209:. If a strike was organised large numbers of workers were arrested and taken to court. The union organised for each one to give evidence individually about why they stopped work, and this usually led to prosecutions being withdrawn. Those who were known to be active in the union were routinely transferred to remote areas with reduced wages. Union organisers found on railway property were prosecuted for trespass. After an unsuccessful strike in Port Elizabeth in 1957, defeated by the use of prison labour, the railways strikers all dismissed. The stevedores were retained but their wages were reduced.
336:
an offer which was accepted by
Sebakwane on 29 September 1991 without consulting the unions full negotiating team. The Southern Transvaal shop stewards objected and they occupied the unions office and later kidnapped Sebakwane. Sibeko, who had been elected Honorary President, was brought in to run the head office for several months. COSATU conducted a Commission of Enquiry which reported in January 1992. They found no evidence of corruption, as had been alleged, but considerable evidence of abuse and misuse of union funds and facilities.
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to railway workers, who were paid less. The average wage of the 28,000 casual labourers was less than £32 a year - less than the average wage of black workers in 1920. Many black staff had no definite hours of work, but were required to be available as required. African workers only got 3 days paid holiday a year (Good Friday, Christmas Day and Union Day).
342:
The liberation of freedom fighters and the
Government of National Unity was a challenge for the union. Its organisers were political activists rather than administrators. A number of organisers were accused of irregularities and forced to resign. Salaries were not always paid on time even as late
335:
The third annual congress was held from 27 February to 2 March 1991. For the first time the
Coloured and Indian unions in Transnet were invited guests. From October 1991 the union could participate in the new Transnet Industrial Council. In September there were proposals for a strike. Transnet made
167:
In 1937 Ray
Alexander produced a pamphlet for the union called "We Want to Live". It pointed out that the Cape Town City Council paid its labourers 6/8d a day but railway workers were only paid 3/6d or 4/-d a day. In Bloemfontein there was a general minimum wage of 3/6d a day but this did not apply
310:. Most of the union leadership were arrested. On 7 May there were two explosions at COSATU House which destroyed all the unions membership files and equipment. A settlement was agreed on 5 June which could be presented as a union victory, although the union was still not recognised.
254:
made life even more difficult. All the officials were detained or banned. Sibeko and
Mabhida left the country. There was no open trade union activity for the remainder of the decade. Sam Pholotho became President of the union in 1965, but he too was banned.
148:. It was launched at a meeting on 26 March 1936 where Willy Driver was elected Secretary. By July 1936 it had 1300 members. Its first conference, attended by 26 delegates, was held in Cape Town on 3 and 4 August 1936. It decided to affiliate to the
286:
in order to join SARAHWU. The first campaigns were about the quality of food supplied in the workers compounds. A successful boycott campaign encouraged about 3/4 of the railways workers in the
Southern Transvaal to join by the end of 1986.
332:. Several people were killed - again at Germiston - and over 5000 employees sacked. The rail lines at the port of Durban were sabotaged. The union agreed to be registered and the recognition agreement was signed on 1 November 1990.
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system. The union refused to apply for registration because that would imply acceptance of a "blacks only" union. There were 18 offices across the country with about 55 employees, and there was often not enough money to pay them.
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office in Cape Town in or around 1953. The union's operations at that time were almost completely clandestine. Sibeko wore the uniform brown overalls so that he would be inconspicuous on railway property. Until he was banned
212:
Lawrence
Ndzanga was the union's organiser in Johannesburg, working with his wife Rita who worked for the union as a typist. He was elected National President of the union in September 1962.
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was listed in a government proclamation under which 432 people were banned from holding office in any of 36 listed organisations, including 45 officials of SACTU and its affiliates. The
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on 16 March 1987 over the sacking of a delivery driver. By the first week of April more than 20,000 were on strike. The strike was supported by other unions, but not by the
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in
October 1986, with Sam Pholotho in the chair. Sello Ntai was elected as General Secretary and Justice Langa as president. There were then about 10,000 members.
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as 1997. Furthermore, the new government were not prepared to continue to subsidise the transport industry and the numbers employed declined significantly.
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144:, then known as Ray Alexander, played a significant part in setting up the organisation, and was helped by Johnny Gomas, the General Secretary of the
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164:. The Union submitted grievances to the management of the South African Railways and Harbours Administration, but were not allowed to negotiate.
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242:. In December 1961 the office was infiltrated by an informer. It was raided by the police who took all the membership cards. The
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After this
Derrick Simoko was elected General Secretary. Sebakwane stepped down and became a trainee manager for Transnet.
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A number of the union's organisers, including Sibeko, were arrested on at 4 am 5 December 1956 among those charged in the
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From 1942 to the 1950s the union had an advantage because of labour shortages and succeeded in negotiating improvements.
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357:(SATAWU) and was launched at a special congress on 16 December 1998. On 18 May 2000, it merged with the
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of 1962, generally known as the
Sabotage Act made organisation very difficult. In December 1962 the
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and the murder of strike breakers. The government retaliated by attacking both the union and the
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and the smaller Transnet Allied Trade Union. The merged organisation was called the
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The union organised a strike at the end of May 1961 against the establishment of the
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156:. As Africans could not rent premises in towns it operated from the premises of the
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In November 1989 there was a further strike as a result of which, in January 1990,
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massacre. There were many violent incidents, including the burning of trains at
321:
In October 1988 annual congress Martin Sebakwane was elected General Secretary.
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worked closely with him and took up cases using his position as a member of the
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as the union's first full-time organiser, working out of a corner of the
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at 57 Plein Street, which was rented in the name of White members of the
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Its first task was to persuade people to leave the company union, the
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328:(newly formed) agreed to recognise the union and to derecognise the
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By 1988 membership had grown to around 43,000. There was still no
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467:"Sarah Carneson: A lifetime dedicated to SA's freedom struggle"
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The union was revived in December 1985, operating from
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International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
216:was also a full-time organiser, paid £25 a month.
127:South African Railways and Harbours Administration
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355:South African Transport and Allied Workers Union
1373:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
131:National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants
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349:A merger was eventually negotiated with the
275:. It held its first national conference at
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440:
290:A strike started at the container depot in
58:"South African Railways and Harbours Union"
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175:when it was established in November 1941.
346:By 1998 membership had fallen to 35,000.
123:South African Railways and Harbours Union
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1446:Reconstruction and Development Programme
507:Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000).
482:Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000).
441:Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000).
361:to form a new union, also named SATAWU.
1042:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
154:South African Trades and Labour Council
2648:Transport trade unions in South Africa
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1523:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
511:. Randburg: Ravan Press. p. 128.
369:
308:Congress of South African Trade Unions
269:Congress of South African Trade Unions
248:South African Congress of Trade Unions
221:South African Congress of Trade Unions
129:after they had been expelled from the
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486:. Randburg: Ravan Press. p. 43.
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351:Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers
330:Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers
296:Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers
284:Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers
2643:Defunct trade unions in South Africa
359:Transport and General Workers' Union
271:, whose offices it shared, and the
173:Council of Non-European Trade Unions
125:was formed by black workers of the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2653:Trade unions disestablished in 1998
1453:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1099:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
158:Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union
146:Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union
13:
198:Non European Laundry Workers Union
14:
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2605:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
2240:South African Party (Cape Colony)
2617:
2616:
23:
2254:South African Party (1977–1980)
2247:South African Party (1911–1934)
2163:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
1960:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
252:General Law Amendment Act, 1963
219:It was a founder member of the
184:
181:was general secretary in 1945.
34:needs additional citations for
1572:2019 service delivery protests
1558:#FeesMustFall student protests
1303:1983 constitutional referendum
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1:
2030:Johannesburg Reform Committee
1259:Israel–South Africa Agreement
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162:South African Communist Party
1685:Black Consciousness Movement
1439:Government of National Unity
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7:
1396:Saint James Church massacre
1282:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
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1136:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
1014:South West Africa campaign
913:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
878:French Huguenot settlement
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1389:1992 apartheid referendum
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445:. Randburg: Ravan Press.
244:General Law Amendment Act
16:South African trade union
2044:Labour Party (1969–1994)
2037:Labour Party (1910–1958)
1593:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
1551:#RhodesMustFall protests
1150:1960 republic referendum
267:. It affiliated to the
240:Republic of South Africa
2489:terrorist organisations
1579:2019 Johannesburg riots
1192:Constructive engagement
1157:International isolation
975:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
533:"The History of SATAWU"
273:United Democratic Front
207:Cape Provincial Council
1502:Attack on Kennedy Road
1113:Congress of the People
704:South African Republic
414:1962: Lawrence Ndzanga
401:1988: Martin Sebakwane
2072:Natal Indian Congress
1792:Afrikaner Broederbond
1646:Afrikaner nationalism
1432:1994 general election
1403:Bophuthatswana crisis
1296:Church Street bombing
1076:Apartheid legislation
1069:1948 general election
989:South Africa Act 1909
784:Union of South Africa
604:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
584:Political history of
304:Orlando Power Station
171:The union joined the
1706:Greater South Africa
1544:2014 platinum strike
1410:Shell House massacre
1338:Transkei coup d'état
1143:Sharpeville massacre
906:Battle of Blaauwberg
899:Battle of Muizenberg
851:Battle of Salt River
634:Mthethwa Paramountcy
423:1992: Nelson Ndinisa
404:1992: Derrick Simoko
43:improve this article
2598:Democratic Alliance
1775:Civic and political
1639:Afrikaner Calvinism
1632:African nationalism
1481:African Renaissance
1171:UNSC Resolution 591
1092:Internal resistance
993:National Convention
961:Transvaal Civil War
885:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
768:Orange River Colony
472:(15 November 2015).
470:Mail & Guardian
420:1986: Justice Langa
370:General Secretaries
1345:Ciskei coup d'état
1164:UN Resolution 1761
1129:Women's March 1956
982:South African Wars
968:Mineral Revolution
417:1965: Sam Pholotho
390:Greenwood Ngotyana
375:1936: Willy Driver
292:City Deep, Gauteng
233:1956 Treason Trial
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2583:political parties
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2553:Orde van die Dood
2170:Progressive Party
1876:Congress Alliance
1692:Cape Independence
1624:Political culture
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1586:COVID-19 pandemic
1516:Marikana massacre
1352:Venda coup d'état
1106:Defiance Campaign
696:Orange Free State
626:Dutch Cape Colony
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398:1986: Sello Ntai
384:1956: John Noako
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774:
766:
758:
750:
742:
734:
726:
720:Griqualand West
718:
712:Griqualand East
710:
702:
694:
686:
678:
670:
662:
655:
647:
640:
632:
624:
617:
610:
602:
588:
582:
552:
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541:
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531:
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519:
505:
501:
494:
480:
476:
465:Shaun de Waal,
464:
460:
453:
439:
435:
430:
411:
372:
367:
261:
229:
192:Mtini employed
187:
139:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2666:
2656:
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2609:
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2594:
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2584:
2578:
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2563:
2556:
2549:
2546:Ossewabrandwag
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
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2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
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2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2289:Unionist Party
2285:
2278:
2271:
2268:Torch Commando
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2142:Orde Boerevolk
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1918:DP (1989–2000)
1914:
1911:DP (1973–1977)
1907:
1904:Dominion Party
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1785:Afrikaner Bond
1780:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1699:Day of the Vow
1695:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1625:
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1540:
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1526:
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1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1467:Floor crossing
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1382:Bisho massacre
1378:
1377:
1376:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1324:Operation Vula
1320:
1317:Rubicon speech
1313:
1310:Langa massacre
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1226:
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1216:
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1195:
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1125:
1124:
1123:
1109:
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1095:
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1087:
1086:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1028:Rand Rebellion
1024:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
954:Boer Republics
950:
943:
936:
928:
926:
920:
919:
917:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
866:
864:
858:
857:
855:
854:
847:
839:
837:
828:
824:
823:
821:
820:
812:
804:
800:Bophuthatswana
796:
788:
780:
772:
764:
760:Klein Vrystaat
756:
748:
740:
732:
724:
716:
708:
700:
692:
684:
676:
668:
660:
645:
630:
622:
599:
597:
590:
589:
581:
580:
573:
566:
558:
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549:
524:
517:
499:
492:
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458:
451:
432:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
399:
396:
391:
388:
385:
382:
380:Sarah Carneson
376:
371:
368:
366:
363:
260:
257:
228:
225:
186:
183:
179:Sarah Carneson
138:
135:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2665:
2654:
2651:
2649:
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2641:
2640:
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2606:
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2564:
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2501:
2498:
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2485:
2478:
2474:
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2467:
2464:
2463:Die Spoorbund
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
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2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:Workers Party
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
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2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:Radio Freedom
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:Oranjewerkers
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:organisations
1773:
1770:
1768:organisations
1764:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:Tshwane riots
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:Project Coast
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:Mafeje affair
1265:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:Durban Moment
1235:
1232:
1231:Rivonia Trial
1228:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:Disinvestment
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
983:
979:
976:
972:
969:
965:
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
940:1820 Settlers
937:
934:
930:
929:
927:
925:
921:
914:
910:
907:
903:
900:
896:
893:
889:
886:
882:
879:
875:
872:
868:
867:
865:
863:
859:
852:
848:
845:
841:
840:
838:
836:
832:
829:
825:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
650:
646:
635:
631:
627:
623:
605:
601:
600:
598:
596:
591:
587:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
559:
556:
538:
534:
528:
520:
514:
510:
503:
495:
489:
485:
478:
471:
468:
462:
454:
448:
444:
437:
433:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:
403:
400:
397:
395:
394:Archie Sibeko
392:
389:
386:
383:
381:
377:
374:
373:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
344:
340:
337:
333:
331:
327:
322:
319:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
224:
222:
217:
215:
214:Moses Mabhida
210:
208:
204:
199:
195:
194:Archie Sibeko
190:
182:
180:
176:
174:
169:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:Rachel Simons
134:
132:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2621:
2581:Histories of
2448:
2282:United Party
2191:Reform Party
2128:Orangia Unie
1753:
1744:
1737:Swart gevaar
1735:
1719:
1675:
1666:
1607:
1509:Blikkiesdorp
835:Pre-colonial
688:Natal Colony
672:Zulu Kingdom
586:South Africa
540:. Retrieved
536:
527:
508:
502:
483:
477:
469:
461:
442:
436:
387:Johnny Mtini
354:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
323:
320:
312:
289:
281:
262:
237:
230:
218:
211:
191:
188:
185:Organisation
177:
170:
166:
140:
122:
120:
105:
99:January 2023
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1721:Rooi gevaar
1600:2021 unrest
1530:Nkandlagate
1359:Third Force
1220:Rugby union
818:(1981–1994)
810:(1979–1994)
802:(1977–1994)
794:(1976–1994)
786:(1910–1961)
778:(1902–1910)
770:(1902–1910)
762:(1886–1891)
754:(1885–1887)
746:(1884–1888)
738:(1882–1885)
730:(1882–1883)
722:(1870–1873)
714:(1861–1879)
706:(1856–1902)
698:(1854–1902)
690:(1843–1910)
682:(1839–1843)
674:(1816–1897)
666:(1795–1910)
664:Cape Colony
656: 1780
641: 1780
628:(1652–1806)
618: 1220
611: 1075
277:Grahamstown
227:Suppression
2637:Categories
2532:Greyshirts
2296:Volksparty
1834:Black Sash
1495:Xenophobia
1488:Travelgate
1245:Border War
1049:Bantustans
947:Great Trek
892:Xhosa Wars
752:Upingtonia
736:Stellaland
518:0869755277
493:0869755277
452:0869755277
428:References
409:Presidents
365:Leadership
69:newspapers
1755:Volkstaat
1746:Uitlander
1677:Boerehaat
1653:Anarchism
1460:Arms Deal
1423:apartheid
1083:Pass laws
1060:Apartheid
1005:1910–1948
924:1815–1910
862:1652–1815
300:Germiston
223:in 1955.
203:Ben Turok
137:Formation
2623:Category
2525:Boeremag
2023:Jeugkrag
1974:Het Volk
1668:Baasskap
1610:incident
1213:Olympics
792:Transkei
595:polities
593:Defunct
326:Transnet
315:checkoff
152:and the
2428:SAAPAWU
1766:Defunct
1729:Slavery
933:Mfecane
542:7 March
259:Revival
83:scholar
2379:FOSATU
2233:SAYRCO
2205:SADECO
2121:Occupy
1660:Azania
1608:Lady R
1537:Racism
1366:CODESA
827:Events
816:Ciskei
728:Goshen
658:–1819)
643:–1817)
537:SATAWU
515:
490:
449:
378:1945:
265:Lusaka
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2560:PAGAD
2456:SATUC
2449:SARHU
2435:SACTU
2414:NURHS
2372:FNETU
2358:CTSWU
2351:CNETU
2344:BLATU
2226:SAYCO
2114:NUSAS
1995:IDASA
1806:AITUP
1421:Post-
808:Venda
90:JSTOR
76:books
2567:SANF
2497:APLA
2442:SAIF
2421:PAWE
2407:NEUM
2400:MUSA
2365:FCWU
2310:WOSA
2261:TNIP
2219:SASO
2212:SAIC
2198:SABP
2149:PAVN
1883:COSG
1862:CTEG
1855:CNIP
544:2021
513:ISBN
488:ISBN
447:ISBN
121:The
62:news
2518:BBB
2511:AWB
2504:ARM
2470:UDF
2393:IWW
2386:ICU
2337:BCM
2330:APF
2275:UFP
2177:PRP
2156:PFP
2107:NRP
2100:NPP
2086:NNP
2079:NLP
2065:NCP
2016:ISL
1967:GNP
1939:ECC
1932:DSM
1925:DPP
1897:DLF
1869:COD
1848:CDA
1827:BPC
1820:AVF
1813:APO
45:by
2639::
2539:MK
2093:NP
2058:NA
2009:IP
2002:ID
1953:FD
1946:FA
1890:CP
653:c.
638:c.
615:c.
608:c.
535:.
133:.
995:)
991:(
651:(
636:(
620:)
613:–
606:(
577:e
570:t
563:v
546:.
521:.
496:.
455:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
