102:
361:
241:
229:
90:
297:
126:
346:
1748:
1738:
20:
72:
depends on the properties of the snow, which depend on its temperature and water content—wetter, warmer snow compacts better than dry, colder snow up to a point where the snow is so wet that it lubricates the tire-road interface. New and powder snow have densities of 0.1 to 0.3 g/cm (6 to 20 lb/cu ft). Compacted snow may have densities of 0.45 to 0.75 g/cm (28 to 47 lb/cu ft).
118:
76:
passes over them than at warmer conditions with snow or ice on the road surface. However, as temperatures rise above −2 °C (28 °F), the presence of free water increasingly lubricates the snow or ice and diminishes tire friction. Hydrophilic rubber compounds help create friction in the presence of water or ice.
101:
332:
In many prefectures, tread grooves of snow tires are worn off for more than 50% of their original depth, tires must be replaced to meet the legal requirements. Drivers will be fined for failing to comply with the snow tire or tire chains requirements, and checkpoints are in place on major highways.
71:
Snow tires operate on a variety of surfaces, including pavement (wet or dry), mud, ice, or snow. The tread design of snow tires is adapted primarily to allow penetration of the snow into the tread, where it compacts and provides resistance against slippage. The snow strength developed by compaction
214:
The deeper the snow that the tire rolls through, the higher the resistance encountered by the tire, as it compacts the snow it encounters and plows some of it to either side. At some point on a given angle of uphill pitch, this resistance becomes greater than the resistance to slippage achieved by
75:
Snow or ice-covered roadways present lower braking and cornering friction, compared to dry conditions. The roadway friction properties of snow, in particular, are a function of temperature. At temperatures below −7 °C (20 °F), snow crystals are harder and generate more friction as a tire
336:
Nationwide studded tire restrictions in Japan for passenger vehicles came into effect in April 1991, followed by restrictions for commercial trucks in 1993. Studded tires are still legal in Japan, but their usage is restricted by environmental law and it is a criminal offence to operate a vehicle
189:
high performance ceramic. The softer base is the part that anchors the stud in the rubber of the tire. As the tire wears with use, the softer base wears so that its surface is at about the same level as the rubber, whereas the hard pin wears so that it continues to protrude from the tire. The pin
176:
Many jurisdictions in Asia, Europe, and North
America seasonally allow snow tires with metal or ceramic studs to improve grip on packed snow or ice. Such tires are prohibited in other jurisdictions or during warmer months because of the damage they may cause to road surfaces. The metal studs are
210:
The compacted snow develops strength against slippage along a shear plane parallel to the contact area of the tire on the ground. At the same time, the bottom of the tire treads compress the snow on which they are bearing, also creating friction. The process of compacting snow within the treads
201:
at the bottom of the jacket can be fitted nicely to the bottom of the hole. The metal studs come in specific heights to match the depths of the holes molded into the tire tread based on the tread depths. For this reason, stud metals can only be inserted when the tires have not been driven on. A
54:
on snow and ice. Such tires that have passed specific winter traction performance tests are entitled to display a 3PMSF (Three-Peak
Mountain Snow Flake) and/or a IMP (Icy Mountain Peak) symbols on their sidewalls. Tires designed for winter conditions are optimized to drive at temperatures below
59:
are a type of snow tires which have metal or ceramic studs that protrude from the tire to increase traction on hard-packed snow or ice. Studs abrade dry pavement, causing dust and creating wear in the wheel path. Regulations that require the use of snow tires or permit the use of studs vary by
215:
the tread's contact with the snow and the tires with power begin to slip and spin. Deeper snow means that climbing a hill without spinning the powered wheels becomes more difficult. However, the plowing/compaction effect aids in braking to the extent that it creates rolling resistance.
372:– The following countries required snow tires between specified dates or when roads are snowy or icy: Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Norway, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, and Russia.
378:– The following countries ban the use of studded tires: Albania, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
1073:
228:
408:
US states and
Canadian provinces control the use of snow tires. Of these, Quebec is the only jurisdiction that requires snow tires throughout. Some may require snow tires or chains only in specified areas during the winter.
211:
requires it to be expelled in time for the tread to compact snow anew on the next rotation. The compaction/contact process works both in the direction of travel for propulsion and braking, but also laterally for cornering.
240:
852:
384:– The following countries allowed the seasonally restricted use of studded tires: Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
1081:
626:
Nordström, Olle (2004), "Nya och begagnade vinterdäcks isfriktion: sammanfattningsrapport : undersökning avseende inverkan av ålder, mönsterdjup, slitbanehårdhet, dubbutstick och dubbkraft",
197:. Usually, there are 80 to 100 molded holes per tire for stud insertion. The insertion is done by using a special tool that spreads the rubber hole so that a stud jacket can be inserted and the
304:(Three-Peak Mountain Snow Flake) symbol, denoting a qualifying snow tire, and a separate snow flake symbol, that recommends tire replacement with 4 millimetres (0.16 in) of tread remaining
357:
As of 2016, regulations pertaining to snow tires in Europe varied by country. The principal aspects of regulations were whether the use was mandatory and whether studded tires were permitted.
405:
symbol to indicate that the tire has exceeded the industry requirement from a reference (non-snow) tire. As of 2016, snow tires were 3.6% of the US market and 35% of the
Canadian market.
63:
All-season tires have tread gaps that are smaller than snow tires and larger than conventional tires. They are quieter than winter tires on clear roads, but less capable on snow or ice.
89:
190:
should protrude at least 1 millimetre (0.04 in) for the tire to function properly. Snow tires do not eliminate skidding on ice and snow, but they greatly reduce risks.
151:
A narrower aspect ratio between the diameter of the tire and the tread width to minimize resistance from the plowing effect of the tire through deeper snow
1129:
726:
394:
1146:
From 1 December to 15 March, your vehicle must be equipped with four winter tires that meet established standards and are in good condition.
202:
proper stud insertion results in the metal jacket that is flush with the surface of the tire tread having only the pin part that protrudes.
1680:
234:
Compaction of snow under an advancing snow tire, causing rolling resistance while passing through about 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow.
586:
325:
when the road is covered by ice or snow. In addition, tire chains must be fitted for all vehicles on rural designated highways in
812:
360:
755:
940:
690:"ASTM F1805 – 16: Standard Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a Straight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces"
1787:
547:
1797:
993:
740:
523:
557:
506:
496:
453:
1103:
896:
148:
Shoulder blocks, a specialized tread design at the outside of the tire tread to increase snow contact and friction
1579:
1175:
870:
1782:
186:
246:
Compaction in about 5 centimetres (2 in) of snow left behind a snow tire, showing tread-snow interaction.
1569:
1438:
443:
164:, or thin slits in the rubber, that provide more biting edges and improve traction on wet or icy surfaces.
1690:
1210:
1792:
1468:
1700:
966:
1672:
1531:
1488:
1418:
830:
605:
922:
1627:
1546:
1498:
1493:
51:
1614:
1400:
1345:
1046:
663:
145:
An open, deep tread, with a high void ratio between rubber and spaces between the solid rubber
95:
Vehicle in cold, dry, powder snow, which offers comparatively better traction than moist snow.
1513:
1478:
720:
1458:
1020:
326:
321:, have a traffic regulation requiring motorized vehicles to be fitted with winter tires or
314:
296:
8:
1584:
1220:
1192:
1168:
469:
445:
Chassis
Handbook: Fundamentals, Driving Dynamics, Components, Mechatronics, Perspectives
1622:
1453:
318:
282:
266:
177:
fabricated by encapsulating a hard pin in a softer material base, sometimes called the
141:
Attributes that can distinguish snow tires from "all-season" and summer tires include:
1737:
1448:
1325:
1260:
631:
553:
502:
449:
766:
1741:
1554:
1503:
1413:
1335:
1315:
1275:
1265:
1245:
998:
701:
398:
182:
871:"Winter Regulations—European regulations for winter equipment on trucks and buses"
1802:
1483:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1368:
1310:
345:
161:
897:"Winter tyres legislation in Europe - An overview of the regulations | Uniroyal"
794:
1772:
1751:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1388:
1280:
1161:
1777:
1766:
1559:
1526:
1423:
1408:
1255:
1215:
1200:
635:
125:
107:
Vehicles in warm, moist, granular snow encounter decreased roadway traction.
1685:
1599:
1594:
1564:
1473:
1383:
1378:
1320:
1300:
1295:
1225:
689:
168:
Wet-film conditions on hard-compacted snow or ice require studs or chains.
129:
1713:
1637:
1589:
1574:
1521:
1290:
1270:
1205:
853:"The Act on Prevention of the Generation of Spike Tire Dust (Act No. 55)"
418:
322:
154:
606:"How Studded Winter Tires May Damage Public Health, as Well as Pavement"
23:
Winter tire, showing tread pattern designed to compact snow in the gaps.
1718:
1536:
1463:
1373:
1363:
1330:
423:
194:
60:
country in Asia and Europe, and by state or province in North
America.
47:
193:
Studdable tires are manufactured with molded holes on the rubber tire
136:
1708:
1657:
1647:
1604:
1353:
1305:
1235:
705:
50:
design with larger gaps than those on conventional tires, increasing
1285:
1358:
1250:
850:
121:
Snow tire with metal studs, which improve traction on icy surfaces.
813:"Snow Tires on Your Car: Not Just a Necessity But Sometimes a Law"
19:
1632:
198:
117:
1230:
1723:
1184:
39:
35:
43:
1153:
835:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism
337:
fitted with a studded tire on dry asphalt or concrete.
329:
when regulated by traffic signs requiring tire chains.
552:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 428.
448:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 591.
157:
rubber compounds that improve friction on wet surfaces
261:
The 3PMSF (Three-Peak
Mountain Snow Flake) indicates
851:
687:
549:
The
Physics of Tire Traction: Theory and Experiment
501:. St. Paul: MotorBooks International. p. 35.
941:"Cooper Recalls 7,067 Discoverer M+S Sport Tires"
1764:
967:"What You Should Know—Tires for Winter Driving"
66:
1074:"Designated Winter Tire & Chain-up Routes"
846:
844:
647:
395:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1169:
920:
789:
787:
1681:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
1104:"National Parks Highway Traffic Regulations"
1080:. Transport British Columbia. Archived from
650:Effekter av vinterdäck - en kunskapsöversikt
603:
441:
317:, except for the southernmost prefecture of
923:"Winter driving in Iceland on winter tyres"
863:
841:
741:"winter tires new ice rating certification"
725:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
597:
1176:
1162:
994:"The Joy and Terror of Urban Snow Driving"
857:law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H02/H02HO055.html
784:
625:
205:
81:Dry and moist snow conditions on roadways
359:
344:
295:
124:
116:
18:
1021:"Legislation for Snow Tires in the USA"
973:. Tire and Rubber Association of Canada
652:, Väg-och transportforskningsinstitutet
470:"Prall Tester - Studded Tyre Wear Test"
1765:
1071:
1047:"Legislation for Snow Tires in Canada"
991:
947:. Modern Tire Dealer. 21 February 2017
584:
580:
578:
576:
541:
539:
537:
521:
494:
364:Russian studded tires warning sticker.
277:The IMP (Icy Mountain Peak) indicates
16:Tires designed for use on snow and ice
1157:
1110:. Government of Canada. 23 March 2017
442:Heißing, Bernd; Ersoy, Metin (2010).
269:F1805 (formalized in the year 1999)
648:Gustafsson, M.; et al. (2006),
545:
524:"How to pick the right winter tires"
353:which mandates the use of snow tires
285:F2493 (formalized in the year 2021)
1724:Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
753:
573:
534:
498:Wheel and Tire Performance Handbook
13:
921:Brimborg ehf. (10 December 2017).
664:"Studded Tires for Winter Driving"
14:
1814:
992:Dudley, David (6 December 2016).
1747:
1746:
1736:
476:. Cooper Research Technology Ltd
388:
239:
227:
100:
88:
1580:Tire-pressure monitoring system
1122:
1096:
1065:
1039:
1013:
985:
959:
933:
914:
889:
823:
805:
747:
733:
681:
656:
604:ScienceDaily (6 January 2011).
263:10% better acceleration on snow
641:
619:
585:Glenne, Bard (December 1989),
515:
488:
462:
435:
291:
279:18% better deceleration on ice
1:
1570:Central Tire Inflation System
819:. Remington. 16 January 2015.
688:Subcommittee: F09.20 (2016).
522:Taylor, Rich (January 1985),
429:
1788:Inclement weather management
251:
67:Roadway conditions in winter
7:
1798:Vehicle safety technologies
1691:Tire Science and Technology
1211:Low rolling resistance tire
412:
181:. The pin is often made of
10:
1819:
134:
130:Nokian bicycle winter tyre
1732:
1699:
1671:
1613:
1545:
1512:
1399:
1344:
1191:
1183:
927:Dollar Rent-a-Car Iceland
877:. Continental Tires. 2016
765:. US Army. Archived from
340:
112:
495:Newton, Richard (2007).
382:Studded tires restricted
256:
171:
55:7 °C (45 °F).
1532:Slip (vehicle dynamics)
1489:Lateral Force Variation
1439:Pacejka's Magic Formula
1419:Cold inflation pressure
799:Tire Fair Trade Council
308:
1628:List of tire companies
1499:Traction (engineering)
1494:Radial Force Variation
1053:. Bartec USA LLC. 2017
1027:. Bartec USA LLC. 2017
901:www.uniroyal-tyres.com
859:. Government of Japan.
694:ASTM Book of Standards
587:"All about Snow Tires"
365:
354:
305:
300:Tire showing the ASTM
272:
220:Tire/snow interactions
206:Tire/snow interactions
137:Tire § Components
132:
122:
24:
1783:Ice in transportation
1479:Tire load sensitivity
875:continental-tires.com
546:Hays, Donald (2013).
363:
348:
299:
128:
120:
22:
1459:Self aligning torque
1130:"Winter Preparation"
945:moderntiredealer.com
754:US Army, Stuttgart.
630:(in Swedish) (966),
376:Studded tires banned
327:snow country regions
315:prefectures of Japan
46:. Snow tires have a
38:designed for use on
1585:Tire-pressure gauge
1221:Michelin PAX System
817:1816 – The Magazine
756:"Winter Tire Rules"
401:allow display of a
1623:Tire manufacturing
1454:Rolling resistance
795:"冬のタイヤの滑り止めルールって？"
772:on 22 January 2016
763:stuttgart.army.mil
366:
355:
349:A Czech road sign
306:
283:ASTM International
267:ASTM International
133:
123:
25:
1793:Automotive safety
1760:
1759:
1449:Relaxation length
1326:Formula One tyres
528:Popular Mechanics
351:Winter equipment,
1810:
1750:
1749:
1742:Outline of tires
1740:
1555:Tire maintenance
1504:Treadwear rating
1414:Circle of forces
1336:Continental tire
1276:Orange oil tires
1266:Mud-terrain tire
1246:All-terrain tire
1178:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:on 27 March 2017
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
937:
931:
930:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
867:
861:
860:
848:
839:
838:
827:
821:
820:
809:
803:
802:
791:
782:
781:
779:
777:
771:
760:
751:
745:
744:
737:
731:
730:
724:
716:
714:
712:
706:10.1520/F1805-16
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
660:
654:
653:
645:
639:
638:
623:
617:
616:
614:
612:
601:
595:
594:
582:
571:
570:
568:
566:
543:
532:
531:
519:
513:
512:
492:
486:
485:
483:
481:
474:www.cooper.co.uk
466:
460:
459:
439:
399:Transport Canada
243:
231:
183:tungsten carbide
104:
92:
30:, also known as
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1728:
1695:
1667:
1609:
1541:
1508:
1484:Tire uniformity
1444:Pneumatic trail
1434:Ground pressure
1429:Cornering force
1395:
1369:Siping (rubber)
1340:
1311:Motorcycle tyre
1187:
1182:
1152:
1139:
1137:
1134:saaq.gouv.qc.ca
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1072:TranBC (2017).
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
990:
986:
976:
974:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
939:
938:
934:
919:
915:
905:
903:
895:
894:
890:
880:
878:
869:
868:
864:
849:
842:
829:
828:
824:
811:
810:
806:
793:
792:
785:
775:
773:
769:
758:
752:
748:
739:
738:
734:
718:
717:
710:
708:
686:
682:
672:
670:
662:
661:
657:
646:
642:
624:
620:
610:
608:
602:
598:
583:
574:
564:
562:
560:
544:
535:
520:
516:
509:
493:
489:
479:
477:
468:
467:
463:
456:
440:
436:
432:
415:
391:
343:
311:
294:
288:
275:
259:
254:
247:
244:
235:
232:
223:
208:
174:
139:
115:
108:
105:
96:
93:
84:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1701:Identification
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1663:Ozone cracking
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:Tire recycling
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Steering ratio
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1389:Schrader valve
1386:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Whitewall tire
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1121:
1095:
1064:
1038:
1012:
984:
958:
932:
913:
888:
862:
840:
822:
804:
783:
746:
732:
680:
655:
640:
628:VTI Meddelande
618:
596:
572:
558:
533:
514:
507:
487:
461:
454:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
421:
414:
411:
390:
387:
386:
385:
379:
373:
342:
339:
310:
307:
293:
290:
274:
271:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
238:
236:
233:
226:
222:
221:
217:
207:
204:
173:
170:
166:
165:
158:
152:
149:
146:
135:Main article:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
99:
97:
94:
87:
83:
82:
78:
68:
65:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1815:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1673:Organizations
1670:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
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1216:Run-flat tire
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1201:Tubeless tire
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370:Mandatory use
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57:Studded tires
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49:
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33:
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21:
1686:Tire Society
1600:Tire changer
1595:Bead breaker
1565:Bicycle pump
1474:Tire balance
1384:Presta valve
1379:Dunlop valve
1321:Racing slick
1316:Tractor tire
1301:Tubular tire
1296:Bicycle tire
1240:
1226:Airless tire
1145:
1138:. Retrieved
1136:. SAAQ. 2019
1133:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1107:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:the original
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1055:. Retrieved
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975:. Retrieved
971:tracanada.ca
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834:
831:"チェーン規制について"
825:
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774:. Retrieved
767:the original
762:
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735:
721:cite journal
709:. Retrieved
697:
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671:. Retrieved
668:Tirerack.com
667:
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621:
609:. Retrieved
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593:: 52–55, 272
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32:winter tires
31:
27:
26:
1714:Plus sizing
1638:Waste tires
1590:Direct TPMS
1575:Tire mousse
1547:Maintenance
1522:Aquaplaning
1291:Tundra tire
1271:Paddle tire
1256:Knobby tire
1206:Radial tire
1005:13 December
565:25 December
480:1 September
419:Snow chains
323:tire chains
292:Regulations
160:Additional
155:Hydrophilic
1767:Categories
1719:Tire label
1615:Life cycle
1537:Tramlining
1464:Slip angle
1401:Attributes
1374:Valve stem
1346:Components
1331:Spare tire
1261:Large tire
1140:9 November
673:24 January
611:26 January
430:References
424:Snow socks
28:Snow tires
1709:Tire code
1658:Flat tire
1648:Tire fire
1605:Tire iron
1514:Behaviors
1306:Lego tire
1241:Snow tire
1236:Rain tyre
1078:gov.bc.ca
700:(2): 14.
636:0347-6049
393:The U.S.
252:Standards
185:, a very
1752:Category
1359:Beadlock
1251:Bar grip
1114:26 March
1088:26 March
1057:26 March
1031:26 March
977:26 March
951:26 March
881:26 March
776:29 March
711:26 March
413:See also
52:traction
1653:Blowout
1633:Retread
999:CityLab
906:23 July
530:: 72–78
319:Okinawa
1803:Winter
634:
591:Skiing
556:
505:
452:
341:Europe
199:flange
179:jacket
162:siping
113:Treads
34:, are
1773:Tires
1364:Tread
1231:Tweel
1193:Types
1185:Tires
770:(PDF)
759:(PDF)
403:3PMSF
302:3PMSF
257:3PMSF
195:tread
172:Studs
48:tread
36:tires
1778:Snow
1354:Bead
1142:2019
1116:2017
1090:2017
1059:2017
1033:2017
1007:2016
979:2017
953:2017
908:2018
883:2017
778:2017
727:link
713:2017
675:2015
632:ISSN
613:2011
567:2016
554:ISBN
503:ISBN
482:2014
450:ISBN
313:All
309:Asia
187:hard
42:and
40:snow
702:doi
273:IMP
44:ice
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
