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755:. In fact, herbicide use often selects for horsenettle by removing competing weeds. It is an especially despised weed by gardeners who hand-weed, as the prickles tend to penetrate the skin and then break off when the plant is grasped. The deep root also makes it difficult to remove.
650:
923:"Solanum carolinense (Apple of Sodom, Bull Nettle, Carolina Horse-Nettle, Devil's Potato, Devil's Tomato, Horsenettle, Horse Nettle, Poisonous Potato, Thorn Apple, Wild Tomato) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
853:
EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION, ЕВРОПЕЙСКАЯ И СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРСКАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО КАРАНТИНУ И ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ, ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES,
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soils, and may also tolerate a wide range of soil types. They are most vigorous and most likely to become weedy or dominate on disturbed sites, but can also be found in less disturbed habitats.
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from 1916 to 1936 for use by pharmacists. However all parts of the plant, including its tomato-like fruit, contain toxins in varying degrees due to the presence of
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False potato beetle larvae consuming horsenettle. The leaves contain embedded leaf prickles that extend through the leaf protecting it from many herbivores.
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465:. It flowers throughout the summer, from April to October (on the northern hemisphere). The plant grows to 90 cm (3 ft) tall, is
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margins, and in disturbed areas and waste ground. They grow to about 1 m (40 in) tall, but are typically shorter, existing as
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461:. The immature fruit is dark green with light green stripes, turning yellow and wrinkled as it matures. Each fruit contains around 60
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inches) long, and each is irregularly lobed or coarsely toothed. Both surfaces are covered with fine hairs. Leaves smell like
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have five petals and are usually white or purple with yellow centers, though there is a blue variant that resembles the
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Many parts of the plant have historically been used to create medicines to treat various conditions. It was listed in
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Michael J. Wise, Christopher F. Sacchi, "Impact of two specialist insect herbivores on reproduction of horse nettle,
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1113:
Texas A&M University, AgriLife
Research & Extension Center at Uvalde, Carolina Horse Nettle
716:. Most mammals avoid eating the stems and leaves due to both the spines and toxicity of the plant.
549:. They prefer full sun, but can tolerate both wet or dry conditions. They grow readily in sandy or
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publications usually use the one-word form. Though there are other horsenettle nightshades,
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and one of the plant's natural defenses. While ingesting any part of the plant can cause
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633:(the Colorado potato beetle) and has been recorded as being eaten at very low rates by
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611:(eggplant flea beetle) eats it as well. These two beetles are its two primary
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1021:(Horsenettle) in Northern Virginia: Natural History and Damage Assessment",
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349:. The stem and undersides of larger leaf veins are covered with prickles.
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Young plant showing leaves and flowers. Notice the prickles on the stem.
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352:"Horsenettle" is also written "horse nettle" or "horse-nettle", though
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1057:"Insects, Nematodes, and Pathogens Associated with Horsenettle (
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1081:"Plants Profile for Solanum carolinense (Carolina horsenettle)"
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Fruits are eaten by a variety of native animals, including
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These plants can be found growing in pastures, roadsides,
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as well as by seed. It is resistant to many postemergent
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moths prefer inbred plants to outbred plants. The beetle
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Horse Nettle (Solanum carolinense), Illinois
Wildflowers
677:
on its roots, however causing little damage. The fungus
567:
At least thirty-two insects, as well as the meadow vole
821:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
944:
942:
627:bores into the stems. This plant is also eaten by
556:
1034:
1032:
939:
1606:
573:, have been recorded feeding on this species in
975:"Solanum carolinense - Useful Temperate Plants"
1069:Vol. 40, No. 2 (Apr - Jun., 1992), pp. 320-325
1052:
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411:Leaves are alternate, elliptic-oblong to oval
593:(tobacco hornworm) moth feed on the plant.
469:, and spreads by both seeds and underground
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998:
996:
994:
887:"Identification and Control of Horsenettle
805:
605:specializes on this plant, and the beetle
29:
884:
880:
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637:of an unidentified species of the family
368:horsenettle". Other common names include
991:
867:Flora Italiana, Morella della Carolina,
765:
757:
728:in one US state (Alaska). It can spread
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396:
388:
1012:
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564:pollinate the flowers of this species.
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1043:", Oecologia (1996), 108: pp. 328-337.
875:
1129:
1128:
885:Bradley, Kevin W.; Hagood, Edward S.
819:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
724:Carolina horsenettle is considered a
1448:85848a17-5369-4e67-a190-0c92a723bb2b
1017:Michael J. Wise, "The Herbivores of
1007:
949:Georgetown University Medical Center
483:the United States National Formulary
473:. Stems of older plants are woody.
378:("apple of Sodom"), devil's tomato
370:radical weed, sand brier or briar,
13:
14:
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1536:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:285195-2
557:Faunal associations and diseases
516:, ingesting the fruit can cause
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321:, native to the southeastern
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1635:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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10:
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740:and somewhat resistant to
621:feeds on the flowers, and
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457:are berries that resemble
1625:Flora of Northern America
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630:Leptinotarsa decemlineata
195:
188:
171:
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44:Scientific classification
42:
37:
28:
23:
1630:Plants described in 1753
964:. Retrieved 2013-JUN-25.
796:. Retrieved 2008-SEP-26.
1023:Southeastern Naturalist
979:temperate.theferns.info
719:
570:Microtus pennsylvanicus
413:, 6 to 11 centimetres (
266:Shuttlew. ex Dunal 1852
841:"USDA Plants Database"
771:
763:
690:Erysiphe cichoracearum
658:
522:respiratory depression
402:
394:
305:, but a member of the
889:(Solanum carolinense)
769:
761:
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624:Trichobaris trinotata
400:
392:
364:most commonly called
24:Carolina horsenettle
702:ring-necked pheasant
584:Synanthedon rileyana
299:Carolina horsenettle
1236:solanum-carolinense
1169:Solanum carolinense
1139:Solanum carolinense
1099:Solanum carolinense
1061:) in Bermudagrass (
1059:Solanum carolinense
1041:Solanum carolinense
1025:6(3):505-522. 2007.
1019:Solanum carolinense
927:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
869:Solanum carolinense
856:Solanum carolinense
813:Solanum carolinense
793:Solanum carolinense
673:have been found on
618:Anthonomus nigrinus
602:Leptinotarsa juncta
504:, scratchy throat,
294:Solanum carolinense
243:Solanum carolinense
231:Solanum carolinense
219:Solanum carolinense
207:Solanum carolinense
175:Solanum carolinense
157:S. carolinense
1118:2015-09-10 at the
1106:2020-01-11 at the
960:2013-03-29 at the
772:
764:
683:was found causing
680:Rhizoctonia solani
659:
520:, circulatory and
445:when crushed. The
403:
395:
329:. The plant is an
263:Solanum floridanum
255:Solanum floridanum
1602:
1601:
1482:Open Tree of Life
1131:Taxon identifiers
788:Solanaceae Source
654:
492:which is a toxic
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896:. Archived from
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376:Solanum mammosum
374:, tread-softly,
313:family. It is a
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271:Solanum godfreyi
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16:Species of plant
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1120:Wayback Machine
1108:Wayback Machine
1101:Missouri Plants
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490:glycoalkaloids
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358:S. carolinense
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1065:) Pastures",
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903:on 2010-06-12
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714:striped skunk
711:
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672:
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667:of the genus
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596:Manduca sexta
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590:Manduca sexta
587:moth and the
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1569:horse-nettle
1510:tro-29602586
1138:
1098:
1075:
1067:Weed Science
1066:
1062:
1058:
1040:
1022:
1018:
982:. Retrieved
978:
969:
954:Horse Nettle
953:
930:. Retrieved
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
898:the original
891:in Virginia"
888:
868:
862:
855:
849:
835:
823:. Retrieved
818:
812:
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792:
783:
730:vegetatively
726:noxious weed
723:
699:
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678:
670:Pratylenchus
668:
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579:caterpillars
577:alone. The
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453:flower. The
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333:in parts of
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18:
1407:NatureServe
1322:iNaturalist
1163:Wikispecies
825:17 November
710:wild turkey
639:Gelechiidae
562:Bumble bees
406:Description
383:wild tomato
372:bull nettle
317:herbaceous
303:true nettle
301:, is not a
87:Angiosperms
1609:Categories
1576:WisFlora:
1505:Plant List
1223:Calflora:
984:2023-09-20
932:2023-09-20
807:USDA, NRCS
775:References
749:glyphosate
745:herbicides
738:herbicides
693:, causing
613:herbivores
524:, or even
401:Ripe Fruit
311:nightshade
307:Solanaceae
235:floridanum
223:albiflorum
211:albiflorum
133:Solanaceae
1288:230005870
1233:Cal-IPC:
907:6 October
665:nematodes
662:Parasitic
547:subshrubs
467:perennial
347:Australia
315:perennial
258:Raf. 1840
247:pohlianum
151:Species:
123:Solanales
57:Kingdom:
1556:VASCAN:
1549:29602586
1544:Tropicos
1412:2.150001
1363:10765094
1350:285195-2
1200:BioLib:
1154:Q1044376
1148:Wikidata
1116:Archived
1104:Archived
958:Archived
951: :
809:(n.d.).
747:such as
734:rhizomes
706:bobwhite
685:root rot
575:Virginia
543:railroad
514:diarrhea
510:vomiting
502:headache
494:alkaloid
487:solanine
477:Toxicity
459:tomatoes
443:potatoes
331:invasive
274:Shinners
200:Synonymy
190:Synonyms
129:Family:
113:Asterids
100:Eudicots
1615:Solanum
1301:2932011
675:lesions
581:of the
537:Habitat
532:Ecology
471:rhizome
447:flowers
436:⁄
422:⁄
393:Flowers
362:species
360:is the
144:Solanum
139:Genus:
119:Order:
61:Plantae
1518:PLANTS
1487:390164
1445:NZOR:
1314:100938
1262:581115
1216:224528
1193:100433
762:Flower
712:, and
512:, and
506:nausea
455:fruits
451:tomato
343:Africa
335:Europe
297:, the
226:Kuntze
1566:WiO:
1523:SOCA3
1494:PFI:
1474:28938
1456:NZPCN
1438:50511
1389:30413
1376:50510
1358:IRMNG
1334:IPA:
1327:52899
1275:SOLCA
1249:4XZVH
1203:40754
1177:APA:
901:(PDF)
894:(PDF)
753:2,4-D
635:pupae
551:loamy
526:death
498:fever
463:seeds
319:plant
309:, or
282:Dunal
250:Dunal
245:var.
233:var.
221:var.
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
68:Clade
1579:9201
1559:9377
1531:POWO
1497:4723
1461:2770
1433:NCBI
1399:2709
1384:ITIS
1345:IPNI
1337:6440
1309:GRIN
1296:GBIF
1270:EPPO
1226:7649
1211:BOLD
1188:APNI
1180:3563
909:2013
827:2015
770:Stem
751:and
720:Weed
366:"the
354:USDA
345:and
339:Asia
1587:WFO
1420:NBN
1371:ISC
1283:FNA
1257:EoL
1244:CoL
427:to
380:and
209:f.
1611::
1589::
1546::
1533::
1520::
1507::
1484::
1471::
1458::
1435::
1422::
1409::
1386::
1373::
1360::
1347::
1324::
1311::
1298::
1285::
1272::
1259::
1246::
1213::
1190::
1165::
1150::
1049:^
1031:^
1009:^
993:^
977:.
941:^
925:.
877:^
871:L.
817:.
790::
708:,
704:,
697:.
641:.
528:.
508:,
500:,
341:,
337:,
182:L.
109::
96::
83::
70::
1083:.
987:.
935:.
911:.
843:.
829:.
815:"
811:"
438:2
434:1
431:+
429:4
424:2
420:1
417:+
415:2
385:.
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