345:, an attitude changes in the opposite direction from what the message advocates—the listener is driven away from, rather than drawn to, an idea. This explains why oftentimes fear appeals used in advertising do not work on the audience. As the threat perceived by the audience increases and the capacity to produce the desired effect is low, people will tend to do the opposite of what is advocated. Attitude change can also be influenced by immediate social environment. In the interpersonal domain, people tend to shift their attitudes to align with those of their significant others. The general picture of social influence thus remains one of conformity and alignment attitudes. A major implication of social judgment theory is that persuasion is difficult to accomplish. Successful persuasive messages are those that are targeted to the receiver's latitude of acceptance and discrepant from the anchor position, so that the incoming information cannot be assimilated or contrasted. This suggests that even successful attempts at persuasion will yield only small changes in attitude. SJT also suggests persuasion can occur over time with multiple messages.
280:," as seen in a number of story points. Firstly, the concepts of SJT's latitude of acceptance, rejection, and noncommitment are reflected in the characters' attitudes and responses to outlandish concepts, such as the creation of durable yet stylish boots for drag queens. Charlie, the main character, first finds it difficult to embrace this new course for his family's failing shoe factory, illustrating the difficulties in broadening one's acceptance range. The interactions between the characters also emphasize how SJT shapes people's attitudes and actions. In the narrative, Lola, the drag queen who works with Charlie, experiences differing degrees of acceptance and rejection from various people, demonstrating how people's opinions are shaped by their preconceived notions. Furthermore, as characters like Charlie and Lola go through personal journeys of overcoming societal expectations and embracing their authentic selves, the theme of self-acceptance is central to the plot. This examination of self-acceptance aligns with SJT's focus on how people internalize social norms and how that affects how they behave.
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information and events. This veracity criteria are where social judgment theory performs rather well. It has been based on empirical data from the beginning and has been successful in absorbing a significant number of known facts. Not everyone has the same upbeat opinion. While the discrepancy debate suggests that social judgment theory is somewhat broad, there are at least some situations at which it is unmistakably false. For example, the theory would not be able to handle an anomaly when contrast happened at a tiny discrepancy and assimilation at a huge discrepancy. Similarly, the theory would not be able to elegantly include such a set of facts if there were a U-shaped function between disagreement and opinion change in response to a communication. However, this theory has a number of valuable concepts and ideas, as well as a number of areas that may be studied further within the framework of this theory. When the growing body of information is examined, the hypothesis is expanded upon, and any necessary revisions are made.
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are not cumulative, especially regarding issues where the attitude is extreme. This means that a person may not agree with less extreme stands relative to his or her position, even though they may be in the same direction. Furthermore, even though two people may seem to hold identical attitudes, their "most preferred" and "least preferred" alternatives may differ. Thus, a person's full attitude can only be understood in terms of what other positions he or she finds acceptable or unacceptable, in addition to his or her own stand. The three factors’ people have towards an issue is broken up into three different latitudes: rejection, acceptance and non-commitment. The latitude of acceptance refers to the range of ideas that an individual finds acceptable or favorable. This could vary between ideas, messages or positions. Usually, the messages that fall within this range are more likely to be accepted and incorporated into an individual's existing beliefs.
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narrow or widen their latitudes of rejection and acceptance. Anti-vaccination sentiments included disapproval of vaccines for a number of different causes. The four most common reasons are doubts about the effectiveness of vaccines, worries about possible adverse effects, and references to or beliefs about the superiority of natural immunity over vaccinations from pharmaceutical corporations, which earn huge profits from vaccinations. These four categories of anti-vaccine sentiments, which are not all-inclusive, sum up the main causes of anti-vaccine sentiment in the general public. In terms of vaccine and mask mandates these violations of one’s freedom, particularly over a topic that has a high degree of ego involvement, would likely lead to the anchoring of one’s attitude about vaccinations within the latitude of rejection. It's hardly surprising that social judgment—especially with regard to vaccination attitudes—plays a big part in the
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struggle to include students with special needs. This study discusses the difficulties in having relations with children in both mainstream and special needs schools. One can see the perspectives of teachers regarding the exclusion of students with different needs. The study goes into depth about how social judgment theory affects both exclusive and inclusive special needs schools. The results concluded that teachers with more training on inclusion had a more positive acceptance than teachers who had not had the training when it came to games. However, when it came to school projects, those who had not had the inclusion training were more excepting than those who had the training. Fifty-four teachers participated in the study.
415:. Tweets and other social media content can give important information about how the general public feels, thinks, and behaves in relation to vaccination campaigns. In order to gauge public opinion, spot new trends, and evaluate the effectiveness of communication tactics, researchers and public health specialists frequently examine social media data, including tweets. Researchers can learn about a variety of factors influencing people's opinions, including misinformation, personal experiences, cultural beliefs, and political ideologies, by looking at tweets about vaccines. But it's crucial to proceed cautiously when analyzing social media data and to be aware of the presumptions that underlie this kind of study.
394:. Results indicate that in a given group of people, opinions will tend to either cluster or form consensus or bipartite consensus when beliefs begin to form into two groups in a community. Interactions among those within a group remain largely positive, while those between groups are negative. Findings suggest once the bounded confidence model was adapted to include negative responses, those with like-minded opinions had a higher likelihood of persuading. Findings of this study indicate that opinions changed to align with the average view of trusted individuals among participants.
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is highly possible; when the stimulus is close to the anchor, an assimilation effect can happen. Social judgment theory represents an attempt to generalize psychophysical judgmental principles and the findings to the social judgment. With the person's preferred position serving as the judgmental anchor, SJT is a theory that mainly focuses on the internal processes of a person's own judgment in regards to the relation within a communicated message. The concept was intended to be an explanatory method designed to detail when
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deep concern or have extreme opinions on either side of the argument always care deeply and have a large latitude of rejection because they already have their strong opinion formed and usually are not willing to change that. High involvement also means that individuals will have a more restricted latitude of acceptance. According to SJT, messages falling within the latitude of rejection are unlikely to successfully persuade. Therefore, highly involved individuals will be harder to persuade, according to SJT.
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conceptual structure of the framework and traces its development from the roots in
Brunswik's probabilistic functionalism to its present form. For example, if a very heavy object was used as the standard in assessing weight, then the other objects would be judged to be relatively lighter than if a very light object was used as the standard. The standard is referred to as an "anchor". This work involving physical objects was applied to
366:. In each time-period, two random agents were selected to interact. Their opinions on these three topics (risk, benefit and process) were compared. If they were in the latitude of rejection, the opinions were pushed away from each other; otherwise, the opinions were pulled towards each other. The results showed a four-opinion cluster solution, representing four types of opinions: opposing, supporting, ambivalent, and indifferent.
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individual will also have a large latitude of noncommitment because, again, if they do not care as much about the topic, they are not going to commit to certain ideas, whether they are on the latitude of rejection or acceptance. An individual who does not have much ego involvement in an issue will have a small latitude of rejection because they are very open to this new issue and do not have previously formed opinions about it.
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specifically, judgment processes incorporate both past experiences and present circumstances. Sherif et al. (1965) defined attitudes as "the stands the individual upholds and cherishes about objects, issues, persons, groups, or institutions" (p. 4). Researchers must infer attitudes from behavior. The behavior can be in response to arranged or naturally occurring stimuli. True attitudes are fundamental to
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not only aims to predict the occurrence of attitude change but also endeavors to delineate the direction and magnitude of these shifts. This multifaceted approach involves an exploration of individuals' propensity to alter their opinions, the anticipated trajectory of such changes, their receptiveness to the opinions of others, and the depth of commitment to their existing positions.
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of their past experiences in observing heroes in media, people are inclined to believe that the hero is acting in a way that is less immoral because of their preconceived notions of who a hero is. A reason for this may indicate that the hero committed violence to stop the villain. This moral disengagement occurs between the boundaries of their latitudes of rejection and acceptance.
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next step is to shift one's position in response to the argument made. An individual adjusts an attitude once he or she has judged a new position to be in his or her latitude of acceptance. If someone judges that message to be in his or her latitude of rejection, they will also adjust their attitude, but in the opposite direction from what they think the speaker is advocating.
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categorization, an observable judgment process, was seen by Sherif and
Hovland (1961) as a major component of attitude formation. As a judgment process, categorization and attitude formation are a product of recurring instances, so that past experiences influence decisions regarding aspects of the current situation. Therefore, attitudes are acquired.
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the opposite end of the continuum lies the latitude of rejection. This is defined as including the "positions he finds objectionable (including the one 'most objectionable" to him)". This latitude of rejection was deemed essential by the SJT developers in determining an individual's level of involvement and, thus, his or her propensity to an
155:, a Turkish native born into a Muslim family in 1906, studied at a Christian school. Sherif attributes his understanding and fascination of social movements in emerging African and Asian countries to the nationalistic movements in his youth in the former Ottoman Empire. Sherif obtained his Master's Degree in psychology from
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than it actually is. When the message is perceived as being very different from one's anchor and, thus, falling within the latitude of rejection, persuasion is unlikely, due to a contrast effect. The contrast effect is what happens when the message is viewed as being further away than it actually is from the anchor.
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The concept of conservatism and the political spectrum have a strong connection to the anti-vaccine sentiments observed in social judgment theory. In order to lessen anti-vaccination sentiments, people's perceptions of attitude change from acceptance to rejection, and intellectual humility can either
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The outcome of this intricate simulation revealed a fascinating four-opinion cluster solution. This cluster represented distinct types of opinions held by the participants: opposing, supporting, ambivalent, and indifferent. This nuanced categorization underscores the complexity of collective opinions
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Their study unfolded as a substantial simulation rooted in the attitudes of 1302 Swiss citizens toward the construction of a deep-ground repository for nuclear waste. The participants' attitudes were gauged across three dimensions: risk, benefit, and process. This rich dataset was then utilized in an
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SJT has mainly been tested in small experimental settings, only rarely in more extended ways that include an investigation of opinion changes on a collective level in modeling studies. Stefanelli and Seidel conducted a large-scale simulation of SJT, based on real-life data. They collected survey data
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In opposition, individuals who have less care in the issue, or have a smaller ego involvement, are likely to have a large latitude of acceptance. Because they are less educated and do not care as much about the issue, they are more likely to easily accept more ideas or opinions about an issue. This
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These latitudes dictate the likelihood of assimilation and contrast. When a discrepant viewpoint is expressed in a communication message within the person's latitude of acceptance, the message is more likely to be assimilated or viewed as being closer to person's anchor, or his or her own viewpoint,
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Another study from 2021 by Yao Song, Ameersing
Luximon, and Yan Luximon studied the effects of different human-robot faces and whether or not people trust them. Experiments showed that big eyes, medium vertical and horizontal eye position, and medium horizontal mouth position all helped to increase
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A recent study by Melike Acar uses SJT to evaluate
Turkish teachers’ social judgments on students with special needs being excluded and included in primary schools. This study's main purpose was to research teachers' decisions and justifications related to students with autism and how some teachers
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To change an attitude, first we must understand the audience's attitudes. Positive attitude change increases as the discrepancy goes up. Then we will see how it relates to the listeners' judgments of the persuasive messages. It is also essential to judge how close or far away one's position is. The
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All things considered, "Kinky Boots" offers a wealth of illustrations that show how social judgment theory functions within the framework of social norms, personal identity, and interpersonal relationships. The musical provides insights into the intricacies of human judgment and the transformational
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These degrees or latitudes together create the full spectrum of an individual's attitude. Sherif and
Hovland (1961) define the latitude of acceptance as "the range of positions on an issue ... an individual considers acceptable to him (including the one 'most acceptable' to him)" (p. 129). On
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The latitude of non-commitment lies between the middle of the latitudes of acceptance and the latitude of rejection. This is where the individual is indifferent or noncommittal. The messages in the range of non-commitment are neither accepted or rejected by an individual. The three factors show how
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Social judgment theory is a framework that studies human judgment. It is how people's current attitude shape the development of sharing and communicating information. The psychophysical principle involved for example, is when a stimulus is farther away from one's judgmental anchor, a contrast effect
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sorting out of ideas that occurs at the instant of perception. The theory of Social
Judgement attempts to explain why and how people have different reactions and responded toward the same information or issue. Social Judgment Theory can be used to improve the way people communicate with one another.
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tested the study participants' moral judgment of characters in media through the lens of SJT. The study findings indicate that during interactions between heroes and villains, people morally disengage from the violence committed by the hero because they know the villain to be morally worse. Because
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Central to this process is the concept of the "latitude of acceptance." Individuals are inclined to modify their attitudes when they perceive a novel position falling within this latitude. Conversely, if a message is deemed to be within the "latitude of rejection," the audience may still undergo an
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The concept of involvement is the crux of SJT. In short, Sherif et al. (1965) speculated that individuals who are highly involved in an issue are more likely to evaluate all possible positions, therefore resulting in an extremely limited or nonexistent latitude of noncommitment. People who have a
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Social judgment theory also illustrates how people contrast their personal positions on issues to others' positions around them. Aside from having their personal opinion, individuals hold latitudes of what they think is acceptable or unacceptable in general for other people's view. Social attitudes
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According to SJT, people should evaluate incoming messages in light of their preexisting attitudes and convictions. Perceptual contrast is a useful tool for campaigns that draw attention to the discrepancy between perceived and actual norms. For instance, the campaign can highlight this contrast to
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The theory has three strict factors that create different positions an individual can have on the specific issue. Social
Judgement Theory is the way opinions and thoughts are formed on specific issues or beliefs. It is used to explain the reasoning behind why and how people have different reactions
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Rooted in judgment theory, which is concerned with the discrimination and categorization of stimuli, it attempts to explain how attitudes are expressed, judged, and modified. A judgment occurs when a person compares at least two stimuli and makes a choice about them. With regard to social stimuli
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research. Subjects were asked to compare some aspect of an object, such as weight or color, to another, different object. The researchers discovered that, when a standard was provided for comparison, the participants categorized the objects relative to the aspects of the standard. SJT focuses the
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is the fundamental objective of persuasive communication. SJT seeks to specify the conditions under which this change takes place and predict the direction and extent of the attitude change, while attempting to explain how likely a person might be to change their opinion, the probable direction of
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Originally conceived as an explanatory method, SJT seeks to unravel the intricacies of persuasive communication, honing in on attitude change as its central objective. Within this theoretical framework, the conditions conducive to successful attitude change become focal points of investigation. SJT
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of an issue to a person's life, often demonstrated by membership in a group with a known stand. According to the 1961 Sherif and
Hovland work, the level of ego involvement depends upon whether the issue "arouses an intense attitude or, rather, whether the individual can regard the issue with some
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One of the ways in which the SJT developers observed attitudes was through the "Own
Categories Questionnaire". This method requires research participants to place statements into piles of most acceptable, most offensive, neutral, and so on, in order for researchers to infer their attitudes. This
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The traditional view of attitude neglects an individual's emotional and motivational influences as well as the social context in which the attitude(s) are formed. Meaning an individual is more likely to assume a speaker with authority will be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear. Wyer and
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In the middle of these opposites lies the latitude of noncommitment, a range of viewpoints where one feels primarily indifferent. Sherif claimed that the greater the discrepancy, the more listeners will adjust their attitudes. Thus, the message that persuades the most is the one that is most
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A significant implication emerges from the social judgment theory: the arduous nature of persuasion. Successful persuasive messages must be finely tuned to the receiver's latitude of acceptance and strategically discrepant from the anchor position. Even in cases of successful persuasion, the
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An evaluation of the social judgment theory in light of several standards that define a sound scientific theory is presented in the final part. A good theory should first and foremost be consistent with the available data. It should, in theory, summarize and explain a certain collection of
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Messages falling within the latitude of noncommitment, however, are the ones most likely to achieve the desired attitude change. Therefore, the more extreme an individual's stand, the greater his or her latitude of rejection and, thus, the harder he or she is to persuade.
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Gruenfeld (1995) noted that "much of our theoretical and empirical knowledge about social information processing has been obtained under laboratory conditions that only faintly resemble the social situations in which information is usually acquired in everyday life".
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is by comparing it with current attitudes. According to this theory, an individual weighs every new idea, comparing it with the individual's present point of view to determine where it should be placed on the attitude scale in an individual's mind. SJT is the
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that change, their tolerance toward the opinion of others, and their level of commitment to their position. The SJT researchers claimed expectations regarding attitude change could be based on the message receiver's level of involvement, the structure of the
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Campaigns can offer relatable and unambiguous reference points to help people form their own opinions about social norms. For example, presenting anecdotes or data regarding abstainers of alcohol or tobacco use can act as anchor points to solidify this idea.
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and how they evolve within the framework of SJT. The study by
Stefanelli and Seidel not only expanded the application of SJT beyond controlled settings but also provided insights into the diverse manifestations of opinions within a real-world context.
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The latitude of rejection is quite the opposite. Latitude of rejection represents the range of ideas that an individual finds unacceptable or unfavorable. The messages that end up falling within this range are most likely to be rejected.
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dispel misconceptions if people think that "everyone smokes at parties," but in reality, the majority of guests rarely smoke. SJT emphasizes the significance of anchor points, or reference points, in people's decision-making processes.
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alongside Muzafer Sherif. As they worked with each another they found that the Social Judgement Theory suggests an individual's position on certain issues, while depending on the three factors: anchor, alternatives, and ego-involvement.
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The theory is also widely considered in persuasions. The Social Judgement Theory depends on the individual's position on a certain issue occurring. Depending on three elements Social Judgement Theory has, they are followed by their
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anticipated changes in attitude may be modest. Furthermore, the theory suggests that persuasion is not a one-time event but a cumulative process, with attitudes potentially evolving over time through exposure to multiple messages.
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Error Parsing: An alternative method of implementing social judgment theory. Error Parsing focuses on errors that can occur with SJT, such as human error, error due to noise, error due to cue weighting and error due to
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detachment as primarily a 'factual' matter" (p. 191). Religion, politics, and family are examples of issues that typically result in highly involved attitudes. They contribute to one's self-identity.
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from 1302 Swiss citizens, regarding their attitudes towards building a deep-ground-repository for nuclear waste. Attitudes were ranked on three scales: risk, benefit, and process. The data was fed into an
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Sometimes people perceive a message that falls within their latitude of rejection as farther from their anchor than it really is; a phenomenon known as contrast. The opposite of contrast is
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trustworthiness. To be able to receive a latitude of acceptance from the social judgment theory of people, they experimented with people’s reactions to different facial features on robots.
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The following are some ways that SJT can be used in the context of social norms campaigns that target risky behaviors like drinking, smoking, and engaging in hazardous activities:
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Social judgment theory suggests that individuals assess incoming information based on their preexisting attitudes and beliefs, ultimately shaping their judgments and decisions.
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the attitude of an individual is imagined as a spectrum of different opinions. Showing that one accepts, ranging from rejection on one end and acceptance on the other end.
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and responses towards information or any specific issue. Social Judgement Theory are influenced by the values of individuals and the environments they are in or around.
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Sherif, Carolyn W.; Sherif, Muzafer (1976). "Attitude as the individuals' own categories: The social judgment-involvement approach to attitude and attitude change".
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and was based on laboratory findings resulting from experiments. These experiments studied the mental assessment of physical objects, referred to at the time as
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Dehghani Aghbolagh, Hassan; Zamani, Mohsen; Paolini, Stefania; Chen, Zhiyong (2020). "Balance seeking opinion dynamics model based on social judgment theory".
296:, a perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of acceptance as less discrepant from their anchor than they really are.
1496:"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pharmacy practice and on the provision of pharmaceutical care: A cross-sectional study among community pharmacists"
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1449:"Conservatism, anti-vaccination attitudes, and intellectual humility: examining their associations through a social judgment theory framework"
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163:. Sherif was fluent in German and French, but throughout the years, he relied on English more. Sherif sympathized with the political left.
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Ledgerwood, Alison; Chaiken, Shelly (2007). "Priming Us and Them: Automatic Assimilation and Contrast in Group Attitudes".
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discrepant from the listener's position, yet falls within his or her latitude of acceptance or latitude of noncommitment.
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Wyer, RS; Grunfeld, DH (1995). "Information processing in social contexts: Implications for social memory and judgment".
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work, in which a participant's limits of acceptability on social issues are studied. Social issues include areas such as
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Hatem, Georges; Ghamloush, Sara; Chami, Aya Al; Chaheen, Mohammad; Khachman, Dalia; Awada, Sanaa (January 2023).
442:- emphasizes the number, strength and immediacy of the people trying to influence a person to change their mind.
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The SJT researchers speculated that extreme stands, and thus wide latitudes of rejection, were a result of high
436:– emphasizes the two routes of persuasion – central (cognitive arguments) and peripheral (emotional influence).
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Sherif, CW (August 1963). "Social categorization as a function of latitude of acceptance and series range".
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934:""You Change the World When You Change Your Mind:" Social Judgment Theory in the Musical Kinky Boots"
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Nebergall, R.E (1966). "The social judgment-involvement approach to attitue and attitude change".
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Another study conducted by Agbolagh and Zamani examined SJT in simulations and its connections to
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Smith, Sandi W.; Atkin, Charles K.; Martell, Dennis; Allen, Rebecca; Hembroff, Larry (2006).
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Roger Nebergall, from Iowa was a speech professor. He was a co-author of the book
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agent-based social simulation, introducing a dynamic element to the study.
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Sometimes, an attitude change may be incidental. In the
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and are complex, and thus can be difficult to change.
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Latitudes of rejection, acceptance, and noncommitment
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potential of acceptance through its gripping story.
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1231:
1229:
1111:
1046:Attitude, ego-involvement, and change
1004:
957:
659:European Journal of Social Psychology
427:
1246:British Journal of Special Education
1239:
1089:A first look at communication theory
903:A First Look at Communication Theory
645:
643:
551:
549:
547:
18:
1557:. Michigan State University Press.
1408:Matthews, Nicholas L (2019-08-01).
13:
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1342:
1280:
1226:
332:
307:
166:
14:
1666:
640:
544:
469:. Oxford University Press (OUP).
147:
143:Founder of Social judgment theory
877:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00009.x
650:Schwartz, Norbert (March 2000).
23:
1587:
1544:
1487:
1440:
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1143:
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1080:
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951:
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795:
494:Persuasion: Theory and Research
1500:The Journal of Medicine Access
1453:Journal of Behavioral Medicine
1360:Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena
1240:Acar, Melike (December 2020).
958:Block, Jennifer (2023-02-23).
932:Weikel, Courtney (June 2021).
687:
481:
457:
356:
213:Judgment process and attitudes
179:
1:
808:Journal of Studies on Alcohol
708:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60403-7
450:
418:
364:agent-based social simulation
1600:Judgment and Decision Making
1310:10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103420
1112:Witte, Kim (December 1992).
1005:Gaunt, Ruth (January 2013).
632:Attitude and attitude change
530:10.1080/17404622.2010.512869
434:Elaboration likelihood model
120:are most likely to succeed.
7:
1380:10.1016/j.physd.2020.132336
110:
10:
1671:
1465:10.1007/s10865-023-00450-6
1164:10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.940
941:Ohio Communication Journal
1613:10.1017/S193029750000560X
1512:10.1177/27550834231161145
1130:10.1080/03637759209376276
490:"Social Judgement Theory"
288:Assimilation and contrast
1414:Journal of Communication
1118:Communication Monographs
1023:10.1177/0192513X12438686
1011:Journal of Family Issues
820:10.15288/jsa.2003.64.331
734:Darity, William (2008).
466:Journal of Communication
406:Conservatism of COVID-19
79:, Social judgment theory
1258:10.1111/1467-8578.12327
475:10.1111/(issn)1460-2466
736:Social Judgment Theory
16:Self-persuasion theory
517:Communication Teacher
399:Ohio State University
378:Studies utilizing SJT
1087:Griffin, Em (2009).
899:Griffin, Em (2011).
865:Communication Theory
440:Social impact theory
1581:10.14321/jj.7794620
1563:10.14321/jj.7794620
1506:: 275508342311611.
1372:2020PhyD..40332336D
161:Columbia University
118:persuasive messages
103:, alternatives and
1426:10.1093/joc/jqz021
1298:Applied Ergonomics
428:Alternative models
157:Harvard University
42:You can assist by
1572:978-1-60917-735-5
1098:978-0-07-338502-0
918:978-0-07-353430-5
717:978-0-12-015227-8
569:978-1-4612-2860-8
500:on March 4, 2016.
413:COVID-19 pandemic
186:social psychology
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36:copy editing
34:may require
33:
1319:10397/94984
1017:(1): 3–24.
871:: 141–152.
357:Simulations
278:Kinky Boots
180:Development
137:credibility
1650:Persuasion
1644:Categories
1366:: 132336.
1304:: 103420.
1135:17 October
947:: 118–126.
882:2024-04-12
791:: 209–215.
451:References
419:Conclusion
318:centrality
52:April 2024
44:editing it
1622:1930-2975
1520:2755-0834
1473:1573-3521
1434:0021-9916
1388:213604589
1336:233172160
1274:225429363
1266:0952-3383
1031:0192-513X
984:1756-1833
828:0096-882X
702:: 49–91.
538:145539109
1630:44213008
1538:37025695
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1328:33823378
1204:7 August
1180:30468863
1172:18072847
992:36822640
846:12817821
771:13977155
203:politics
199:religion
133:stimulus
111:Overview
1368:Bibcode
970:: 382.
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937:(PDF)
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