, Evans, and Colbeck.
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northern Norway, sometimes described in expedition accounts as
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The expedition was the first to use dogs in the Antarctic.
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respects ... not a good leader". The polar historian
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sailed for the Antarctic on 19 December. She crossed the
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lead such a venture, he was initially unsuccessful. The
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Jones, pp. 59–60. Another member of the shore party,
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on 23 January 1899, and after a three-week delay in
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Encyclopaedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans
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816:. Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition
487:left London on 23 August 1898, after inspection by
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1742:"What Of Borchgrevink And The Southern Cross?"
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1188:
530:, below which is the large triangular shingle
518:Cape Adare, discovered by Antarctic explorer
2083:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
80:—later known as the Ross Ice Shelf—since Sir
1804:
1037:"Antarctic Explorers – Carsten Borchgrevink"
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1007:"Antarctic Explorers – Carsten Borchgrevink"
914:"Antarctic Explorers – Carsten Borchgrevink"
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
810:"Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864–1934)".
491:(the future King George V), who presented a
416:, who held a lieutenant's commission in the
238:Newnes and the courage of Mr Borchgrevink".
1984:
1885:. www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz. Archived from
1650:
1648:
1463:
1461:
972:
970:
329:, and 146 feet (45 m) overall length.
190:providing a ready supply of fresh food and
101:, and spent the southern winter of 1899 at
16:1898–1900 research expedition to Antarctica
2090:
2076:
2006:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1140:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1057:
1055:
849:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
828:
750:Borchgrevink's account of the expedition,
1629:
1627:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1022:
999:
887:
813:Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864–1934)
153:A cartoon depiction of Sir George Newnes.
5148:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1782:
1645:
1458:
1368:
1366:
1364:
967:
769:
741:
626:
577:
541:
475:
389:
352:
267:
246:
148:
20:
4723:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1965:
1854:
1621:Wilson diary, 9 January 1902, pp. 93–95
1244:
1165:
1068:
1052:
622:
369:Among the scientists was the Tasmanian
357:Carsten Borchgrevink, expedition leader
332:The ship was taken to Archer's yard in
56:, was the first British venture of the
54:British Antarctic Expedition, 1898–1900
5193:
2025:
1901:
1624:
1294:
991:. London: John Murray. 1896. pp.
678:or breakaway of ice from the adjacent
3867:
2109:
2097:
2071:
1946:
1923:
1835:
1361:
805:
803:
801:
799:
95:. Borchgrevink's party sailed in the
1232:. Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador
5241:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
5236:Expeditions from the United Kingdom
4509:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2706:Norse colonization of North America
1992:. London: Bloomsbury Publications.
1932:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1909:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1273:, Hurst & Blackett, London 1901
573:
182:in 1821. Bull's party also visited
58:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
13:
4038:United States Exploring Expedition
1949:Ships of Discovery and Exploration
1866:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
1666:
796:
14:
5262:
5112:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4480:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2048:
2031:Diary of the Discovery Expedition
1603:. United States Geographic Survey
555:departed to winter in Australia.
285:, that had been built in 1886 in
105:, the northwest extremity of the
76:mainland, the first to visit the
5246:United Kingdom and the Antarctic
5006:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4399:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1811:First on the Antarctic Continent
752:First on the Antarctic Continent
293:. Archer had designed and built
1883:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1776:
1764:
1734:
1711:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1691:
1657:
1636:
1615:
1593:
1584:
1561:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1530:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1492:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1470:
1435:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1399:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1324:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1285:
1276:
1264:
1222:
1200:
1179:
1156:
1104:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
1084:
944:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
600:coal fire fumes as they slept.
377:. He had been appointed to the
241:
5251:History of the Ross Dependency
1970:. London: Constable & Co.
1208:"Ships of the Polar Explorers"
979:
865:
178:believed he had landed on the
1:
4385:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4320:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3868:
1790:. London: C. Hurst & Co.
1748:, New Zealand. Archived from
1717:, New Zealand. Archived from
1567:, New Zealand. Archived from
1536:, New Zealand. Archived from
1512:(Departure of the Expedition)
1498:, New Zealand. Archived from
1441:, New Zealand. Archived from
1405:, New Zealand. Archived from
1330:, New Zealand. Archived from
1261:Borchgrevink, pp. 13–19.
1176:Borchgrevink, pp. 10–11.
1110:, New Zealand. Archived from
950:, New Zealand. Archived from
847:"Norway's Forgotten Explorer"
785:
666:, and attempted a landing at
595:diversion Savio improvised a
471:
315:, which Borchgrevink renamed
144:
4742:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4558:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4364:French Antarctic Expeditions
4294:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4180:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2298:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2007:Stonehouse, B., ed. (2002).
790:
716:
526:, lies at the end of a long
379:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
348:
170:, the western portal to the
7:
3827:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3506:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2371:Andrée's balloon expedition
2033:. London: Blandford Press.
1663:Amundsen, Vol I, pp. 167–68
1230:"The 1914 Sealing Disaster"
10:
5267:
3028:Franklin's lost expedition
2728:Christian IV's expeditions
2110:
1947:Paine, Lincoln P. (2000).
1654:Amundsen, Vol I, pp. 25–26
1376:. Antarctic Heritage Trust
1374:"The Forgotten Expedition"
1271:To the South Polar Regions
1138:"The Forgotten Expedition"
720:
693:On its passage northward,
445:Royal Frederick University
439:. The chief zoologist was
204:Royal Geographical Society
124:Royal Geographical Society
86:expedition of 1839 to 1843
4845:
4576:
4163:
3903:
3880:
3876:
3863:
3382:Great Northern Expedition
3276:
3058:Rae–Richardson expedition
2807:
2652:
2258:British Arctic Expedition
2150:
2122:
2118:
2105:
1951:. Boston: Mariner Books.
1840:. London: HarperCollins.
1344:(Equipment and Personnel)
466:
52:, otherwise known as the
4666:British Antarctic Survey
4660:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3905:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2011:. New York: John Wiley.
1746:University of Canterbury
1715:University of Canterbury
1565:University of Canterbury
1534:University of Canterbury
1496:University of Canterbury
1439:University of Canterbury
1403:University of Canterbury
1328:University of Canterbury
1291:Crane, pp. 232–233.
1108:University of Canterbury
948:University of Canterbury
705:. The dogs were left on
682:. Following the path of
33:reading in front of the
5142:Pole of inaccessibility
4805:Antarctic Treaty System
3146:2nd Grinnell expedition
1966:Preston, Diana (1997).
1419:(Arrival at Cape Adare)
1124:Equipment and Personnel
873:"An Antarctic Timeline"
662:, observed the volcano
263:
1907:Scott of the Antarctic
1838:Scott of the Antarctic
1788:The South Pole: Vol. I
782:
747:
632:
583:
547:
481:
443:, a graduate from the
395:
358:
278:
221:(whose business rival
154:
40:
5231:Antarctic expeditions
4812:Transglobe Expedition
4711:Operation Deep Freeze
4120:Challenger expedition
2986:Coppermine expedition
2507:Drifting ice stations
1836:Crane, David (2005).
1814:. George Newnes Ltd.
1806:Borchgrevink, Carsten
1550:(Life at Camp Ridley)
773:
745:
630:
581:
545:
479:
463:voyage in 1894–1895.
393:
375:Melbourne Observatory
356:
271:
247:Expedition objectives
152:
25:Expedition commander
24:
1968:A First Rate Tragedy
1928:The Last Great Quest
1881:Harrowfield, David.
1197:Preston, p. 16.
623:Ross Sea exploration
215:Sir Clements Markham
70:Carsten Borchgrevink
27:Carsten Borchgrevink
4982:South magnetic pole
3648:Brusilov expedition
2757:Danish colonization
2195:North magnetic pole
1924:Jones, Max (2003).
1313:Borchgrevink, p. 22
1282:Crane, p. 108.
1144:on 20 November 2009
1090:Borchgrevink, p. 25
853:on 20 November 2009
635:On 28 January 1900
617:Duke of York Island
418:Royal Naval Reserve
327:gross register tons
180:Antarctic Peninsula
137:, conqueror of the
62:Robert Falcon Scott
5221:1900 in Antarctica
5211:1899 in Antarctica
5201:1898 in Antarctica
4673:Operation Windmill
4654:Operation Highjump
3629:Rusanov expedition
3534:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3278:North East Passage
3082:McClure expedition
1770:Riffenburgh, p. 56
1752:on 14 October 2008
1721:on 14 October 2008
1571:on 14 October 2008
1540:on 14 October 2008
1502:on 14 October 2008
1445:on 14 October 2008
1334:on 14 October 2008
1185:Jones, p. 63.
1114:on 14 October 2008
976:Preston, pp. 14–16
954:on 14 October 2008
783:
748:
703:Bluff, New Zealand
658:then sailed on to
633:
584:
562:, and another for
548:
524:1839–43 expedition
482:
396:
359:
279:
211:Expedition 1901–04
155:
84:'s groundbreaking
41:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
4640:Operation Tabarin
4502:Far Eastern Party
4348:Nimrod Expedition
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3418:M. Pronchishcheva
3340:Siberian Cossacks
2809:Northwest Passage
2142:Research stations
2099:Polar exploration
2027:Wilson, Edward A.
1986:Riffenburgh, Beau
1821:978-0-905838-41-0
1697:Stonehouse, p. 40
1678:nzhistory.govt.nz
1455:(First Buildings)
1210:. Cool Antarctica
711:Ernest Shackleton
680:Great Ice Barrier
670:, at the foot of
437:Kerguelen Islands
223:Alfred Harmsworth
184:Possession Island
78:Great Ice Barrier
66:Ernest Shackleton
5258:
4687:Ronne Expedition
4172:
4166:
4030:Dumont d'Urville
3878:
3877:
3865:
3864:
3413:V. Pronchishchev
2120:
2119:
2107:
2106:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2055:Works about the
2044:
2022:
2003:
1981:
1962:
1943:
1931:
1920:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1877:
1865:
1856:Fiennes, Ranulph
1851:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1801:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1707:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1526:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1431:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1163:
1162:Crane, pp. 74–75
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1100:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1039:. South-pole.com
1033:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:. South-pole.com
1003:
997:
996:
983:
977:
974:
965:
963:
961:
959:
940:
927:
925:
923:
921:
916:. South-pole.com
910:
885:
884:
882:
880:
875:. South-pole.com
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
843:
826:
825:
823:
821:
807:
684:James Clark Ross
574:Antarctic winter
520:James Clark Ross
509:Antarctic Circle
489:the Duke of York
343:sealing disaster
235:Hugh Robert Mill
82:James Clark Ross
5266:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5226:1900 in science
5216:1899 in science
5206:1898 in science
5191:
5190:
5187:
5174:
4849:
4841:
4717:McMurdo Station
4586:Modern research
4584:
4572:
4307:O. Nordenskjöld
4170:
4164:
4159:
4075:Ross expedition
3899:
3872:
3851:
3280:
3272:
2813:Northern Canada
2811:
2803:
2656:
2648:
2154:
2146:
2114:
2101:
2096:
2051:
2041:
2019:
2000:
1978:
1959:
1940:
1917:
1903:Huxley, Elspeth
1892:
1890:
1889:on 6 April 2017
1874:
1848:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1798:
1784:Amundsen, Roald
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1724:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1574:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1541:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1505:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1448:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1412:
1410:
1409:on 6 April 2017
1397:
1396:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1337:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1069:
1063:Louis Bernacchi
1060:
1053:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
985:
984:
980:
975:
968:
957:
955:
942:
941:
930:
919:
917:
912:
911:
888:
878:
876:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
845:
844:
829:
819:
817:
809:
808:
797:
793:
788:
737:Mount Melbourne
725:
719:
699:Franklin Island
625:
607:The zoologist,
589:Ranulph Fiennes
576:
474:
469:
422:Kew Observatory
414:William Colbeck
371:Louis Bernacchi
351:
295:Fridtjof Nansen
266:
249:
244:
188:penguin rookery
160:New South Wales
147:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5264:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5134:Vostok Station
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5085:Cherry-Garrard
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4925:Southern Cross
4921:
4920:
4919:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4855:
4853:
4847:Farthest South
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4808:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4544:Ross Sea party
4540:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4505:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4344:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4238:Southern Cross
4231:Southern Cross
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4175:
4173:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4096:
4090:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3977:Bellingshausen
3967:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3836:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3284:
3282:Russian Arctic
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2724:
2719:
2717:Snæbjörn galti
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2619:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:Farthest North
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2057:Southern Cross
2050:
2049:External links
2047:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2023:
2017:
2004:
1998:
1982:
1976:
1963:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1921:
1915:
1899:
1878:
1872:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1820:
1802:
1796:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1733:
1699:
1690:
1665:
1656:
1644:
1642:Preston, p. 13
1635:
1623:
1614:
1592:
1583:
1581:(First Burial)
1552:
1514:
1478:
1476:Fiennes, p. 43
1469:
1457:
1421:
1387:
1360:
1358:Preston, p. 14
1346:
1315:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1263:
1243:
1221:
1199:
1187:
1178:
1164:
1155:
1126:
1092:
1083:
1067:
1051:
1021:
998:
978:
966:
964:(Introduction)
928:
886:
864:
827:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
764:Southern Cross
728:Southern Cross
718:
715:
695:Southern Cross
688:farthest south
656:Southern Cross
648:Southern Cross
637:Southern Cross
624:
621:
609:Nicolai Hanson
575:
572:
553:Southern Cross
536:Adelie penguin
505:Southern Cross
485:Southern Cross
473:
470:
468:
465:
441:Nicolai Hanson
435:voyage to the
350:
347:
318:Southern Cross
275:Southern Cross
265:
262:
248:
245:
243:
240:
146:
143:
135:Roald Amundsen
117:Farthest South
112:Southern Cross
98:Southern Cross
46:Southern Cross
36:Southern Cross
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5263:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5189:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4265:Discovery Hut
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:A. Sibiryakov
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3767:Glavsevmorput
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3069:J. Richardson
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:M. Corte-Real
2829:
2827:
2826:G. Corte-Real
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:C. Richardson
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:Georgiy Sedov
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Riiser-Larsen
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2040:0-7137-0431-4
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:0-471-98665-8
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1999:0-7475-7253-4
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1977:0-09-479530-4
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1958:0-395-98415-7
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1939:0-19-280483-9
1935:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1916:0-297-77433-6
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:0-340-82697-5
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:Captain Scott
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:0-00-715068-7
1843:
1839:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1797:0-903983-47-8
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1767:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1633:Huxley, p. 25
1630:
1628:
1618:
1602:
1596:
1590:Huxley, p. 60
1587:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1467:Crane, p. 153
1464:
1462:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1308:
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1300:
1298:
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1248:
1231:
1225:
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1182:
1173:
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1159:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1008:
1002:
994:
990:
989:
982:
973:
971:
953:
949:
945:
939:
937:
935:
933:
915:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
874:
868:
852:
848:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
815:
814:
806:
804:
802:
800:
795:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
759:
755:
753:
744:
740:
738:
734:
729:
724:
714:
712:
708:
707:Native Island
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Victoria Land
649:
645:
643:
642:Edward Wilson
638:
629:
620:
618:
612:
610:
605:
601:
598:
592:
590:
580:
571:
569:
568:Robertson Bay
565:
561:
556:
554:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
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372:
367:
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355:
346:
344:
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335:
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324:
323:barque-rigged
320:
319:
314:
310:
308:
302:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
277:
276:
270:
261:
259:
256:geographical
254:
239:
236:
232:
227:
224:
220:
219:George Newnes
216:
212:
210:
205:
199:
197:
193:
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185:
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177:
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161:
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142:
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132:
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108:
104:
100:
99:
94:
93:George Newnes
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
38:
37:
32:
28:
23:
19:
5188:
5140:
5128:Pole of Cold
5126:
5052:
5043:
5011:
5004:
4980:
4951:
4937:
4931:Borchgrevink
4924:
4923:
4910:
4895:
4875:
4860:
4829:
4810:
4803:
4787:
4773:
4764:
4747:
4740:
4721:
4709:
4685:
4671:
4664:
4652:
4638:
4624:
4610:
4603:
4564:
4556:
4542:
4535:
4533:
4515:
4507:
4500:
4487:
4478:
4440:
4432:
4423:
4416:
4404:
4397:
4383:
4371:Pourquoi-Pas
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4341:Orcadas Base
4339:
4331:
4318:
4312:C. A. Larsen
4300:
4292:
4278:
4271:
4258:
4250:
4244:Borchgrevink
4237:
4230:
4229:
4186:
4178:
4153:C. A. Larsen
4146:
4127:
4118:
4100:
4082:
4073:
4060:
4045:
4036:
4023:
3984:
3970:
3963:
3944:
3929:
3839:
3832:
3815:
3808:
3794:
3779:
3765:
3752:
3727:
3713:
3711:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3653:
3646:
3627:
3593:
3591:
3577:
3575:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3525:
3523:
3504:
3380:
3338:
3321:
3289:
3253:
3251:
3231:
3230:
3210:
3209:
3195:
3182:
3167:
3153:
3144:
3131:
3102:
3090:Investigator
3089:
3080:
3056:
3043:
3035:
3026:
3013:
2984:
2961:
2946:
2931:
2901:
2886:
2856:
2775:
2755:
2726:
2722:Erik the Red
2704:
2682:
2675:
2632:submersibles
2629:
2623:Arktika 2007
2621:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2588:
2579:
2576:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2512:
2505:
2481:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2422:
2420:
2391:
2388:
2377:S. A. Andrée
2369:
2356:
2331:
2323:
2320:
2296:
2278:
2265:
2256:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2193:
2063:Open Library
2056:
2030:
2008:
1989:
1967:
1948:
1927:
1906:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1861:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1810:
1787:
1777:Book sources
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:the original
1736:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1659:
1638:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1555:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
1504:. Retrieved
1500:the original
1472:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1378:. Retrieved
1336:. Retrieved
1332:the original
1318:
1287:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1234:. Retrieved
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1202:
1181:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1116:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1086:
1081:Crane, p. 74
1041:. Retrieved
1011:. Retrieved
1001:
987:
981:
956:. Retrieved
952:the original
918:. Retrieved
877:. Retrieved
867:
855:. Retrieved
851:the original
818:. Retrieved
812:
775:Borchgrevink
763:
760:
756:
751:
749:
727:
726:
694:
692:
672:Mount Terror
668:Cape Crozier
664:Mount Erebus
655:
647:
646:
636:
634:
613:
606:
602:
593:
585:
557:
552:
549:
517:
504:
484:
483:
460:
457:
426:
408:
401:
397:
383:
368:
366:or "Finns".
360:
341:Newfoundland
340:
331:
317:
312:
306:
299:
291:Colin Archer
282:
280:
274:
250:
242:Organisation
231:British flag
228:
208:
200:
156:
128:
121:
111:
97:
90:
53:
49:
45:
44:
42:
35:
18:
4831:Lake Vostok
4781:Tryoshnikov
4703:Schlossbach
4594:Christensen
4536:James Caird
4457:E. R. Evans
4223:Dobrowolski
4193:de Gerlache
3895:Expeditions
3781:Aviaarktika
3735:Samoylovich
3606:Kolomeitsev
3500:Middendorff
3460:Gedenshtrom
2880:I. Fyodorov
2642:Chilingarov
2530:E. Fyodorov
2137:Expeditions
1236:2 September
660:Ross Island
522:during his
164:Henryk Bull
5195:Categories
5054:Terra Nova
4959:Shackleton
4902:J. C. Ross
4861:Resolution
4851:South Pole
4626:New Swabia
4550:Mackintosh
4522:Shackleton
4441:Terra Nova
4434:Terra Nova
4168:Heroic Age
4128:Challenger
4088:J. C. Ross
3998:Bransfield
3930:Resolution
3845:icebreaker
3809:Chelyuskin
3550:expedition
3528:Expedition
3470:Matyushkin
3428:Kh. Laptev
3423:Chelyuskin
3317:Heemskerck
3307:Chancellor
3302:Willoughby
3297:Koch boats
3240:Stefansson
3174:McClintock
3138:Inglefield
2980:J. C. Ross
2887:Resolution
2739:Cunningham
2637:Sagalevich
2326:expedition
2285:Stephenson
2245:C. F. Hall
2232:expedition
2206:J. C. Ross
2169:Heemskerck
2156:North Pole
2059:expedition
786:References
779:Cape Adare
721:See also:
697:halted at
528:promontory
493:Union Flag
472:Cape Adare
404:expedition
309:expedition
258:South Pole
196:overwinter
176:John Davis
168:Cape Adare
145:Background
139:South Pole
131:Expedition
103:Cape Adare
50:Expedition
31:theodolite
5153:Tolstikov
4939:Discovery
4909:HMS
4894:HMS
4876:Adventure
4874:HMS
4859:HMS
4795:Tolstikov
4516:Endurance
4301:Antarctic
4286:Drygalski
4259:Discovery
4252:Discovery
4213:Arctowski
4126:HMS
4099:HMS
4093:Abernethy
4081:HMS
4059:USS
4046:Vincennes
4044:USS
4024:Astrolabe
3964:San Telmo
3945:Adventure
3943:HMS
3928:HMS
3923:Kerguelen
3885:Continent
3870:Antarctic
3747:Urvantsev
3705:Vilkitsky
3558:Jeannette
3556:USS
3548:Jeannette
3512:Weyprecht
3490:Pakhtusov
3440:Chichagov
3433:D. Laptev
3376:Permyakov
3351:Stadukhin
3346:Perfilyev
3323:Mangazeya
3261:H. Larsen
3226:Rasmussen
3181:HMS
3152:USS
3101:HMS
3088:HMS
3052:Collinson
3042:HMS
3034:HMS
3012:HMS
2960:HMS
2945:HMS
2930:HMS
2915:Mackenzie
2902:Discovery
2900:HMS
2885:HMS
2857:Discovery
2836:Frobisher
2799:Rasmussen
2712:Gunnbjörn
2658:Greenland
2587:USS
2578:USS
2450:Ellsworth
2392:Roosevelt
2322:Nansen's
2279:Discovery
2277:HMS
2264:HMS
2211:Abernethy
2179:Marmaduke
1893:10 August
1827:11 August
1756:10 August
1731:(Results)
1725:10 August
1683:29 August
1607:18 August
1575:10 August
1544:10 August
1506:10 August
1449:10 August
1413:10 August
1380:13 August
1338:10 August
1214:11 August
1148:10 August
1118:10 August
1043:10 August
1013:10 August
958:10 August
920:10 August
879:29 August
857:10 August
820:10 August
791:Citations
717:Aftermath
564:taxidermy
532:foreshore
461:Antarctic
453:Per Savio
402:Discovery
349:Personnel
305:Nansen's
297:'s ship,
209:Discovery
129:Discovery
74:Antarctic
29:taking a
5165:A. Fuchs
5122:V. Fuchs
5102:McKinley
5065:E. Evans
5024:Bjaaland
5019:Amundsen
4969:Marshall
4882:Furneaux
4734:V. Fuchs
4698:E. Ronne
4693:F. Ronne
4632:Ritscher
4486:SY
4474:Filchner
4418:Framheim
4412:Amundsen
4218:Racoviță
4203:Amundsen
4198:Lecointe
4067:Ringgold
4061:Porpoise
3951:Furneaux
3787:Shevelev
3742:Begichev
3721:Amundsen
3683:Nagórski
3661:Brusilov
3655:Sv. Anna
3569:Melville
3539:Palander
3495:Tsivolko
3455:Sannikov
3450:Billings
3393:Chirikov
3312:Barentsz
3254:St. Roch
3245:Bartlett
3219:Amundsen
3203:Sverdrup
3103:Resolute
2992:Franklin
2920:Kotzebue
2787:Sverdrup
2770:Scoresby
2744:Lindenov
2595:Plaisted
2580:Nautilus
2525:Shirshov
2499:Belyakov
2494:Baydukov
2468:Nautilus
2430:Amundsen
2390:SS
2349:Sverdrup
2344:Johansen
2314:Brainard
2309:Lockwood
2164:Barentsz
2029:(1973).
1988:(2004).
1905:(1977).
1858:(2003).
1808:(1901).
1786:(1976).
733:Klondyke
560:darkroom
513:pack ice
501:Tasmania
273:SS
172:Ross Sea
107:Ross Sea
5170:Messner
5117:Hillary
5097:Balchen
5045:Polheim
5039:Wisting
4917:Crozier
4889:Weddell
4867:J. Cook
4837:Kapitsa
4818:Fiennes
4760:Klenova
4729:Hillary
4679:Ketchum
4605:BANZARE
4580:·
4425:Polheim
4391:Shirase
4377:Charcot
4187:Belgica
4106:Crozier
4018:Morrell
4013:Weddell
3991:Lazarev
3936:J. Cook
3890:History
3840:Arktika
3816:Krassin
3801:Voronin
3773:Schmidt
3759:Ushakov
3698:Vaygach
3666:Albanov
3635:Rusanov
3616:Kolchak
3611:Matisen
3585:Makarov
3564:De Long
3465:Wrangel
3445:Lyakhov
3398:Malygin
3356:Dezhnev
3183:Pandora
3154:Advance
3121:Kennedy
3116:Belcher
3109:Kellett
3096:McClure
3020:Beechey
3014:Blossom
3007:Simpson
2975:Crozier
2968:Hoppner
2925:J. Ross
2893:J. Cook
2841:Gilbert
2734:J. Hall
2700:Ingólfr
2690:Naddodd
2684:Vikings
2671:Brendan
2666:Pytheas
2654:Iceland
2608:Arktika
2600:Herbert
2565:Badygin
2535:Krenkel
2520:Papanin
2489:Chkalov
2475:Wilkins
2440:Wisting
2384:F. Cook
2290:Markham
2250:Bessels
2239:Polaris
2230:Polaris
2201:J. Ross
2184:Carolus
2132:History
676:calving
433:sealing
429:Bristol
409:Morning
384:Belgica
287:Arendal
192:blubber
5080:Bowers
5075:Wilson
5034:Hassel
5029:Helmer
4998:Mackay
4988:Mawson
4953:Nimrod
4911:Terror
4896:Erebus
4823:Burton
4618:Rymill
4494:Mawson
4488:Aurora
4467:Lashly
4452:Wilson
4355:Nimrod
4332:Scotia
4139:Murray
4114:Cooper
4101:Terror
4083:Erebus
4052:Wilkes
4003:Palmer
3971:Vostok
3918:Bouvet
3842:-class
3822:Gakkel
3690:Taymyr
3671:Konrad
3640:Kuchin
3578:Yermak
3485:Lavrov
3403:Ovtsyn
3388:Bering
3366:Ivanov
3329:Hudson
3291:Pomors
3268:Cowper
3233:Karluk
3132:Isabel
3126:Bellot
3076:Austin
3044:Terror
3036:Erebus
2932:Griper
2908:Clerke
2868:Baffin
2851:Hudson
2782:Nansen
2695:Garðar
2616:Barneo
2483:ANT-25
2459:Italia
2435:Nobile
2404:Henson
2363:Amedeo
2339:Nansen
2304:Greely
2174:Hudson
2112:Arctic
2037:
2015:
1996:
1990:Nimrod
1974:
1955:
1936:
1913:
1870:
1844:
1818:
1794:
497:Hobart
467:Voyage
449:Bergen
412:, was
334:Larvik
325:, 520
321:, was
313:Pollux
283:Pollux
39:, 1899
5160:Crary
5107:Dufek
5070:Oates
5060:Scott
4993:David
4974:Adams
4945:Barne
4766:Mirny
4755:Somov
4565:Quest
4462:Crean
4447:Scott
4326:Bruce
4280:Gauss
4273:Gauss
4147:Jason
4134:Nares
4008:Davis
3985:Mirny
3958:Smith
3913:Roché
3833:Lenin
3753:Sadko
3678:Wiese
3623:Sedov
3594:Zarya
3517:Payer
3480:Litke
3475:Anjou
3408:Minin
3371:Vagin
3361:Popov
3334:Poole
3189:Young
3002:Dease
2947:Hecla
2938:Parry
2863:Bylot
2846:Davis
2821:Cabot
2794:Peary
2776:Jason
2763:Egede
2677:Papar
2589:Skate
2570:Wiese
2550:NP-37
2543:NP-36
2423:Norge
2411:Sedov
2399:Peary
2357:Jason
2272:Nares
2266:Alert
2221:Hayes
2189:Parry
2127:Ocean
995:–175.
597:sauna
364:Lapps
339:1914
253:guano
5092:Byrd
5013:Fram
4964:Wild
4646:Marr
4612:BGLE
4599:Byrd
4527:Wild
4406:Fram
4208:Cook
3729:AARI
3714:Maud
3601:Toll
3526:Vega
3212:Gjøa
3197:Fram
3160:Kane
2997:Back
2962:Fury
2953:Lyon
2875:Munk
2514:NP-1
2416:Byrd
2333:Fram
2324:Fram
2216:Kane
2035:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1895:2008
1868:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1829:2008
1816:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1758:2008
1727:2008
1685:2023
1609:2008
1577:2008
1546:2008
1508:2008
1451:2008
1415:2008
1382:2008
1340:2008
1238:2019
1216:2008
1150:2008
1120:2008
1049:p. 2
1045:2008
1019:p. 1
1015:2008
960:2008
926:p. 3
922:2008
881:2008
859:2008
822:2008
307:Fram
300:Fram
264:Ship
64:and
43:The
4789:3rd
4775:2nd
4749:1st
4582:IGY
4578:IPY
3168:Fox
3064:Rae
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