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culture, it may appear as though
Griswold is arguing here for the origins of culture and situating these origins in society. This is neither accurate nor a clear representation of sociological thought on this issue. Culture, just like society, has existed since the beginning of humanity (humans being social and cultural). Society and culture co-exist because humans have social relations and meanings tied to those relations (e.g. brother, lover, friend). Culture as a super-phenomenon has no real beginning except in the sense that humans (homo sapiens) have a beginning. This, then, makes the question of the origins of culture moot—it has existed as long as we have, and will likely exist as long as we do. Cultural change, on the other hand, is a matter that can be questioned and researched, as Griswold does.
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get rid of the communication technologies that rely upon computers for switching technology (such as telephony or compressed video), but do not require the users to interact directly with the computer system via a keyboard or similar computer interface. To be mediated by computers in the sense of this project, the communication must be done by participants fully aware of their interaction with the computer technology in the process of creating and delivering messages. Given the current state of computer communications and networks, this limits CMC to primarily text-based messaging, while leaving the possibility of incorporating sound, graphics, and video images as the technology becomes more sophisticated.
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cultural objects... by seeing them not as unique to their creators but as the fruits of collective production, fundamentally social in their genesis. (p. 53) In short, Griswold argues that culture changes through the contextually dependent and socially situated actions of individuals; macro-level culture influences the individual who, in turn, can influence that same culture. The logic is a bit circular, but illustrates how culture can change over time yet remain somewhat constant.
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also purported the idea that people were motivated by their material and ideal interests, which include things such as preventing one from going to hell. Weber also explains that people use symbols to express their spirituality, that symbols are used to express the spiritual side of real events, and that ideal interests are derived from symbols.
1048:. In the beginning of the cultural turn, sociologists tended to use qualitative methods and hermeneutic approaches to research, focusing on meanings, words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including historically quantitative and model-based subfields, such as
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It is, of course, important to recognize here that
Griswold is talking about cultural change and not the actual origins of culture (as in, "there was no culture and then, suddenly, there was"). Because Griswold does not explicitly distinguish between the origins of cultural change and the origins of
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as a certain type of subculture. Status groups are based on things such as: race, ethnicity, religion, region, occupation, gender, sexual preference, etc. These groups live a certain lifestyle based on different values and norms. They are a culture within a culture, hence the label subculture. Weber
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strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field is still felt in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative) in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to
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Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is the process of sending messages—primarily, but not limited to text messages—through the direct use by participants of computers and communication networks. By restricting the definition to the direct use of computers in the communication process, you have to
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Sociology suggests an alternative to both the view that it has always been an unsatisfying way at one extreme and the sociological individual genius view at the other. This alternative posits that culture and cultural works are collective, not individual, creations. We can best understand specific
1629:, developed in the 1980s and 1990s, sees audiences as playing an active rather than passive role in relation to mass media. One strand of research focuses on the audiences and how they interact with media; the other strand of research focuses on those who produce the media, particularly the news.
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outlined another sociological approach to cultural change. Griswold points out that it may seem as though culture comes from individuals—which, for certain elements of cultural change, is true—but there is also the larger, collective, and long-lasting culture that cannot have been the creation of
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Cultural activities are institutionalised; the focus on institutional settings leads to the investigation "of activities in the cultural sector, conceived as historically evolved societal forms of organising the conception, production, distribution, propagation, interpretation, reception,
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For Simmel, culture refers to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history." Simmel presented his analyses within a context of "form" and "content". Sociological concept and analysis can be viewed.
1382:. Descent groups across the island claim parts of the land, and to back up those claims, they tell myths of how an ancestress started a clan and how the clan descends from that ancestress. Malinowski's observations followed the research of that found by Durkheim.
992:" in cultural sociology, Alexander argues: "To believe in the possibility of cultural sociology is to subscribe to the idea that every action, no matter how instrumental, reflexive, or coerced its external environment, is embedded to some extent in a horizon of
1000:." In terms of analysis, sociology of culture often attempts to explain some discretely cultural phenomena as a product of social processes, while cultural sociology sees culture as a component of explanations of social phenomena. As opposed to the field of
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of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field is analyzed as the ways of thinking and describing, acting, and the material objects that together shape a group of people's way of life.
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Culture is like the shell of a lobster. Human nature is the organism living inside of that shell. The shell, culture, identifies the organism, or human nature. Culture is what sets human nature apart, and helps direct the life of human nature.
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Structured by organizing its members into smaller numbers to meet the culture's specific requirements. Social classes ranked in order of importance (status) based on the culture's core values. For example: money, job, education, family, etc.
1400:. His research showed that group solidification among the islanders is based on music and kinship, and the rituals that involve the use of those activities. In the words of Radcliffe-Brown, "Ritual fortifies Society".
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Certain rites and myths create and build up social order by having more people create strong beliefs. The greater the number of people who believe strongly in these myths more will the social order be strengthened.
1462:), knowledge, art and aesthetics, applying the methodological structuralism on his investigations. He searched the universal principals of human thought as a form of explaining social behaviors and structures.
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The belief that culture is symbolically coded and can thus be taught from one person to another means that cultures, although bounded, can change. Cultures are both predisposed to change and resistant to it.
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Several understandings of how cultures change come from anthropology. For instance, in diffusion theory, the form of something moves from one culture to another, but not its meaning. For example, the
1528:. Habitus explains the mutually penetrating realities of individual subjectivity and societal objectivity after the function of social construction. It is employed to transcend the
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What to produce, how to produce it, and for whom. How people use their limited resources to satisfy their wants and needs. Can fall into the categories such as
Traditional Economy,
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Contemporary sociologists' approach to culture is often divided between a "sociology of culture" and "cultural sociology"—the terms are similar, though not interchangeable. The
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is how action follows regular statistical patterns without the product of accordance to rules, norms and/or conscious intention. To explain this concern, Bourdieu explains
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How the culture distributes power. Who keeps order within the society, who protects them from danger, and who provides for their needs. Can fall into categories such as
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1123:". Marx believed that the "engine of history" was the struggle between groups of people with diverging economic interests and thus the economy determined the cultural
1587:. Acculturation has different meanings, but in this context refers to replacement of the traits of one culture with those of another, such as what happened with many
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Patterns of organization and relationships regarding governance, production, socializing, education, knowledge creation, arts, and relating to other cultures.
1008:'s cultural sociology has a "clear recognition of the social and the economic as categories which are interlinked with, but not reducible to, the cultural."
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conservation and maintenance of specific cultural goods". Cultural
Institutions Studies is therefore a specific approach within the sociology of culture.
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Marcel Mauss made many comparative studies on religion, magic, law and morality of occidental and non-occidental societies, and developed the concept of
1984:
Rojek, Chris, and Bryan Turner. "Decorative sociology: towards a critique of the cultural turn." The
Sociological Review 48.4 (2000): 629-648.
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Zembylas, Tasos (2004): Kulturbetriebslehre. BegrĂĽndung einer Inter-Disziplin. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag fĂĽr
Sozialwissenschaften, p. 13.
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Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. The two types of norms are mores and folkways.
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but has diffused to numerous cultures. Its original meaning may have been lost, but it is now used by many practitioners of
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Rules of behavior enforced by the cultures ideas of right and wrong such as customs, traditions, rules, or written laws.
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Culture had its origins in society, and from those experiences came evolution into things such as classification systems.
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In an anthropological sense, culture is society based on the values and ideas without influence of the material world.
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is an older concept, and considers some topics and objects as more or less "cultural" than others. By way of contrast,
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single individuals as it predates and post-dates individual humans and contributors to culture. The author presents a
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1004:, cultural sociology does not reduce all human matters to a problem of cultural encoding and decoding. For instance,
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approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating
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1028:(cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "
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of
Saussure and Jakobson, realized great studies on areas myth, kinship, religion, ritual, symbolism, magic,
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2309:"Culture and Public Action: Further Reading." Welcome to Culture and Public Action. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <
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The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology, as shaped by early theorists like
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current research communities) and substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between
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Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago
University Press, 1971. pxix.
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is the site of struggle for power between the dominant and subordinate classes. It is within the
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can have many causes, including: the environment, inventions, and contact with other cultures.
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Products of human imagination expressed through art, music, literature, stories, and dance.
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Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share the same culture.
1166:– Power over individuals belongs to certain cultural categories, and beliefs such as in God.
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can come from habit, religion, and the integration and interdependence of cultural traits.
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as he believes that the economic (material) produces the cultural (ideal), which "stands
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Distinct material objects, such as architecture, technologies, and artistic creations.
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Durkheim held the belief that culture has many relationships to society which include:
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The cultural system is the cognitive and symbolic matrix for the central values system
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of
Durkheim, Mauss, Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown, on the economic and sociological
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The
Sociology of Culture in Computer-Mediated Communication: An Initial Exploration
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Stark, Rodney. 2007. Sociology: Tenth Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc.
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lay claim to the establishment of modern uses of the culture concept as defined by
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http://www.cultureandpublicaction.org/conference/s_o_d_sociologyanddevelopment.htm
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as an arcane symbol of power or life forces. A variant of the diffusion theory,
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as inherently cultural at some level. For instance, a leading proponent of the "
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LĂ©vi-Strauss, based, at the same time, on the sociological and anthropological
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1491:. Bourdieu characterizes social relations in the context of what he calls the
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As no two cultures are exactly alike they do all have common characteristics.
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La logica dei processi culturali. JĂĽrgen Habermas tra filosofia e sociologia
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1599:, both of which refer to adoption of a different culture by an individual.
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956:, and the related cultural sociology, concerns the systematic analysis of
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1886:"the sociology of culture versus cultural sociology | orgtheory.net"
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A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.
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are norms that are widely observed and have a great moral significance.
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1479:'s influential model of society and social relations has its roots in
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Groh, Arnold. 2019. Theories of Culture. London, England: Routledge.
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1509:—a key aspect defining the dominant class—is conferred or withdrawn.
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Swidler, Ann (1986). "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies".
2071:(7th Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada. pp. 59–65.
964:, culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the
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Society and culture in sociological and anthropological tradition
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1119:. His most famous line to this effect is that "Religion is the
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2176:(1981). "Durkheim and the Social Anthropology of Culture".
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on his head," who argued the ideal produced the material.
19:"Cultural Sociology" redirects here. For the journal, see
1471:
Theoretical constructs in Bourdieu's sociology of culture
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The answers to their basic meanings of life and values.
1957:
1512:
Bourdieu's theory of practice is practical rather than
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Culture & Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu
1727:Key figures in today's cultural sociology include:
1396:Radcliffe-Brown put himself in the culture of the
1385:
1934:The Meanings of Social Life: A Cultural Sociology
4529:
1591:. Related processes on an individual level are
1747:, Ron Eyerman, Sarah Gatson, Andreas Glaeser,
1093:were early and lasting concerns in the field.
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1907:"Sociology of Culture and Cultural Sociology"
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1583:Contact between cultures can also result in
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2240:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
2067:Gerber, John J.; Linda M. Macionis (2011).
1263:are norms for routine, casual interaction.
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2245:Cultures and Societies in a Changing World
1961:Cultures and Societies in a Changing World
1693:Computer-mediated communication as culture
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1135:. For this reason, Marx is a considered a
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1888:. orgtheory.wordpress.com. 27 August 2006
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
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39:This article includes a list of general
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2169:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
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2247:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
2102:"The Role and Influence of Mass Media"
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2024:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1421:
984:, an approach that sees all, or most,
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1951:
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16:Branch of the discipline of sociology
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4092:Role of Christianity in civilization
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1931:Alexander, Jeffrey C. (2003-09-18).
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1016:Cultural sociology first emerged in
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1378:Malinowski collected data from the
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2049:"Onondaga Central School District"
1958:Griswold, W.; Carroll, C. (2012).
1909:. blog.lib.umn.edu. Archived from
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45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1032:" of the 1960s, which ushered in
92:Various aspects of Korean culture
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4304:Culture and positive psychology
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1775:, Yasemin Soysal, Dan Sperber,
1699:Computer-mediated communication
1403:
1392:Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown
1386:Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown
1332:
1201:
493:Peace, war, and social conflict
3743:High- and low-context cultures
2041:
2032:
1987:
1978:
1924:
1863:
1722:
1676:
1193:Weber innovated the idea of a
1011:
1:
2373:
1851:
1714:Cultural Institutions Studies
1020:, where sociologists such as
4309:Culture and social cognition
3294:Cross-cultural communication
2254:American Sociological Review
1856:
1182:
1096:
1080:where researchers pioneered
21:Cultural Sociology (journal)
7:
4391:Intercultural communication
3203:
1937:. Oxford University Press.
1794:
10:
4554:
3834:Cross cultural sensitivity
3501:Resistance through culture
3030:Human environmental impact
2129:
1870:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2023).
1711:
1696:
1680:
1669:
1658:
1647:
1636:
1610:to address this conflict.
1543:
1425:
1407:
1389:
1371:
1235:2. Customs and Traditions:
1205:
1186:
1152:
1107:As a major contributor to
1100:
164:Human environmental impact
18:
4474:
4446:Transformation of culture
4139:
4059:
3879:Cultural environmentalism
3816:
3556:
3419:
3309:Cross-cultural psychology
3304:Cross-cultural psychiatry
3299:Cross-cultural leadership
3276:
3225:
3211:
3103:
3006:
2931:
2740:
2497:
2447:
2409:
2381:
2298:. Genova: Edizioni ECIG.
2222:Lawley, Elizabeth. 1994.
1874:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
1364:in the mid-19th century.
1327:11. Social institutions:
1217:The elements of a culture
1089:, political control, and
4406:Living things in culture
4396:Intercultural competence
4299:Culture and menstruation
3798:Trans-cultural diffusion
2467:Structural functionalism
1608:sociological perspective
1546:Trans-cultural diffusion
258:Structural functionalism
4217:Cultural homogenization
3447:Individualistic culture
3381:Popular culture studies
3366:Intercultural relations
3039:Industrial revolutions
2487:Symbolic interactionism
2243:Griswold, Wendy. 2004.
2192:Oxford University Press
1836:Sociology of literature
1589:Native American Indians
1466:Major areas of research
1285:8. Forms of Government:
1279:7. Arts and Literature:
1228:1. Social Organization:
1054:social network analysis
278:Symbolic interactionism
173:Industrial revolutions
60:more precise citations.
4152:Archaeological culture
3899:Cultural globalization
3768:Organizational culture
3616:Cultural communication
3574:Cultural appropriation
3361:Intercultural learning
3289:Cross-cultural studies
2477:Social constructionism
1458:
1450:structural linguistics
1351:
268:Social constructionism
93:
4421:Participatory culture
4212:Cultural evolutionism
4036:Multiracial democracy
3914:Cultural intelligence
3859:Cultural conservatism
3849:Cultural backwardness
3839:Cultural assimilation
3713:Cultural reproduction
3569:Cultural appreciation
3521:Far-right subcultures
3411:Transcultural nursing
3376:Philosophy of culture
3253:Cultural neuroscience
3233:Cultural anthropology
3084:Social stratification
2966:Conversation analysis
2523:Cultural anthropology
2513:Comparative sociology
2439:Sociological practice
2236:Swartz, David. 1997.
2158:Walker, Gavin. 2001.
1964:. SAGE Publications.
1806:Cultural anthropology
1801:Communication studies
1708:Cultural institutions
1544:Further information:
1339:
1050:social stratification
643:Conversation analysis
218:Social stratification
91:
4538:Sociology of culture
4416:Oppositional culture
4386:Emotions and culture
4294:Cultural sensibility
4284:Cultural translation
4222:Cultural institution
4202:Cultural determinism
3924:Cultural nationalism
3909:Cultural imperialism
3869:Cultural deprivation
3763:Non-material culture
3396:Sociology of culture
3391:Semiotics of culture
2533:Historical sociology
2340:at Wikimedia Commons
2338:Sociology of culture
1374:Bronisław Malinowski
1368:Bronisław Malinowski
1362:Edward Burnett Tylor
1303:9. Economic Systems:
1224:A culture contains:
980:introduced the term
978:Jeffrey C. Alexander
974:sociology of culture
954:sociology of culture
4267:Culture speculation
4262:Cultural relativism
4192:Cultural competence
4082:Cultural Christians
3954:Cultural Revolution
3944:Cultural radicalism
3919:Cultural liberalism
3854:Cultural Bolshevism
3829:Consumer capitalism
3783:Relational mobility
3723:Cultural technology
3631:Cultural dissonance
3548:Culture by location
3511:Alternative culture
3427:Constructed culture
3406:Theology of culture
3346:Cultural psychology
3326:Cultural entomology
3094:Social cycle theory
2553:Social anthropology
2543:Political sociology
2434:Sociological theory
1475:French sociologist
1428:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1422:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1121:opium of the people
228:Social cycle theory
99:Part of a series on
4426:Permission culture
4359:Disability culture
4339:Children's culture
4207:Cultural diversity
4167:Circuit of culture
3949:Cultural retention
3929:Cultural pessimism
3884:Cultural exception
3874:Cultural diplomacy
3864:Cultural contracts
3824:Colonial mentality
3753:Manuscript culture
3728:Cultural universal
3698:Cultural pluralism
3678:Cultural landscape
3673:Cultural invention
3641:Cultural framework
3543:Vernacular culture
3341:Cultural mediation
3321:Cultural economics
3316:Cultural analytics
3248:Cultural geography
3238:Cultural astronomy
3163:Society portal
3064:Social environment
2688:race and ethnicity
2538:Industrial society
2316:2008-11-21 at the
2229:2007-10-11 at the
2165:2007-11-14 at the
2112:on 21 August 2012.
1812:Cultural Sociology
1757:Karin Knorr-Cetina
1578:stimulus diffusion
1518:theory of practice
1446:Gestalt psychology
982:cultural sociology
914:Society portal
537:History of science
518:Race and ethnicity
198:Social environment
94:
4525:
4524:
4354:Death and culture
4247:Cultural movement
4237:Cultural literacy
4097:Eastern Orthodoxy
4009:Dominator culture
4004:Deculturalization
3904:Cultural hegemony
3894:Cultural genocide
3889:Cultural feminism
3708:Cultural property
3703:Cultural practice
3688:Cultural leveling
3683:Cultural learning
3668:Cultural industry
3663:Cultural identity
3646:Cultural heritage
3636:Cultural emphasis
3621:Cultural conflict
3594:Cultural behavior
3584:Cultural artifact
3496:Primitive culture
3472:Political culture
3171:
3170:
3059:Social complexity
2991:Social experiment
2736:
2735:
2563:Social psychology
2336:Media related to
2304:978-88-7544-195-1
2174:Peacock, James L.
2142:978-1-138-66865-2
2078:978-0-13-700161-3
1944:978-0-19-020757-1
1872:Mindsponge Theory
1846:Taste (sociology)
1769:Stjepan Mestrovic
1733:Jeffrey Alexander
1661:Theodor W. Adorno
1655:Theodor W. Adorno
1416:total social fact
1398:Andaman Islanders
1380:Trobriand Islands
1060:Early researchers
1042:cultural analysis
950:
949:
668:Social experiment
548:Social psychology
193:Social complexity
86:
85:
78:
4545:
4506:
4505:
4494:
4493:
4482:
4481:
4371:Drinking culture
4324:Culture industry
4272:Cultural tourism
4252:Cultural mulatto
4227:Cultural jet lag
4162:Cannabis culture
4119:Cultural Muslims
4041:Pluriculturalism
4024:Multiculturalism
4014:Interculturalism
3989:Culture minister
3979:Cultural Zionism
3974:Cultural subsidy
3969:Cultural silence
3844:Cultural attaché
3803:Transculturation
3758:Material culture
3748:Interculturality
3604:Cultural capital
3589:Cultural baggage
3526:Youth subculture
3467:Official culture
3432:Dominant culture
3371:Internet culture
3336:Cultural mapping
3331:Cultural history
3258:Cultural studies
3243:Cultural ecology
3217:
3216:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3161:
3160:
3146:
3145:
3134:
3133:
3110:
3109:
3089:Social structure
2986:Network analysis
2578:
2577:
2568:Sociolinguistics
2558:Social movements
2482:Social darwinism
2419:Public sociology
2368:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2290:
2219:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2108:. Archived from
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2000:. Archived from
1999:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1821:Cultural studies
1777:Lynette Spillman
1771:, Philip Smith,
1745:Henning Eichberg
1688:Current research
1639:Frankfurt School
1633:Frankfurt School
1597:transculturation
1574:New Age religion
1570:Egyptian culture
1481:Marxist theories
1461:
1349:
1026:Kultursoziologie
1002:cultural studies
986:social phenomena
942:
935:
928:
912:
911:
663:Network analysis
553:Sociocybernetics
543:Social movements
273:Social darwinism
223:Social structure
115:
96:
95:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
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4548:
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4528:
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4526:
4521:
4470:
4461:Western culture
4456:Welfare culture
4381:Eastern culture
4242:Cultural mosaic
4197:Cultural critic
4187:Cultural center
4135:
4109:Cultural Hindus
4055:
4046:Polyculturalism
4019:Monoculturalism
3994:Culture of fear
3964:Cultural safety
3959:Cultural rights
3939:Cultural racism
3934:Cultural policy
3812:
3718:Cultural system
3693:Cultural memory
3626:Cultural cringe
3552:
3484:Popular culture
3415:
3351:Cultural values
3272:
3221:
3207:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3155:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3069:Social equality
3002:
3001:
3000:
2927:
2741:Major theorists
2732:
2576:
2573:Urban sociology
2548:Rural sociology
2500:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2462:Critical theory
2457:Conflict theory
2443:
2424:Social research
2411:General aspects
2405:
2377:
2372:
2328:
2323:
2318:Wayback Machine
2271:10.2307/2095521
2231:Wayback Machine
2200:10.2307/2577977
2167:Wayback Machine
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1854:
1841:Sociomusicology
1797:
1789:Viviana Zelizer
1773:Margaret Somers
1739:, Diane Crane,
1725:
1716:
1710:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1672:Herbert Marcuse
1668:
1666:Herbert Marcuse
1663:
1657:
1652:
1650:Walter Benjamin
1646:
1644:Walter Benjamin
1641:
1635:
1624:
1559:Cultural change
1548:
1542:
1540:Cultural change
1477:Pierre Bourdieu
1473:
1468:
1430:
1424:
1412:
1406:
1394:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1358:Anthropologists
1350:
1347:Talcott Parsons
1345:
1335:
1311:Command Economy
1219:
1210:
1204:
1191:
1185:
1157:
1151:
1109:conflict theory
1105:
1099:
1087:popular culture
1062:
1046:critical theory
1018:Weimar, Germany
1014:
1006:Pierre Bourdieu
946:
906:
899:
898:
859:
849:
848:
776:
702:
688:
686:Major theorists
678:
677:
613:
603:
602:
293:
283:
282:
253:Critical theory
248:Conflict theory
243:
233:
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203:Social equality
144:
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52:Please help to
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4264:
4259:
4257:Cultural probe
4254:
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4182:Cross-cultural
4179:
4177:Coffee culture
4174:
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4147:Animal culture
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4051:Transculturism
4048:
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4011:
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3984:Culture change
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3820:
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3814:
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3811:
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3808:Visual culture
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Safety culture
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3755:
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3611:
3609:Cross-cultural
3601:
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3268:Culture theory
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3025:Human behavior
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1603:Wendy Griswold
1568:originated in
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575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
313:Astrosociology
310:
305:
300:
294:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
244:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
171:
166:
161:
159:Human behavior
156:
151:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
101:
100:
84:
83:
66:September 2020
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4550:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4467:
4466:Youth culture
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Urban culture
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Remix culture
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:Media culture
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:Languaculture
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Culture shock
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:Cultural turn
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Bennett scale
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:Protestantism
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4029:Biculturalism
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Technoculture
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:Print culture
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Enculturation
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:Cultural icon
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Cultural bias
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:Cultural area
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:Acculturation
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Super culture
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Legal culture
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Sound culture
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Social equity
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Globalization
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Computational
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:consciousness
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:and subfields
2496:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Social theory
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:Special Issue
2185:
2181:
2180:
2179:Social Forces
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2007:on 2016-03-04
2003:
1996:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1971:9781412990547
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1913:on 2015-05-05
1912:
1908:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:Diane Vaughan
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:Paul DiMaggio
1738:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1700:
1684:
1673:
1662:
1651:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:acculturation
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:Mixed Economy
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:structuralist
1031:
1030:cultural turn
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
924:
923:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
904:
903:
902:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Organizations
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
858:
853:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828: ·
827:
824: ·
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784: ·
783:
780:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716: ·
715:
711:
708:
701:
697:
694:
691:
690:
687:
682:
681:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:Computational
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
607:
606:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
538:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Environmental
376:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
328:Consciousness
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
292:
287:
286:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
237:
236:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
208:Social equity
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
154:Globalization
152:
150:
147:
146:
140:
139:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
97:
90:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
4514:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4431:Rape culture
4376:Drug culture
4364:Deaf culture
4349:Cyberculture
4319:Culture hero
4232:Cultural lag
4172:Civilization
4072:Christianity
3778:Protoculture
3462:Microculture
3442:High culture
3437:Folk culture
3395:
3386:Postcritique
3154:
3147:
3135:
3111:
3079:Social power
2981:Mathematical
2961:Ethnographic
2941:Quantitative
2708:small groups
2602:
2581:Sociology of
2508:Anthropology
2448:Perspectives
2294:
2258:
2252:
2194:: 996–1008.
2187:
2183:
2177:
2118:
2110:the original
2106:Cliffs Notes
2105:
2096:
2087:
2068:
2043:
2034:
2009:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1989:
1980:
1960:
1953:
1933:
1926:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1901:
1890:. Retrieved
1880:
1871:
1865:
1810:
1737:John Carroll
1726:
1717:
1702:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1593:assimilation
1582:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1474:
1431:
1413:
1410:Marcel Mauss
1404:Marcel Mauss
1395:
1377:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1333:Anthropology
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1302:
1301:
1297:Dictatorship
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1273:6. Language:
1272:
1271:
1267:5. Religion:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1208:Georg Simmel
1202:Georg Simmel
1195:status group
1192:
1176:Historical –
1175:
1170:Functional –
1169:
1163:
1158:
1136:
1106:
1091:social class
1082:ethnographic
1078:anthropology
1063:
1025:
1022:Alfred Weber
1015:
981:
973:
971:
962:Georg Simmel
953:
951:
864:Bibliography
778:
706:
705:
692:
658:Mathematical
638:Ethnographic
618:Quantitative
332:
303:Architecture
241:Perspectives
213:Social power
72:
63:
44:
4509:WikiProject
4441:Tea culture
4344:Culturalism
4314:Culture gap
4277:Pop-culture
4077:Catholicism
3999:Culture war
3457:Low culture
3356:Culturomics
3263:Culturology
3149:WikiProject
2951:Comparative
2946:Qualitative
2913:Baudrillard
2763:Tocqueville
2658:immigration
2633:environment
2518:Criminology
2153:049509344-0
1781:Ann Swidler
1729:Julia Adams
1723:Key figures
1683:Erich Fromm
1677:Erich Fromm
1566:ankh symbol
1536:dichotomy.
1241:3. Symbols:
1138:materialist
1117:proletariat
1113:bourgeoisie
1012:Development
869:Terminology
838:Baudrillard
714:Tocqueville
628:Comparative
623:Qualitative
593:Victimology
423:Immigration
408:Generations
323:Criminology
58:introducing
3506:Subculture
3284:Bioculture
3113:Categories
3054:Popularity
3007:Key themes
2971:Historical
2723:technology
2528:Demography
2472:Positivism
2265:: 273–86.
2011:2014-07-22
1917:2014-10-01
1892:2014-10-01
1852:References
1753:Eva Illouz
1553:Resistance
1530:subjective
1514:discursive
1507:legitimacy
1434:positivism
1133:ideologies
1038:postmodern
894:By country
648:Historical
573:Technology
513:Punishment
498:Philosophy
473:Mathematic
463:Literature
428:Industrial
418:Historical
343:Demography
263:Positivism
188:Popularity
143:Key themes
41:references
4334:Culturgen
4102:Mormonism
4060:Religions
3733:Cultureme
3651:Destroyed
3277:Subfields
2976:Interview
2758:Martineau
2663:knowledge
2623:education
2618:economics
2375:Sociology
2279:0003-1224
2208:1534-7605
2069:Sociology
1857:Citations
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1816:(journal)
1534:objective
1289:Democracy
1189:Max Weber
1183:Max Weber
1103:Karl Marx
1097:Karl Marx
710:Martineau
653:Interview
578:Terrorism
558:Sociology
503:Political
443:Knowledge
363:Education
105:Sociology
4532:Category
4485:Category
4067:Buddhism
3817:Politics
3226:Sciences
3124:Journals
3035:Identity
2918:Bourdieu
2908:Habermas
2903:Luhmann
2898:Foucault
2833:Mannheim
2808:Durkheim
2693:religion
2683:military
2678:medicine
2628:emotions
2613:deviance
2396:Timeline
2314:Archived
2227:Archived
2163:Archived
2020:cite web
1795:See also
1489:conflict
1454:ideology
1442:Freudian
1344:—
1293:Republic
1261:Folkways
1070:Durkheim
889:Timeline
874:Journals
842:Bourdieu
834:Habermas
830:Luhmann
826:Foucault
770:Mannheim
750:Durkheim
523:Religion
483:Military
448:Language
433:Internet
388:Feminist
372:Jealousy
358:Economic
353:Disaster
348:Deviance
291:Branches
169:Identity
4516:Changes
4497:Commons
4140:Related
4131:Sikhism
4126:Judaism
3557:Aspects
3219:Outline
3205:Culture
3137:Commons
3015:Society
2932:Methods
2923:Giddens
2888:Goffman
2883:Schoeck
2828:Du Bois
2793:Tönnies
2773:Spencer
2703:science
2673:leisure
2603:culture
2391:History
2386:Outline
2287:2095521
2216:2577977
2130:Sources
1826:Culture
1522:habitus
1448:and on
1438:Marxism
1164:Logical
998:meaning
958:culture
846:Giddens
844:·
840:·
832:·
820:·
818:Goffman
814:Schoeck
800:·
792:·
768:·
766:Du Bois
764:·
756:·
752:·
744:·
738:Tönnies
736:·
722:Spencer
720:·
698:·
611:Methods
588:Utopian
533:Science
478:Medical
468:Marxist
458:Leisure
368:Emotion
333:Culture
149:Society
128:Outline
123:History
54:improve
3516:Fandom
2996:Survey
2893:Bauman
2868:Nisbet
2863:Merton
2853:Gehlen
2848:Adorno
2813:Addams
2803:Simmel
2798:Veblen
2788:Pareto
2778:Le Bon
2753:Sieyès
2653:health
2648:gender
2638:family
2302:
2285:
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2214:
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1787:, and
1129:values
1076:, and
1072:, and
994:affect
966:agency
884:People
822:Bauman
802:Nisbet
798:Merton
790:Gehlen
786:Adorno
779:1900s:
754:Addams
746:Simmel
742:Veblen
734:Pareto
726:Le Bon
707:1800s:
700:Sieyès
693:1700s:
673:Survey
598:Visual
508:Public
413:Health
403:Gender
393:Fiscal
383:Family
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4114:Islam
3489:Urban
3477:Civic
3420:Types
3119:lists
2873:Mills
2843:Fromm
2838:Elias
2823:Weber
2748:Comte
2713:space
2698:sport
2608:death
2401:Index
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2283:JSTOR
2261:(2).
2212:JSTOR
2005:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1526:field
1505:that
1503:field
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1143:Hegel
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806:Mills
782:Fromm
774:Elias
762:Weber
696:Comte
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568:Sport
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