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724:) or must (obligatory referendum) be submitted to the people for their approval. It was therefore only natural that attempts should be made to revise the federal constitution of 1848 in a democratic and centralizing sense, for it had been provided that the Federal Assembly, on its own initiative or on the written request of 50,000 Swiss electors, could submit the question of revision to a popular vote. The first attempt at a revision in 1872 was defeated by a small majority, owing to the efforts of the anti-centralizing party. Finally, however, another draft was preferred, and on the 19 April 1874, the new constitution was accepted by the people – 14
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after three months (instead of two years in the 1848 Constitution), given all cantonal and communal rights (formerly only cantonal rights were granted). Finally, the referendum was introduced in its "facultative" form; i.e., all federal laws must be submitted to popular vote on the demand of 30,000 Swiss citizens or of eight cantons. The
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Although there was now a fully organized central government, Switzerland was a very decentralized federation. Most authority remained with the cantons, including all powers not explicitly granted to the federal government. One of the first acts of the
Federal Assembly was to exercise the power given
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consisted of seven members elected by the
Federal Assembly. In the 1848 Constitution, the Federal Council was granted the "supreme executive and directorial authority of the Confederation". Each member of the Federal Council heads one of seven executive departments. The chairman of the Council also
755:
The
Constitution of 1874 further strengthened the federal power. The revised Constitution included three major points. First, a system of free elementary education was set up, under the superintendence of the Confederation, but managed by the cantons. Second, a man settling in another canton was,
655:
were forbidden in the future. All cantons were required to treat Swiss citizens who belonged to one of the
Christian confessions like their own citizens. Previously, citizens of one canton regarded citizens of the others as the citizens of foreign countries. All Christians were guaranteed the
760:(i.e., the right of compelling the legislature to consider a certain subject or bill) was not introduced into the Federal Constitution until 1891 (when it was given to 50,000 Swiss citizens) and then only as to a partial (not a total) revision of that constitution.
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was organized, while all weights and measures were unified. In 1868 the metric system was allowed and in 1875 declared obligatory and universal. In 1854 roads and canals taken in hand were taken under federal control. The
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was chiefly confined to civil cases in which the
Confederation was a party, but also took in great political crimes. All constitutional questions are however reserved for the Federal Assembly.
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From 1848 onwards the cantons continually revised their constitutions, with most including the introduction of the referendum, by which laws made by the cantonal legislature may (facultative
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had taken power in
Switzerland and had, thanks to the Protestant majority of cantons, taken measures against the Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in
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exercise of their religion but the
Jesuits and similar religious orders were not to be received in any canton. German, French and Italian were recognized as national languages.
399:, was modified several times during the following decades and wholly replaced in 1999. The 1848 constitution represented the first time, other than when the short-lived
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In 1866 the rights granted only to
Christians (free movement and freedom of religion) under the 1848 Constitution were extended to all Swiss regardless of religion.
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The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties. Apart from small riots, this was the last armed conflict on Swiss territory.
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made up of deputies elected three years, in the proportion of one for every 20,000 citizens or fraction over 10,000 from each canton. The
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wasn't opened until 1855 in Zurich, though the
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was chosen. The first Federal Council sat on 16 November 1848, composed entirely of Radicals (predecessors of the
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had been imposed, that the Swiss had a central government instead of being simply a collection of autonomous
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The new constitution created, for the first time, Swiss citizenship in addition to cantonal citizenship.
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has its origins in the 18th century, but boomed during the 19th century, turning the village of
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for a one-year term, with the position rotating among the members of the Federal Council.
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dissolved it on 21 October 1847. A confederate army was raised against the members of the
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was made up of eleven members elected for three years by the Federal Assembly. The
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of 1815, §6, which forbade separate alliances, and the Radical majority in the
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emerged as a significant factor in Swiss economy with the foundation of the
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A federal university and a polytechnic school were to be founded. All
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capital of the newly created confederation), and on 28 November 1848
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opposing. The new constitution was declared on 12 September 1848.
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In 1850, the population was 59.3% Protestant and 40.6% Catholic
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them of determining the home of the Federal authorities (the
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into an industrial center. Rapid urban growth also enlarged
705:(mercenary service) was outlawed, with the exception of the
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was imposed to replace the cantonal currencies, while all
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At the end of the Sonderbund War, the Diet debated a new
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391:. The constitution, which was heavily influenced by the
512:, composed of soldiers of all the other states except
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in 1841. When Lucerne, in retaliation, recalled the
774:The 1847 to 1914 period saw the development of the
381:began on 12 September 1848, with the creation of a
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
991:A Very Civil War: The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847
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958:notably the shooting of 13 demonstrators by the
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469:: separate alliance) was concluded after the
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936:Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911).
893:Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911).
840:in the 1850s–60s laid the foundation to the
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687:between cantons were abolished. In 1851 the
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425:The federal troops during the Sonderbund war
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2132:States and territories established in 1848
1995:Cultural Property of National Significance
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481:the same year, groups of armed radicals ("
437:ended with a war between the conservative
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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939:"Switzerland/History/Constitution"
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744:(those of 1848 without Ticino, but with
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948:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.).
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34:needs additional citations for
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896:"Switzerland/Geography"
449:). The conflict between the
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2112:19th century in Switzerland
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945:Encyclopædia Britannica
902:Encyclopædia Britannica
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880:Notes and references
864:Alemannic separatism
798:Gotthard Rail Tunnel
788:in 1847, connecting
574:Federal Constitution
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383:federal constitution
43:improve this article
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1176:Physiographic areas
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606:Council of States (
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1188:Swiss Plateau
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1066:Early history
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976:Cst. art. 174
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471:Radical Party
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445:cantons (the
444:
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431:Swiss history
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157:Early history
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1973:National Day
1896:Coat of arms
1886:Architecture
1853:Swiss people
1843:Prostitution
1813:Homelessness
1783:Demographics
1768:Conscription
1705:Trade unions
1640:Central bank
1525:Human rights
1478:Constitution
1203:Subdivisions
1138:list of wars
1117:
1040:Major topics
1039:
971:
954:
943:
900:
888:
835:
821:
802:
779:
773:
757:
754:
719:
711:
702:Reisläuferei
700:
698:
674:
661:
658:
650:
645:
639:
635:
623:
615:
607:
599:
596:
538:drawn up by
533:
530:
525:
509:
503:
495:
493:
484:Freischärler
482:
462:
446:
428:
387:
378:
377:The rise of
376:
310:LGBT history
269:
251:Regeneration
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2091:Switzerland
1946:Röstigraben
1823:Immigration
1630:Agriculture
1504:Government
1388:Earthquakes
1113:Restoration
1098:Reformation
1061:Enlargement
1027:Switzerland
874:Switzerland
638:judiciary (
616:Nationalrat
556:Unterwalden
544:Henri Druey
459:Reformation
435:Restoration
300:Immigration
278:(1914–1945)
253:(1830–1847)
247:(1814–1830)
245:Restoration
241:(1798–1814)
224:(1648–1798)
218:(1516–1648)
216:Reformation
212:(1291–1516)
140:Switzerland
138:History of
2101:Categories
1953:Literature
1808:Healthcare
1793:Euthanasia
1773:Corruption
1685:Swiss made
1664:(currency)
1567:Parliament
1562:Neutrality
1183:Swiss Alps
1123:World wars
1086:RĂĽtli Oath
960:Swiss Army
817:Aussersihl
758:Initiative
722:referendum
526:Sonderbund
510:Sonderbund
505:Tagsatzung
496:Sonderbund
463:Sonderbund
455:Protestant
443:Protestant
305:Swiss Jews
276:World Wars
193:(900–1300)
166:Prehistory
69:newspapers
1921:Languages
1788:Education
1710:Transport
1652:Companies
1495:Elections
1433:Mountains
1413:Hydrology
1350:Districts
1164:Geography
1071:Roman era
833:in 1872.
699:In 1859,
689:telegraph
624:Bundesrat
608:Ständerat
514:Neuchâtel
433:known as
183:(400–900)
177:Alemannia
171:Roman era
2067:Politics
2035:Category
1980:Religion
1916:Helvetia
1911:Folklore
1828:Pensions
1758:Abortion
1690:Taxation
1552:Military
1461:Politics
1408:Glaciers
1376:By topic
1056:Timeline
1031:articles
848:See also
746:Fribourg
681:currency
662:de facto
451:Catholic
286:Timeline
191:Burgundy
181:Burgundy
129:a series
127:Part of
2079:History
2053:Portals
2019:Outline
1990:Symbols
1941:Romansh
1936:Italian
1901:Cuisine
1873:Culture
1858:Welfare
1838:Poverty
1833:Prisons
1746:Society
1700:Tourism
1635:Banking
1613:Economy
1418:Islands
1403:Forests
1383:Climate
1211:Cantons
1048:History
966:in 1932
823:Banking
750:Lucerne
739:⁄
729:⁄
685:customs
479:Jesuits
405:cantons
292:Topical
83:scholar
2040:Portal
1931:French
1926:German
1891:Cinema
1881:Anthem
1803:Health
1662:Franc
1657:Energy
1594:Voting
1483:Courts
1443:Rivers
1091:Growth
1029:
964:Geneva
813:ZĂĽrich
796:. The
790:ZĂĽrich
564:Ticino
560:Valais
552:Schwyz
522:Ticino
475:Aargau
467:German
272:(1848)
210:Growth
187:Swabia
131:on the
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2026:Index
1985:Sport
1963:Music
1958:Media
1863:Women
1778:Crime
1438:Parks
1423:Lakes
1398:Fauna
794:Baden
90:JSTOR
76:books
1906:Flag
1725:road
1720:rail
1530:LGBT
836:The
803:The
792:and
748:and
666:Bern
636:The
566:and
516:and
494:The
453:and
62:news
1715:air
1542:Law
962:in
752:).
672:).
548:Uri
45:by
2103::
1341:ZH
1336:ZG
1331:VS
1326:VD
1321:UR
1316:TI
1311:TG
1306:SZ
1301:SO
1296:SH
1291:SG
1286:OW
1281:NW
1276:NE
1271:LU
1266:JU
1261:GR
1256:GL
1251:GE
1246:FR
1241:BS
1236:BL
1231:BE
1226:AR
1221:AG
1216:AI
942:.
912:^
899:.
844:.
709:.
562:,
558:,
554:,
550:,
491:.
189:·
179:·
2055::
1019:e
1012:t
1005:v
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737:1
731:2
727:1
642:)
626:)
618:)
610:)
465:(
366:e
359:t
352:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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