2071:
2109:, which range in deflection between 25 and 50°. Unlike the highly specialized dugongs, manatees have a broader diet feeding on plants growing in fresh and saltwater. Such a diet has previously been proposed for basal groups such as prorastomids, which are known coastal river deposits. This is however contrasted by isotope analysis, which suggests that even in these basal groups sea grass made up an important part of their diet. Additionally to the downturn of the rostrum, the width may also play a role in sirenian feeding habits. Domning proposes that narrow, laterally flattened mandibular symphysis and rostrum are indicative of selective feeding. While the mandible of
2937:
452:
124:
2062:
356:
2082:
102:
295:
1990:
2048:. This could have rendered the bones too brittle to be used for terrestrial locomotion. They conclude that the internal changes of the bone would have preceded the external adaptations, explaining why they superficially appear sufficient enough for use out of water. Despite this, they note that the range of motion still suggests that the animal actively used its feet for swimming.
2034:
closer, comparing them to those of other basal sirenians, archaeocete whales and conducting microanatomical analysis on them. Their research concluded that the hips would have allowed for a wide variety of hindlimb movements while the sacral vertebrae allowed for lateral movement. The authors suggest
2005:
have initially been used to suggest that it was still capable of supporting its own weight on land and could have moved quadrupedally. The tall neural spines could have helped keep the head upright while the pubis and sacroiliac joints would have made quadrupedal locomotion possible. It was initially
285:
was a medium-sized animal, 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) long and still retaining both pairs of limbs. Although initially thought to be amphibious, later studies instead suggest that they would have been fully aquatic and been selective sea grass browsers. Unlike modern dugongs and manatees, they
2100:
The degree to which the rostrums of sirenians deflect varies between genera and is generally connected to their diet. This is a particular adaptation to feeding on aquatic plants on the seafloor, with some of the most extreme cases displaying a downturn of up to 70°, like in the seagrass-specialized
430:
were not preserved in situ, but the alveoli they would have fit into show that they only had a single root. However the fifth and final premolar is still present in the holotype skull. Although still relatively small compared to the molars that follow it, the presence of a permanent premolar is
339:
represents the first record of sirenians in western Europe as well as the first and only well preserved instance of a quadrupedal siren on the continent. Prior to its discovery, only more derived members of
Dugongidae have been known from adequate remains, while any more basal fossils were only
2132:
are well preserved but disarticulated and widely dispersed has been interpreted by Díaz-Berenguer and colleagues to mean that the channel containing the bones was filled by sediment in a single event, burying the bones instantly. Fossil foraminifera show that sea grasses could be found in the
477:
that may have supported the head. The vertebrae of the sacram, of which there are at least two (compared to one in protosirenids and dugongids), are unfused with short transverse processes. The caudal vertebrae are not well enough preserved nor is that part of the skeleton complete enough to
390:, as in other sirenians. The nares are enlarged and retracted and overhung by a triangular process formed by both nasal bones. The posterior end of the nasal bones is rounded with a small incursion of the frontal bone, which otherwise wraps around the nasals on either side. The
2039:
complimented the flattened tail in its movement, as indicated by a torsion found on the femur. However, unlike the original description of the taxa, here the authors doubt that the animal would have been able to effectively move on land. They point towards the advanced
1187:, which nests in a position more basal than protosirenids, unlike in prior studies. However the authors hesitate to name the new clade, as they found poor support for this grouping, with another of their analyses instead finding the genus to nest in a large polytomy.
537:
are already notably shorter than the forelimbs, with the ratio of femur length to humerus length being 1.42–1.5. However this number is uncertain, as the fossil humerus and femurs do not belong to specimens of the exact same age, rendering the exact ratio unknown.
2026:
was an amphibious animal, living both on land and in the water. They further suggested that the animal likely fed in the water, but may have traveled between different bodies of water, which matches the environment it was found in being an intertidal floodplain.
370:
was a medium-sized sirenian that retained all four limbs in a well developed state, unlike later sirenians that would eventually lose their hindlimbs entirely. Estimates suggest that it reached a length of 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in).
332:
472:
is robust with a swollen neural spine. The genus' neural canal is teardrop-shaped, a condition similar to derived sirenians, while the neural spines themselves are much higher than in dugongids, which indicates the presence of
447:
and three-rooted. Of the molars lophs the protoloph is more developed thanks to the higher trigon. The lophs of each tooth are separated by a valley that opens outwards but is closed off towards the inside of the mouth.
394:
are only partially preserved and entirely surrounded by the maxilla and frontal, however in spite of the preservation a small foramina can be observed. The frontal shows no bosses and the parietal does not form a proper
1171:, both utilizing previously known specimens as well as newly discovered remains. Use of these features helped better resolve basal members of Sirenia. Under implied weighting, one of their analysis recovered
463:
The vertebral column is only incompletely known, but the preserved neural spines do not show the same horizontal projections of prorastomid sirenians, nor the split neural spine seen in protosirenids. The
418:, the first and the third, showing no signs of the second incisor whatsoever. Like in later dugongids, the first incisor forms a tusk at the anterior end of the premaxilla, while the third incisor of
2022:. Taking into account all of its other adaptations to aquatic life (dense and broad ribs, retracted nares, short hindlimbs, unfused sacrum), Dìaz-Berenguer and colleagues initially hypothesize that
374:
The rostrum shows a significant downturn of 32°, which is notably more deflected than in prorastomids, but far from as developed as the deflection in later sirenians. The symphysis of the
2035:
that while swimming it could have moved by undulating its pelvis up and down while additionally paddling with its feet, similar to river otters. It is also possible that the hindlimbs of
403:
that fuse just before the coronal suture. The back of the head is marked by three foramina arranged in a triangular pattern just before the nuchal crest. Like in other basal sirenians,
521:
which is long and narrow. The symphysis of the pubic elements of the innominate is long and rugose and the two pubes likely had a bony connection to one another. The
305:
2285:"The Hind Limbs of Sobrarbesiren cardieli (Eocene, Northeastern Spain) and New Insights into the Locomotion Capabilities of the Quadrupedal Sirenians"
2251:"Neurocranial bones are key to untangling the sea cow evolutionary tree: osteology of the skull of Sobrarbesiren cardieli (Mammalia: Pan-Sirenia)"
2018:
was still clearly adapted to life in the water as shown by the anatomy of the sacral vertebrae, which differs from those of the more terrestrial
435:
state in sirenians. The premolar shows a single central cusp surrounded by much lower outer (labial) and inner (lingual) cuspules. An anterior
2717:
2134:
1194:
558:
shows anatomy that is much better adapted to terrestrial locomotion than in what the authors found to be more basal taxa in their phylogeny.
2897:
2657:
2510:
1454:
695:
347:
derives from the type locality, while the species name is a patronym, styled after Jesús
Cardiel Lalueza who first discovered the site.
2250:
2010:
from the protosirenids, which were likely incapable of supporting themselves and were restricted to movement more like that of modern
2503:
2343:
1389:
637:
2999:
3068:
3063:
2284:
2044:
of the innominate and femur, which is much greater than what is seen in pinnipeds and more similar to what is known from
327:
and preserved 300 individual siren fossils thought to belong to at least six individuals of different growth stages. The
525:
between the sacrum and the ilium is bony and thus stronger than what is preserved for protosirenids. The socket for the
2117:
is inferred to have been a selective browser primarily feeding on sea grass and occasionally on floating plant matter.
2113:
is unknown, the rostrum is compressed and would match this interpretation. Combining isotopic and morphological data,
3073:
2070:
2990:
443:
are significantly larger than the fifth premolar, longer than wide (especially prominent in the last two teeth),
2936:
2177:"First adequately-known quadrupedal sirenian from Eurasia (Eocene, Bay of Biscay, Huesca, northeastern Spain)"
2336:
533:
and protosirenids, however with a hemispherical head. Despite still being fully developed, the hindlimbs of
550:
as a basal sirenian just outside of
Dugongidae and more derived than prorastomids (which were found to be
123:
2175:
Díaz-Berenguer, Ester; Badiola, Ainara; Moreno-Azanza, Miguel; Canudo, José Ignacio (March 23, 2018).
3058:
2120:
The Castejón de
Sobrarbe-41 locality is thought to have been a channel within the tidal zone of the
422:
is situated much further back, just before the suture between premaxilla and maxilla. The following
2329:
3030:
2952:
1208:
579:
335:. Later discoveries recovered several additional specimens, including remains of young adults.
482:
had a tail fluke, however it was likely horizontally flattened. The ribs are thick and dense (
3025:
3017:
224:
3053:
2188:
8:
483:
2192:
2307:
2224:
2211:
2176:
1232:
603:
118:
3012:
2311:
2216:
2125:
286:
likely lacked a tail fluke, although it would have appeared horizontally flattened.
2975:
2299:
2262:
2228:
2206:
2196:
522:
451:
436:
2266:
518:
465:
316:
378:
is high but laterally flattened with a tapering nasal process that contacts the
2830:
2751:
2494:
2303:
2201:
2041:
1833:
1375:
1039:
623:
469:
423:
400:
396:
185:
2030:
However, a later paper by Díaz-Berenguer examined the hindlimbs and pelvis of
3047:
2840:
2800:
2697:
2687:
2464:
2121:
1023:
502:
432:
391:
355:
59:
2061:
2820:
2810:
2790:
2767:
2677:
2667:
2567:
2549:
2540:
2528:
2440:
2392:
2220:
2045:
1769:
1736:
1719:
1686:
1634:
1328:
1287:
1177:
958:
935:
829:
798:
781:
551:
546:
Phylogenetic analysis conducted by Díaz-Berenguer and colleagues recovered
510:
506:
387:
2249:
Díaz-Berenguer, E.; Moreno-Azanza, M.; Badiola, A.; Canudo, J. I. (2022).
2984:
2877:
2707:
2647:
2637:
2579:
2480:
2430:
1810:
1793:
1651:
1594:
1577:
1505:
1311:
1183:
1006:
982:
903:
886:
846:
764:
444:
101:
34:
2248:
2174:
2081:
3004:
2867:
2778:
2727:
2627:
2611:
2517:
2383:
1848:
1698:
1437:
1413:
1054:
750:
678:
661:
383:
375:
79:
44:
2917:
2887:
2850:
2760:
2737:
2473:
2283:
Díaz-Berenguer, E.; Houssaye, A.; Badiola, A.; Canudo, J. I. (2019).
2011:
427:
294:
135:
84:
2946:
2969:
2907:
2556:
2371:
2282:
2106:
1989:
505:(however this is likely connected to the age of the specimen). The
474:
415:
328:
320:
312:
278:
256:
155:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2321:
2128:
and mainland Europe during the Eocene. The fact that the bones of
2596:
2589:
2420:
2403:
2352:
1673:
1546:
1529:
1167:
A later analysis made greater use of the neurocranial anatomy of
565:
514:
494:
490:
379:
264:
175:
89:
64:
2094:
in comparison, showing the varying degrees of rostral deflection
2857:
2377:
2365:
440:
324:
268:
165:
145:
331:
specimen is complete skull of a juvenile animal housed at the
554:
by them) and protosirenids. This they note to be strange, as
526:
309:
260:
498:
271:, about 47 million years ago. The type and only species is
529:
is well developed and the femur itself resembles that of
333:
Museo de
Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad de Zaragoza
304:
was discovered in the Castejón de
Sobrarbe-41 locality (
277:, known from a multitude of specimens from the Spanish
2913:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2873:
2863:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2748:
2733:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2585:
2575:
2537:
2491:
2461:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2416:
399:, instead possessing a temporal crest formed by the
1993:Although retaining all limbs, studies suggest that
3045:
2337:
2014:. However despite these anatomical features,
2090:Skulls of a West Indian Manatee, Dugong and
439:with its own cuspules is also present. The
2344:
2330:
468:is wide and relatively shallow, while the
100:
2255:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2210:
2200:
2124:, a deep marine gulf located between the
1988:
450:
354:
293:
2170:
2105:is with 32° within the range of modern
2051:
289:
3046:
2278:
2276:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
501:is straight and unfused to the absent
2951:
2950:
2325:
1175:as a member of a new clade including
2351:
2273:
2235:
2147:
13:
455:Eocene sirenians size comparison,
340:present in the form of fragments.
14:
3085:
113:, showing known elements in grey
2935:
2080:
2069:
2060:
2006:argued that this differentiated
1997:wouldn't be able to walk on land
407:possesses an alisphenoid canal.
122:
32:
1979:
2292:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
350:
1:
3069:Fossil taxa described in 2018
2140:
1984:
486:) as well as flat and broad.
3064:Prehistoric placental genera
541:
319:. The locality dates to the
7:
2001:Several characteristics of
109:Skeletal reconstruction of
10:
3090:
2304:10.1007/s10914-019-09482-9
2267:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac021
2202:10.1038/s41598-018-23355-w
1024:Metaxytherium albifontanum
2959:
2933:
2777:
2747:
2619:
2610:
2566:
2536:
2527:
2490:
2460:
2412:
2401:
2360:
2101:dugongs. The downturn of
1846:
1831:
1824:
1807:
1790:
1783:
1766:
1759:
1733:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1684:
1677:
1652:"Halitherium" taulannense
1648:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1591:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1543:
1526:
1519:
1502:
1495:
1451:
1434:
1427:
1410:
1403:
1386:
1379:
1369:
1325:
1308:
1301:
1284:
1277:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1229:
1222:
1205:
1198:
1052:
1037:
1020:
1003:
996:
979:
972:
955:
948:
933:
926:
900:
883:
876:
869:
847:"Halitherium" taulannense
843:
826:
819:
812:
795:
778:
761:
754:
734:
727:
692:
675:
658:
651:
634:
627:
617:
600:
593:
576:
569:
478:determine whether or not
230:
223:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
3074:Eocene mammals of Europe
1635:Prototherium intermedium
830:Prototherium intermedium
1595:Eotheroides clavigerium
1506:Eotheroides lambondrano
1312:Eotheroides aegyptiacum
904:Eotheroides clavigerium
765:Eotheroides aegyptiacum
2991:Sobrarbesiren cardieli
2961:Sobrarbesiren cardieli
1998:
1770:Lentiarenium cristolii
1329:Prototherium ausetanum
1288:Prototherium veronense
1264:Sobrarbesiren cardieli
1209:Prorastomus sirenoides
799:Prototherium veronense
782:Prototherium ausetanum
738:Sobrarbesiren cardieli
580:Prorastomus sirenoides
460:
364:
298:
237:Sobrarbesiren cardieli
3026:Paleobiology Database
1992:
1794:Priscosiren atlantica
1455:Libysiren sickenbergi
983:Priscosiren atlantica
696:Libysiren sickenbergi
517:are fused to form an
454:
358:
297:
255:(meaning "siren from
2052:Diet and environment
1720:Kaupitherium gruelli
1578:Eotheroides sandersi
959:Kaupitherium gruelli
887:Eotheroides sandersi
290:Discovery and naming
243:Díaz-Berenguer, 2018
2193:2018NatSR...8.5127D
2137:during the Eocene.
1811:Caribosiren turneri
1737:Kaupitherium bronni
1007:Caribosiren turneri
484:pachyosteosclerotic
431:considered to be a
315:, specifically the
2181:Scientific Reports
1999:
1414:Protosiren smithae
1233:Pezosiren portelli
662:Protosiren smithae
604:Pezosiren portelli
497:robust, while the
461:
365:
306:Sobrarbe Formation
299:
267:that lived in the
3041:
3040:
3013:Open Tree of Life
2953:Taxon identifiers
2944:
2943:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2606:
2605:
2126:Iberian Peninsula
2046:protocetid whales
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1748:
1747:
1663:
1662:
1606:
1605:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1438:Protosiren fraasi
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
915:
914:
858:
857:
716:
715:
707:
706:
679:Protosiren fraasi
493:is stout and the
410:The upper jaw of
248:
247:
3081:
3059:Eocene sirenians
3034:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2865:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2750:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2587:
2577:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2493:
2463:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2261:(4): 1671–1703.
2246:
2233:
2232:
2214:
2204:
2172:
2084:
2073:
2064:
1827:
1826:
1786:
1785:
1762:
1761:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1680:
1679:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1522:
1521:
1498:
1497:
1430:
1429:
1406:
1405:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1304:
1303:
1280:
1279:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1225:
1224:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1190:
999:
998:
975:
974:
951:
950:
929:
928:
879:
878:
872:
871:
822:
821:
815:
814:
757:
756:
730:
729:
654:
653:
630:
629:
620:
619:
596:
595:
572:
571:
562:
561:
523:sacroiliac joint
239:
235:
216:S. cardieli
199:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
16:Extinct sirenian
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2923:
2773:
2743:
2602:
2562:
2523:
2486:
2456:
2406:
2397:
2356:
2350:
2320:
2319:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2247:
2236:
2173:
2148:
2143:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2054:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1749:
1664:
1607:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1390:Ashokia antiqua
1359:
1350:
1341:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
916:
859:
717:
708:
638:Ashokia antiqua
544:
519:innominate bone
363:in ventral view
353:
317:Huesca province
292:
244:
241:
233:
232:
219:
197:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2981:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2831:Culebratherium
2824:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2752:Hydrodamalinae
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2583:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2543:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2495:Protosirenidae
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2298:(4): 649–675.
2272:
2234:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2042:osteosclerosis
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:Hydrodamalinae
1830:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:Eosiren libyca
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:Eosiren imenti
1525:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1376:Protosirenidae
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:Hydrodamalinae
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1002:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
978:
973:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
954:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
932:
927:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
913:
912:
909:
908:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
856:
855:
852:
851:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
825:
820:
818:
813:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
760:
755:
753:
747:
746:
743:
742:
733:
728:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:
701:
700:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
657:
652:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
633:
628:
626:
624:Protosirenidae
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
599:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
575:
570:
568:
560:
543:
540:
414:preserved two
401:parietal bones
397:sagittal crest
392:lacrimal bones
352:
349:
291:
288:
246:
245:
242:
228:
227:
221:
220:
212:
210:
206:
205:
195:
191:
190:
187:incertae sedis
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3086:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2938:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2841:Dioplotherium
2835:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:Callistosiren
2795:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:Paralitherium
2692:
2690:
2689:
2688:Metaxytherium
2682:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2465:Prorastomidae
2459:
2453:
2452:
2451:Sobrarbesiren
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2130:Sobrarbesiren
2127:
2123:
2122:Bay of Biscay
2118:
2116:
2115:Sobrarbesiren
2112:
2111:Sobrarbesiren
2108:
2104:
2103:Sobrarbesiren
2093:
2092:Sobrarbesiren
2083:
2072:
2063:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2037:Sobrarbesiren
2033:
2032:Sobrarbesiren
2028:
2025:
2024:Sobrarbesiren
2021:
2017:
2016:Sobrarbesiren
2013:
2009:
2008:Sobrarbesiren
2004:
2003:Sobrarbesiren
1996:
1995:Sobrarbesiren
1991:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:Sobrarbesiren
1170:
1169:Sobrarbesiren
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
984:
977:
976:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
960:
953:
952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
931:
930:
924:
923:
920:
919:
911:
910:
907:
906:
905:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
888:
881:
880:
874:
873:
867:
866:
863:
862:
854:
853:
850:
849:
848:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
831:
824:
823:
817:
816:
810:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
800:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
783:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
766:
759:
758:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
732:
731:
725:
724:
721:
720:
712:
711:
703:
702:
699:
698:
697:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
680:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
663:
656:
655:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
639:
632:
631:
625:
622:
621:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
605:
598:
597:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
581:
574:
573:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
556:Sobrarbesiren
553:
549:
548:Sobrarbesiren
539:
536:
535:Sobrarbesiren
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
480:Sobrarbesiren
476:
471:
467:
458:
457:Sobrarbesiren
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:plesiomorphic
429:
425:
421:
420:Sobrarbesiren
417:
413:
412:Sobrarbesiren
408:
406:
405:Sobrarbesiren
402:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
369:
368:Sobrarbesiren
362:
361:Sobrarbesiren
357:
348:
346:
345:Sobrarbesiren
341:
338:
337:Sobrarbesiren
334:
330:
326:
323:stage of the
322:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
302:Sobrarbesiren
296:
287:
284:
283:Sobrarbesiren
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
252:Sobrarbesiren
240:
238:
229:
226:
225:Binomial name
222:
218:
217:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:Sobrarbesiren
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
112:
111:Sobrarbesiren
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
24:Sobrarbesiren
22:
19:
2960:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2821:Corystosiren
2819:
2811:Crenatosiren
2809:
2799:
2791:Bharatisiren
2789:
2768:Hydrodamalis
2766:
2759:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2686:
2678:Kaupitherium
2676:
2668:Lentiarenium
2666:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2595:
2588:
2578:
2568:Trichechinae
2555:
2550:Anomotherium
2548:
2541:Miosireninae
2529:Trichechidae
2516:
2509:
2502:
2479:
2472:
2450:
2449:
2441:Prototherium
2439:
2429:
2419:
2393:Paenungulata
2388:
2382:Superorder:
2295:
2291:
2258:
2254:
2184:
2180:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2091:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1980:Paleobiology
1847:
1832:
1809:
1808:
1792:
1791:
1768:
1767:
1735:
1734:
1718:
1717:
1687:Trichechidae
1685:
1650:
1649:
1633:
1632:
1593:
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1545:
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1528:
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1504:
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1453:
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1327:
1326:
1310:
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1206:
1182:
1178:Prototherium
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1053:
1038:
1022:
1021:
1005:
1004:
981:
980:
957:
956:
936:Trichechidae
934:
902:
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885:
884:
845:
844:
828:
827:
797:
796:
780:
779:
763:
762:
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736:
735:
694:
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677:
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636:
635:
602:
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578:
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555:
552:paraphyletic
547:
545:
534:
530:
488:
479:
462:
456:
419:
411:
409:
404:
388:frontal bone
373:
367:
366:
360:
344:
342:
336:
301:
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273:
272:
251:
250:
249:
236:
231:
215:
214:
201:
200:
186:
110:
18:
3054:Tethytheria
2985:Wikispecies
2878:Kutchisiren
2718:Prohalicore
2708:Priscosiren
2648:Halitherium
2638:Caribosiren
2580:Potamosiren
2481:Prorastomus
2431:Eotheroides
2187:(1): 5127.
2135:Ainsa Basin
1195:Pan-Sirenia
1184:Eotheroides
445:bilophodont
351:Description
274:S. cardieli
263:of extinct
3048:Categories
2976:Q111038562
2868:Italosiren
2779:Dugonginae
2728:Stegosiren
2628:Anisosiren
2612:Dugongidae
2597:Trichechus
2518:Protosiren
2384:Afrotheria
2141:References
1985:Locomotion
1849:Dugonginae
1699:Dugongidae
1055:Dugonginae
751:Dugongidae
384:nasal bone
376:premaxilla
2918:Xenosiren
2898:Norosiren
2888:Nanosiren
2851:Domningia
2761:Dusisiren
2738:Sirenavus
2658:Indosiren
2511:Libysiren
2474:Pezosiren
2364:Kingdom:
2312:201838854
2020:Pezosiren
2012:pinnipeds
542:Phylogeny
531:Pezosiren
459:in yellow
428:premolars
359:Skull of
343:The name
308:) in the
209:Species:
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
2970:Wikidata
2908:Rytiodus
2557:Miosiren
2378:Mammalia
2372:Chordata
2370:Phylum:
2366:Animalia
2353:Sirenian
2221:29572454
2107:manatees
475:ligament
437:cingulum
416:incisors
329:holotype
321:Lutetian
313:Pyrenees
279:Pyrenees
265:sirenian
259:") is a
257:Sobrarbe
182:Family:
166:Mammalia
156:Chordata
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
30:Lutetian
3018:7654289
3005:9631841
2590:Ribodon
2504:Ashokia
2421:Eosiren
2404:Sirenia
2376:Class:
2229:4299433
2212:5865116
2189:Bibcode
1674:Sirenia
566:Sirenia
515:ischium
495:humerus
491:scapula
424:canines
380:maxilla
310:Spanish
234:†
213:†
194:Genus:
176:Sirenia
172:Order:
162:Class:
3031:367623
2858:Dugong
2355:genera
2310:
2227:
2219:
2209:
503:radius
441:molars
325:Eocene
269:Eocene
2389:Clade
2308:S2CID
2288:(PDF)
2225:S2CID
527:femur
511:ilium
507:pubis
466:atlas
261:genus
3000:GBIF
2217:PMID
1181:and
513:and
499:ulna
489:The
470:axis
426:and
386:and
35:PreꞒ
2300:doi
2263:doi
2259:196
2207:PMC
2197:doi
3050::
3028::
3015::
3002::
2987::
2972::
2391::
2306:.
2296:27
2294:.
2290:.
2275:^
2257:.
2253:.
2237:^
2223:.
2215:.
2205:.
2195:.
2183:.
2179:.
2149:^
509:,
382:,
281:.
85:Pg
2914:†
2904:†
2894:†
2884:†
2874:†
2864:†
2847:†
2837:†
2827:†
2817:†
2807:†
2797:†
2787:†
2749:†
2734:†
2724:†
2714:†
2704:†
2694:†
2684:†
2674:†
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2654:†
2644:†
2634:†
2624:†
2586:†
2576:†
2538:†
2492:†
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2437:†
2427:†
2417:†
2345:e
2338:t
2331:v
2314:.
2302::
2269:.
2265::
2231:.
2199::
2191::
2185:8
198:†
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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