391:
39:
354:) and Peter, only nine years old, as junior tsar. Sophia had been deemed the sole intellectually mature member of the ruling family at the time of Feodor's death, making her the favourite to govern on behalf of the child Peter and of the inept Ivan. Using political and practical knowledge she had acquired by Feodor's side, Sophia convinced the nobles and the patriarch of her capacity to rule Russia. As Sophia had arranged before Tsar Feodor's death,
332:
Promoting the case of her full brother Ivan as the legitimate heir to the throne, Sophia attempted to convince the patriarch and the boyars that they should reverse their recent decision to crown Peter. Insisting that Peter's proclamation broke monarchic laws by skipping over her brother, who would have been next in line to rule if not for his ineptitude, she proposed a shared crown with Ivan and herself.
311:
with her father, the dying Tsar Alexis, not to proclaim Peter his heir. Feodor's capability to lead Russia was questioned, based on his weak nature and poor health. His mental ability developed quite nicely over time, as he was taught by Simeon
Polotsky. During Feodor III's brief reign (1676–1682), many historians argue, Feodor actually "ruled under the protectorate of Sophia his sister".
339:, for their aid and support. The unjust dismissal of Ivan's rights acted as a catalyst to the already displeased and frustrated troops. Multiple issues, including merciless motivational tactics and lack of rest, drove the streltsy to violent opposition against the "unjust" election of Peter. As the fighting ceased and Peter's life was left forever scarred by the blood spilt by his
481:. Although spearheaded by Prince Golitsyn, Sophia's reign oversaw two of the earliest diplomatic treaties and underwent inner growth and progress. Despite her other achievements, Sophia's influence and effect on a young Peter remains as the most historically significant portion of her reign, as the rebellion of 1682 bred a distrust in nobility that came to define his leadership.
511:
Denied their aid, Sophia and her supporters found themselves on the decline in 1688, as the
Crimean war brought rioting and unrest to Moscow. To worsen the situation, Peter had married, readying himself for rule, and Ivan V fathered a girl, eliminating any potential claim to the throne from that branch.
449:
and loosened detention policies towards runaway peasants, which caused dissatisfaction among the nobles. She also made an effort to further the organization of the military. Intrigued by baroque style architecture, Sophia held responsibility for the promotion of the foreign district, and the creation
314:
As the young Tsar Feodor's health began to decline, more individuals rose up to counsel him, and Sophia found her influence steadily declining. Taking advantage of a court never open to a woman in her situation, she utilized her connections, making allies and formally planning on securing the throne.
310:
Although Sophia emerged from the shadows during the dynastic struggles of 1682, her prior influences can help to explain her ascendance to the regency. At the previous change of ruler in 1676, Sophia may have acted in the interest of her brother, Feodor, as various rumours exist of her pleading then
381:
In any case, a romantic interaction between the two could not begin when they met under Feodor's rule. Feodor entrusted great confidence in
Golitsyn, and there remains no evidence Sophia and Vasily acted against customs that would have kept them apart until after his death. There is no suspicion of
319:
27 April] 1682, Sophia immediately returned to the political scene. She attended her brother's funeral and caused a commotion while doing so. In Sophia's age, the female relatives of the tsar were kept away from the court and other political spheres, and funerals traditionally took place
547:
in the
Kremlin during Peter's absence from the country. This uprising was suppressed with an iron hand, and soon the corpses of the rebels were suspended in front of Sophia's windows. Having taken the veil, she was kept in the strictest seclusion, with other nuns not allowed to see her except on
510:
Although some historians claim Sophia made conscious attempts to neutralize Peter, and remove him from the political world, her involvement remains unclear. Sophia and her party had discussed crowning her as tsarina, and in August 1687 had tried persuading the
Streltsy to petition on her behalf.
331:
15 May] 1682 to place Sophia on the seat of power. Tsar Alexis had left behind two families by his two wives, and each of the two branches had at least one male heir. As the clans of Alexis' two wives were in conflict, Sophia devised a plan to ensure power for herself and her family.
535:, where the young tsar was living. Feeling the power slipping from her hands, Sophia sent the boyars and the Patriarch to Peter, asking him to join her in the Kremlin. He flatly refused her overtures, demanding Shaklovityi's execution and Golitsyn's exile.
494:
prepared for their long-awaited ascension to power. In 1688, Peter began to promote within his clan, and Sophia remained powerless to halt the gradual shift in control. During this time period, the regent disregarded the young tsar, letting him train his
489:
Sophia
Alekseyevna's regency retained the trappings of a typical regent, and the true tsar was growing into his position with every passing year. At the age of 16, Peter I demanded that Golitsyn report to him regarding all matters, and the
433:
rebels, who instigated the rebellion, hoped to depose Sophia and to make Prince Ivan
Khovansky a new regent, to satisfy their increasing desire for concessions. Calling together the gentry militia, Sophia suppressed the so-called
442:, who succeeded Khovansky in charge of the Muscovite army. Silencing the dissatisfied parties until Peter reached his age of majority, Sophia executed Khovansky and the other figureheads of the attempted rebellion.
514:
Tensions between the two factions continued to grow, until Peter I turned 17 years of age, when his
Naryshkin relatives demanded that Sophia step down. In response, Shaklovityi advised Sophia to proclaim herself
542:
without formally taking the veil. Sophia may have made one last attempt at securing power, although her involvement is unclear. Regardless of her conscious intent, her fate was sealed ten years later, when the
378:'s reign. Several early 18th-century memoirs gave birth to rumours that Golitsyn had been Sophia's lover. Some see the evidence for this in the tone of Sophia's correspondence with him in 1689.
370:
Sophia's relationship with Prince
Golitsyn was not necessarily a romantic attachment. Golitsyn had a wife and a large family at a time when the boyars were still attached to the
561:
320:
without women. Sophia stormed into the funeral, insisting on her presence and simultaneously setting off a chain of events that would result in her regency.
1084:
862:
798:
1008:
283:
1089:
996:
965:
1074:
418:
335:
Upon the court's swift and unanimous rejection of this proposal, Sophia reached out to the discouraged military troop, the
1079:
1069:
294:
on 27 April 1682, Sophia unexpectedly entered
Russian politics, trying to prevent her young half-brother, the 9-year old
768:
474:
834:
715:
855:
950:
960:
935:
578:. In the novel, the protagonist Wei Xiaobao went to Russia and helped her in the coup against her half-brother
1049:
919:
328:
316:
221:
217:
1054:
991:
981:
458:
451:
421:. After aiding Sophia in May, Khovansky used his influence with the troops to force her court to flee the
955:
940:
909:
848:
593:
355:
347:
253:
233:
598:. Her performance received an Emmy award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries.
256:
called her, was all the more extraordinary, as upper-class Muscovite women, confined to the upper-floor
1059:
914:
812:
1064:
889:
758:
570:
528:
504:
262:
and veiled and guarded in public, invariably were kept aloof from any open involvement in politics.
538:
After Sophia agreed to surrender her senior boyars, she was arrested and forced to withdraw to the
792:
532:
496:
426:
324:
190:
232:
from 1682 to 1689. She allied herself with a singularly capable courtier and politician, Prince
323:
The Miloslavsky party, grouped around the family of Feodor and Sophia, took advantage of the
382:
any relations until the letter in 1689, even during the period of Golitsyn's rise to power.
1044:
1039:
291:
287:
8:
1002:
539:
500:
466:
457:
The most important highlights of her foreign policy, as engineered by Golitsyn, were the
398:
275:
180:
129:
114:
49:
787:
613:
439:
170:
397:'s 1879 painting portrays Sophia after her fall from power, confined to a cell in the
830:
764:
711:
544:
229:
118:
98:
390:
900:
589:
583:
491:
351:
340:
299:
271:
237:
212:
160:
71:
815:– Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013)
579:
295:
279:
241:
67:
986:
422:
258:
38:
806:
1033:
880:
679:
435:
410:
791:
445:
During the seven years of her regency, Sophia made a few concessions to
417:, Sophia lost control of the unsteady Streltsy to her once ally, Prince
394:
362:
head of government, executing most of the policies during her regency.
840:
244:. She carried out her regency with a firm hand. The activity of this "
592:
portrayed the character of Sophia Alekseyevna in the 1986 miniseries
371:
637:
Hughes, Lindsey, Sofiya Alekseyevna and the Moscow Rebellion of 1682
871:
753:
575:
520:
430:
413:
joined the rebels in the fall of 1682 and demanded the reversal of
402:
336:
249:
28:
808:
Romanovs. The second film. Feodor III, Sophia Alekseyevna; Ivan V;
649:
Russia Under Two Tsars 1682-1689: The Regency of Sophia Alekseevna
624:
Robert K. Massie outlines the position of women in old Muscovy in
829:. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1990 (hardcover,
516:
375:
245:
155:
346:
In the aftermath of the streltsy rebellion, on 25 June 1682 the
549:
524:
523:
to a new uprising. Most of the Streltsy units deserted central
478:
462:
414:
225:
220:
17 September] 1657 – 14 July [
94:
582:. This event led to the peace between China and Russia in the
565:
552:
Sunday. She died in the Novodevichy Convent six years later.
470:
446:
224:
3 July] 1704) was a Russian princess who ruled as
236:, to install herself during the minority of her brother
401:. Also in the painting, outside the window, a hanging
405:
shows the fate of those who sought to reinstate her.
982:
Catherine Ivanovna, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
763:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
278:. She was the only one of her sisters educated by
739:
737:
735:
733:
708:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671-1725
802:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 417–418.
454:, the first Russian higher learning institution.
1031:
730:
343:, the streltsy achieved their initial demands.
651:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
856:
350:crowned the incompetent Ivan as senior tsar (
298:from bypassing his 16-year-old elder brother
202:
689:
687:
646:
614:Родословная книга Всероссiйскаго дворянства
270:Sophia was the third surviving daughter of
1085:18th-century women from the Russian Empire
863:
849:
607:
37:
684:
727:A letter of quoted by Massie 1980, p. 89
668:The Ancient and Present State of Muscovy
389:
870:
662:
660:
658:
1032:
844:
555:
282:, who also taught Tsar Alexis' heirs
211:
786:
710:. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
655:
315:When Feodor died on 7 May [
1021:*raised to Grand Ducal rank in 1721
827:Sophia, Regent of Russia: 1657–1704
752:
628:, 1980, ch. "Old Muscovy", pp 31ff.
626:Peter the Great, His Life and World
545:Streltsy attempted to reinstate her
13:
819:
695:Sophia: Regent of Russia 1657-1704
305:
290:. After the death of her brother
14:
1101:
780:
365:
746:
213:[ˈsofʲjəɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvnə]
59:8 June 1682 – 22 September 1689
721:
700:
673:
670:, vol. 2, London, 1698, p. 200
640:
631:
618:
1:
756:(2018). Minford, John (ed.).
647:O'Brien, C. Bickford (1952).
601:
265:
1090:Children of Alexis of Russia
562:appears as a minor character
519:and attempted to induce the
459:Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686
452:Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy
16:Russian tsarevna (1657–1704)
7:
1075:17th-century Russian people
484:
302:and inheriting the throne.
146:Sophia Alekseyevna Romanova
10:
1106:
1080:17th-century Russian women
1070:17th-century women regents
793:"Sophia Aleksyeevna"
385:
374:, a matrimonial code from
1018:
975:3rd generation (Romanovs)
974:
929:2nd generation (Romanovs)
928:
898:
878:
759:The Deer and the Cauldron
571:The Deer and the Cauldron
216:; 27 September [
203:
186:
176:
166:
154:
145:
140:
136:
124:
104:
81:
77:
63:
55:
48:
36:
26:
21:
799:Encyclopædia Britannica
533:Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
427:Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
425:and seek refuge in the
406:
951:Ekaterina Alekseyevna
393:
1050:17th-century regents
1003:Elizabeth I Petrovna
961:Feodosia Alekseyevna
936:Yevdokia Alekseyevna
680:Беляевский летописец
1055:Tsarevnas of Russia
966:Natalia Alekseyevna
920:Tatiana Mikhailovna
872:Tsarevnas of Russia
788:Bain, Robert Nisbet
560:Sophia Alekseyevna
540:Novodevichy Convent
467:Treaty of Nerchinsk
399:Novodevichy Convent
341:Naryshkin relatives
276:Maria Miloslavskaya
274:by his first wife,
181:Maria Miloslavskaya
130:Archangel Cathedral
115:Novodevichy Convent
992:Praskovya Ivanovna
946:Sophia Alekseyevna
706:Paul Bushkovitch.
556:In popular culture
531:and later for the
527:for the suburb of
440:Fyodor Shaklovityi
407:
296:Peter Alekseyevich
204:Со́фья Алексе́евна
199:Sophia Alekseyevna
22:Sophia Alekseyevna
1060:Regents of Russia
1027:
1026:
956:Maria Alekseyevna
941:Marfa Alekseyevna
910:Irina Mikhailovna
825:Hughes, Lindsey.
693:Hughes, Lindsey,
501:Semenovsky Guards
475:Crimean campaigns
438:with the help of
358:was installed as
327:25 May [
325:Streltsy uprising
240:and half-brother
196:
195:
150:
149:
92:27 September 1657
1097:
1065:House of Romanov
1009:Natalia Petrovna
915:Anna Mikhailovna
899:1st generation (
879:1st generation (
865:
858:
851:
842:
841:
809:
803:
795:
775:
774:
750:
744:
743:Hughes, Lindsey.
741:
728:
725:
719:
704:
698:
691:
682:
677:
671:
664:
653:
652:
644:
638:
635:
629:
622:
616:
611:
590:Vanessa Redgrave
584:Nerchinsk Treaty
529:Preobrazhenskoye
492:Naryshkin family
348:Patriarch Ioakim
288:Tsarevich Feodor
284:Tsarevich Alexei
215:
210:
206:
205:
191:Eastern Orthodox
138:
137:
111:
91:
89:
50:Regent of Russia
41:
19:
18:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1014:
987:Anna I Ivanovna
970:
924:
894:
890:Xenia Borisovna
874:
869:
822:
820:Further reading
807:
783:
778:
771:
751:
747:
742:
731:
726:
722:
705:
701:
692:
685:
678:
674:
666:J. Crull, M.D.
665:
656:
645:
641:
636:
632:
623:
619:
612:
608:
604:
595:Peter the Great
558:
505:Preobrazhenskoe
487:
415:Nikon's reforms
388:
368:
356:Vasily Golitsyn
308:
306:Rise to regency
292:Tsar Feodor III
280:Simeon Polotsky
268:
254:Sergey Solovyov
234:Vasily Golitsyn
208:
132:
113:
109:
93:
87:
85:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
989:
984:
978:
976:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
930:
926:
925:
923:
922:
917:
912:
906:
904:
896:
895:
893:
892:
886:
884:
876:
875:
868:
867:
860:
853:
845:
839:
838:
821:
818:
817:
816:
804:
782:
781:External links
779:
777:
776:
770:978-0190836054
769:
761:: 3 Volume Set
745:
729:
720:
699:
683:
672:
654:
639:
630:
617:
605:
603:
600:
557:
554:
497:Preobrazhensky
486:
483:
423:Moscow Kremlin
419:Ivan Khovansky
387:
384:
367:
364:
307:
304:
300:Tsarevich Ivan
267:
264:
201:(Russian:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
134:
133:
128:
126:
122:
121:
112:(aged 46)
106:
102:
101:
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
46:
45:
43:1680s portrait
42:
34:
33:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1102:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:Anna Petrovna
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
973:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
927:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
902:
897:
891:
888:
887:
885:
882:
877:
873:
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
847:
846:
843:
836:
835:0-300-04790-8
832:
828:
824:
823:
814:
810:
805:
801:
800:
794:
789:
785:
784:
772:
766:
762:
760:
755:
749:
740:
738:
736:
734:
724:
717:
716:9780521805858
713:
709:
703:
696:
690:
688:
681:
676:
669:
663:
661:
659:
650:
643:
634:
627:
621:
615:
610:
606:
599:
597:
596:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
563:
553:
551:
546:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
448:
443:
441:
437:
436:Khovanshchina
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Old Believers
404:
400:
396:
392:
383:
379:
377:
373:
366:Romantic life
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
333:
330:
326:
321:
318:
312:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
200:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
153:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
107:
103:
100:
96:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
40:
35:
32:
30:
25:
20:
1020:
945:
826:
797:
757:
748:
723:
707:
702:
694:
675:
667:
648:
642:
633:
625:
620:
609:
594:
588:
569:
559:
537:
513:
509:
488:
456:
444:
408:
380:
369:
359:
345:
334:
322:
313:
309:
269:
257:
198:
197:
110:(1704-07-14)
108:14 July 1704
27:
1045:1704 deaths
1040:1657 births
718:. Page 138.
465:, the 1689
272:Tsar Alexis
1034:Categories
754:Cha, Louis
697:. (c) 1990
602:References
473:, and the
395:Ilya Repin
266:Early life
88:1657-09-27
409:When the
372:Domostroy
31:of Russia
901:Romanovs
881:Godunovs
790:(1911).
576:Jin Yong
521:Streltsy
485:Downfall
477:against
431:streltsy
403:Strelets
360:de facto
337:streltsy
250:tsarevna
187:Religion
171:Alexis I
64:Monarchs
29:Tsarevna
813:YouTube
580:Peter I
564:in the
517:tsarina
450:of the
386:Regency
376:Ivan IV
246:bogatyr
242:Peter I
161:Romanov
68:Peter I
56:Regency
833:
767:
714:
568:novel
550:Easter
525:Moscow
479:Turkey
463:Poland
447:posads
429:. The
352:Ivan V
252:", as
238:Ivan V
230:Russia
226:regent
177:Mother
167:Father
125:Burial
119:Russia
99:Russia
95:Moscow
72:Ivan V
566:wuxia
471:China
469:with
461:with
259:terem
156:House
141:Names
831:ISBN
765:ISBN
712:ISBN
499:and
329:O.S.
317:O.S.
286:and
222:O.S.
218:O.S.
209:IPA:
105:Died
82:Born
70:and
811:on
574:by
503:in
228:of
1036::
837:).
796:.
732:^
686:^
657:^
586:.
507:.
207:,
117:,
97:,
1011:*
1005:*
999:*
903:)
883:)
864:e
857:t
850:v
773:.
248:-
90:)
86:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
