960:
41:
616:
29:
552:
are found on the flat lowlands of the southern and outermost parts of the coastal plain, usually over limestone substrates. These forests of evergreen and deciduous hardwood trees occur near the floodplains of spring-fed rivers with relatively constant flows. They can be large areas of broad, shallow
908:
are highland marshes found in shallow peat-filled valleys, the basins of dried lakes, and the borders of existing lakes. The vegetation mosaic includes a range of mostly herbaceous plant communities, varying based on water depth. Deep water supports various submerged and floating plants. Meter-deep
627:
On the Gulf coastal plain, maritime forest consists of a mosaic of forests and shrublands on barrier islands and strands. It occurs in sheltered areas behind coastal dunes and grasslands. Forests are dominated by a mixture of needle-leaved and broad-leaved evergreen trees, including sand pine
766:
This includes a variety of deciduous oak forests and mixed evergreen forests dominated by oak. Pines are often present as well. This forest is found in fire-sheltered locations surrounded by pine-dominated uplands, including slopes near rivers and sinkholes. Sand laurel oak
950:
and drainage pattern changes make these habitats shift and change over time. Soils can be mucky, loamy, or sandy, but they are generally above permeable subsoils that create standing water much of the year. These marshes may also be called meadows or prairies.
817:
On the southern
Atlantic coastal plain, mesic slope forest is found on steep slopes, bluffs, and sheltered ravines. Fire is rare. They occur on mesic soils, and contain species not found in other forest systems in the area. These include American beech
480:
occurs as thick stands of evergreen oaks in small patches on shallow depressions or slight hills. These forests are distinct from their surrounding habitats, which are often longleaf pine-dominated. On mesic sites, common species are southern live oak
872:
These forests occur on dry and dry-mesic sites and are dominated by oaks and hickories. These habitats are protected from fires by either steep topography, isolation, or limited flammability of the vegetation. Typical canopy species include white oak
325:
449:
are small forested wetlands characterized by their dome-shaped appearance, with taller trees in the center and shorter trees around the perimeter. These wetlands occur on poorly drained depressions surrounded by pine flatwoods. Pond cypress
1073:
Today, nearly all mature stands of longleaf pine are gone, and only a few isolated sites still contain substantial natural habitat. In many areas, longleaf pine forests have been replaced with plantations of slash pine
839:
On the inland east Gulf coastal plain, mesic slope forest consists of deciduous hardwood forests found in slopes and ravines. They inhabit mesic sites between drier uplands and moister streams. American beech
685:
On the
Atlantic coastal plain, maritime forest consists of forests and shrublands on stabilized upland dunes of barrier islands and strands. Oaks tend to dominate the overstory, often southern live oak
408:). Fires are naturally frequent, occurring every one to four years. Understory vegetation ranges from open and grassy to dense and shrubby, depending on fire history. Shrubs include swamp titi (
1858:
1415:
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.).
1020:
1209:
381:
352:
537:
321:
1184:
393:
1868:
446:
967:
1388:
328:
occur on rolling dissected uplands, inland of the coastal flatlands. Soils are well- to excessively drained. Scrub oaks such as turkey oak (
477:
791:) are associates. The forest canopy can be diverse, including hickories and other hardwood species. Common pines include loblolly pine (
1863:
1830:
1808:
1786:
1764:
1742:
1720:
1698:
1676:
1654:
1607:
1585:
1563:
1541:
1519:
1497:
1475:
1355:
1333:
373:) on very well-drained, sandy hills of the coastal plains of Florida. These stands are maintained by frequent fires. Turkey oak (
1370:
1284:
1194:
836:). The related east Gulf coastal plain northern mesic hardwood slope forest occurs to the north and has more deciduous trees.
1432:
1323:
1085:
549:
864:) is common in the southern part of the range. The related southern coastal plain mesic slope forest is found to the south.
1137:
970:
occur in large, seasonally-flooded depressions away from rivers. Sites are often forested by trees including bald cypress (
905:
396:
are forests and woodlands on broad, sandy flatlands along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Trees are typically longleaf pine (
1306:
1245:
1350:
1301:
1204:
1189:
1132:
103:
88:
1878:
1424:
1179:
1167:
761:
364:
1272:
1117:
1112:
1873:
1277:
1250:
1162:
1142:
934:). Shallow areas only submerged during wet season support more graminoid vegetation, including maidencane (
70:
1157:
248:
98:
1375:
1328:
93:
1360:
1338:
1228:
275:
199:
959:
1289:
1238:
1365:
1318:
1233:
1172:
1107:
1090:
585:
464:
108:
1296:
1147:
1095:
1053:
Mature longleaf pine forests are important habitat for the vulnerable red-cockaded woodpecker (
1041:
555:
1629:
1419:
The Atlas of Global
Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference
1311:
1267:
1257:
1221:
1152:
881:
769:
730:
489:
1199:
1122:
990:
826:
748:
495:
181:
8:
1345:
1061:
996:
832:
682:). Wind and salt spray from the ocean can make these forests appear pruned and sculpted.
678:
410:
53:
1417:
1127:
1029:
972:
924:
742:
718:
698:). Woodlands dominated by pine species include southern species such as longleaf pine (
688:
672:
648:
579:
573:
525:
483:
452:
1428:
1055:
1008:
936:
842:
820:
736:
620:
259:
1216:
1024:
942:
775:
724:
694:
591:
531:
513:
501:
346:
341:
294:
40:
1100:
1076:
984:
918:
887:
781:
712:
700:
642:
636:
561:
519:
404:
398:
369:
316:
288:
262:. It is also the southernmost instance of temperate coniferous forest within the
1262:
1035:
854:
809:). To the south, this becomes the southern coastal plain oak dome and hammock.
805:
706:
654:
597:
434:
375:
336:
330:
263:
58:
324:
occur on uplands and on the higher parts of upland-wetland mosaics, while the
1852:
1454:
1002:
978:
930:
666:
458:
428:
416:
255:
893:
875:
848:
799:
787:
660:
630:
603:
860:
793:
567:
422:
171:
615:
947:
910:
216:
113:
28:
286:
Historic vegetation was dominated by open woodlands of longleaf pine (
913:
716:). The understory is dense and shrubby, including southern live oak (
299:
251:
166:
988:) is sometimes found. Characteristic shrubs include buckwheat tree (
916:, typically in dense, monospecific stands; species include bulrush (
186:
176:
1498:"East Gulf Coastal Plain Interior Upland Longleaf Pine Woodland"
507:
326:
east Gulf coastal plain interior upland longleaf pine woodlands
1765:"Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain Dry and Dry-Mesic Oak Forest"
1743:"East Gulf Coastal Plain Northern Mesic Hardwood Slope Forest"
1414:
303:
65:
1080:), which are less biologically diverse than native habitat.
1831:"Southern Coastal Plain Blackwater River Floodplain Forest"
456:) dominates the canopy, which it shares with swamp tupelo (
16:
Temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the United States
1021:
Southern coastal plain blackwater river floodplain forests
258:. It is the largest conifer forest ecoregion east of the
511:
spp). On xeric sites, common species are sand live oak (
298:). Other natural communities include to pine savannas,
1476:"Atlantic Coastal Plain Upland Longleaf Pine Woodland"
858:) are the distinguishing tree species. Loblolly pine (
1015:
553:
wetlands. Common trees include
Atlantic white cedar (
322:
Atlantic coastal plain upland longleaf pine woodlands
1699:"Southern Coastal Plain Dry Upland Hardwood Forest"
1542:"East Gulf Coastal Plain Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods"
1185:
Mississippi
Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge
499:). The understory is sparse, with trumpet creeper (
1416:
344:is dominated by grasses, particularly wiregrass: (
278:with precipitation highest in the warmest months.
1859:Temperate coniferous forests of the United States
1677:"Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain Maritime Forest"
1564:"Southern Coastal Plain Nonriverine Cypress Dome"
1027:and streams. Typical trees include bald cypress (
394:East Gulf coastal plain near-coast pine flatwoods
1850:
1809:"Southern Coastal Plain Nonriverine Basin Swamp"
982:), evergreen shrubs, and hardwoods. Slash pine (
670:). Wetland areas are dominated by pond cypress (
447:Southern coastal plain nonriverine cypress domes
314:These are woodlands dominated by longleaf pine (
309:
1452:
968:Southern coastal plain nonriverine basin swamps
867:
1586:"Southern Coastal Plain Oak Dome and Hammock"
1389:List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
963:Bald cypress basin swamp in Okefenokee Swamp.
900:
755:
302:(pine forests with woody understories), and
1721:"Southern Coastal Plain Mesic Slope Forest"
1068:
478:southern coastal plain oak dome and hammock
441:
388:
954:
379:) is common in the understory. Wiregrass (
1655:"East Gulf Coastal Plain Maritime Forest"
359:
958:
773:) is the typical oak species; post oak (
614:
147:236,725 km (91,400 sq mi)
1869:Flora of the Southeastern United States
1608:"Southern Coastal Plain Hydric Hammock"
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1356:San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park
1334:Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge
471:
1851:
1787:"Floridian Highlands Freshwater Marsh"
1371:Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park
1285:Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge
1195:Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park
906:Floridian highlands freshwater marshes
550:Southern coastal plain hydric hammocks
1448:
1446:
1444:
1324:Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park
1086:Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge
812:
320:) and subject to frequent fires. The
1401:
1138:St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge
367:consist of stands of longleaf pine (
281:
1307:Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge
1246:Cumberland Island National Seashore
340:) are often in the understory. The
292:) with an understory of wiregrass (
13:
1441:
1351:Waccasassa Bay Preserve State Park
1302:St. Johns National Wildlife Refuge
1205:St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge
1190:Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge
1016:Blackwater river floodplain forest
610:
14:
1890:
1635:. Florida Natural Areas Inventory
544:
1520:"Florida Longleaf Pine Sandhill"
39:
27:
1864:Ecoregions of the United States
1823:
1801:
1779:
1757:
1735:
1713:
1691:
1669:
1647:
1622:
1133:St. Joseph Peninsula State Park
365:Florida longleaf pine sandhills
104:Western Gulf coastal grasslands
89:Middle Atlantic coastal forests
1600:
1578:
1556:
1534:
1512:
1490:
1468:
1455:"Southeastern conifer forests"
1425:University of California Press
1180:Gulf Islands National Seashore
1168:Mud Swamp/New River Wilderness
1006:), and laurelleaf greenbrier (
762:Florida upland hardwood forest
1:
1394:
1273:Little Lake George Wilderness
1118:Point Washington State Forest
1113:Blackwater River State Forest
1039:), and Atlantic white cedar (
385:) makes up the ground layer.
310:Upland longleaf pine woodland
1278:Alexander Springs Wilderness
1251:Cumberland Island Wilderness
1163:Apalachicola National Forest
1143:St. George Island State Park
868:Dry and dry-mesic oak forest
535:), and southern dawnflower (
245:Southeastern conifer forests
71:Temperate coniferous forests
22:Southeastern conifer forests
7:
1382:
493:), and American persimmon (
249:temperate coniferous forest
99:Mississippi lowland forests
10:
1895:
1376:Florida Caverns State Park
1329:Withlacoochee State Forest
1023:occur in the drainages of
901:Highlands freshwater marsh
759:
756:Dry upland hardwood forest
746:), and southern magnolia (
269:
94:Southeastern mixed forests
1361:Lake Talquin State Forest
1339:Chassahowitzka Wilderness
1229:Suwannee River State Park
940:) and southern cutgrass (
676:) and sweetbay magnolia (
276:humid subtropical climate
233:
225:
215:
210:
195:
159:
151:
143:
138:
130:
122:
76:
64:
52:
47:
38:
26:
21:
1290:Lake Woodruff Wilderness
1239:Big Gum Swamp Wilderness
1158:Tate's Hell State Forest
1069:Areas of natural habitat
1048:
909:water supports emergent
442:Nonriverine cypress dome
389:Near-coast pine flatwood
1366:Three Rivers State Park
1319:Myakka River State Park
1234:Osceola National Forest
1173:Bradwell Bay Wilderness
1108:Conecuh National Forest
1091:De Soto National Forest
1059:) and gopher tortoise (
955:Nonriverine basin swamp
928:), and American lotus (
891:), and pignut hickory (
852:), and cherrybark oak (
607:) is a typical shrub.
586:Liquidambar styraciflua
465:Liquidambar styraciflua
109:Florida sand pine scrub
1833:. NatureServe Explorer
1811:. NatureServe Explorer
1789:. NatureServe Explorer
1767:. NatureServe Explorer
1745:. NatureServe Explorer
1723:. NatureServe Explorer
1701:. NatureServe Explorer
1679:. NatureServe Explorer
1657:. NatureServe Explorer
1610:. NatureServe Explorer
1588:. NatureServe Explorer
1566:. NatureServe Explorer
1544:. NatureServe Explorer
1522:. NatureServe Explorer
1500:. NatureServe Explorer
1478:. NatureServe Explorer
1297:Tiger Bay State Forest
1148:St. Andrews State Park
1096:Black Creek Wilderness
1042:Chamaecyparis thyoides
1000:), fetterbush lyonia (
964:
885:), mockernut hickory (
824:), southern magnolia (
803:), or shortleaf pine (
646:), southern live oak (
624:
583:), american sweetgum (
577:), southern live oak (
556:Chamaecyparis thyoides
523:), southern live oak (
426:), fetterbush lyonia (
360:Longleaf pine sandhill
1879:Ecoregions of Florida
1453:World Wildlife Fund.
1312:Cedar Keys Wilderness
1268:Ocala National Forest
1258:Jennings State Forest
1222:Okefenokee Wilderness
1153:Bald Point State Park
962:
882:Quercus hemisphaerica
830:), and purple anise (
779:), southern red oak (
770:Quercus hemisphaerica
731:Quercus hemisphaerica
692:) and sand live oak (
664:), and sand hickory (
618:
595:), and cabbage palm (
571:), swamp laurel oak (
490:Quercus hemisphaerica
432:), and saw palmetto (
274:This ecoregion has a
33:Longleaf pine savanna
1210:St. Marks Wilderness
1200:Wakulla State Forest
1123:Deer Lake State Park
991:Cliftonia monophylla
879:), sand laurel oak (
827:Magnolia grandiflora
749:Magnolia grandiflora
496:Diospyros virginiana
487:), sand laurel oak (
472:Oak dome and hammock
382:Aristida beyrichiana
353:Aristida beyrichiana
350:) in the north and (
334:) and bluejack oak (
254:of the southeastern
1874:Nearctic ecoregions
1346:Goethe State Forest
1062:Gopherus polyphemus
997:Cyrilla racemiflora
833:Illicium floridanum
710:), and slash pine (
679:Magnolia virginiana
658:), pignut hickory (
538:Stylisma humistrata
420:), Appalachia tea (
411:Cyrilla racemiflora
1128:Torreya State Park
1030:Taxodium distichum
994:), swamp cyrilla (
973:Taxodium distichum
965:
925:Pontederia cordata
813:Mesic slope forest
785:), and white oak (
743:Quercus myrtifolia
722:), sand live oak (
719:Quercus virginiana
689:Quercus virginiana
673:Taxodium ascendens
649:Quercus virginiana
640:), longleaf pine (
625:
580:Quercus virginiana
574:Quercus laurifolia
526:Quercus virginiana
517:), longleaf pine (
505:) and greenbrier (
484:Quercus virginiana
453:Taxodium ascendens
306:hardwood forests.
1434:978-0-520-26256-0
1056:Picoides borealis
1033:), water tupelo (
1025:blackwater rivers
1009:Smilax laurifolia
976:), swamp tupelo (
937:Panicum hemitomon
922:), pickerelweed (
843:Fagus grandifolia
821:Fagus grandifolia
737:Quercus chapmanii
652:), cabbage palm (
601:). Dahoon holly (
402:) or slash pine (
282:Plant communities
260:Mississippi River
241:
240:
200:Humid subtropical
1886:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1630:"Hydric Hammock"
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1422:
1412:
1217:Okefenokee Swamp
943:Leersia hexandra
797:), spruce pine (
776:Quercus stellata
734:), Chapman oak (
725:Quercus geminata
695:Quercus geminata
619:Turkey oak near
592:Celtis laevigata
532:Aristida stricta
514:Quercus geminata
502:Campsis radicans
462:) and sweetgum (
356:) in the south.
347:Aristida stricta
342:herbaceous layer
295:Aristida stricta
43:
31:
19:
18:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1435:
1413:
1402:
1397:
1385:
1380:
1101:Leaf Wilderness
1077:Pinus elliottii
1071:
1051:
1018:
985:Pinus elliottii
957:
919:Typha latifolia
903:
888:Carya tomentosa
870:
815:
782:Quercus falcata
764:
758:
740:), myrtle oak (
728:), laurel oak (
713:Pinus elliottii
701:Pinus palustris
643:Pinus palustris
637:Pinus elliottii
634:), slash pine (
613:
611:Maritime forest
589:), sugarberry (
562:Ulmus americana
547:
520:Pinus palustris
474:
444:
405:Pinus elliottii
399:Pinus palustris
391:
370:Pinus palustris
362:
317:Pinus palustris
312:
289:Pinus palustris
284:
272:
191:
118:
85:
84:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1845:
1844:
1822:
1800:
1778:
1756:
1734:
1712:
1690:
1668:
1646:
1621:
1599:
1577:
1555:
1533:
1511:
1489:
1467:
1440:
1433:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1263:Paynes Prairie
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1070:
1067:
1050:
1047:
1036:Nyssa aquatica
1017:
1014:
956:
953:
902:
899:
869:
866:
855:Quercus pagoda
846:), white oak (
814:
811:
806:Pinus echinata
757:
754:
707:Pinus serotina
704:), pond pine (
655:Sabal palmetto
612:
609:
598:Sabal palmetto
565:), red maple (
546:
545:Hydric hammock
543:
529:), wiregrass (
473:
470:
443:
440:
435:Serenoa repens
414:), gallberry (
390:
387:
376:Quercus laevis
361:
358:
337:Quercus incana
331:Quercus laevis
311:
308:
283:
280:
271:
268:
264:Nearctic realm
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
213:
212:
208:
207:
197:
193:
192:
190:
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174:
169:
163:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:Mammal species
128:
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120:
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
82:
81:
80:
78:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
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1835:. Retrieved
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849:Quercus alba
847:
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226:Habitat loss
211:Conservation
203:
196:Climate type
123:Bird species
1460:29 December
861:Pinus taeda
794:Pinus taeda
568:Acer rubrum
423:Ilex glabra
172:Mississippi
1853:Categories
1837:17 January
1815:17 January
1793:17 January
1771:17 January
1749:17 January
1727:17 January
1705:17 January
1683:17 January
1661:17 January
1614:17 January
1592:17 January
1570:17 January
1548:22 January
1526:17 January
1504:17 January
1482:17 January
1395:References
948:Subsidence
914:perennials
911:herbaceous
760:See also:
623:, Florida.
217:Global 200
114:Everglades
1639:27 August
300:flatwoods
252:ecoregion
234:Protected
167:Louisiana
139:Geography
1383:See also
621:Palm Bay
559:), elm (
59:Nearctic
270:Climate
229:30.291%
187:Florida
182:Georgia
177:Alabama
152:Country
77:Borders
48:Ecology
1431:
508:Smilax
247:are a
237:13.47%
160:States
1633:(PDF)
1049:Fauna
304:xeric
66:Biome
54:Realm
1839:2013
1817:2013
1795:2013
1773:2013
1751:2013
1729:2013
1707:2013
1685:2013
1663:2013
1641:2021
1616:2013
1594:2013
1572:2013
1550:2013
1528:2013
1506:2013
1484:2013
1462:2012
1429:ISBN
1065:).
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476:The
243:The
144:Area
83:List
1045:).
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221:Yes
204:Cfa
126:236
1855::
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134:54
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202:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
