664:
640:
858:
846:, who pointed out that Wellington had good roads behind his centre and each wing which would have made a retreat through the forest safer than across an open field: Napoleon's cavalry would have been hampered by the forest in their attempts to turn any retreat into a rout. Some have argued that there was no bottom to the forest and it would not have hampered an extraction given Wellington's superlative expertise in handling an army disengaging from the enemy, while others have suggested that Wellington if pressed intended to retreat eastwards towards Blücher's Prussian army so the interior of the wood was of little military significance.
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51:
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414:
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591:, the officer responsible for watching over the dukes' hunting grounds. Poachers were locked up there and a small garrison also had its quarters there. In 1584, a fire destroyed the keep, which was rebuilt. The current building dates from this period. The keep and other buildings were destroyed at the beginning of the 19th century.
450:
The forest contains a somewhat reduced fauna and flora. Due to human influence (encroachment from all sides of the outer edges as well as the long-established thoroughfare roads and highways cutting deep through the forest) and impoverishment of the ecosystem, various plants and animals have become
833:
On page 124, Bonaparte wrote, "He had in his rear the denies of the forest of
Soignes, so that, if beaten, retreat was impossible", and on page 158 — "The enemy must have seen with affright how many difficulties the field of battle he had chosen was about to throw in the way of his retreat", and
483:
was thought to have been extinct since 1957, but in 2007, new specimens were discovered roaming the wood. According to the
Flemish Agency for Nature and Forest (ANB), this is unlikely to be a natural spread, but probably two to four animals that most likely were either released or escaped from
632:(one for each victim) were planted in their memory. The memorial's designer is the landscaper Bas Smets. Smets describes the memorial as "a place of silence and meditation." The birches are connected by a circular structure and separated from the rest of the forest by a small round canal.
1305:
357:
continued to harvest the woods, and from 29,000 acres (120 km) in 1820, the forest was reduced to 11,200 acres (45 km) in 1830. Rights to a considerable portion of the forest in the neighbourhood of
542:
have been or are due to be constructed to reconnect the areas of the forest that are currently divided by large roads. A 60-metre-wide (200 ft) wildlife crossing ('Ecoduct') has been built across the
1036:"He has the rights to 2,600 acres (11 km) of forest near the battlefield for as long as the dukedom does not become extinct and owns sixty acres outright." (Andre de Vries and Jacques de Decker,
609:
The
Tervuren Arboretum, which can be considered a living monument since it is made up of numerous species of trees imported in the 19th century from various countries to be acclimatised in Belgium.
1011:, canto III, stanza xxvii, beginning "And Ardennes waves above them her green leaves" as the soldiers assemble who are soon to die at Waterloo. Byron was inspired by his visit to the site of the
663:
247:
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555:
The edge of the
Soignes forest is the subject of ongoing legal proceedings initiated by the Friends of the Soignes forest against real estate projects threatening this natural heritage.
374:, and received the equivalent of about $ 140,000 today from his Belgian properties. This portion of the forest was only converted into farms in the time of the second duke. The
1416:. Accessed 23 June 2008. See Note on line 235 "Ardennes. For obscure literary and geographical reasons Byron identifies the nearby forest of Soignies with Ardennes or Arden."
639:
1135:
822:. From Roman times, it had generally been seen as a tactical blunder to position troops for battle in front of woodland because it hampers their ability to retreat.
225:
314:
mentions "the forest, next to the abbey of Saint
Gertrude, called the Sonesian". In the Middle Ages, the forest extended over the southern part of
1227:
1655:
1650:
857:
1097:
842:
in its rear. The injudicious choice of his field of battle, rendered all retreat impossible." However, Napoleon's view was contradicted by
807:
228:. It is maintained by Flanders (56%), Brussels (38%), and Wallonia (6%). There are some contiguous tracts of privately held forest and the
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1067:
1249:
378:(456 acres or 185 hectares) on the outskirts of Brussels was formed out of the forest in 1861. In 1911, the forest still stretched to
1715:
1161:
1139:
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and a chapel. At the beginning of the 15th century, after the addition of a new building, the small fort became the residence of the
79:
1645:
815:
651:
363:
752:
made frequent trips to the forest while living in
Brussels in the 1870s; he made several paintings of the forest during this time.
1660:
1409:
405:. The forest served for a long period as an exclusive hunting ground for the nobility, but today is open to the general public.
920:
345:, it diminished to its current 10,920 acres (44.2 km). A major blow towards this 19th-century contraction was struck when
1640:
1635:
881:
765:
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in 1816; his note to this line: "The wood of
Soignies is supposed to be a remnant of the forest of Ardennes, famous in
250:', because of their undisturbed nature and testimony to the ecological processes governing forests in Europe since the
1625:
1566:
1544:
1450:
Les
Miserables - Volume II - First Book .--Waterloo - Chapter VIII. The Emperor puts a Question to the Guide Lacoste.
1331:
1365:
1588:(in French). Brussels: Institut bruxellois pour la Gestion de l'Environnement, Commission communautaire française.
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Also
Sonesia, Sungia, or Sonniaca, according to Charles Duvivier, "La forêt charbonnière: Silva Carbonaria", in
914:
1630:
451:
extinct. The forest was home to 46 different mammal species. Of these, seven have disappeared altogether: the
341:
At the start of the 19th century, the area of the wood was still about 25,000 acres (100 km), but due to
770:
1710:
1705:
371:
354:
1685:
1620:
1027:'.... I have ventured to adopt the name connected with nobler associations than those of mere slaughter."
830:
repeatedly criticised the Duke of
Wellington's choice of battle field because of the forest to his rear.
576:('Forest Museum') presents displays about the flora, fauna, history of the forest, and forest management.
524:
1700:
698:
who established a Monastery near Groenendaal at Vauvert. At this time, the forest also held a house of
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580:
262:
835:
828:
Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France en 1815, avec le plan de la bataille de Mont-Saint-Jean
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391:
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Amongst the contemplative monks and nuns who lived and prayed in the forest, the most notable was
1528:
496:
193:
1453:
Les Miserables - Volume II - First Book .--Waterloo - Chapter X. The Plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean.
1447:
Les Miserables - Volume II - First Book .--Waterloo - Chapter VI. Four o'clock in the Afternoon.
1113:
930:
670:
617:
613:
1510:
1430:
1296:"22 mars 2016 : Un mémorial pour les victimes des attentats implanté en Forêt de Soignes"
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233:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1016:
843:
8:
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In 2016, the Sonian Forest joined the "European Rewilding Network", an initiative of the
251:
243:
209:
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organisation. The project aims to enable the growth in numbers of natural fauna such as
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The twelve great battles of England: Inscribed to the British Rifle Volunteers of 1860
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1680:
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1228:"Distinguished visitors at the laying of the foundation stone of Ecoduct Groenendaal"
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The remains of the Château de Trois-Fontaines. In this location, at the time unsafe,
539:
500:
418:
375:
359:
350:
335:
221:
158:
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A. Wautier D'Aygalliers. Ruysbroeck the Admirable. 2007, Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
781:
50:
1604:
1486:
1406:
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esse et Coenobium S. Foillani in silva Soniaca parte Carbonariæ non longe a Niviala
955:"Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe"
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447:. Several trees are more than 200 years old, dating from the Austrian period.
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Chesney, Charles C. (1997), "Preface to the Third Edition (March 13, 1847)",
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had a fortified refuge built in 1323, surrounded by a moat and flanked by a
602:, was erected in 1920 in memory of eleven forest rangers killed during the
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was ill-chosen. The first requisite of a field of battle, is, to have no
776:
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707:
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428:
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1441:
Victor Hugo mentions the "Forest of Soignes" in the following chapters:
1373:
1250:"Eén jaar ecoduct Groenendaal: reeën en vossen steken Ring over | BRUZZ"
1076:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 345.
699:
452:
387:
153:) is a 4,421-hectare (10,920-acre) forest at the south-eastern edge of
954:
710:
nuns at Forest (founded in 1107 by Gilbert de Gand) and a cloister of
413:
1584:
Hannequart, Jean-Pierre; Schamp, Eric; Pulings, Marie-Claude (1996).
728:
The Sonian Forest was historically a favourite hunting ground of the
248:
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
205:
181:
1539:
Weller, Jac (1998) Wellington at Waterloo. London: Greenhill Books.
1469:
1444:
Les Miserables - Volume II - First Book .--Waterloo - Chapter IV. A.
686:
Small chapel in the Sonian Forest near the site of the monastery of
682:
997:...in silva cœnobio Sanctæ Gertrudis contigua, quae Sonesia dicitur
961:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
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594:
The memorial to the forest rangers. This monument, consisting of a
547:(R0); construction started in 2016 and it was opened in June 2018.
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A museum has been set up in the building of the old farm of the
318:
up to the walls of Brussels and is mentioned, under the name of
239:
As of 2017, parts of the Sonian Forest have been inscribed as a
165:
which enters the city up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the
1599:
1262:
595:
468:
266:
Painted map of the Sonian Forest (Ignatius van der Stock, 1661)
246:, the only Belgian component to the multinational inscription '
240:
1091:
Lexicon Universale, Historiam Sacram Et Profanam Omnis aevi...
814:
The Forest of Soignes lay behind the Anglo-allied army of the
761:
The forest features is several works of literature including:
645:
The only remaining building of the Château de Trois-Fontaines
629:
323:
300:, covering most of the high ground between the Senne and the
288:) dates from the early Middle Ages. Then the forest south of
197:
714:
sisters at Val Duchesne (founded 1262 the Duchess Aleyde).
677:
584:
495:
protected site. This includes five endangered species: the
480:
472:
456:
270:
The forest is part of the scattered remains of the ancient
162:
1561:(Rep Sub ed.), London: Greenhill Books, p. xii,
515:. Other animal species found in the forest, including the
488:
444:
1583:
427:) prepared to be regenerated by their saplings in the
628:, located on the Drève de l'Infante/Infantedreef. 32
523:, are considered endangered and are protected by the
16:
Forest at the south-eastern edge of Brussels, Belgium
896:
1527:(trans. Capt. G.H. Mendell, Lt. W.P. Craighill) p.
276:or Charcoal Forest. Originally, it was part of the
732:, and as such features prominently in some famous
702:nuns at Pennebeek (founded 1201 on land given by
1612:
1489:and Journal of Belles Letters, Arts Sciences ete
1184:"Sonian Forest joins European Rewilding Network"
349:ordered 22,000 oaks to be cut down to build the
491:in the forest led to it being classified as a
334:in circumference, and even at the time of the
1138:. flandersnews. 12 April 2007. Archived from
232:, the "Capuchin Wood", which belongs to the
1396:Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto the Third
1038:Brussels: A Cultural and Literary Companion
479:have also disappeared from the forest. The
353:intended for the invasion of England. King
330:. In the 16th century, it was still seven
284:. The first mention of the Sonian Forest (
1586:Découvrir Bruxelles par ses Espaces Verts
1504:
1482:
1062:
801:
681:
678:Monasteries and contemplative traditions
412:
261:
224:. Thus, it stretches out over the three
1556:
1523:Jomini, Antoine Henri baron de, (1862)
917:, a nature reserve in the Sonian Forest
550:
1656:Tourist attractions in Walloon Brabant
1651:Tourist attractions in Flemish Brabant
1613:
1108:
1106:
921:List of Waterloo Battlefield locations
1491:, Great Britain: H. Colburn, p.
1427:Childe Harold's pilgrimage, a romaunt
1089:, according to Johann Jacob Hofmann,
947:
834:again on page 207 — "The position of
797:
717:
657:Memorial to the eleven forest rangers
439:The Sonian Forest consists mainly of
148:
1103:
612:The memorial to the victims of the
13:
1308:from the original on 22 March 2017
157:, Belgium. It is connected to the
14:
1727:
1593:
1230:. sonianforest.be. 6 October 2016
1186:. Flanders News. 14 February 2016
981:Revue d'histoire et d'archéologie
887:Winter light in the Sonian Forest
598:surrounded by a circle of eleven
55:Autumn light in the Sonian Forest
1716:Primeval Beech Forests in Europe
1050:
899:
880:
868:
856:
662:
650:
638:
538:and wild boar. Various types of
376:Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos
159:Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos
49:
1646:Tourist attractions in Brussels
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1275:"Zoniënwoud - Forêt de Soignes"
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1154:
1023:and immortal in Shakespeare's '
875:The Sonian Forest in the autumn
706:to Sister Gisle); a convent of
669:Memorial to the victims of the
1661:Waterloo Battlefield locations
1162:"The RER Brussels - Ottignies"
1128:
1080:
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1030:
1002:
999:", quoted by Duvivier 1862:12.
989:
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558:
1:
1136:"Wild boars return to forest"
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756:
114:4,421 hectares (10,920 acres)
1641:Geography of Walloon Brabant
1636:Geography of Flemish Brabant
1605:Friends of the Sonian Forest
1407:Representative Poetry Online
1304:(in French). 22 March 2017.
1263:https://www.sonianforest.be/
959:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
941:
915:Enfants Noyés Nature Reserve
362:was assigned in 1815 to the
355:William I of the Netherlands
7:
1429:, Oxford University Press.
1366:"Le peinture et le graveur"
1345:"Auguste Rodin - Biography"
892:
863:A path in the Sonian Forest
570:Bosmuseum Jan van Ruusbroec
525:European Habitats Directive
10:
1732:
1009:Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
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771:Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
408:
397:Formerly, the forest held
257:
736:works of art such as the
435:part of the Sonian Forest
338:, it was very extensive.
292:was crossed by the river
110:
73:
65:
60:
48:
23:
1626:Urban forests in Belgium
1600:Foundation Sonian Forest
1509:, Sampson Low, pp.
1472:. Accessed 23 June 2008.
1425:Gordon N. Byron (1837).
730:Habsburg imperial family
581:Duke John III of Brabant
1073:Encyclopædia Britannica
704:Duke Henry I of Brabant
296:and extended as far as
194:Brussels-Capital Region
172:The forest lies in the
150:[fɔ.ʁɛd(ə)swaɲ]
1470:The Literature Network
1114:"Animals & Plants"
1095:on-line facsimile text
931:Soignes Forest Railway
811:
808:The Battle of Waterloo
722:
691:
671:2016 Brussels bombings
618:Maelbeek metro station
614:2016 Brussels bombings
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267:
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1631:Geography of Brussels
1607:(in Dutch and French)
1466:The Field of Waterloo
805:
792:The Field of Waterloo
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416:
265:
1394:Ian Lancashire (ed)
551:Real estate projects
487:The many species of
1711:Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
1706:Watermael-Boitsfort
986:(1862:1-26), p 12f.
739:Hunts of Maximilian
463:(around 1842), the
459:(around 1810), the
455:(around 1000), the
401:Abbey not far from
252:Last Glacial Period
244:World Heritage Site
210:Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
202:Watermael-Boitsfort
91: /
1686:Sint-Genesius-Rode
1621:Forests of Belgium
1505:Anonymous (1861),
1483:LLG staff (1820),
1464:Sir Walter Scott.
1412:2009-06-22 at the
1401:2008-06-15 at the
1208:. Rewilding Europe
1098:on-line transcript
1013:Battle of Waterloo
820:Battle of Waterloo
816:Duke of Wellington
812:
798:Battle of Waterloo
742:tapestries in the
718:In popular culture
696:John of Ruysbroeck
692:
688:John of Ruysbroeck
566:Groenendael Priory
540:wildlife crossings
521:great crested newt
437:
368:Prince of Waterloo
364:Duke of Wellington
304:. The 9th-century
278:Forest of Ardennes
268:
196:municipalities of
178:Sint-Genesius-Rode
176:municipalities of
161:, an urban public
1701:Waterloo, Belgium
1559:Waterloo Lectures
1376:on 5 October 1999
574:Musée de la Forêt
351:Boulogne flotilla
336:French Revolution
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532:Rewilding Europe
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372:Dutch nobility
282:Arduenna Silva
280:, the Romans'
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24:Sonian Forest
22:
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1578:Bibliography
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1484:
1477:
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1421:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:the original
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1339:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1299:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1269:
1258:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:the original
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1116:. zoniënwoud
1090:
1086:
1082:
1071:
1045:
1040:, 2003:150).
1037:
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477:Stag beetles
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417:Even, dense
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121:
119:
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1485:The London
1370:Musée Rodin
1234:20 December
1212:15 February
1190:15 February
965:3 September
777:Victor Hugo
734:Renaissance
708:Benedictine
559:Attractions
493:Natura 2000
484:captivity.
429:understorey
384:Groenendaal
294:Senne/Zenne
234:Royal Trust
167:city centre
126:Sonian Wood
98: /
74:Coordinates
1615:Categories
1312:24 October
1164:. infrabel
1120:20 January
937:References
757:Literature
700:Cistercian
453:brown bear
388:Argenteuil
146:pronounced
134:Zoniënwoud
32:Zoniënwoud
1671:Hoeilaart
1666:Auderghem
942:Citations
712:Dominican
431:, in the
390:close to
302:Dyle/Dijl
216:towns of
206:Auderghem
192:, in the
182:Hoeilaart
61:Geography
1691:Tervuren
1681:Overijse
1676:La Hulpe
1547:page 185
1410:Archived
1399:Archived
1306:Archived
1146:13 April
1068:Soignies
893:See also
824:Napoleon
536:roe deer
519:and the
509:pond bat
471:and the
465:red deer
433:Brussels
403:Nivelles
380:Tervuren
360:Waterloo
347:Napoleon
320:Ardennes
290:Brussels
222:Waterloo
218:La Hulpe
190:Tervuren
186:Overijse
155:Brussels
66:Location
1380:24 July
1350:24 July
1280:14 June
1168:28 July
1061::
1021:Orlando
1017:Boiardo
850:Gallery
840:defiles
818:at the
630:birches
624:called
409:Ecology
370:in the
332:leagues
316:Brabant
298:Hainaut
258:History
214:Walloon
174:Flemish
83:50°46′N
69:Belgium
1565:
1543:
1431:p. 129
1330:
1055:
844:Jomini
744:Louvre
596:dolmen
589:gruyer
568:. The
507:, the
503:, the
469:badger
467:, the
386:, and
241:UNESCO
208:, and
188:, and
138:French
86:4°25′E
38:French
1696:Uccle
1334:p102.
766:Byron
324:Byron
322:, in
198:Uccle
130:Dutch
28:Dutch
1563:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1513:–204
1382:2008
1352:2008
1328:ISBN
1314:2017
1282:2015
1236:2016
1214:2016
1192:2016
1170:2008
1148:2007
1122:2018
967:2022
620:and
585:keep
511:and
481:boar
473:hare
457:wolf
445:oaks
443:and
307:vita
220:and
163:park
120:The
111:Area
1529:183
1511:203
1070:".
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
