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1537:
377:
364:
442:
286:
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390:
584:
510:
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403:
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142:
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36:
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1356:. The Sonderbund forces resisted courageously for a while before retreating. This federal victory cut the connection between Lucerne and Zug, another of Dufour's objectives. In his report to the Diet of November 23, Dufour wrote with satisfaction that the troops of Schwyz had withdrawn to the other side of Lake Zug and were now cut off from the rest of the Sonderbund army.
1203:
battle. The besieged
Fribourgeois asked for an armistice for the day, which Dufour accepted. But because of mistaken orders, the Vaudois troops facing the redoubt of Bertigny launched an attack against the fortress after a brief artillery exchange. They were repelled with eight dead and some fifty wounded; several defenders were also killed or wounded.
1207:
troops. Many accusations of treason were raised, notably against the commander, Colonel de
Maillardoz, who had to flee into exile to Neuchâtel. While it was eventually shown that the surrender had been a decision of the civil government about which de Maillardoz had not even been consulted, he remained disgraced.
1328:
Colonel
Ziegler personally led his division's third and victorious assault, later depicted in a lithograph that would become one of the war's most well-known images. After two hours, the battle resulted in a federal victory after von Salis-Soglio, wounded in the head by a mortar detonation, ordered a retreat to
1422:
in the district of March, was then approved by the electorate on 27 February 1848. The new constitution of 1848 reformed the government of the Canton. Perhaps the greatest change was that it abolished the
Landsgemeinde, which had formerly been the supreme authority. It split the government into three
1397:
The last member of the
Sonderbund, Valais, surrendered on November 29 bringing the war to an end. The federal army had lost 78 men killed and had 260 wounded. Sonderbund losses were even lower. Later research arrived at 60 deaths and 386 wounded on the federal side and 33 killed and 124 wounded among
1372:
The federal victories at
Gisikon and Meierskappel brought federal troops within striking distance of Lucerne. On the evening of November 23, the leadership of Lucerne and the Jesuits abandoned the city and fled to Uri. On the following morning the victorious federal troops entered the city unopposed.
1166:
On 9 November, Dufour launched the first offensive against
Fribourg, in accordance with his general plan. Dufour chose Fribourg as his first target in part because it was geographically isolated from the other rebel cantons and in part because it was close to Bern. The former factor made it easier to
1327:
Near
Gisikon, the federal army constructed several pontoon bridges to cross the Reuss. At this point, the Sonderbund commander, von Salis-Soglio, had concentrated his troops on an elevation, well-hidden behind trees and underbrush. After two federal assaults on the Sonderbund position were repulsed,
1227:
The act of surrender signed by
Fribourg would become a template for the other Sonderbund cantons. With it, Fribourg undertook to leave the Sonderbund, to disarm its soldiers and to provide for the federal occupation troops. On 15 November, a new Fribourgeois government of a Radical bent was elected,
924:
of 1815, the major powers guaranteed the new Swiss
Constitution and had a right to intervene if they all agreed it was necessary. At this point, Austria and France were conservative Catholic powers and wanted to help the Swiss conservatives. Austria did provide some money and munitions, but bickered
1194:
The Fribourgeois commander was led to anticipate an attack from the direction of Bern by the advance of a Bernese reserve division, which had been ordered to pretend to attack with a maximum of noise. Meanwhile, Dufour brought a battery of 60 guns into position, with which he intended to bring down
1103:
Vaud, in particular, suspected the Principality of Neuchâtel of secretly supporting the Sonderbund. Several incidents ensued, notably the capture of a lake steamship of Neuchâtel by troops from Vaud. On 29 October, Colonel Rillet-Constant asked Dufour's permission to march on Neuchâtel. The general
1036:
On October 24, immediately prior to taking the oath of office, Dufour requested explanations concerning his orders (which were written in German) and, after an impolitic remark by the representative of Vaud, Jules Eytel, he declined the office and left the meeting of the Diet. It took two sessions
1240:
As soon as the new government was installed, Dufour left Fribourg for central Switzerland with his army. He left the western theatre of operations to Rillet-Constant, who was allowed to shift his headquarters to the Chablais, but was forbidden to take any unilateral action against Valais without
1236:
On both sides of the war, the fall of Fribourg was commented on by the press and the political leaders. In Lucerne and Valais, proclamations were read to the troops, assuring them that this setback would have no effect on the coalition. Catholic newspapers doubted the news of the capitulation or
1413:
In Schwyz the conservative government was dissolved and a new provisional government and constitution established. The first attempt at a constitution, which split the district of Schwyz in two and moved the cantonal capital away from Schwyz, was narrowly defeated on 27 January 1848. The second
1206:
Nonetheless, on the morning of 14 November, two delegates of the governing Council of State of Fribourg brought Dufour the news of the canton's surrender, decided by majority vote. While Confederate Switzerland rejoiced at the news, the surrender was a bitter disappointment to the Fribourgeouis
1335:
The battle of Gisikon was the longest and, with 37 dead and some 100 wounded, the bloodiest of the war. It is, to date, the last pitched battle in the history of the Swiss army. It was also the first battle in military history in which dedicated wagons were employed to treat the wounded on the
1202:
On the morning of 13 November, with the assault ready to begin, Dufour sent a Vaudois lieutenant to Fribourg under a flag of truce. The emissary's message revealed Dufour's forces and plan of attack to the Fribourgeois government, and called on them to surrender in order to prevent a murderous
881:
from the largely Catholic cantons were opposed to the new constitution. These cantons combined to form the Sonderbund in 1845. In addition to the centralization of the Swiss government, the proposed new Constitution also included protections for trade and other progressive reform measures.
1223:
On the evening of 14 November, the government of Valais decided to launch an offensive against Vaud in response to Fribourg's call for help. But news of the capitulation came soon enough for the Valaisans to recall the troops and set them into motion for a manoeuvre against Ticino.
1158:, they entered Aargau on November 12 in order to split the federal forces into two halves and relieve Fribourg, which was surrounded by Confederate territory. But after a few advances, they were stopped by Ziegler and retreated with losses into the canton of Lucerne.
1286:
Dufour launched his principal offensive according to plan on November 23: The 4th (Ziegler) and the 5th divisions (GmĂĽr) followed the Reuss valley to the south, each on one side. They were supported by the 3rd division (von Donats) descending along the
1104:
refused, instead asking Rillet-Constant to levy additional troops in order to make up for the defection of Neuchâtel. When the Federal Diet on October 30 formally requested Neuchâtel to supply its contingent of troops, the Principality refused. King
1423:
branches, legislature, executive and judiciary and created a three-tier structure of municipalities, districts and canton. It created proportional representation and allowed the population to vote on laws and constitutional amendments.
1409:
were punished for not providing troops to the federal army. Neuchâtel paid 300,000 francs and Appenzell paid 15,000 into a fund to support war widows and orphans. By February 1848 all federal troops withdrew from the occupied cantons.
1232:
from the canton. The day after, the Vaudois commander, Colonel Rillet-Constant, had to declare a state of siege to prevent federal soldiers from pillaging and sacking the city, against the strict orders of their superiors.
1282:
voted for surrender on 21 November by a large majority. The federal troops which entered the city of Zug unopposed the day after were acclaimed by the population, and a few months later, a new government would be elected.
986:) for general conscription. These votes occurred on September 26 (Schwyz), October 3 (Uri and Zug) and October 10 (Nidwalden, Obwalden and Valais). Troop mobilisation began on October 16 and was concluded on October 19.
1277:
offered to him by the local arsenal, writing that he intended to "avoid as far as possible to give this war a violent character which cannot but harm our cause.". To the surprise of both sides, the parliament of the
885:
The Sonderbund alliance was concluded after the Federal Diet, with the approval of a majority of cantons, had taken measures against the Roman Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in
1171:; the latter meant that it posed a threat to the Federal Diet if it was not neutralized immediately. Moreover, Fribourg's capture would allow Dufour to concentrate his forces in the center of the country.
877:) in the early 1840s. It proposed a new Constitution for the Swiss Confederation which would draw the several cantons into a closer relationship. In 1843, the conservative city patricians and mountain or
1509:
909:
of 1815, which expressly forbade such separate alliances. The confederate army was raised against the members of the Sonderbund. The army was composed of soldiers of all the other cantons except
772:
in a campaign that lasted only a few weeks, from November 3 to November 29, and cost about 100 lives. Dufour ordered his troops to care for the injured, anticipating the formation of the
1260:, where they stopped to await reinforcements. But the first to be reinforced were the Ticinesi, who received the support of some battalions from the Grisons, which arrived on the 22nd.
1084:) from among the Radicals. On October 30, the Diet ordered the general mobilisation of the army and, on November 4, the military execution of its decree dissolving the Sonderbund.
702:("separate alliance") in 1845 to protect their interests against a centralization of power. The war concluded with the defeat of the Sonderbund. It resulted in the emergence of
948:
2243:
979:
as chief of staff. Although a Protestant himself, Salis-Soglio was a staunch Conservative and an opponent of the liberal Radicals who now controlled the "rump Confederation".
1013:
The general staff of the federal army: Kurz, Minscher, Enloff, Bontemps, Gerwer, MĂĽller, Ziegler, Bourkhardt, Dufour, Rilliet de Constant, Luvini, Donats, Ochsenbein and GmĂĽr
929:, Prime Minister of Britain, vetoed any intervention, because he favored the liberal cause and wanted the Jesuits expelled. There was no significant foreign intervention.
1435:
ended the almost complete independence of the cantons and transformed Switzerland into a federal state. The Jesuits were constitutionally banished from Switzerland. This
1061:
968:
1033:
to this post. In his letter of acceptance to the Diet of October 22, Dufour emphasized that he would "do everything in order to alleviate the inevitable evils of war".
1150:
On November 7, Sonderbund forces under direct command of Jean-Ulrich de Salis-Soglio and von Elgger prepared to launch a second offensive into the Freiamt region of
1041:
989:
Also in October, several fortifications were built on Sonderbund territory, notably in Valais, where Kalbermatten's forces were massed by the end of October between
1183:
1140:
964:
1364:
1100:, which both had a strong Catholic minority population, officially declared their neutrality in the conflict and refused to provide troops for the Confederation.
960:
905:
The liberal majority in the Tagsatzung voted to order the Sonderbund dissolved on October 21, 1847; it deemed the Sonderbund a violation of section 6 of the
20:
1147:
remained open to the Confederates. The first deaths of the war occurred on November 4, when an officer and a soldier from Uri were killed by the Ticinesi.
1237:
claimed that the Valaisans had launched a victorious offensive into the Chablais. On the Federal side, public confidence and the morale of the army grew.
1135:. But contrary to triumphant proclamations in the Sonderbund newspapers, the action failed to effectively separate the federal troops under Luvini in the
2268:
1568:
1115:
resisted the requests of the Diet for a time, but ultimately provided its contingent of troops by November 6, two days after the opening of hostilities.
976:
1440:
1069:
1073:
1053:
1919:
1307:. The reserve artillery was concentrated on the bridgehead of Gisikon, which set up the main battle between the left bank of the Reuss and the
2068:
1348:
Also on November 23, while the 2nd and 3rd federal divisions proceeded without opposition to Lucerne, the 5th division engaged troops from
1037:
behind closed doors, and a delegation of the representatives of Geneva, to convince Dufour to reconsider and to be sworn in on 25 October.
956:
804:, after which Lucerne capitulated on 24 November. The rest of the Sonderbund surrendered without armed resistance in the subsequent weeks.
251:
2073:
1788:
1838:
926:
707:
2248:
1108:, as Prince of Neuchâtel, eventually settled the issue by declaring the Principality "neutral and inviolate" during the hostilities.
2036:
1029:
of Geneva as commander in chief of the federal army, despite his reluctance and the efforts of the Bernese government to appoint
1548:
100:
2263:
1998:
1668:
846:
72:
2238:
1389:
and Valais. Unterwalden surrendered on November 25, followed by Schwyz on the following day and then Uri on November 27.
1876:«Dans la séance du 25, M. Dufour a été assermenté et a accepté le commandement tel qu'il lui a été conféré par la Diète»
2228:
1522:
79:
2253:
2145:
1850:
982:
The Sonderbund cantons, except for Lucerne and Fribourg, sought and obtained the assent of their popular assemblies (
119:
1248:
On the morning of 17 November, the troops of Uri with some reinforcements from Nidwald advanced into Ticino towards
1615:
693:
1528:
764:(Federal Diet) declared the Sonderbund unconstitutional (October 1847) and ordered it dissolved by force, General
2090:
1273:
In Aarau, Dufour prepared his forces and his battle plan until November 20. He declined to equip his forces with
1105:
53:
1778:
1401:
The Sonderbund governments were forced to resign and in Fribourg, Lucerne and Valais the Liberals gained power.
86:
1610:
769:
703:
600:
224:
57:
971:
of Valais. After Kalbermatten declined the appointment (he would later command the troops of Valais), Colonel
2258:
2155:
2223:
1311:, with the Lucernese troops caught between five columns of troops arriving from five different directions.
68:
1460:
972:
2233:
1697:
1536:
1432:
990:
2120:
A laboratory of liberty: the transformation of political culture in Republican Switzerland, 1750–1848
1605:
1454:
753:, also predominantly Catholic but governed by liberal administrations, did not join the alliance.
1807:
1593:
1474:
1319:
947:
The question of command remained long unsettled with the Sonderbund. The coalition's strong man,
873:
and was strong in the largely Protestant cantons, obtained the majority in the Federal Diet (the
842:
46:
1725:
1562:
1496:
1026:
765:
689:
588:
369:
278:
273:
1691:
1402:
1093:
952:
910:
1406:
1097:
914:
898:) invaded the canton. This caused a revolt, mostly because rural cantons were strongholds of
93:
1587:
975:
of Grisons was elected and sworn in as commander in chief on 15 January 1847. He appointed
812:
382:
1419:
1241:
Dufour's direct order. By 15 November, the federal forces passed through Bern and reached
959:
of Austria were mentioned), but the allied council insisted on a Swiss commander. General
8:
2033:
1581:
1468:
1386:
1144:
1128:
1049:
890:
in 1841, and the seizure of their properties. When Lucerne, in retaliation, recalled the
750:
395:
2191:
2014:
1508:
1127:
in the early days of November. They thereby succeeded in keeping the connection between
1057:
1040:
After publishing a proclamation on October 26, Dufour appointed as division commanders:
2107:
1913:
1777:
1488:
1436:
921:
718:
476:
1482:
1123:
The first actions were taken by the Sonderbund. Troops from Uri seized the undefended
2141:
1846:
1514:
1215:
1124:
1030:
714:
595:
489:
2179:
1414:
constitution, which removed the mentioned points and merged the former districts of
1439:
was lifted on 20 May 1973, when 54.9% of the population and 16.5 cantons out of 22
1385:
without a formal vote. Between 25–29 November federal troops moved peacefully into
1175:
891:
730:
673:
583:
528:
447:
343:
330:
291:
2130:
2040:
1960:
1274:
858:
850:
665:
657:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1599:
1081:
994:
906:
899:
742:
317:
1178:, the enclaves of Fribourg in the canton of Vaud, and most of the district of
2217:
2064:
2059:
1783:
1279:
1155:
983:
738:
726:
567:
541:
141:
801:
1353:
1017:
797:
2203:
2152:
Three Weeks in November: A Military History of the Swiss Civil War of 1847
1748:
Three Weeks in November: A Military History of the Swiss Civil War of 1847
1009:
870:
1835:
See Dufour's letter of 19 October to the president of the Diet, cited in
1733:
1554:
1308:
1112:
866:
776:
in which he participated a few years later. Major actions were fought at
768:
led the federal army of 100,000 and defeated the Sonderbund forces under
734:
685:
304:
1792:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 259.
1337:
1296:
1132:
874:
759:
24:
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1824:
1764:
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2180:
Schweizer Geschichte: Der Weg zum modernen demokratischen Bundesstaat
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773:
681:
502:
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35:
1415:
1300:
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998:
777:
515:
2058:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1229:
1045:
793:
789:
785:
781:
408:
356:
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of Fribourg were considered, but ultimately the council elected
925:
with France on exactly what to do. When they finally did agree,
1819:
Roger Bullen, "Guizot and the 'Sonderbund' Crisis, 1846–1848."
1376:
1349:
1329:
1304:
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to head its education the same year, groups of armed radicals (
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722:
554:
421:
266:
1288:
1253:
1242:
816:
Distribution of confessions at the start of the 19th century
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434:
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without resistance. The Fribourgeois troops under Colonel
1118:
1381:
On 26 November 1847, the Sonderbund council dissolved in
1174:
By 10 and 11 November, federal troops seized the city of
2204:
Chronologie und Originalquellen aus dem Sonderbundskrieg
1268:
2018:
19:"Sonderbund" redirects here. For the art movement, see
1189:
1143:(the brother of the insurgent commander), because the
2244:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe
1210:
1025:
On 21 October 1847, the Federal Diet elected General
951:
of Lucerne, first considered appointing a foreigner (
2098:
Duffield, W.B. (1895). "The War of the Sonderbund".
1368:
The 2nd Division crosses the Emme river into Littau.
1340:
were operated by volunteers and nurses from ZĂĽrich.
2138:
A very civil war. The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847.
1992:
1295:, and by the 2nd division (Burckhardt), which left
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1986:
1980:
1804:The transformation of European politics, 1763–1848
1712:A very civil war. The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847
1299:to arrive at the Reuss north of Lucerne by way of
21:Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und KĂĽnstler
1946:La Guerre du Sonderbund vue par le Général Dufour
1843:La Guerre du Sonderbund vue par le Général Dufour
1446:
1427:Aftermath: The Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848
198:3–29 November 1847 (3 weeks and 5 days)
2215:
1723:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1228:who as its first act expelled the order of the
688:, then still a relatively loose confederacy of
23:. For the jungle area in the Ganges delta, see
1906:Souvenirs d'un officier fribourgeois 1798–1848
2094:(Cambridge University Press, 2013). pp 132–61
1662:
1628:
741:, all predominantly Catholic and governed by
2201:
2189:
2177:
2077:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1944:
1874:
1776:Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911).
1759:W. B. Duffield, "The War of the Sonderbund"
1730:Allgemeine Schweizerische Militärzeitschrift
1656:
1650:
1377:Surrender of the rest of Central Switzerland
757:
697:
166:
1903:
1686:
1684:
1682:
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1678:
1154:. After destroying a bridge over the river
713:The Sonderbund consisted of the cantons of
1969:
1918:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1965:. The University Press. pp. 391–395.
1343:
1252:, which fell, then the day after towards
1021:Swiss Army uniforms of the Sonderbund War
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2097:
2088:Church, Clive H., and Randolph C. Head.
2063:
1836:
1779:"Switzerland/History/Constitution"
1775:
1675:
1363:
1318:
1214:
1161:
1016:
1008:
811:
1958:
1952:
1359:
1323:Rust's battery at the battle of Gisikon
1263:
1167:confront than the other members of the
1119:Sonderbund actions in Ticino and Aargau
937:
2269:Catholic–Protestant sectarian violence
2216:
2162:Die Geschichte des Sonderbundskrieges
1269:Preparations and the surrender of Zug
865:), which was mainly made up of urban
706:, concluding the period of political
1999:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1693:The Cambridge Modern history vol. XI
1669:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1314:
942:
847:Free Democratic Party of Switzerland
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2164:. Verlag Berichthaus, ZĂĽrich 1966.
1925:
1887:
1865:In Reverdine (1997), op.cit., p. 28
1190:The siege and surrender of Fribourg
1060:) from among the Conservatives and
13:
2082:
1602:or Second War of Villmergen (1712)
1211:Aftermath of the Fribourg campaign
1195:the fortifications of the city of
14:
2280:
2171:
2127:History of Switzerland, 1499–1914
1962:History of Switzerland, 1499-1914
1769:
1392:
1186:retreated to defend the capital.
2249:History of Catholicism in Europe
2091:A concise history of Switzerland
2051:
1616:List of wars between democracies
1561:
1547:
1535:
1521:
1507:
1495:
1481:
1467:
1453:
1139:from those in the Grisons under
745:administrations. The cantons of
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2005:
1937:
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1868:
1859:
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1724:Stasi-Lauterburg, JĂĽrg (2011).
1336:battlefield. These horse-drawn
1106:Frederick William IV of Prussia
1004:
855:Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei
45:needs additional citations for
2140:Westview Press, Boulder 1993.
2034:Cantonal Results of Referendum
1813:
1796:
1753:
1740:
1717:
1704:
1611:Switzerland as a federal state
1447:Military and political leaders
1219:The battle of Airolo in Ticino
997:, with a view of invading the
770:Johann Ulrich von Salis-Soglio
708:"restoration and regeneration"
704:Switzerland as a federal state
601:Johann Ulrich von Salis-Soglio
1:
1726:"200 Jahre Ulrich Ochsenbein"
1621:
807:
221:Dissolution of the Sonderbund
16:1847 civil war in Switzerland
1845:. Slatkine. pp. 25–26.
1443:modifying the Constitution.
1245:on the evening of the 16th.
1131:and the Valais open via the
225:Federal constitution of 1848
7:
2264:19th century in Switzerland
1904:de Schaller, Henri (1890).
1810:, 1996) pp. 571–72, 793–97.
1575:
1529:Constantin Siegwart-Mueller
1461:Jean-Ulrich de Salis-Soglio
1087:
973:Jean-Ulrich de Salis-Soglio
957:Friedrich von Schwarzenberg
932:
10:
2285:
2239:Wars involving Switzerland
1837:Reverdin, Olivier (1997).
1763:10#40 (1895), pp. 675–698
1698:Cambridge University Press
1433:Swiss Federal Constitution
949:Constantin Siegwart-MĂĽller
917:(which remained neutral).
863:Parti radical-démocratique
18:
2229:Civil wars in Switzerland
2100:English Historical Review
1959:Oechsli, Wilhelm (1922).
1821:English Historical Review
1761:English Historical Review
1606:Restoration (Switzerland)
1062:Louis Rilliet de Constant
969:Guillaume de Kalbermatten
825: Majority Protestant
680:) of November 1847 was a
619:
606:
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236:
190:
139:
134:
2254:Jesuit history in Europe
1943:Cited by O. Reverdin in
1823:86.340 (1971): 497–526.
1256:and on the 21st towards
692:. It ensued after seven
2074:Encyclopædia Britannica
1928:La Guerre du Sonderbund
1890:La Guerre du Sonderbund
1808:Oxford University Press
1789:Encyclopædia Britannica
1594:First War of Villmergen
1475:Josef Franz Karl Amrhyn
1042:Peter Ludwig von Donatz
833: Majority Catholic
2202:
2190:
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2017:on the website of the
1945:
1875:
1369:
1344:Battle of Meierskappel
1324:
1220:
1184:Philippe de Maillardoz
1141:Eduard de Salis-Soglio
1027:Guillaume Henri Dufour
1022:
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965:Philippe de Maillardoz
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854:
845:(progressive liberal)
838:
766:Guillaume Henri Dufour
758:
698:
677:
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661:
589:Guillaume Henri Dufour
576:Commanders and leaders
167:
2192:Sonderbundskrieg 1847
1407:Appenzell Innerrhoden
1367:
1322:
1218:
1162:The Fribourg campaign
1098:Appenzell Innerrhoden
1020:
1012:
961:Ludwig von Sonnenberg
915:Appenzell Innerrhoden
815:
678:Guerra del Sonderbund
620:Casualties and losses
2259:November 1847 events
2019:Swiss Administration
1732:: 34–35 – via
1700:. 1909. p. 251.
1588:Second War of Kappel
1360:Surrender of Lucerne
1264:The Lucerne campaign
938:Preparations for war
670:Guerre du Sonderbund
217:Confederate victory
54:improve this article
2224:1847 in Switzerland
1882:Nouvelliste vaudois
1802:Paul W. Schroeder,
1582:First War of Kappel
1387:Central Switzerland
1145:San Bernardino Pass
1129:central Switzerland
1050:Johannes Burckhardt
953:Dezydery Chłapowski
696:cantons formed the
252:Swiss Confederation
2125:Oechsli, Wilhelm.
2039:2018-11-15 at the
1884:. 29 October 1847.
1370:
1325:
1221:
1080:) and Ochsenbein (
1023:
1015:
839:
2234:Conflicts in 1847
1926:du Bois, Pierre.
1888:du Bois, Pierre.
1569:Bernard von Meyer
1515:Jean-Marc Mousson
1437:Special Provision
1315:Battle of Gisikon
1125:St. Gotthard Pass
1031:Ulrich Ochsenbein
943:Sonderbund forces
792:, and finally at
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2136:Remak, Joachim.
2131:full text online
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2015:Official results
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1398:the Sonderbund.
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1176:Estavayer-le-Lac
977:Franz von Elgger
922:Treaty of Vienna
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69:"Sonderbund War"
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2150:Weaver, Ralph.
2106:(40): 675–698.
2085:
2083:Further reading
2067:, ed. (1911). "
2052:
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2041:Wayback Machine
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2122:(Brill, 2011).
2118:Lerner, Marc.
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1996:in the online
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1892:. p. 144.
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1784:Chisholm, Hugh
1768:
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1746:Ralph Weaver,
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1666:in the online
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1393:End of the war
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1054:Eduard Ziegler
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110:November 2017
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2161:
2151:
2137:
2126:
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2007:
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1542:Col Burkardt
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1371:
1354:Meierskappel
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1102:
1091:
1070:Dominik GmĂĽr
1039:
1035:
1024:
1005:Federal army
988:
981:
963:and Colonel
946:
919:
904:
896:Freischärler
884:
878:
840:
798:Meierskappel
755:
743:conservative
712:
653:
651:
628:60 / 78 dead
462:
454:
370:Schaffhausen
279:Appenzell AR
250:
242:
237:Belligerents
216:
180:
165:
155:Confederates
154:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2209:(in German)
2197:(in German)
2185:(in German)
2166:(in German)
2069:Switzerland
2031:(in German)
2012:(in French)
1924:, cited by
1908:. Fribourg.
1734:E-Periodica
1555:Rageth Abys
1309:lake of Zug
1113:Basel-Stadt
867:bourgeoisie
735:Unterwalden
686:Switzerland
643:124 wounded
305:Basel-Stadt
207:Switzerland
2218:Categories
1646:Sonderbund
1622:References
1338:ambulances
1297:Langenthal
1169:Sonderbund
1133:Furka Pass
875:Tagsatzung
808:Background
802:SchĂĽpfheim
760:Tagsatzung
756:After the
699:Sonderbund
463:Sonderbund
383:St. Gallen
357:GraubĂĽnden
168:Sonderbund
80:newspapers
25:Sundarbans
2133:pp 386–95
1914:cite book
1886:cited by
1420:Pfäffikon
1403:Neuchâtel
1094:Neuchâtel
1001:of Vaud.
911:Neuchâtel
774:Red Cross
751:Solothurn
682:civil war
503:Nidwalden
396:Solothurn
2037:Archived
1933:op. cit.
1839:Slatkine
1825:in JSTOR
1765:in JSTOR
1576:See also
1416:Wollerau
1301:Willisau
1197:Fribourg
1088:Neutrals
999:Chablais
933:Conflict
879:Ur-Swiss
871:burghers
778:Fribourg
719:Fribourg
694:Catholic
607:Strength
516:Obwalden
477:Fribourg
203:Location
181:Neutrals
2156:excerpt
2154:(2012)
2129:(1922)
2062::
1993:Italian
1949:, p. 69
1841:(ed.).
1786:(ed.).
1750:(2012).
1714:(1993).
1663:Italian
1383:FlĂĽelen
1230:Jesuits
1046:Grisons
920:By the
892:Jesuits
843:radical
794:Gisikon
790:Lucerne
786:Lunnern
782:Geltwil
715:Lucerne
690:cantons
674:Italian
640:33 dead
490:Lucerne
409:Thurgau
94:scholar
2144:
2112:548178
2110:
2056:
1987:French
1981:German
1849:
1657:French
1651:German
1596:(1656)
1590:(1531)
1584:(1529)
1350:Schwyz
1330:Ebikon
1305:Ruswil
1293:Sursee
1291:until
1258:Biasca
1250:Airolo
1180:Murten
1152:Aargau
1137:Ticino
1078:Ticino
1058:ZĂĽrich
888:Aargau
859:French
851:German
831:
823:
800:, and
747:Ticino
731:Schwyz
723:Valais
666:French
658:German
615:79,000
612:99,000
565:
555:Valais
552:
539:
529:Schwyz
526:
513:
500:
487:
474:
448:ZĂĽrich
445:
432:
422:Ticino
419:
406:
393:
380:
367:
354:
344:Glarus
341:
331:Geneva
328:
315:
302:
289:
267:Aargau
264:
213:Result
179:
177:
164:
162:
153:
151:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2108:JSTOR
1782:. In
1352:near
1254:Faido
1243:Aarau
1156:Reuss
101:JSTOR
87:books
2142:ISBN
1990:and
1978:in
1920:link
1902:See
1847:ISBN
1660:and
1648:in
1418:and
1405:and
1303:and
1289:Suhr
1096:and
1082:Bern
1066:Vaud
1052:and
993:and
913:and
869:and
841:The
749:and
737:and
652:The
435:Vaud
318:Bern
195:Date
73:news
2071:".
1068:),
1048:),
739:Zug
727:Uri
684:in
568:Zug
542:Uri
56:by
2220::
2104:10
2102:.
1984:,
1916:}}
1912:{{
1879:,
1728:.
1677:^
1654:,
1630:^
1332:.
1199:.
1072:,
902:.
861::
857:,
853::
788:,
780:,
733:,
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