31:
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179:
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427:, formed in 1907, was a large philanthropic organization which worked closely with the American Sociological Society, which had medical sociology as a primary focus of its suggested policy reform. Bloom argues that the presidency of Donald R Young, a professor of sociology, that started in 1947 was significant in the development of medical sociology. Young motivated by a desire to legitimize sociology, encouraged
2996:
807:, the social interactions between healthcare providers and those who interact with them, is studied by medical sociology. There are different models for the interaction between a patient and doctor, which may have been more or less prevalent at different times. One such model is medical consumerism that has partly given way to patient consumerism.
412:(ASSA) was a key event in this development. ASSA's initial aim was policy reform on the basis of science. Bloom argues that over the next few decades the role of ASSA moved from advocacy to academic discipline, noting that a number of academic professional bodies broke away from the ASSA during this period, starting with the
874:
risked losing its focus on analysing society. These fears that have been echoed since by Reid, Gold and
Timmermans. Rosenfeld argues that the study of sociology focused solely on making recommendations for medicine has limited use for theory building and its findings cease to apply in different social situations.
818:
is the perspective that doctors want what is best for the patient and must take decisions on behalf of the patient because the patient is not competent to make their own decisions. Parsons argued that though there was an asymmetry of knowledge and power in the doctor patient relationship the medical
830:
Yeyoung Oh Nelson argues that this system of paternalism was in part undermined by organizational change in the following decades in the US whereby insurance companies, managers and the pharmaceutical industry started competing for role of conceptualizing and delivering medical services, part of the
671:
There are a broad range of social constructionist frameworks used in medical sociology that make different assumptions about the relationships between ideas, social processes and the material world. Illnesses vary in the degree to which their definition is socially constructed and some illnesses are
392:
Samuel W. Bloom argues that the study of medical sociology has a long history but tended to be done as one of advocacy in response to social events rather than a field of study. He cites the 1842 publication of the sanitary conditions of the labouring population of Great
Britain as a good example of
379:
of disease meant for some doctors a redirection of medical thought from the purely clinical and psychological criteria of illness. The introduction of 'social' factors into medical explanation was most strongly evidenced in branches of medicine closely related to the community — Social
Medicine and,
569:
argued that medicine had reached a point of "Professional
Dominance" over the content of their work, other health professions and their clients by convincing the public of medicine's effectiveness, gaining a legal monopoly over their work, and appropriating other "medical" knowledge through control
877:
Richard
Boulton argues that medical sociology and social medicine are "co-produced" in the sense that social medicine responds to the conceptualization of medical practices created by medical sociology and alters medical practice and medical understanding in response, and that the effects of these
869:
is a similar field to medical sociology in that it tries to conceptualize social interactions in investigating how the study of social interactions can be used in medicine. However, the two fields have different training, career paths, titles, funding and publication.In the 2010s, Rose and
Callard
848:
studies ethical concern in medical treatment and research. Many scholars believe that bioethics arose due to a perceived lack of accountability of the medical profession, the field has been broadly adopted with most US hospitals offering some form of ethical consultation. The social effects of the
873:
In the 1950s, Strauss argued that it was important to maintain the independence of medical sociology from medicine so that there was a different perspective on sociology separate from the aims of medicine. Strauss feared that if medical sociology started to adopt the goals expected by medicine it
897:
studies some of the same phenomena as medical sociology but argues that medical anthropology has different origins, originally studying medicine within non-western cultures and using different methodologies. He argues that there was some convergence between the disciplines, as medical sociology
826:
referred to medicine as having "professional dominance", determining its work and defining a conceptualization of the problems that are brought to it and the best solutions to them. Professional dominance is defined by three characteristics: practitioners having power over clients, for example
636:
Medicalization can obscure social factors by defining a condition as existing entirely within an individual and can be depoliticizing, suggesting than an intervention should be medical when the best intervention is political. Medicalization can give the profession of medicine undue influence.
758:
Labelling theory separates the aspects of an individual's behaviour that is caused by an illness, and that which is caused by the application of a label. Freidson distinguished labels based on legitimacy and the degree to which to this legitimacy affected an individual's responsibilities.
827:
through dependency, knowledge, or location asymmetry; control over juniors in the field, requiring juniors deference and submission; and control over other professions either by excluding them from practice, or placing them under control of the medical profession.
730:
Parsons argues that defining properties are that the sick person is exempt from normal social roles, that they are not "responsible" for their condition, that they should try to get well, and that they should seek technically competent people to help them.
672:
straightforwardly biologically. For these straightforwardly biologically diseases it would not be meaningful to describe them a social construction, though it might be meaningful to study the social processes that resulted in the discovery of the disease.
734:
The concept of the sick role was critiqued by sociologists from a neo-marxist, phenomonological and social interactionist perspective, as well as by those with an anti-establishment viewpoint. Burnham argues that part of this criticism was a rejection of
762:
Labelling theory has been criticized on the ground that it does not explain which behaviours are labelled as deviant and why people engage in behaviours which are labelled as deviant: labelling theory is not a complete theory of deviant behaviour.
655:
and expression, perception and understanding of illness by individuals, institutions and society. Social constructionists study why diseases exist in one place and not another, or disappear from a particular area. For example,
853:, having its roots in biothetics, is the process by which a doctor and a patient agree to a particular intervention and has. Medical sociology study the social processes that influences and at times limit consent.
691:. For contested diseases can be studied as social constructs but there is no biomedical understanding. Some contested diseases, such as ME/CFS, are accepted by the institutions of biomedicine while others, such as
902:
and began to focus more on the patient, and medical anthropology started to focus on western medicine. He argues that more interdisciplinary communication could improve both disciplines.
617:
describe the process whereby an ever wider range of human experiences are understood is defined, experienced and treated as a medical condition. Examples of medicalization can be seen in
2006:
882:) as the basis for all knowledge, and conversely the tendency to view all knowledge as associated with some activity both risk undermining the field of medical sociology.
557:, but developed further by Benson Snyder. The concept have been criticised by Lakomski and there was considerable debate on the concepts within the educational community.
549:
is a concept in medical education that refers to a distinction between what is officially taught and what is learned by a medical student. The concept was introduced by
679:
when someone complains about a disease despite the medical community being unable to find a biological mechanism for disease. Examples of contested diseases include
629:
as a medical condition. Feminist scholars have shown that the female body is prone to medicalization, arguing that the tendency of viewing the female body as the
408:
Bloom argues the development of medical sociology is linked to the development of sociology within
American universities. He argues that the 1865 creation of the
554:
531:
775:
is considered worthwhile. Psychiatry has emphasizes the biological when considering mental illness. Some psychiatrists have criticized this model: some prefer
206:
680:
375:. In Britain, sociology was introduced into the medical curriculum following the Goodenough report in 1944: "In medicine, 'social explanations' of the
751:
who studied the sociology of marijuana use. He argued that norms and deviant behaviour are partly the result of the definitions applied by others.
539:
1422:
878:
changes are then analyzed by medical sociology once again. He argues that the tendency to view certain theories such as the scientific method (
324:
perspective, looking at how the medical profession secures its own interests. Key contributors to medical sociology since the 1950s include
2013:
1041:
530:
was a central part of the medical sociology since its emergence in the 1950s. The first publication onn the topic was Robert Merton's,
510:
conflict theory perspective considers how the ruling classes can enact power through medicine, while other theories propose a more
431:, an anthropologist who studied the professions, to focus her work on the medical professions due to medicine's societal status.
245:, and the social or cultural (rather than clinical or bodily) effects of medical practice. The field commonly interacts with the
199:
2551:
949:
916:
819:
system provided sufficient safeguards to protect the patient justifying a paternalistic role by the doctor and medical system.
606:, sociologist nursing professor, argued that, so far as nurses were concerned the medical 'paternalistic' attitudes remained.
1974:
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A system of medical paternalism was prominent following the second world war through to the mid-1960s. Writing in the 1970s,
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and institutional behaviours where an individual is viewed as showing certain behaviour because they are in need of support.
470:. Bloom argues that Sullivans work, and its focus on putative interpersonal causes and treatment of schizophrenia influenced
282:
17:
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257:. Medical sociologists are also interested in the qualitative experiences of patients, often working at the boundaries of
409:
192:
89:
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1226:
646:
417:
1470:"Reinforcing medical authority: clinical ethics consultation and the resolution of conflicts in treatment decisions"
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1591:"Social medicine and sociology: the productiveness of antagonisms arising from maintaining disciplinary boundaries"
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models, others have argued that madness is an intelligent response if all circumstances are understood (Laing and
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2814:
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582:. Coburn argued that the academic interest in medical dominance decreased over time due to the increased role of
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degree course, or on dedicated master's degree courses where it is sometimes combined with the study of
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theory to interactional relations between sick people and others. Later other sociologists such as
30:
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The
Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders
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791:, who trained as psychiatrist, argued that mental health was a bad concept in his 1961 book,
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due to its associations with conservatism. The sick role fell out of favour in the 1990s.
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The study of the social construction of illness within medical sociology can be traced to
8:
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perspective, looking at how the medical profession secures its own interests. Of these,
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1980:
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502:, their altruism, and how they support communities. Other sociologists have taken a
397:, studying social structures as a cause or mediating factor in disease, such as for
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Bird, Chloe E.; Conrad, Peter; Fremont, Allen M.; Timmermans, Stefan (2010-11-29).
1187:
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of training. This concept of dominance was extended to professions as a whole in
491:
463:
402:
364:
305:
301:
163:
127:
983:"Eliot Freidson: Sociological Narratives of Professionalism and Modern Medicine"
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132:
72:
39:
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to explore phenomena at the intersection of the social and clinical sciences.
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An illness framework is the dominant framework for disease in psychiatry and
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230:
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1984:
1957:
1930:
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Parsons argued that the sick role is a social role approved and enforced by
2721:
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2048:
1560:
1511:
1388:
1334:
788:
684:
467:
455:
312:. Parsons is one of the founding fathers of medical sociology, and applied
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234:
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118:
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936:
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471:
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2335:
1176:"Imperialism, Paternalism and the Writing of Introductory Texts (Book)"
879:
591:
583:
483:
266:
1390:
Sociology of mental health and illness / Anne Rogers and David
Pilgrim
987:
The
Palgrave Handbook of Social Theory in Health, Illness and Medicine
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622:
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372:
356:
349:
290:
286:
158:
94:
1991:
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Social constructionists study the relationships between ideas about
355:
The field of medical sociology is usually taught as part of a wider
898:
started to adopt some of the methodologies of anthropology such as
487:
376:
341:
3021:
2878:
652:
599:
507:
227:
1940:
Modernity, Medicine, and Health: Medical Sociology Towards 2000
1744:
499:
849:
field of bioethics have been studied by medical sociologists.
518:, looking at how the professions themselves secure influence.
1967:
The New Medical Sociology: Social Forms of Health and Illness
1859:(1st ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Boston, MA: JAI.
1670:"Parallel play in medical anthropology and medical sociology"
665:
393:
such research. This medical sociology included an element of
2207:
1915:(3rd ed.). Maidenhead, England: Open University Press.
1077:. Caragh Brosnan, Bryan S. Turner. London: Routledge. 2009.
285:. Objective sociological research findings quickly become a
237:; the production of knowledge and selection of methods, the
1854:
1264:
450:
working with sociologists and social scientists including
1885:
Inescapable Decisions: The Imperatives of Health Reform
1745:
Cockerham, William C.; Ritchey, Ferris Joseph (1997).
1129:"Medical dominance then and now: critical reflections"
586:
in healthcare in the US, challenges to the control of
442:
was a psychiatrist who investigated the treatment of
1641:
Social Medicine: An Introduction to New Public Health
795:, arguing that minds can only be ill metaphorically.
1910:
1937:
1393:. David Pilgrim (Sixth ed.). London, England.
1043:
The Word as Scalpel: A History of Medical Sociology
989:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 287–305,
1773:
1444:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology
1335:"Why sociologists abandoned the sick role concept"
798:
681:myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
1855:Levy, Judith A.; Pescosolido, Bernice A. (2002).
1831:Big Pharma: Exposing the Global Healthcare Agenda
1780:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1644:. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press.
1527:"Empty ethics: the problem with informed consent"
950:"The Development of Medical Sociology in Britain"
668:appear to exist in some cultures but not others.
640:
296:Early work in medical sociology was conducted by
3039:
1807:(5th ed.). London, England: Hodder Arnold.
1722:(4th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
1040:Bloom, Samuel William; Bloom, Samuel W. (2002).
1468:Hauschildt, Katrina; Vries, Raymond De (2020).
1467:
1221:(2nd ed.). London: UCL Press. p. 45.
1214:
870:argued that this distinction may be arbitrary.
534:. Other scholars who studied the field include
1637:
1074:Handbook of the sociology of medical education
277:commonly relate to typical categories such as
2223:
2007:
1888:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
1215:Abbott, Pamela; Meerabeau, Liz, eds. (1998).
981:Calnan, Michael (2015), Collyer, Fran (ed.),
574:where professions were seen as competing for
200:
1638:ÄŚeledová, Libuše; HolÄŤĂk, Jan (2019-05-01).
1268:Handbook of Medical Sociology, Sixth Edition
34:Nurses protesting at the Nurses' Protest at
2444:
300:whose theoretical interests in the work of
2230:
2216:
2014:
2000:
1421:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1039:
954:Discussion Papers in Social Research No 13
207:
193:
1606:
1542:
1501:
1440:
1302:
1191:
498:perspective, focusing on medics roles as
477:
1913:A Sociology of Mental Health and Illness
1881:
1524:
602:through their access to the internet.
29:
1588:
1332:
1218:The sociology of the caring professions
956:, University of Glasgow, archived from
885:
434:
14:
3040:
1964:
1938:Scambler, Graham; Higgs, Paul (1998).
1802:
1771:
1667:
1386:
1126:
980:
917:Gothenburg Study of Children with DAMP
810:
747:Labelling theory derived from work by
598:and planners, and increased agency of
2211:
2021:
1995:
1911:Rogers, Anne; Pilgrim, David (2005).
1717:
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1118:
1116:
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1441:Cockerham, William C. (2021-03-22).
1328:
1326:
1303:Cockerham, William C. (2017-04-21).
1298:
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560:
521:
381:
3007:
1827:
755:applied these concepts to illness.
742:
410:American Social Science Association
24:
1942:. London and New York: Routledge.
1834:. New York, NY: Carroll and Graf.
1711:
1658:
1567:
1525:Corrigan, Oonagh (November 2003).
1429:
1373:
1113:
861:
841:Bioethics § Medical sociology
490:has been studied by sociologists.
25:
3064:
1749:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1720:Perspectives in Medical Sociology
1474:Sociology of Health & Illness
1323:
1285:
1243:
1060:
1016:
971:
856:
647:Social construction of disability
609:
3020:
3006:
2994:
2971:
2970:
1589:Boulton, Richard (August 2017).
1544:10.1046/j.1467-9566.2003.00369.x
766:
494:looked at the profession from a
336:, David Silverman, Phil Strong,
178:
177:
1747:Dictionary of Medical Sociology
1668:Conrad, Peter (December 1997).
1631:
1531:Sociology of Health and Illness
1518:
1461:
1333:Burnham, John C. (2014-02-01).
1271:. Vanderbilt University Press.
1180:Sociology of Health and Illness
932:Sociology of health and illness
799:The Doctor-Patient relationship
627:antisocial personality disorder
474:study of the hospital setting.
414:American Historical Association
1208:
1167:
641:Social construction of illness
251:science and technology studies
13:
1:
2237:
1969:. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
1339:History of the Human Sciences
942:
715:introduced the notion of the
578:, for example in the work of
418:American Sociological Society
42:on Saturday 12 September 2020
1805:Culture, Health, and Illness
1193:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11346508
1127:Coburn, David (2006-12-01).
834:
698:
7:
2075:Doctor-patient relationship
1046:. Oxford University Press.
905:
805:doctor–patient relationship
633:has been a factor in this.
448:interpersonal psychotherapy
352:, and Joseph W. Schneider.
310:sociological systems theory
85:Doctor-patient relationship
10:
3069:
2894:Human environmental impact
1857:Social Networks and Health
1595:Social Theory & Health
1145:10.5172/hesr.2006.15.5.432
912:Epidemiological transition
838:
831:motive being cost saving.
793:The Myth of Mental Illness
644:
387:
380:later, General Practice" (
110:Social model of disability
2967:
2870:
2795:
2604:
2361:
2311:
2273:
2245:
2184:
2163:
2137:
2116:
2098:
2067:
2029:
1965:Turner, Bryan M. (2004).
1686:10.1007/s12108-997-1021-4
1608:10.1057/s41285-016-0014-1
1447:. John Wiley & Sons.
1204:– via Academia.edu.
779:definitions, some prefer
514:approach, exemplified by
2331:Structural functionalism
1882:Mechanic, David (1994).
1674:The American Sociologist
1351:10.1177/0952695113507572
1309:. Taylor & Francis.
995:10.1057/9781137355621_19
538:, with his publication,
243:healthcare professionals
2903:Industrial revolutions
2351:Symbolic interactionism
1486:10.1111/1467-9566.13003
1133:Health Sociology Review
948:Reid, Margaret (1976),
425:Russell Sage Foundation
2341:Social constructionism
2080:Shared decision making
1803:Helman, Cecil (2007).
1772:Conrad, Peter (2007).
1105:: CS1 maint: others (
781:social constructionist
693:environmental diseases
478:The Medical Profession
247:sociology of knowledge
90:Shared decision making
43:
2948:Social stratification
2830:Conversation analysis
2387:Cultural anthropology
2377:Comparative sociology
2303:Sociological practice
1387:Rogers, Anne (2021).
658:premenstrual syndrome
555:Life in the classroom
532:The Student Physician
33:
18:Sociology of medicine
2397:Historical sociology
2155:Medical Anthropology
2100:Health professionals
1718:Brown, Phil (2008).
1174:Melia, Kath (1986).
900:qualitative research
895:medical anthropology
886:Medical anthropology
512:structural pluralist
446:using approaches of
440:Harry Stack Sullivan
435:Harry Stock Sullivan
298:Lawrence J Henderson
241:and interactions of
3053:Medicine in society
2958:Social cycle theory
2417:Social anthropology
2407:Political sociology
2298:Sociological theory
2054:Medical paternalism
1828:Law, Jacky (2006).
816:Medical paternalism
811:Medical Paternalism
675:Some illnesses are
429:Esther Lucile Brown
361:clinical psychology
338:Bernice Pescosolido
255:social epistemology
27:Branch of sociology
3027:Society portal
2928:Social environment
2552:race and ethnicity
2402:Industrial society
922:Health disparities
721:The Social System.
565:Writing the 1970s
275:Health disparities
44:
3048:Medical sociology
3035:
3034:
2923:Social complexity
2855:Social experiment
2600:
2599:
2427:Social psychology
2205:
2204:
2108:Hidden curriculum
2023:Medical sociology
1976:978-0-393-97505-5
1949:978-0-415-14938-9
1922:978-0-335-21584-3
1895:978-1-56000-121-8
1866:978-0-7623-0881-1
1841:978-0-7867-1783-5
1814:978-0-340-91450-2
1787:978-0-8018-8584-6
1756:978-0-313-29269-9
1729:978-1-57766-518-2
1651:978-80-246-4276-5
1454:978-1-119-63375-4
1400:978-0-335-24849-0
1316:978-1-317-21171-6
1306:Medical Sociology
1278:978-0-8265-1722-7
1084:978-0-203-87563-6
1053:978-0-19-507232-7
1004:978-1-349-47022-8
689:Gulf War syndrome
621:such as defining
576:scope of practice
561:Medical Dominance
551:Philip W. Jackson
547:hidden curriculum
528:medical education
522:Medical Education
452:Lawrence K. Frank
220:Medical sociology
217:
216:
59:Medical sociology
16:(Redirected from
3060:
3025:
3024:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2997:
2974:
2973:
2953:Social structure
2850:Network analysis
2442:
2441:
2432:Sociolinguistics
2422:Social movements
2346:Social darwinism
2283:Public sociology
2232:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2197:Patient advocacy
2129:Labelling theory
2085:Informed consent
2016:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1961:
1934:
1907:
1878:
1853:
1826:
1799:
1779:
1768:
1741:
1706:
1705:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1610:
1586:
1565:
1564:
1546:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1300:
1283:
1282:
1262:
1241:
1240:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1124:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1069:
1058:
1057:
1037:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
978:
967:
966:
965:
851:Informed consent
749:Howard S. Becker
743:Labelling theory
662:anorexia nervosa
536:Howard S. Becker
420:formed in 1905.
332:, Jack Douglas,
326:Howard S. Becker
209:
202:
195:
181:
180:
100:Labelling theory
46:
45:
36:Trafalgar Square
21:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3019:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2933:Social equality
2866:
2865:
2864:
2791:
2605:Major theorists
2596:
2440:
2437:Urban sociology
2412:Rural sociology
2364:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2326:Critical theory
2321:Conflict theory
2307:
2288:Social research
2275:General aspects
2269:
2241:
2236:
2206:
2201:
2180:
2171:Talcott Parsons
2159:
2150:Social medicine
2133:
2112:
2094:
2063:
2025:
2020:
1990:
1977:
1950:
1923:
1896:
1867:
1842:
1815:
1788:
1757:
1730:
1714:
1712:Further reading
1709:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1587:
1568:
1523:
1519:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1439:
1430:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1385:
1374:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1301:
1286:
1279:
1263:
1244:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1172:
1168:
1125:
1114:
1098:
1097:
1085:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1054:
1038:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1005:
979:
972:
963:
961:
945:
908:
888:
867:Social medicine
864:
862:Social medicine
859:
843:
837:
813:
801:
777:biopsychosocial
769:
745:
713:Talcott Parsons
705:Talcott Parsons
701:
649:
643:
612:
572:closure theory,
563:
524:
504:conflict theory
492:Talcott Parsons
480:
464:Harold Lasswell
437:
403:social medicine
390:
344:, Anne Rogers,
322:conflict theory
306:Talcott Parsons
302:Vilfredo Pareto
213:
164:Social medicine
128:Talcott Parsons
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Human behavior
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:stratification
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:Related fields
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2176:Eliot Freidson
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2138:Related fields
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2037:Medicalization
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1975:
1948:
1921:
1894:
1865:
1840:
1813:
1786:
1755:
1728:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1657:
1650:
1630:
1601:(3): 241–260.
1566:
1537:(7): 768–792.
1517:
1480:(2): 307–326.
1460:
1453:
1428:
1399:
1372:
1322:
1315:
1284:
1277:
1242:
1227:
1207:
1166:
1139:(5): 432–443.
1112:
1083:
1059:
1052:
1015:
1003:
969:
944:
941:
940:
939:
934:
929:
927:Medicalization
924:
919:
914:
907:
904:
887:
884:
863:
860:
858:
857:Related fields
855:
839:Main article:
836:
833:
824:Eliot Freidson
812:
809:
800:
797:
768:
765:
753:Eliot Freidson
744:
741:
707:notion of the
700:
697:
642:
639:
615:Medicalization
611:
610:Medicalization
608:
567:Eliot Freidson
562:
559:
523:
520:
516:Eliot Freidson
479:
476:
436:
433:
395:social science
389:
386:
369:medical ethics
365:health studies
346:Anselm Strauss
334:Eliot Freidson
318:Eliot Freidson
215:
214:
212:
211:
204:
197:
189:
186:
185:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
161:
153:
152:
151:Related topics
148:
147:
146:
145:
140:
135:
133:Eliot Freidson
130:
122:
121:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
81:
80:
73:Medicalization
67:
66:
62:
61:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3065:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Social equity
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Globalization
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Computational
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:consciousness
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2365:and subfields
2360:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Social theory
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Mental health
2190:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:(4): 90–100.
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:1-85728-903-X
1224:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1006:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
975:
970:
968:
960:on 2011-09-30
959:
955:
951:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
903:
901:
896:
892:
883:
881:
875:
871:
868:
854:
852:
847:
842:
832:
828:
825:
820:
817:
808:
806:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:Mental health
764:
760:
756:
754:
750:
740:
738:
737:functionalism
732:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
669:
667:
663:
659:
654:
648:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
607:
605:
604:Kath M. Melia
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:health policy
585:
581:
580:Andrew Abbott
577:
573:
568:
558:
556:
553:in his book,
552:
548:
543:
541:
540:Boys in white
537:
533:
529:
526:The study of
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:functionalist
493:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Ruth Benedict
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:schizophrenia
441:
432:
430:
426:
421:
419:
416:in 1884. The
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
399:public health
396:
385:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:, Mike Bury,
327:
323:
320:have taken a
319:
315:
311:
308:interests in
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:public health
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:organizations
229:
225:
221:
210:
205:
203:
198:
196:
191:
190:
188:
187:
184:
176:
175:
170:
169:Public health
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
120:
117:
116:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
63:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3018:
3011:
2999:
2975:
2943:Social power
2845:Mathematical
2825:Ethnographic
2805:Quantitative
2572:small groups
2445:Sociology of
2372:Anthropology
2312:Perspectives
2164:Sociologists
2068:Medical care
2049:Iatrogenesis
2042:of sexuality
2022:
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1186:(1): 86–98.
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468:Edward Sapir
456:W. I. Thomas
438:
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330:Peter Conrad
295:
235:institutions
226:analysis of
224:sociological
219:
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138:Peter Conrad
119:Sociologists
78:of sexuality
58:
3013:WikiProject
2815:Comparative
2810:Qualitative
2777:Baudrillard
2627:Tocqueville
2522:immigration
2497:environment
2382:Criminology
937:Stroke Belt
893:notes that
695:, are not.
592:politicians
314:social role
271:gerontology
263:social work
143:Ivan Illich
3042:Categories
2977:Categories
2918:Popularity
2871:Key themes
2835:Historical
2587:technology
2392:Demography
2336:Positivism
1409:1232510778
1010:2021-11-06
964:2011-03-11
943:References
880:positivism
683:(ME/CFS),
645:See also:
596:economists
584:capitalism
484:profession
267:demography
2840:Interview
2622:Martineau
2527:knowledge
2487:education
2482:economics
2239:Sociology
2145:Sociology
2124:Sick role
2090:Bioethics
1738:173976504
1702:144263774
1694:0003-1232
1625:152247854
1617:1477-8211
1553:0141-9889
1494:1467-9566
1417:cite book
1367:145639676
1359:0952-6951
1202:0141-9889
1161:143338826
1153:1446-1242
1101:cite book
1093:442931243
846:Bioethics
835:Bioethics
773:diagnosis
717:sick role
709:sick role
699:Sick role
677:contested
623:addiction
382:Reid 1976
373:bioethics
357:sociology
350:Renee Fox
304:inspired
291:political
287:normative
159:Sociology
105:Adherence
95:Sick role
2988:Journals
2899:Identity
2782:Bourdieu
2772:Habermas
2767:Luhmann
2762:Foucault
2697:Mannheim
2672:Durkheim
2557:religion
2547:military
2542:medicine
2492:emotions
2477:deviance
2260:Timeline
2185:See also
2117:Patients
2059:Deviance
1985:54692993
1958:37573644
1931:60320098
1904:28029448
1875:50494394
1850:64590433
1823:74966843
1796:72774268
1765:35637576
1561:19780205
1512:31565808
1237:40682109
906:See also
785:Esterson
619:deviance
600:patients
488:medicine
377:etiology
342:Carl May
183:Category
65:Concepts
51:a series
49:Part of
3001:Commons
2879:Society
2796:Methods
2787:Giddens
2752:Goffman
2747:Schoeck
2692:Du Bois
2657:Tönnies
2637:Spencer
2567:science
2537:leisure
2467:culture
2255:History
2250:Outline
2030:Society
1503:7012693
653:illness
508:Marxist
500:experts
388:History
293:issue.
239:actions
228:medical
222:is the
2860:Survey
2757:Bauman
2732:Nisbet
2727:Merton
2717:Gehlen
2712:Adorno
2677:Addams
2667:Simmel
2662:Veblen
2652:Pareto
2642:Le Bon
2617:Sieyès
2517:health
2512:gender
2502:family
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2702:Elias
2687:Weber
2612:Comte
2577:space
2562:sport
2472:death
2265:Index
1698:S2CID
1621:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1157:S2CID
666:susto
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2647:Ward
2632:Marx
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