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to failure in the epoxy/polymer interface instead of in the bonded joint. The most common method for testing solvent bonds is the tensile shear test using a lap joint configuration. Specimens are tested in shear to failure at a given overlap cross section via tensile loading. This testing method is particularly conducive to thin specimens due to distortion mitigation distortion in the test specimens due to the loading mechanism. Guidance for tensile shear testing may be found in
102:. Polymers will generally be more soluble in solvents with similar solubility parameters to their own in a given state (liquid or solid). The solubility parameters of polymers are not greatly affected by changes in temperature, however the solubility parameters for liquids are affected by temperature. Increasing the temperature lowers the
42:
material softens the polymer, and with applied pressure this results in polymer chain interdiffusion at the bonding junction. When the solvent evaporates, this leaves a fully consolidated bond-line. An advantage to solvent bonding versus other polymer joining methods is that bonding generally occurs
375:
methods for plastic bonding joints: tensile testing, tensile shear test, and peel test. Tensile testing using a butt joint configuration is not very conducive to polymers, particularly thin sheets, due to the challenges of mounting to the load frame. An epoxy may be used for mounting, but can lead
97:
The proper solvent choice for bonding is dependent on the solubility of the chosen thermoplastic in the solvent and the processing temperature. The table below provides a selection of solvents commonly used for bonding specific thermoplastics. Mutual solubility between a polymer and a solvent may
57:
Solvent bonding can be performed using a liquid or gaseous solvent. Liquid solvents are simpler and generally have lower manufacturing costs but are sensitive to surface imperfections that may cause inconsistent or unpredictable bonding. Some solvents available may not react with the thermoplastic
84:
Dip-dab method. A surface to be joined is dipped into a vat of solvent, with the solvent depth being a controlled variable, for a set amount of time. Once the part has been removed from the vat, a screen mesh or foam pad is used to remove the excess solvent before the bonding surfaces are
70:
Brush-on method. The solvent is brushed onto the surfaces to be joined, with subsequent pressure being applied until full strength of the bond is formed after the solvent has fully evaporated.
388:
There are several industries that utilize solvent bonding for their applications. A few of these include microchip manufacturing, medical, and potable and sanitary plumbing systems.
54:
processes in that heating energy is generated by the chemical reaction between the solvent and thermoplastic, and cooling occurs during evaporation of the solvent.
619:
Reich, K.D.; Trussell, A.R.; Lieu, Y.F.; Leong, L.Y.C.; Trussell, R.R. (1981). "Diffusion of
Organics from Solvent-Bonded Plastic Pipes used for Potable Water Plumbing".
73:
Capillary action method. Commonly used with acrylic components, a consistent narrow gap between the parts allows the solvent to flow along the surfaces to be joined, via
530:
Ahmed, S.; Chakrabarty, D.; Bhowmik, S.; Mukherjee, S. (2016). "Comparative
Studies of Solvent Bonding and Adhesive Bonding for Fabrication of Transparent Polymers".
503:
Akhil, A.V.; Raj, D.D.D.; Raj, M.K.; Bhat, S.R.; Akshay, V.; Bhowmik, S.; Ramanathan, S.; Ahmed, S. (2016). "Vaporized
Solvent Bonding of Polymethyl Methacrylate".
50:
Solvent bonding differs from adhesive bonding, because the solvent does not become a permanent addition to the joined substrate. Solvent bonding differs from other
30:(the final result does not rely on the adhesion of another substance and its cohesion between two substrates), but rather a method of fusing two thermoplastic
584:
Wan, Alwin M.D.; Sadri, Amir; Young, Edmond W.K. (2015). "Liquid Phase
Solvent Bonding of Plastic Microfluidic Devices Assisted by Retention Grooves".
455:
Ng, S.H.; Tjeung, R.T.; Wang, Z.F.; Lu, A.C.W.; Rodriguez, I.; de Rooij, N.F. (2008). "Thermally
Activated Solvent Bonding of Polymers".
58:
at room temperature but will react at an elevated temperature resulting in a bond. Curing times are highly variable.
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99:
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Solvent dispenser method. A dispenser is used to precisely control the amount of solvent applied on each surface.
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Yeh, H.J. (2013). "10 Overview of
Welding Methods for Medical Plastics".
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Joining and
Assembly of Medical Materials and Devices
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81:to allow for precise application in the joint gap.
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532:Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry
423:"Basics of Design Engineering: Joining Plastics"
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77:. Application is generally performed using a
360:p-xylene at 75°C for LDPE, at 100°C for HDPE
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505:Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
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93:Thermoplastic and solvent compatibility
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66:Four common application methods are:
16:Type of adhesive bonding for plastics
621:Proceedings - AWWA Annual Conference
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124:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
100:Hildebrand solubility parameter
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570:. Elsevier. pp. 291–294.
517:10.1080/01694243.2015.1125721
433:(16): 77. September 14, 1995.
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367:Testing solvent-bonded joints
45:glass transition temperature
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544:10.3103/S1068375516020022
487:10.1007/s00542-007-0459-1
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98:be determined using the
62:Applying solvent methods
384:Industrial applications
138:Methyl isobutyl ketone
371:There are three main
104:free energy of mixing
26:) is not a method of
118:Compatible Solvents
34:. Application of a
479:2008MiTec..14..753N
286:Methyl ethyl ketone
244:Methyl ethyl ketone
229:Ethylene dichloride
208:Methyl ethyl ketone
193:Ethylene dichloride
172:Methyl ethyl ketone
157:Ethylene dichloride
130:Methyl ethyl ketone
111:
598:10.1039/C5LC00729A
403:Ultrasonic welding
373:mechanical testing
351:Methylene chloride
266:Polyvinyl chloride
237:Methylene chloride
201:Methylene chloride
165:Methylene chloride
145:Methylene chloride
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592:(18): 3785–3792.
457:Microsyst Technol
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180:Vinyl trichloride
79:hypodermic needle
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294:Tetrahydrofuran
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52:plastic welding
24:solvent welding
20:Solvent bonding
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538:(2): 193–201.
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22:(also called
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623:: 1249–1260.
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346:Polysulfone
325:Cyclohexane
279:Cyclohexane
216:Polystyrene
635:Categories
409:References
380:D1002-05.
43:below the
646:Adhesives
470:0802.3064
301:Polyester
651:Plastics
641:Solvents
606:26261900
392:See also
32:plastics
475:Bibcode
339:Toluene
318:Benzene
272:Acetone
252:Toluene
222:Acetone
152:Acrylic
85:paired.
36:solvent
604:
332:Hexane
288:(MEK)
268:(PVC)
259:Xylene
246:(MEK)
231:(EDC)
210:(MEK)
195:(EDC)
174:(MEK)
159:(EDC)
132:(MEK)
126:(ABS)
465:arXiv
218:(PS)
189:(PC)
38:to a
602:PMID
378:ASTM
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