1376:
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285:
824:
1534:
362:
1227:
1548:
388:
375:
453:
297:
607:
508:
401:
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521:
482:
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560:
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427:
349:
336:
272:
153:
469:
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257:
1508:
1029:
440:
323:
1021:
573:
547:
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47:
1494:
1480:
1367:. The Sonderbund forces resisted courageously for a while before retreating. This federal victory cut the connection between Lucerne and Zug, another of Dufour's objectives. In his report to the Diet of November 23, Dufour wrote with satisfaction that the troops of Schwyz had withdrawn to the other side of Lake Zug and were now cut off from the rest of the Sonderbund army.
1214:
battle. The besieged
Fribourgeois asked for an armistice for the day, which Dufour accepted. But because of mistaken orders, the Vaudois troops facing the redoubt of Bertigny launched an attack against the fortress after a brief artillery exchange. They were repelled with eight dead and some fifty wounded; several defenders were also killed or wounded.
1218:
troops. Many accusations of treason were raised, notably against the commander, Colonel de
Maillardoz, who had to flee into exile to Neuchâtel. While it was eventually shown that the surrender had been a decision of the civil government about which de Maillardoz had not even been consulted, he remained disgraced.
1339:
Colonel
Ziegler personally led his division's third and victorious assault, later depicted in a lithograph that would become one of the war's most well-known images. After two hours, the battle resulted in a federal victory after von Salis-Soglio, wounded in the head by a mortar detonation, ordered a retreat to
1433:
in the district of March, was then approved by the electorate on 27 February 1848. The new constitution of 1848 reformed the government of the Canton. Perhaps the greatest change was that it abolished the
Landsgemeinde, which had formerly been the supreme authority. It split the government into three
1408:
The last member of the
Sonderbund, Valais, surrendered on November 29 bringing the war to an end. The federal army had lost 78 men killed and had 260 wounded. Sonderbund losses were even lower. Later research arrived at 60 deaths and 386 wounded on the federal side and 33 killed and 124 wounded among
1383:
The federal victories at
Gisikon and Meierskappel brought federal troops within striking distance of Lucerne. On the evening of November 23, the leadership of Lucerne and the Jesuits abandoned the city and fled to Uri. On the following morning the victorious federal troops entered the city unopposed.
1177:
On 9 November, Dufour launched the first offensive against
Fribourg, in accordance with his general plan. Dufour chose Fribourg as his first target in part because it was geographically isolated from the other rebel cantons and in part because it was close to Bern. The former factor made it easier to
1338:
Near
Gisikon, the federal army constructed several pontoon bridges to cross the Reuss. At this point, the Sonderbund commander, von Salis-Soglio, had concentrated his troops on an elevation, well-hidden behind trees and underbrush. After two federal assaults on the Sonderbund position were repulsed,
1238:
The act of surrender signed by
Fribourg would become a template for the other Sonderbund cantons. With it, Fribourg undertook to leave the Sonderbund, to disarm its soldiers and to provide for the federal occupation troops. On 15 November, a new Fribourgeois government of a Radical bent was elected,
935:
of 1815, the major powers guaranteed the new Swiss
Constitution and had a right to intervene if they all agreed it was necessary. At this point, Austria and France were conservative Catholic powers and wanted to help the Swiss conservatives. Austria did provide some money and munitions, but bickered
1205:
The Fribourgeois commander was led to anticipate an attack from the direction of Bern by the advance of a Bernese reserve division, which had been ordered to pretend to attack with a maximum of noise. Meanwhile, Dufour brought a battery of 60 guns into position, with which he intended to bring down
1114:
Vaud, in particular, suspected the Principality of Neuchâtel of secretly supporting the Sonderbund. Several incidents ensued, notably the capture of a lake steamship of Neuchâtel by troops from Vaud. On 29 October, Colonel Rillet-Constant asked Dufour's permission to march on Neuchâtel. The general
1047:
On October 24, immediately prior to taking the oath of office, Dufour requested explanations concerning his orders (which were written in German) and, after an impolitic remark by the representative of Vaud, Jules Eytel, he declined the office and left the meeting of the Diet. It took two sessions
1251:
As soon as the new government was installed, Dufour left Fribourg for central Switzerland with his army. He left the western theatre of operations to Rillet-Constant, who was allowed to shift his headquarters to the Chablais, but was forbidden to take any unilateral action against Valais without
1247:
On both sides of the war, the fall of Fribourg was commented on by the press and the political leaders. In Lucerne and Valais, proclamations were read to the troops, assuring them that this setback would have no effect on the coalition. Catholic newspapers doubted the news of the capitulation or
1424:
In Schwyz the conservative government was dissolved and a new provisional government and constitution established. The first attempt at a constitution, which split the district of Schwyz in two and moved the cantonal capital away from Schwyz, was narrowly defeated on 27 January 1848. The second
1217:
Nonetheless, on the morning of 14 November, two delegates of the governing Council of State of Fribourg brought Dufour the news of the canton's surrender, decided by majority vote. While Confederate Switzerland rejoiced at the news, the surrender was a bitter disappointment to the Fribourgeouis
1346:
The battle of Gisikon was the longest and, with 37 dead and some 100 wounded, the bloodiest of the war. It is, to date, the last pitched battle in the history of the Swiss army. It was also the first battle in military history in which dedicated wagons were employed to treat the wounded on the
1213:
On the morning of 13 November, with the assault ready to begin, Dufour sent a Vaudois lieutenant to Fribourg under a flag of truce. The emissary's message revealed Dufour's forces and plan of attack to the Fribourgeois government, and called on them to surrender in order to prevent a murderous
892:
from the largely Catholic cantons were opposed to the new constitution. These cantons combined to form the Sonderbund in 1845. In addition to the centralization of the Swiss government, the proposed new Constitution also included protections for trade and other progressive reform measures.
1234:
On the evening of 14 November, the government of Valais decided to launch an offensive against Vaud in response to Fribourg's call for help. But news of the capitulation came soon enough for the Valaisans to recall the troops and set them into motion for a manoeuvre against Ticino.
1169:, they entered Aargau on November 12 in order to split the federal forces into two halves and relieve Fribourg, which was surrounded by Confederate territory. But after a few advances, they were stopped by Ziegler and retreated with losses into the canton of Lucerne.
1297:
Dufour launched his principal offensive according to plan on November 23: The 4th (Ziegler) and the 5th divisions (GmĂĽr) followed the Reuss valley to the south, each on one side. They were supported by the 3rd division (von Donats) descending along the
1115:
refused, instead asking Rillet-Constant to levy additional troops in order to make up for the defection of Neuchâtel. When the Federal Diet on October 30 formally requested Neuchâtel to supply its contingent of troops, the Principality refused. King
1434:
branches, legislature, executive and judiciary and created a three-tier structure of municipalities, districts and canton. It created proportional representation and allowed the population to vote on laws and constitutional amendments.
1420:
were punished for not providing troops to the federal army. Neuchâtel paid 300,000 francs and Appenzell paid 15,000 into a fund to support war widows and orphans. By February 1848 all federal troops withdrew from the occupied cantons.
1243:
from the canton. The day after, the Vaudois commander, Colonel Rillet-Constant, had to declare a state of siege to prevent federal soldiers from pillaging and sacking the city, against the strict orders of their superiors.
1293:
voted for surrender on 21 November by a large majority. The federal troops which entered the city of Zug unopposed the day after were acclaimed by the population, and a few months later, a new government would be elected.
997:) for general conscription. These votes occurred on September 26 (Schwyz), October 3 (Uri and Zug) and October 10 (Nidwalden, Obwalden and Valais). Troop mobilisation began on October 16 and was concluded on October 19.
1288:
offered to him by the local arsenal, writing that he intended to "avoid as far as possible to give this war a violent character which cannot but harm our cause.". To the surprise of both sides, the parliament of the
896:
The Sonderbund alliance was concluded after the Federal Diet, with the approval of a majority of cantons, had taken measures against the Roman Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in
1182:; the latter meant that it posed a threat to the Federal Diet if it was not neutralized immediately. Moreover, Fribourg's capture would allow Dufour to concentrate his forces in the center of the country.
888:) in the early 1840s. It proposed a new Constitution for the Swiss Confederation which would draw the several cantons into a closer relationship. In 1843, the conservative city patricians and mountain or
1520:
920:
of 1815, which expressly forbade such separate alliances. The confederate army was raised against the members of the Sonderbund. The army was composed of soldiers of all the other cantons except
783:
in a campaign that lasted only a few weeks, from November 3 to November 29, and cost about 100 lives. Dufour ordered his troops to care for the injured, anticipating the formation of the
1271:, where they stopped to await reinforcements. But the first to be reinforced were the Ticinesi, who received the support of some battalions from the Grisons, which arrived on the 22nd.
1095:) from among the Radicals. On October 30, the Diet ordered the general mobilisation of the army and, on November 4, the military execution of its decree dissolving the Sonderbund.
713:("separate alliance") in 1845 to protect their interests against a centralization of power. The war concluded with the defeat of the Sonderbund. It resulted in the emergence of
959:
2254:
990:
as chief of staff. Although a Protestant himself, Salis-Soglio was a staunch Conservative and an opponent of the liberal Radicals who now controlled the "rump Confederation".
1024:
The general staff of the federal army: Kurz, Minscher, Enloff, Bontemps, Gerwer, MĂĽller, Ziegler, Bourkhardt, Dufour, Rilliet de Constant, Luvini, Donats, Ochsenbein and GmĂĽr
940:, Prime Minister of Britain, vetoed any intervention, because he favored the liberal cause and wanted the Jesuits expelled. There was no significant foreign intervention.
1446:
ended the almost complete independence of the cantons and transformed Switzerland into a federal state. The Jesuits were constitutionally banished from Switzerland. This
1072:
979:
1044:
to this post. In his letter of acceptance to the Diet of October 22, Dufour emphasized that he would "do everything in order to alleviate the inevitable evils of war".
1161:
On November 7, Sonderbund forces under direct command of Jean-Ulrich de Salis-Soglio and von Elgger prepared to launch a second offensive into the Freiamt region of
1052:
1000:
Also in October, several fortifications were built on Sonderbund territory, notably in Valais, where Kalbermatten's forces were massed by the end of October between
1194:
1151:
975:
1375:
1111:, which both had a strong Catholic minority population, officially declared their neutrality in the conflict and refused to provide troops for the Confederation.
971:
916:
The liberal majority in the Tagsatzung voted to order the Sonderbund dissolved on October 21, 1847; it deemed the Sonderbund a violation of section 6 of the
31:
1158:
remained open to the Confederates. The first deaths of the war occurred on November 4, when an officer and a soldier from Uri were killed by the Ticinesi.
1248:
claimed that the Valaisans had launched a victorious offensive into the Chablais. On the Federal side, public confidence and the morale of the army grew.
1146:. But contrary to triumphant proclamations in the Sonderbund newspapers, the action failed to effectively separate the federal troops under Luvini in the
2279:
1579:
1126:
resisted the requests of the Diet for a time, but ultimately provided its contingent of troops by November 6, two days after the opening of hostilities.
987:
1451:
1080:
1084:
1064:
1930:
1318:. The reserve artillery was concentrated on the bridgehead of Gisikon, which set up the main battle between the left bank of the Reuss and the
2079:
1359:
Also on November 23, while the 2nd and 3rd federal divisions proceeded without opposition to Lucerne, the 5th division engaged troops from
1048:
behind closed doors, and a delegation of the representatives of Geneva, to convince Dufour to reconsider and to be sworn in on 25 October.
967:
815:, after which Lucerne capitulated on 24 November. The rest of the Sonderbund surrendered without armed resistance in the subsequent weeks.
262:
2084:
1799:
1849:
937:
718:
2259:
1119:, as Prince of Neuchâtel, eventually settled the issue by declaring the Principality "neutral and inviolate" during the hostilities.
2047:
1040:
of Geneva as commander in chief of the federal army, despite his reluctance and the efforts of the Bernese government to appoint
1559:
111:
2274:
2009:
1679:
857:
83:
2249:
1400:
and Valais. Unterwalden surrendered on November 25, followed by Schwyz on the following day and then Uri on November 27.
1887:«Dans la séance du 25, M. Dufour a été assermenté et a accepté le commandement tel qu'il lui a été conféré par la Diète»
2239:
1533:
90:
2264:
2156:
1861:
993:
The Sonderbund cantons, except for Lucerne and Fribourg, sought and obtained the assent of their popular assemblies (
130:
1259:
On the morning of 17 November, the troops of Uri with some reinforcements from Nidwald advanced into Ticino towards
1626:
704:
1539:
775:(Federal Diet) declared the Sonderbund unconstitutional (October 1847) and ordered it dissolved by force, General
2101:
1284:
In Aarau, Dufour prepared his forces and his battle plan until November 20. He declined to equip his forces with
1116:
64:
1789:
1412:
The Sonderbund governments were forced to resign and in Fribourg, Lucerne and Valais the Liberals gained power.
97:
1621:
780:
714:
611:
235:
68:
982:
of Valais. After Kalbermatten declined the appointment (he would later command the troops of Valais), Colonel
2269:
2166:
2234:
1322:, with the Lucernese troops caught between five columns of troops arriving from five different directions.
79:
1471:
983:
2244:
1708:
1547:
1443:
1001:
17:
2131:
A laboratory of liberty: the transformation of political culture in Republican Switzerland, 1750–1848
1616:
1465:
764:, also predominantly Catholic but governed by liberal administrations, did not join the alliance.
1818:
1604:
1485:
1330:
958:
The question of command remained long unsettled with the Sonderbund. The coalition's strong man,
884:
and was strong in the largely Protestant cantons, obtained the majority in the Federal Diet (the
853:
57:
1736:
1573:
1507:
1037:
776:
700:
599:
380:
289:
284:
1702:
1413:
1104:
963:
921:
1417:
1108:
925:
909:) invaded the canton. This caused a revolt, mostly because rural cantons were strongholds of
104:
1598:
986:
of Grisons was elected and sworn in as commander in chief on 15 January 1847. He appointed
823:
393:
1430:
1252:
Dufour's direct order. By 15 November, the federal forces passed through Bern and reached
970:
of Austria were mentioned), but the allied council insisted on a Swiss commander. General
8:
2044:
1592:
1479:
1397:
1155:
1139:
1060:
901:
in 1841, and the seizure of their properties. When Lucerne, in retaliation, recalled the
761:
406:
2202:
2025:
1519:
1138:
in the early days of November. They thereby succeeded in keeping the connection between
1068:
1051:
After publishing a proclamation on October 26, Dufour appointed as division commanders:
2118:
1924:
1788:
1499:
1447:
932:
729:
487:
1493:
1134:
The first actions were taken by the Sonderbund. Troops from Uri seized the undefended
2152:
1857:
1525:
1226:
1135:
1041:
725:
606:
500:
2190:
1425:
constitution, which removed the mentioned points and merged the former districts of
1450:
was lifted on 20 May 1973, when 54.9% of the population and 16.5 cantons out of 22
1396:
without a formal vote. Between 25–29 November federal troops moved peacefully into
1186:
902:
741:
684:
594:
539:
458:
354:
341:
302:
2141:
2051:
1971:
1285:
869:
861:
676:
668:
1672:
1666:
1660:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1610:
1092:
1005:
917:
910:
753:
328:
1189:, the enclaves of Fribourg in the canton of Vaud, and most of the district of
2228:
2075:
2070:
1794:
1290:
1166:
994:
749:
737:
578:
552:
152:
812:
1364:
1028:
808:
2214:
2163:
Three Weeks in November: A Military History of the Swiss Civil War of 1847
1759:
Three Weeks in November: A Military History of the Swiss Civil War of 1847
1020:
881:
1846:
See Dufour's letter of 19 October to the president of the Diet, cited in
1744:
1565:
1319:
1123:
877:
787:
in which he participated a few years later. Major actions were fought at
779:
led the federal army of 100,000 and defeated the Sonderbund forces under
745:
696:
315:
1803:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 259.
1348:
1307:
1143:
885:
770:
35:
2122:
1835:
1775:
1393:
2191:
Schweizer Geschichte: Der Weg zum modernen demokratischen Bundesstaat
906:
784:
692:
513:
1437:
46:
1426:
1311:
1207:
1009:
788:
526:
2069:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1240:
1056:
804:
800:
796:
792:
419:
367:
978:
of Fribourg were considered, but ultimately the council elected
936:
with France on exactly what to do. When they finally did agree,
1830:
Roger Bullen, "Guizot and the 'Sonderbund' Crisis, 1846–1848."
1387:
1360:
1340:
1315:
1303:
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1190:
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1088:
905:
to head its education the same year, groups of armed radicals (
898:
757:
733:
565:
432:
277:
1299:
1264:
1253:
827:
Distribution of confessions at the start of the 19th century
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445:
1193:
without resistance. The Fribourgeois troops under Colonel
1129:
1392:
On 26 November 1847, the Sonderbund council dissolved in
1185:
By 10 and 11 November, federal troops seized the city of
2215:
Chronologie und Originalquellen aus dem Sonderbundskrieg
1279:
2029:
30:"Sonderbund" redirects here. For the art movement, see
1200:
1154:(the brother of the insurgent commander), because the
2255:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe
1221:
1036:
On 21 October 1847, the Federal Diet elected General
962:
of Lucerne, first considered appointing a foreigner (
2109:
Duffield, W.B. (1895). "The War of the Sonderbund".
1379:
The 2nd Division crosses the Emme river into Littau.
1351:
were operated by volunteers and nurses from ZĂĽrich.
2149:
A very civil war. The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847.
2003:
1306:, and by the 2nd division (Burckhardt), which left
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1997:
1991:
1815:The transformation of European politics, 1763–1848
1723:A very civil war. The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847
1310:to arrive at the Reuss north of Lucerne by way of
32:Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und KĂĽnstler
1957:La Guerre du Sonderbund vue par le Général Dufour
1854:La Guerre du Sonderbund vue par le Général Dufour
1457:
1438:Aftermath: The Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848
209:3–29 November 1847 (3 weeks and 5 days)
2226:
1734:
1652:
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1648:
1646:
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1642:
1239:who as its first act expelled the order of the
699:, then still a relatively loose confederacy of
34:. For the jungle area in the Ganges delta, see
1917:Souvenirs d'un officier fribourgeois 1798–1848
2105:(Cambridge University Press, 2013). pp 132–61
1673:
1639:
752:, all predominantly Catholic and governed by
2212:
2200:
2188:
2088:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1955:
1885:
1787:Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911).
1770:W. B. Duffield, "The War of the Sonderbund"
1741:Allgemeine Schweizerische Militärzeitschrift
1667:
1661:
1388:Surrender of the rest of Central Switzerland
768:
708:
177:
1914:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1165:. After destroying a bridge over the river
724:The Sonderbund consisted of the cantons of
1980:
1929:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1976:. The University Press. pp. 391–395.
1354:
1263:, which fell, then the day after towards
1032:Swiss Army uniforms of the Sonderbund War
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2108:
2099:Church, Clive H., and Randolph C. Head.
2074:
1847:
1790:"Switzerland/History/Constitution"
1786:
1686:
1374:
1329:
1225:
1172:
1027:
1019:
822:
1969:
1963:
1370:
1334:Rust's battery at the battle of Gisikon
1274:
1178:confront than the other members of the
1130:Sonderbund actions in Ticino and Aargau
948:
14:
2280:Catholic–Protestant sectarian violence
2227:
2173:Die Geschichte des Sonderbundskrieges
1280:Preparations and the surrender of Zug
876:), which was mainly made up of urban
717:, concluding the period of political
2010:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1704:The Cambridge Modern history vol. XI
1680:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1325:
953:
858:Free Democratic Party of Switzerland
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
2175:. Verlag Berichthaus, ZĂĽrich 1966.
1936:
1898:
1876:In Reverdine (1997), op.cit., p. 28
1201:The siege and surrender of Fribourg
1071:) from among the Conservatives and
24:
2093:
1613:or Second War of Villmergen (1712)
1222:Aftermath of the Fribourg campaign
1206:the fortifications of the city of
25:
2291:
2182:
2138:History of Switzerland, 1499–1914
1973:History of Switzerland, 1499-1914
1780:
1403:
1197:retreated to defend the capital.
2260:History of Catholicism in Europe
2102:A concise history of Switzerland
2062:
1627:List of wars between democracies
1572:
1558:
1546:
1532:
1518:
1506:
1492:
1478:
1464:
1150:from those in the Grisons under
756:administrations. The cantons of
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593:
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545:
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519:
506:
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480:
467:
451:
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151:
45:
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2016:
1948:
1907:
1879:
1870:
1840:
1735:Stasi-Lauterburg, JĂĽrg (2011).
1347:battlefield. These horse-drawn
1117:Frederick William IV of Prussia
1015:
866:Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei
56:needs additional citations for
2151:Westview Press, Boulder 1993.
2045:Cantonal Results of Referendum
1824:
1807:
1764:
1751:
1728:
1715:
1622:Switzerland as a federal state
1458:Military and political leaders
1230:The battle of Airolo in Ticino
1008:, with a view of invading the
781:Johann Ulrich von Salis-Soglio
719:"restoration and regeneration"
715:Switzerland as a federal state
612:Johann Ulrich von Salis-Soglio
13:
1:
1737:"200 Jahre Ulrich Ochsenbein"
1632:
818:
232:Dissolution of the Sonderbund
27:1847 civil war in Switzerland
1856:. Slatkine. pp. 25–26.
1454:modifying the Constitution.
1256:on the evening of the 16th.
1142:and the Valais open via the
236:Federal constitution of 1848
7:
2275:19th century in Switzerland
1915:de Schaller, Henri (1890).
1821:, 1996) pp. 571–72, 793–97.
1586:
1540:Constantin Siegwart-Mueller
1472:Jean-Ulrich de Salis-Soglio
1098:
984:Jean-Ulrich de Salis-Soglio
968:Friedrich von Schwarzenberg
943:
10:
2296:
2250:Wars involving Switzerland
1848:Reverdin, Olivier (1997).
1774:10#40 (1895), pp. 675–698
1709:Cambridge University Press
1444:Swiss Federal Constitution
960:Constantin Siegwart-MĂĽller
928:(which remained neutral).
874:Parti radical-démocratique
29:
2240:Civil wars in Switzerland
2111:English Historical Review
1970:Oechsli, Wilhelm (1922).
1832:English Historical Review
1772:English Historical Review
1617:Restoration (Switzerland)
1073:Louis Rilliet de Constant
980:Guillaume de Kalbermatten
836: Majority Protestant
691:) of November 1847 was a
630:
617:
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247:
201:
150:
145:
2265:Jesuit history in Europe
1954:Cited by O. Reverdin in
1834:86.340 (1971): 497–526.
1267:and on the 21st towards
703:. It ensued after seven
2085:Encyclopædia Britannica
1939:La Guerre du Sonderbund
1901:La Guerre du Sonderbund
1819:Oxford University Press
1800:Encyclopædia Britannica
1605:First War of Villmergen
1486:Josef Franz Karl Amrhyn
1053:Peter Ludwig von Donatz
844: Majority Catholic
2213:
2201:
2189:
2028:on the website of the
1956:
1886:
1380:
1355:Battle of Meierskappel
1335:
1231:
1195:Philippe de Maillardoz
1152:Eduard de Salis-Soglio
1038:Guillaume Henri Dufour
1033:
1025:
976:Philippe de Maillardoz
873:
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856:(progressive liberal)
849:
777:Guillaume Henri Dufour
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600:Guillaume Henri Dufour
587:Commanders and leaders
178:
2203:Sonderbundskrieg 1847
1418:Appenzell Innerrhoden
1378:
1333:
1229:
1173:The Fribourg campaign
1109:Appenzell Innerrhoden
1031:
1023:
972:Ludwig von Sonnenberg
926:Appenzell Innerrhoden
826:
689:Guerra del Sonderbund
631:Casualties and losses
2270:November 1847 events
2030:Swiss Administration
1743:: 34–35 – via
1711:. 1909. p. 251.
1599:Second War of Kappel
1371:Surrender of Lucerne
1275:The Lucerne campaign
949:Preparations for war
681:Guerre du Sonderbund
228:Confederate victory
65:improve this article
2235:1847 in Switzerland
1893:Nouvelliste vaudois
1813:Paul W. Schroeder,
1593:First War of Kappel
1398:Central Switzerland
1156:San Bernardino Pass
1140:central Switzerland
1061:Johannes Burckhardt
964:Dezydery Chłapowski
707:cantons formed the
263:Swiss Confederation
2136:Oechsli, Wilhelm.
2050:2018-11-15 at the
1895:. 29 October 1847.
1381:
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1091:) and Ochsenbein (
1034:
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850:
2245:Conflicts in 1847
1937:du Bois, Pierre.
1899:du Bois, Pierre.
1580:Bernard von Meyer
1526:Jean-Marc Mousson
1448:Special Provision
1326:Battle of Gisikon
1136:St. Gotthard Pass
1042:Ulrich Ochsenbein
954:Sonderbund forces
803:, and finally at
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642:386 / 260 wounded
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2147:Remak, Joachim.
2142:full text online
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1409:the Sonderbund.
1286:Congreve rockets
1187:Estavayer-le-Lac
988:Franz von Elgger
933:Treaty of Vienna
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2161:Weaver, Ralph.
2117:(40): 675–698.
2096:
2094:Further reading
2078:, ed. (1911). "
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2058:
2057:
2052:Wayback Machine
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2129:Lerner, Marc.
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2015:
2007:in the online
1979:
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1903:. p. 144.
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1795:Chisholm, Hugh
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1757:Ralph Weaver,
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1677:in the online
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1404:End of the war
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1065:Eduard Ziegler
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121:November 2017
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82: –
81:
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76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2172:
2162:
2148:
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2110:
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2018:
2008:
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1678:
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1553:Col Burkardt
1441:
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1411:
1407:
1391:
1382:
1365:Meierskappel
1358:
1345:
1337:
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1133:
1121:
1113:
1102:
1081:Dominik GmĂĽr
1050:
1046:
1035:
1016:Federal army
999:
992:
974:and Colonel
957:
930:
915:
907:Freischärler
895:
889:
851:
809:Meierskappel
766:
754:conservative
723:
664:
662:
639:60 / 78 dead
473:
465:
381:Schaffhausen
290:Appenzell AR
261:
253:
248:Belligerents
227:
191:
176:
166:Confederates
165:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
2220:(in German)
2208:(in German)
2196:(in German)
2177:(in German)
2080:Switzerland
2042:(in German)
2023:(in French)
1935:, cited by
1919:. Fribourg.
1745:E-Periodica
1566:Rageth Abys
1320:lake of Zug
1124:Basel-Stadt
878:bourgeoisie
746:Unterwalden
697:Switzerland
654:124 wounded
316:Basel-Stadt
218:Switzerland
2229:Categories
1657:Sonderbund
1633:References
1349:ambulances
1308:Langenthal
1180:Sonderbund
1144:Furka Pass
886:Tagsatzung
819:Background
813:SchĂĽpfheim
771:Tagsatzung
767:After the
710:Sonderbund
474:Sonderbund
394:St. Gallen
368:GraubĂĽnden
179:Sonderbund
91:newspapers
36:Sundarbans
18:Sonderbund
2144:pp 386–95
1925:cite book
1897:cited by
1431:Pfäffikon
1414:Neuchâtel
1105:Neuchâtel
1012:of Vaud.
922:Neuchâtel
785:Red Cross
762:Solothurn
693:civil war
514:Nidwalden
407:Solothurn
2048:Archived
1944:op. cit.
1850:Slatkine
1836:in JSTOR
1776:in JSTOR
1587:See also
1427:Wollerau
1312:Willisau
1208:Fribourg
1099:Neutrals
1010:Chablais
944:Conflict
890:Ur-Swiss
882:burghers
789:Fribourg
730:Fribourg
705:Catholic
618:Strength
527:Obwalden
488:Fribourg
214:Location
192:Neutrals
2167:excerpt
2165:(2012)
2140:(1922)
2073::
2004:Italian
1960:, p. 69
1852:(ed.).
1797:(ed.).
1761:(2012).
1725:(1993).
1674:Italian
1394:FlĂĽelen
1241:Jesuits
1057:Grisons
931:By the
903:Jesuits
854:radical
805:Gisikon
801:Lucerne
797:Lunnern
793:Geltwil
726:Lucerne
701:cantons
685:Italian
651:33 dead
501:Lucerne
420:Thurgau
105:scholar
2155:
2123:548178
2121:
2067:
1998:French
1992:German
1860:
1668:French
1662:German
1607:(1656)
1601:(1531)
1595:(1529)
1361:Schwyz
1341:Ebikon
1316:Ruswil
1304:Sursee
1302:until
1269:Biasca
1261:Airolo
1191:Murten
1163:Aargau
1148:Ticino
1089:Ticino
1069:ZĂĽrich
899:Aargau
870:French
862:German
842:
834:
811:, and
758:Ticino
742:Schwyz
734:Valais
677:French
669:German
626:79,000
623:99,000
576:
566:Valais
563:
550:
540:Schwyz
537:
524:
511:
498:
485:
459:ZĂĽrich
456:
443:
433:Ticino
430:
417:
404:
391:
378:
365:
355:Glarus
352:
342:Geneva
339:
326:
313:
300:
278:Aargau
275:
224:Result
190:
188:
175:
173:
164:
162:
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
2119:JSTOR
1793:. In
1363:near
1265:Faido
1254:Aarau
1167:Reuss
112:JSTOR
98:books
2153:ISBN
2001:and
1989:in
1931:link
1913:See
1858:ISBN
1671:and
1659:in
1429:and
1416:and
1314:and
1300:Suhr
1107:and
1093:Bern
1077:Vaud
1063:and
1004:and
924:and
880:and
852:The
760:and
748:and
663:The
446:Vaud
329:Bern
206:Date
84:news
2082:".
1079:),
1059:),
750:Zug
738:Uri
695:in
579:Zug
553:Uri
67:by
2231::
2115:10
2113:.
1995:,
1927:}}
1923:{{
1890:,
1739:.
1688:^
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1641:^
1343:.
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2032:.
2013:.
1941:.
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1866:.
1817:(
1747:.
1683:.
1087:(
1075:(
1067:(
1055:(
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667:(
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
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