Longship - Knowledge

545:, was about 37 mm (1.5 inches) thick on very long ships, but narrower to take the strain of the crossbeams. This was also the area subject to collisions. The planks overlapped by about 25–30 mm (1.0–1.2 in) and were joined by iron rivets. Each overlap was stuffed with wool or animal hair or sometimes hemp soaked in pine tar to ensure water tightness. Amidships, where the planks are straight, the rivets are about 170 mm (6.7 inches) apart, but they were closer together as the planks sweep up to the curved bow and stern. There is considerable twist and bend in the end planks. This was achieved by use of both thinner (by 50%) and narrower planks. In more sophisticated builds, forward planks were cut from natural curved trees called reaction wood. Planks were installed unseasoned or wet. Partly worked stems and sterns have been located in bogs. It has been suggested that they were stored there over winter to stop the wood from drying and cracking. The moisture in wet planks allowed the builder to force the planks into a more acute bend, if need be; once dry it would stay in the forced position. At the bow and the stern builders were able to create hollow sections, or compound bends, at the waterline, making the entry point very fine. In less sophisticated ships short and nearly straight planks were used at the bow and stern. Where long timber was not available or the ship was very long, the planks were butt-joined, although overlapping scarf joints fixed with nails were also used. 549:

builders used a spacing of about 850 mm (33 inches). Part of the reason for this spacing was to achieve the correct distance between rowing stations and to create space for the chests used by Norse sailors as thwarts (seats). The bottom futtocks next to the keel were made from natural L-shaped crooks. The upper futtocks were usually not attached to the lower futtocks to allow some hull twist. The parts were held together with iron rivets, hammered in from the outside of the hull and fastened from the inside with a rove (washers). The surplus rivet was then cut off. A ship normally used about 700 kg (1,500 pounds) of iron nails in a 18 m (59 feet) long ship. In some ships the gap between the lower uneven futtock and the lapstrake planks was filled with a spacer block about 200 mm (8 inches) long. In later ships spruce stringers were fastened lengthwise to the futtocks roughly parallel to the keel. Longships had about five rivets for each yard (90 cm or 35 inches) of plank. In many early ships treenails (trenails, trunnels) were used to fasten large timbers. First, a hole about 20 mm (0.8 inches) wide hole was drilled through two adjoining timbers, a wooden pegs inserted which was split and a thin wedge inserted to expand the peg. Some treenails have been found with traces of linseed oil suggesting that treenails were soaked before the pegs were inserted. When dried the oil would act as a semi-waterproof weak filler/glue.

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reconstructed. The ship was similar in hull section to the Nydam ship with flared topsides. Compared to later longships, the oak planks are wide—about 250 mm (10 inches) including laps, with less taper at bow and stern. Planks were 25 mm (1 inch) thick. The 26 heavy frames are spaced at 850 mm (33 inches) in the centre. Each frame tapers from the turn of the bilge to the inwale. This suggests that knees were used to brace the upper two or three topside planks but have rotted away. The hull had a distinctive leaf shape with the bow sections much narrower than the stern quarters. There were nine wide planks per side. The ship had a light keel plank but pronounced stem and stern deadwood. The reconstruction suggests the stern was much lower than the bow. It had a steering oar to starboard braced by an extra frame. The raised prow extended about 3.7 m (12 feet) above the keel and the hull was estimated to draw 750 mm (30 inches) when lightly laden. Between each futtock the planks were lapped in normal clinker style and fastened with six iron rivets per plank. There is no evidence of a mast, sail, or strengthening of the keel amidships but a half-sized replica, the Soe Wylfing, sailed very well with a modest sail area.

671:, although keelsons were by no means universal. The kerling lay across two strong frames that ran width-wise above the keel in the centre of the boat. The kerling also had a companion: the "mast fish", a wooden timber above the kerling just below deck height that provided extra help in keeping the mast erect. It was a large wooden baulk of timber about 3 m (10 feet) long with a 1.4-metre long (4.6 ft) slot, facing aft to accommodate the mast as it was raised. This acted as a mechanism to catch and secure the mast before the stays were secured. It was an early form of mast partner but was aligned fore and aft. In later longships there is no mast fish—the mast partner is an athwartwise beam similar to more modern construction. Most masts were about half the length of the ship so that it did not project beyond the hull when unstepped. When lowered the mast foot was kept in the base of the mast step and the top of the mast secured in a natural wooden crook about 1.5–2.5 m (5–8 feet) high, on the port side, so that it did not interfere with steering on the starboard side. 675:

square sail as the lower reefed portion of the sail would be very bulky and would prevent even an approximation of the laminar flow necessary for windward sailing. There is no evidence of any triangular sails in use. Masts were held erect by side stays and possibly fore and aft stays. Each side stay was fitted at its lower end with a 150-millimetre long (6 in) toggle. There were no chain plates. The lower part of the side stay consisted of ropes looped under the end of a knee of upper futtock which had a hole underneath. The lower part of the stay was about 500–800 mm (1.6–2.6 feet) long and attached to a combined flat wooden turnblock and multi V jamb cleat called an angel (maiden, virgin). About four turns of rope went between the angel and the toggle to give the mechanical advantage to tighten the side stays. At each turn the v-shape at the bottom of the angel's "wings" jambed the stay, preventing slippage and movement.

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its normal position the tiller was inserted in the upper hole so that the tiller faced athwartwise. The shaft was attached to the gunwale by a U-shaped joint. Near the stern, about halfway down the starboard topsides, was a rounded wooden block about 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter and 100 mm (4 inches) high, with a central hole for a rope. This corresponded to a hole in the midsection of the rudder blade. From the outside the rope ran through the blade, through the round block and topsides and was fastened inside the hull. The flexibility of the hemp rope allowed the blade to pivot. When beached or in shallow water the tiller was moved to the lower hole, the blade rope was slackened and the rudder head pulled up so the rudder could operate in shallow waters. Modern facsimiles are reported to steer quite well but require a very large amount of physical effort compared to the modern fore and aft tiller.

736:. However, most have not been able to resist the temptation to use more modern techniques and tools in the construction process. In 1892–93, a full-size near-replica of the Gokstad ship, the Viking, was built by the Norwegian Magnus Andersen in Bergen. It was used to sail the Atlantic. It had a deeper keel with a 1.5 m (4.9 feet) draught to stiffen the hull, a range of non-authentic triangular sails to help performance, and big fenders on each gunwale filled with reindeer hair to give extra buoyancy in case of swamping. The skipper recorded that the keel bowed upwards as much as 20 mm (0.8 inches) and the gunwale flexed inwards as much as 150 mm (6 inches) in heavy seas. A half-size replica of the Sutton Hoo longship has been equipped with a substantial sail, despite the original having oar power only. They took a year to make. 1089: 826:, meaning that objects viewed through them can be seen as double because of positively charged calcium ions and negatively charged carbonate ions. When looking at the sun the stone, it will project two overlapping shadows on the crystal. The opacities of these shadows will vary depending on the sunstone's direction to the sun. When the two projected shapes have exactly the same opacity, it means the stone's long side is facing directly toward the sun. Since the stone uses light polarization, it works the best when the sun is at lower altitudes, or closer to the horizon. It makes sense that Norsemen were able to make use of sunstones, since much of the area they travelled and explored was near polar, where the sun is very close to the horizon for a good amount of the year. For example, in the 558:

topsides about 1 m (3 feet) high to keep out water. Higher topsides were supported with knees with the long axis fastened to the top of the crossbeams. The hull was waterproofed with animal hair, wool, hemp or moss drenched in pine tar. The ships would be tarred in the autumn and then left in a boathouse over the winter to allow time for the tar to dry. Evidence of small scale domestic tar production dates from between 100 AD and 400 AD. Larger industrial scale tar pits, estimated to be capable of producing up to 300 litres (80 US gal) of tar in a single firing have been dated to between 680 AD and 900 AD. A drain plug hole about 25 mm (1 inch) was drilled in the garboard plank on one side to allow rain water drainage.

333: 541:(also known as lapstrake) built, meaning that each hull plank overlapped the next. Each plank was hewn from an oak tree so that the finished plank was about 25 mm (1 inch) thick and tapered along each edge to a thickness of about 20 mm (0.8 inches). The planks were riven (radially hewn) so that the grain is approximately at right angles to the surface of the plank. This provides maximum strength, an even bend and an even rate of expansion and contraction in water. This is called in modern terms quartersawn timber, and has the least natural shrinkage of any cut section of wood. The plank above the turn of the bilge, the 718:, in York, show the shipwright had a large range of sophisticated woodwork tools. As well as the heavy adze, broad axe, wooden mallets and wedges, the craftsman had steel tools such as anvils, files, snips, awls, augers, gouges, draw knife, knives, including folding knives, chisels and small 300 mm (12 inches) long bow saws with antler handles. Edged tools were kept sharp with sharpening stones from Norway. One of the most sophisticated tools was a 25 mm (1 inch) diameter twist drill bit, perfect for drilling holes for treenails. Simple mechanical pole wood lathes were used to make cups and bowls. 499:

longship emerged some time in the middle of the ninth century. Its long, graceful, menacing head figure carved in the stern, such as the Oseburg ship, echoed the designs of its predecessors. The mast was now square in section and located toward the middle of the ship, and could be lowered and raised. The hull's sides were fastened together to allow it to flex with the waves, combining lightness and ease of handling on land. The ships were large enough to carry cargo and passengers on long ocean voyages, but still maintained speed and agility, making the longship a versatile warship and cargo carrier.

7853: 7719: 6878: 6811: 6680: 6063: 5665: 802:, Greenland. By looking at the place where the shadow from the rod falls on a carved curve, a navigator is able to sail along a line of latitude. Both gnomon curve devices show the curve for 61° north very prominently. This was the approximate latitude that the Vikings would have sailed along to get to Greenland from Scandinavia. The wooden device also has north marked and had 32 arrow heads around the edge that may be the points of a compass. Other lines are interpreted as the solstice and equinox curves. The device was tested successfully, as a 233:

purpose was to swiftly carry as many warriors as possible to a scene of conflict. In the tenth century, longships would sometimes be tied together in offshore battles to form a steady platform for infantry warfare. During the ninth-century peak of the Viking expansion, large fleets set out to attack the degrading Frankish empire by attacking navigable rivers such as the Rhine, the Seine, the Loire and others. Rouen was sacked in 841, the year after the death of Louis the Pious, a son of Charlemagne. Quentovic, near modern

484:, built in Denmark around 350 AD. It also had very rounded underwater sections but had more pronounced flare in the topsides, giving it more stability as well as keeping more water out of the boat at speed or in waves. It had no sail. It was of lapstrake construction fastened with iron nails. The bow and stern had slight elevation. The keel was a flattened plank about twice as thick as a normal strake plank but still not strong enough to withstand the downwards thrust of a mast. 413: 750: 603:. This consisted of a 1.2-metre long (3.9 ft) wooden handle with a T crossbar at the upper end, fitted with a broad chisel-like cutting edge of iron. The cutting edge was 60 mm (2.4 inches) wide and 80 mm (3.1 inches) long with a 120-millimetre long (4.7 in) neck where the handle was inserted. It appears that in cold winters wood work stopped and partly completed timber work was buried in mud to prevent it drying out. Timber was worked with iron 3800: 702:

which kept the stone in place. One side of the head stuck out so it could dig into mud or sand. In the Ladby ship burial in Denmark, a unique iron anchor has been found, resembling the modern fisherman's anchor but without the crossbar. The cross bar may have rusted away. This anchor—made of Norwegian iron—has a long iron chain to which the hemp warp was attached. This construction has several advantages when anchored in deep waters or in rough seas.

873:, or stretching pole—a wooden spar stiffening the sail. The windward performance of the ship was poor by modern standards as there was no centreboard, deep keel or leeboard. To assist in tacking the beitaass kept the luff taut. Bracing lines were attached to the luff and led through holes on the forward gunwale. Such holes were often reinforced with short sections of timber about 500 to 700 mm (1.6 to 2.3 feet) long on the outside of the hull. 45: 761:(900–1200 AD) Vikings were the dominant seafarers of the North Atlantic. One of the keys to their success was the ability to navigate skillfully across the open waters. The Vikings were experts in judging speed and wind direction, and in knowing the current and when to expect high and low tides. Viking navigational techniques are not well understood, but historians postulate that the Vikings probably had some sort of primitive 882: 357:), meaning 'slider' (referring to a sley, a weavers reed, or to a sheath that a knife slides into) and probably connoting 'speeder' (referring to a running race) (Zoega, Old Icelandic Dictionary). These ships were larger warships, consisting of more than 30 rowing benches. Ships of this classification are some of the largest (see Busse) longships ever discovered. A group of these ships were discovered by Danish archaeologists in 469: 142: 524: 508: 279: 841:(optical calcite or silfurberg), and a "horizon-board." The author constructed the latter from an Icelandic saga source, and describes an experiment performed to determine its accuracy. Karlsen also discusses why on North Atlantic trips the Vikings might have preferred to navigate by the sun rather than by stars, as at high latitudes in summer the days are long and the nights short. 266:, a ship with 13 rowing benches is the smallest ship suitable for military use. A ship with 6 to 16 benches would be classified as a Karvi. These ships were considered to be "general purpose" ships, mainly used for fishing and trade, but occasionally commissioned for military use. While most longships held a length to width ratio of 7:1, the Karvi ships were closer to 9:2. The 237:, was attacked in 842 and 600 Danish ships attacked Hamburg in 845. In the same year, 129 ships returned to attack the Seine. They were called "dragon ships" by enemies such as the English because some had a dragon-shaped decoration atop the bow beam. The Norse had a strong sense of naval architecture, and during the early medieval period, they were advanced for their time. 187:. The character and appearance of these ships have been reflected in Scandinavian boatbuilding traditions to the present day. The particular skills and methods employed in making longships are still used worldwide, often with modern adaptations. They were all made out of wood, with cloth sails (woven wool), and had several details and carvings on the 862:

were used when near the coast or in a river, to gain speed quickly, and when there was an adverse (or insufficient) wind. In combat, the variability of wind power made rowing the chief means of propulsion. The ship was steered by a vertical flat blade with a short round handle, at right angles, mounted over the starboard side of the aft gunwale.

949:(c. 310–320 AD) is a burial ship from Denmark. This oaken vessel is 24 m (80 feet) long and was propelled by oars only. No mast is attached, as it was a later addition to the longship design. The Nydam ship shows a combination of building styles and is important to our understanding of the evolution of the early Viking ships. 302:) was typically the smallest longship used in warfare and was classified as a ship with at least 20 rowing benches. A typical snekkja might have a length of 17 m (56 feet), a width of 2.5 m (8.2 feet), and a draught of only 0.5 m (1.6 feet). It would carry a crew of around 41 men (40 oarsmen and one cox). 537:

circles of varying sizes. The keel was an inverted T shape to accept the garboard planks. In the longships the keel was made up of several sections spliced together and fastened with treenails. The next step was building the strakes—the lines of planks joined endwise from stem to stern. Nearly all longships were

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There are many replicas of Viking ships – including longships – in existence. Some are just inspired by the longship design in general, while others are intricate works of experimental archaeology, trying to replicate the originals as accurately as possible. Replicas important to our understanding of

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was built. It was fastened with cord, not nailed, and paddled, not rowed. It had rounded cross sections and although 20 m (65 feet) long was only 2 m (6 feet) wide. The rounded sections gave maximum displacement for the lowest wetted surface area, similar to a modern narrow rowing skiff, so

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in the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, Norway, is about 20 cm (8 inches) wide, completely flat inboard and with about a 7.6 cm (3 inches) maximum width at the center of the foil. The head of the rudder shaft had two square holes about 200–300 mm (8–12 inches) apart. When the rudder was in

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The longship's narrow deep keel provided strength beneath the waterline. A typical size keel of a longer ship was 100 mm × 300 mm (4 by 10 inches) amidships, tapering in width at the bow and stern. Sometimes there was a false outer keel to take the wear while being dragged up a beach.

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Many historians, archaeologists and adventurers have reconstructed longships in an attempt to understand how they worked. These re-creators have been able to identify many of the advances that the Vikings implemented in order to make the longship a superior vessel. The longship was light, fast, and

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Longships were not fitted with benches. When rowing, the crew sat on sea chests (chests containing their personal possessions) that would otherwise take up space. The chests were made the same size and were the perfect height for a Viking to sit on and row. Longships had hooks for oars to fit into,

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fleet-levy laws remained in place for most of the Middle Ages, demanding that the freemen should build, man, and furnish ships for war if demanded by the king—ships with at least 20 or 25 oar-pairs (40–50+ rowers). However, by the late 14th century, these low-boarded vessels were at a disadvantage

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The Viking shipbuilders had no written diagrams or standard written design plan. The shipbuilder pictured the longship before its construction, based on previous builds, and the ship was then built from the keel up. The keel and stems were made first. The shape of the stem was based on segments of

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Hegedüs, R., Åkesson, S., Wehner, R., & Horváth, G. (2007). Could Vikings Have Navigated under Foggy and Cloudy Conditions by Skylight Polarization? On the Atmospheric Optical Prerequisites of Polarimetric Viking Navigation under Foggy and Cloudy Skies. Proceedings: Mathematical, Physical and

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in 1953. At nearly 31 metres (102 ft) long, it is of the Skeid type, built around 985 AD. With a maximum width of just 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) it has a width-to-length ratio of more than 11, making it the slimmest longship ever discovered. It is made of oaken wood and its construction would

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The longships had two methods of propulsion: oars and sail. At sea, the sail enabled longships to travel faster than by oar and to cover long distances overseas with far less manual effort. Sails could be raised or lowered quickly. In a modern facsimile the mast can be lowered in 90 seconds. Oars

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A Viking named Stjerner Oddi compiled a chart showing the direction of sunrise and sunset, which enabled navigators to sail longships from place to place with ease. Almgren, an earlier Viking, told of another method: "All the measurements of angles were made with what was called a 'half wheel' (a

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There is a suggestion that the rig was sometimes used in a lateen style with the top cross spar dipped at an angle to aid sailing to windward i.e. the spar became the luff. There is little or no evidence to support this theory. No explanation is offered as to how this could be accomplished with a

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sailed in ice strewn water in spring. Hulls up to 5.60 m (18.4 feet) wide gave stability, making the longship less likely to tip when sailed. The greater beam provided more moment of leverage by placing the crew or any other mobile weight on the windward side. Oceangoing longships had higher

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part of a circular disk with carvings was recovered. The discovery of the so-called Viking Sundial suggested a hypothesis that it was used as a compass. Archaeologists found a piece of stone and a fragment of wooden disk both featuring straight and hyperbolic carvings. It turned out that the two

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Longships for the most part used two different kinds of anchors. The most common was a natural wood yoke formed from a tree branch. The weight was supplied by a stone passing laterally through the U of the yoke. The top of the yoke was closed by either a length of hardwood or a curved iron head,

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The earliest mentioned dreki was the ship of unstated size owned by Harald Fairhair in the tenth century. The first dreki ship whose size was mentioned in the source was Olav Tryggvason's thirty-room Tranin, built at Nidaros circa 995. By far the most famous in this period was his later ship the

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The oars did not use rowlocks or thole pins but holes cut below the gunwale line. To keep seawater out, these oar holes were sealed with wooden disks from the inside, when the oars were not in use. The holes were also used for belaying mooring lines and sail sheets. At the bow the forward upper

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was built. It is the first with a true keel. Its cross sectional shape was flatter on the bottom with less flare to the topsides. This shape is far more stable and able to handle rougher seas. It had the high prow of the later longships. After several centuries of evolution, the fully developed

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system, every section in the king's realm was required to build warships and to provide men to crew them, allowing the king to quickly assemble a large and powerful war fleet. While longships were used by the Norse in warfare, they were mostly used as troop transports, not warships. Their main

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The Viking longships were powerful naval weapons in their time and were highly valued possessions. Archaeological finds show that the Viking ships were not standardized. Ships varied from designer to designer and place to place and often had regional characteristics. For example, the choice of

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Horváth, G., Barta, A., Pomozi, I., Suhai, B., Hegedüs, R., Åkesson, S., Wehner, R. (2011). On the trail of Vikings with polarized skylight: Experimental study of the atmospheric optical prerequisites allowing polarimetric navigation by Viking seafarers. Philosophical Transactions: Biological

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As the planks reached the desired height, the interior frame (futtocks) and cross beams were added. Frames were placed close together, which is an enduring feature of thin planked ships, still used today on some lightweight wooden racing craft such as those designed by Bruce Farr. Viking boat

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The Sutton Hoo longship, sometimes referred to as the ghost ship of the Wulflings, is about 27 m × 4.5 m (89 by 15 feet) maximum beam and built about 625 AD. It is associated with the Saxons. The ship was crushed by the weight of soil when buried but most details have been

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along almost the entire length of the boat itself. Later versions had a rectangular sail on a single mast, which was used to replace or augment the effort of the rowers, particularly during long journeys. The average speed of Viking ships varied from ship to ship, but lay in the range of 5–10

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The Vikings were major contributors to the shipbuilding technology of their day. Their shipbuilding methods spread through extensive contact with other cultures, and ships from the 11th and 12th centuries are known to borrow many of the longships' design features, despite the passing of many

599:. Spruce is light and seems to have been more common in later designs for internal hull battens (stringers). Although it is used for spars in modern times there is as yet no evidence the Vikings used spruce for masts. All timber was used unseasoned. The bark was removed by a 433:. Here, the ships are described as most unusual, elegant, ornately decorated, and used by those who went raiding and plundering. These ships were likely skeids that differed only in the carvings of menacing beasts, such as dragons and snakes, carried on the prow of the ship. 687:

itself) was well established. It consisted of a length of timber about 2.4 m (7.9 feet) long. The upper section was rounded to a diameter of about 150 mm (6 inches). The lower blade was about 1.8 m × 0.4 m (5.9 by 1.3 feet). The steerboard on the

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is a replica of the Skuldelev 2 ship, constructed by authentic methods. At 30 m (98 feet), it is the second longest Viking ship replica ever made. Skuldelev 2 was originally built near Dublin around 1042, and was rediscovered in Roskilde, Denmark in 1962. The

927:, and the raiders were able to sack the town with impunity. While earlier times had seen larger and taller longships in service, by this time the authorities had also gone over to other types of ships for warfare. The last Viking longship was defeated in 1429. 1153:

sailed from Roskilde to Dublin in summer 2007, to commemorate the voyage of the original. In the winter of 2007–2008, the ship was exhibited outside the National Museum in Dublin. In the summer of 2008, it returned to Roskilde on a searoute south of

667:("old woman" in Old Norse) that was semicircular in shape. (Trent) The kerling was made of oak, and about 700 mm (28 inches) wide and up to 6 m (20 feet) long in the larger ships. It usually heavily tapered into a joint with the internal 312:

The Norwegian type snekkja typically had more draught than the Danish ships designed for low coasts and beaches. A snekkja was so light that it had no need of ports – it could simply be beached, and even carried across a portage.

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Several of the original longships built in the Viking Age have been excavated by archaeologists. A selection of vessels that has been particularly important to our understanding of the longships design and construction, comprise the following:

849:('man who knows the way') who sometimes went along on voyages ... When the sun was in the sky, it was not, therefore, difficult to find the four points of the compass, and determining latitude did not cause any problems either." (Almgren) 852:

Birds provided a helpful guide to finding land. A Viking legend states that Vikings used to take caged crows aboard ships and let them loose if they got lost. The crows would instinctively head for land, giving the sailors a course to steer.

906:, were long and narrow, frequently with a length-breadth ratio of 7:1; they were very fast under sail or propelled by warriors who served as oarsmen. In Scandinavia, the longship was the usual vessel for war until the 12th–13th centuries. 216:(9–19 km/h) and the maximum speed of a longship under favorable conditions was around 15 knots (28 km/h). The Viking Ship museum in Oslo houses the remains of three such ships, the Oseberg, the Gokstad and the Tune ship. 797:

curves etched on a flat surface. The devices are small enough to be held flat in the hand at 70 mm (2.8 inches) diameter. A wooden version dated to about 1000 AD was found in Greenland. A stone version was also found at

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could carry a crew of some 70–80 and measures just less than 30 m (100 feet) in length. They had around 30 rowing chairs. In 1996–97 archaeologists discovered the remains of another ship in the harbour. This ship, called the

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material was mostly dictated by the regional forests, such as pine from Norway and Sweden, and oak from Denmark. Moreover, each Viking longship had particular features adjusted to the natural conditions under which it was sailed.

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Bill, J. (2003). SCANDINAVIAN WARSHIPS AND NAVAL POWER IN THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES. In Hattendorf J. & Unger R. (Eds.), War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (pp. 35–52). Boydell and

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The snekkja continued to evolve after the end of the Viking age, with later Norwegian examples becoming larger and heavier than Viking age ships. A modern version is still being used in Scandinavia, and is now called

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The ships' design gave both strength, agility and versatility. They could navigate the open ocean, coastal waters, fjords and many rivers and could be landed on a beach. The pictured ship is the reconstructed

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The sail was held in place by the mast which was up to 16 m (52 feet) tall. Its base was about 250 mm × 180 mm (10 by 7 inches). The mast was supported by a large wooden maststep called a

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knowledge center, and is the largest longship ever discovered in Norway. The replica is the largest replica based on an original find. The replica was christened in 2019, as part of the opening of Sagastad.

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Longships can be classified into a number of different types, depending on size, construction details, and prestige. The most common way to classify longships is by the number of rowing positions on board.

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in Viking mythology. Oak is a heavy, durable timber that can be easily worked by adze and axe when green (wet/unseasoned). Generally large and prestigious ships were made from oak. Other timber used were

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is the largest longship built in modern times at 35 m (115 feet). The ship is not a replica of any specific original longship, but was built by authentic construction methods. It was constructed in

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Three-dimensional drawing of the Viking sundial (stamp illustration) with a conical vertical gnomon and its shadow, the endpoint of which touches the hyperbola scratched into the horizontal wooden disc

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Ropars, Guy; Gorre, Gabriel; Floch, Albert Le; Enoch, Jay; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (8 March 2012). "A depolarizer as a possible precise sunstone for Viking navigation by polarized skylight".

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in Poland in 1977. It has been dated to the first half of the tenth century and was 19 to 20 metres (62 to 66 ft) long in its day. It is peculiar and important because it was constructed by

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occurring in Norway has the local name "Viking's Compass." Its changes in colour would allow determining the sun's position (azimuth) even through an overcast or foggy horizon. The sunstones are

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were very fast but had little carrying capacity. The shape suggests mainly river use. Unlike later boats, it had a low bow and stern. A distinctive feature is the two-prong cutaway bow section.

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hull designed for speed. The ship's shallow draft allowed navigation in waters only one meter deep and permitted arbitrary beach landings, while its light weight enabled it to be carried over

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Even though no longship sail has been found, accounts and depictions verify that longships had square sails. Sails measured perhaps 11 to 12 m (35 to 40 feet) across, and were made of

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Ormrinn Langi ('Long Serpent') of thirty-four rooms, built over the winter of 999 to 1000. No true dragon ship, as described in the sagas, has been found by archaeological excavation.

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is a famous Karvi ship, built around the end of the ninth century, excavated in 1880 by Nicolay Nicolaysen. It was approximately 23 m (75 feet) long with 16 rowing positions.

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kind of half sun-diameter which corresponds to about sixteen minutes of arc). This was something that was known to every skipper at that time, or to the long-voyage pilot or

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for a ship derives from this practice of placing carved dragonheads on ships... but there is no evidence that it was a technical term for any particular kind of ship."

1957:"On the trail of Vikings with polarized skylight: experimental study of the atmospheric optical prerequisites allowing polarimetric navigation by Viking seafarers" 2252: 2349: 427:(singular, meaning 'dragon'), was used for ships with thirty rowing benches and upwards that are only known from historical sources, such as the 13th-century 5582: 1196: 2275: 7068: 6984: 683:

Early long boats used some form of steering oar but by the tenth century the side rudder (called a steerboard, the source for the etymology for the word

2609:

Jesch, J. (2001). Ships and Sailing. In Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse (pp. 119–179).

2222: 3836: 6862: 2305: 1388: 491:

Sails started to be used from possibly the eighth century. The earliest had either plaited or chequered pattern, with narrow strips sewn together.

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is a 22 m (72-foot) replica of the Gokstad ship that was built using traditional building techniques. In 2000, it was sailed from Iceland to

866:

but smaller oars were also used, with crooks or bends to be used as oarlocks. If there were no holes then a loop of rope kept the oars in place.

1919: 7211: 7073: 6386: 6334: 160:, with their existence being archaeologically proven and documented from at least the fourth century BC. Originally invented and used by the 1955:

Horváth, Gábor; Barta, András; Pomozi, István; Suhai, Bence; Hegedüs, Ramón; Åkesson, Susanne; Meyer-Rochow, Benno; Wehner, Rüdiger (2011).

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875–954 AD the longship reached a peak of development such as the Gokstad ship 890. Archaeological discoveries from this period at

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is the name given to the longest longship ever found at approximately 37.4 metres (123 ft). It was discovered in 1996–97 at the

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have been replicated, some of them several times. They are each of a different design and only Skuldelev 1, 2 and 5 are longships.

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Analysis of timber samples from Viking long boats shows that a variety of timbers were used, but there was strong preference for

2540: 7611: 3829: 1493: 2683: 2376: 7138: 6857: 2528: 2485: 1783: 1672: 1633: 1453: 1326: 1088: 2576: 2327: 2136: 2033: 7876: 7559: 1016:, built in Norway around 732, was discovered in 2018. Excavations were completed in December 2022, and the remains of the 7606: 7510: 6749: 1831:"At the threshold of the Viking Age: New dendrochronological dates for the Kvalsund ship and boat bog offerings (Norway)" 837:

by Leif K. Karlsen. To derive a course to steer relative to the sun direction, he uses a sun-stone (solarsteinn) made of

452:, created in 1299, depicts a ship with a dragon's head at either end, which might be intended to represent a dreki ship. 1817: 1480: 923:

in the autumn of 1393, the "great ships" of the pirates could not be boarded by the Norwegian levy ships called out by

109: 562:

futtock protruded about 400 mm (16 inches) above the sheerline and was carved to retain anchor or mooring lines.

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N. A. M. Rodger. (1995). Cnut's Geld and the Size of Danish Ships. The English Historical Review, 110(436), 392–403.

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These large timbers were shaped with both adze and broadaxe. At the bow the cut water was especially strong, as

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craftsmen, not Scandinavian. The design only differs very slightly from the Scandinavian built longships.

818:" referred to in some sagas might have been natural crystals capable of polarizing skylight. The mineral 1380: 789:

Archaeologists have found two devices which they interpret as navigation instruments. Both appear to be

380:, at 37 m (121 feet) is the longest Viking ship ever discovered and has been dated to around 1025. 7535: 6798: 6641: 6513: 6403: 5161: 5125: 2951: 2946: 1061: 1278:

Jan, Bill (2003). "Scandinavian Warships and Naval Power in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries".

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The longship's design evolved over many centuries, and continued up until the sixth century with

55: 17: 7674: 6098: 990:– both from Vestfold in Norway. They both represent the longship design of the later Viking Age. 460:

The first longships can trace their origin back to between 500 and 300 BC, when the Danish

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in Roskilde and launched in 2004. In 2012, a 35-metre (115 ft) long skeid longship named

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used by the Vikings as a compass during their sea-crossings along latitude 61 degrees North.

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Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse

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Since the discovery of the original longships in the 1800s, many boat builders have built

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during development in the harbour-area in 1962 and 1996–97. The ship discovered in 1962,

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was launched in Norway. It was built from scratch by experts, using original Viking and

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Historisk-statistisk Skildring af Tilstanden i Danmark og Norge, i ældre og nyere tider

1419: 1297: 1121: 1076: 684: 262:) is the smallest vessel that is considered a longship. According to the tenth-century 2658: 1567: 199:

The longships were characterized as graceful, long, narrow, and light, with a shallow-

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is a 30 m (100 ft) replica of the original ship of the same name found in

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we see long voyages to North America, the majority sailed at over 61 degrees north.

30:

This article is about Nordic sea-going ships of the Viking Age. For other uses, see

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Per Bruun. (1997). The Viking Ship. Journal of Coastal Research, 13(4), 1282–1289.

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The snekkja was one of the most common types of ships. According to Viking lore,

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Bill, Jan (2008). "Viking Ships and the Sea", in Brink, S. and Price, N. (eds),

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A selection of important longships known only from written sources includes:

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Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings", Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Viking Navigation Using the Sunstone, Polarized Light and the Horizon Board

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is an oak-built Skeid longship. It is believed to have been built in the

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disaster – a warning against construction errors in Viking ship replicas

1980: 7338: 7169: 7028: 7016: 6928: 6837: 6426: 6178: 5846: 5821: 5800: 5742: 5604: 5577: 5293: 5173: 4953: 4902: 4771: 4698: 4668: 4518: 4457: 4452: 4396: 4361: 4323: 4198: 4148: 3989: 3955: 3950: 3915: 3879: 3742: 3530: 3513: 3461: 3451: 3436: 3404: 3394: 3272: 3222: 3098: 3093: 3061: 2780: 2499: 1423: 994: 963: 819: 774: 758: 715: 169: 7093: 4822: 2106: 1857: 814:

The Danish archaeologist Thorkild Ramskou suggested in 1967 that the "

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RODGER, N. A. M. (1995). "Cnut's Geld and the Size of Danish Ships".

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in England (1086 AD) records only 13 saws. Possibly these were

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Chartrand, René; Durham, Keith; Harrison, Mark; Heath, Ian (2016).

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or used bottom-up for shelter in camps. Longships were fitted with

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and it is uncertain if they were used in longship construction.

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Bill, Jan (1997). "Ships and seamanship", in Sawyer, P. (ed.),

1943: 975: 920: 794: 652: 616: 592: 449: 417: 368: 1728:

Notes on shipbuilding & nautical terms of old in the North

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Schematic drawing of a longship construction representing the

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Chartrand, Rene, Mark Harrison, Ian Heath, and Keith Durham.

2514: 1625:

Danmarks oldtid: Yngre Jernalder og Vikingetid 400–1050 e. Kr

656: 620: 596: 278: 2320:"First Viking ship excavation in a century begins in Norway" 1441: 1200:

is a half-sized replica of the Gokstad ship. Berthed at the

480:

The earliest rowed true longship that has been found is the

5790: 5449: 5434: 5414: 5315: 5196: 5080: 4907: 4256: 4153: 4103: 4088: 4039: 3984: 3690: 3337: 1017: 1009:

in Roskilde, Denmark. The ship was constructed around 1025.

869:

An innovation that improved the sail's performance was the

604: 588: 575: 306: 893:'s ship approaching a beach, probably in the Somme Estuary 5424: 632: 608: 208: 176:, and continued to influence shipbuilding for centuries. 1107:

the original longships design and construction include:

974:

is the name given to a longship found in the harbour of

2584:. 1st. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 2410: 1954: 1116:, the very first Viking ship replica, was built by the 2557:

K. McCone, 'Zisalpinisch-gallisch uenia und lokan' in

1437: 1435: 1433: 1204:, she was built at the Scandinavian Community Centre, 5681: 3844: 2377:"Viking Are Saling Again to rediscover the New World" 2054: 1495:

History of Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods

1381:"The Viking Ship Museum – Museum of Cultural History" 168:) for commerce, exploration, and warfare during the 1882:"The secret of Viking success? A good coat of tar…" 1430: 437:, an expert in runic inscriptions, says, "The word 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2537:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 2000. 1355:"The Viking Ship Museum, The five Skuldelev ships" 1041:") was the most famous longship of Norwegian king 710:At the height of Viking expansion into Dublin and 336:Construction of the 35 m long Skeid longship 228:They were owned by coastal farmers, and under the 2187: 2185: 1828: 1280:War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 1184:, to participate in the 1000 year anniversary of 979:have required a very high level of craftsmanship. 7868: 1534:. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019 282:Full-scale replica of a Viking snekkja based in 2684:Viking ships and traditional Norse wooden boats 2493:The Vikings Ships. Their Ancestry and Evolution 1961:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 958:" is the name given to a longship found in the 292: 2604:The Vikings: voyagers of discovery and plunder 2545:The Viking ships, their ancestry and evolution 2251:. Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde. Archived from 2182: 2171:Wolfgang Grape, The Bayeux Tapestry, Prestel. 1771: 833:An ingenious navigation method is detailed in 5133: 3830: 2704: 1719: 1621: 1596: 476:, Sweden showing armed warriors in a longship 420:depicts a Viking longship — possibly a dreki. 2599:. first ed. Richmond: Time Life Books, 1998. 2383:. Olaf Oden Art & Design. Archived from 2304:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1829:Nordeide, S.W.; Bonde, N.; Thun, T. (2020). 1725: 1656: 1654: 1652: 739: 2735:origin primarily identified as speakers of 2480:Engineering Sciences, 463(2080), 1081–1095. 1314: 7675:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 7622:International Congress of Maritime Museums 7602:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 6894: 5140: 5126: 3837: 3823: 2711: 2697: 2561:, ed Heidermans et al., Innsbruck, 1993.1. 2550:Hale, J.R. (1998)."'The Viking Longship", 2274:Horte, Jan Bill, Red: Marianne Juelsgård. 1835:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 1765: 1740: 1667:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 127–128. 1615: 1590: 1071:The Mariasuda, flagship of Norwegian king 7735: 7690:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 2409:. Viking Boat Association. Archived from 2407:"The Munin – Vancouver's Viking longboat" 1988: 1856: 1846: 1649: 1219:, Norway. The replica is situated in the 765:and used the stars to plot their course. 705: 635:. Iron saws were probably very rare. The 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 2597:What Life Was Like When Longships Sailed 2011:Cultural Atlas of the Viking World. Ed. 1743:"Norwegian Viking treasures tour Europe" 1491: 1308: 1208:, British Columbia and launched in 2001. 1098:, was sailed across the Atlantic to the 1087: 880: 748: 611:. Most of the smoothing was done with a 522: 506: 467: 411: 331: 277: 140: 7660:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 3776:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 2491:Brøgger, A.W. and Shetelig, H. (1951). 911:against newer, taller vessels—when the 502: 14: 7869: 7612:European Association of Archaeologists 1690: 1448:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 188. 1410:Bruun, Per (1997). "The Viking Ship". 1321:. Rosenberg Publishing. pp. 26–. 1024: 935: 145:Schematic drawing of the longship type 7734: 6893: 6868:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 6826: 6696: 6695: 6078: 5680: 5159: 5147: 5121: 3818: 2692: 2330:from the original on 14 December 2021 1879: 1686: 1684: 1660: 1578:from the original on 14 December 2021 1409: 1135:The Skuldelev replicas. All the five 1092:A replica of the Gokstad ship, named 902:nimble. The true Viking warships, or 240: 2718: 2571:A. Forte, R. Oram, and F. Pederson. 2356:from the original on 6 December 2022 2286:from the original on 6 November 2021 2249:"The longship from Haithabu Harbour" 2203:from the original on 6 December 2021 2036:from the original on 26 January 2010 1900:from the original on 2 November 2019 1753:from the original on 3 December 2021 930: 721: 659:, a longship sail was not stitched. 615:. Other tools used in woodwork were 67:adding citations to reliable sources 38: 7607:Archaeological Institute of America 2476:, Routledge, 2008, pp. 170–80. 2443:from the original on 1 January 2016 2374: 2229:from the original on 26 August 2016 2193:"Vikingeskibe og maritime håndværk" 1492:Garrison, Ervan G. (29 June 1998). 1277: 24: 2635:The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde 2606:. Osprey Publishing, 2006. 142–90. 2117:from the original on 17 April 2023 1681: 1512:from the original on 17 April 2023 1335:from the original on 17 April 2023 1060:, and used as the flagship in the 194: 25: 7898: 7617:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 7007:Coastal defence and fortification 6382:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 5682:Navigation, and ports and harbors 2628: 2273: 1391:from the original on 6 April 2020 7851: 7717: 7642:Society for American Archaeology 6876: 6809: 6678: 6061: 5663: 3799: 3798: 2568:, San Diego: Lucent Books, 1999. 2535:Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga 2225:. Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde. 1940:M. Andersen. Vikingfoerden, 1895 1880:McKie, Robin (4 November 2018). 1778:. Gyldendal A/S. pp. 195–. 1741:Kvittingen, Ida (6 March 2014). 1318:Discovering the Great South Land 1079:, the largest recorded longship. 646: 494:In the late eighth century, the 43: 27:Specialised Scandinavian warship 7074:Phoenician discovery of America 3781:Christianization of Scandinavia 2433:"Scandinavian Community Centre" 2425: 2399: 2368: 2342: 2312: 2267: 2241: 2215: 2165: 2129: 2099: 2048: 2018: 2005: 1934: 1912: 1873: 1822: 1799: 1734: 1560: 455: 54:needs additional citations for 6766:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 3771:Christianization of the Franks 2844:Continental Germanic mythology 2647:The Viking Ship Museum in Oslo 2619:Sciences, 366 (1565), 772–782. 2554:February 1998, pp. 58–66. 1922:. Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde 1812:. p. 90, History Press. 2008, 1524: 1485: 1475:. p. 71, History Press. 2008, 1462: 1403: 1373: 1347: 1271: 309:used 1,200 in Norway in 1028. 13: 1: 7685:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 6360:Phoenician maritime expansion 2679:disaster in 1950 investigated 2523:, , Osprey Publishing, 2002. 2459: 2280:Vikingeskibsmuseet i Roskilde 1693:The English Historical Review 1128:in The United States for the 856: 744: 7627:Nautical Archaeology Society 5036:Bristol Channel pilot cutter 2223:"Puck 2 – a Slavic longship" 1848:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102192 1130:World's Columbian Exposition 1100:World's Columbian Exposition 1020:are undergoing preservation. 515:ship. It is a reconstructed 387:Seastallion from Glendalough 156:that have a long history in 7: 7877:Merchant sailing ship types 7680:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 7057:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 6863:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 6720:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 6079: 5160: 3786:Christianization of Iceland 2511:Journal of Coastal Research 1412:Journal of Coastal Research 1227: 1083: 402:experimental archaeological 152:were a type of specialised 10: 7903: 7536:Phoenician Ship Expedition 6827: 6377:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 6370:Circumnavigation of Africa 1628:. Gyldendal. p. 413. 1064:. It is said to be of the 1062:Norman conquest of England 773:During an excavation of a 725: 696: 273: 219: 29: 7849: 7741: 7730: 7715: 7650: 7592: 7395: 7379: 7127: 7062:Samothrace temple complex 6997: 6952: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6889: 6874: 6833: 6822: 6807: 6705: 6691: 6676: 6629: 6582: 6435: 6402: 6395: 6333: 6134: 6091: 6087: 6074: 6059: 5778: 5691: 5687: 5676: 5661: 5613: 5548: 5485: 5370: 5339: 5172: 5168: 5155: 5099: 5028: 4982: 4916: 4800: 4780: 4707: 4616: 4560: 4466: 4420: 4332: 4232: 4217: 4048: 3964: 3888: 3857: 3794: 3756: 3037: 2999: 2789: 2743: 2726: 2533:W. Fitzhugh and E. Ward, 1568:"Secrets of Viking Ships" 1552:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1520:– via Google Books. 1202:Vancouver Maritime Museum 876: 740:Navigation and propulsion 678: 574:, a tree associated with 565: 32:Longship (disambiguation) 7882:Naval sailing ship types 6350:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 4730:Iron-hulled sailing ship 3024:North Germanic languages 3009:Germanic parent language 2640:25 November 2009 at the 2107:"OPOD – Viking Sunstone" 1730:. Magnússon. p. 45. 1264: 782:items had been parts of 407: 345: 249: 7632:RPM Nautical Foundation 7369:Surviving ancient ships 7288:Marsala Punic shipwreck 4539:Square-rigged caravel ( 3029:West Germanic languages 3019:East Germanic languages 3014:Proto-Germanic language 2834:Proto-Germanic folklore 2771:Romano-Germanic culture 2015:et al. Andromeda. 1994. 1772:Pauline Asingh (2009). 1173:Íslendingur (Icelander) 915:, in the employ of the 293: 164:(commonly known as the 7665:Giza Solar boat museum 7119:Underwater exploration 7114:Underwater archaeology 7079:Pre-Columbian theories 6934:John Sinclair Morrison 6895:Research and education 6345:Austronesian Expansion 2652:1 January 2010 at the 2519:Durham, Keith (2002). 2437:Scandinaviancentre.org 2077:10.1098/rspa.2011.0369 1973:10.1098/rstb.2010.0194 1705:10.1093/ehr/cx.436.392 1661:Jesch, Judith (2001). 1622:Jørgen Jensen (2001). 1603:. Soldin. pp. 71– 1597:Rasmus Nyerup (1803). 1159:Dragon Harald Fairhair 1103: 1052:was the ship given to 894: 754: 706:Ship builders' toolkit 533: 520: 477: 421: 397:Draken Harald Hårfagre 342: 339:Draken Harald Hårfagre 287: 146: 7736:Legend and literature 7694:Viking ship museums: 7670:Grand Egyptian Museum 7430:Austronesian replicas 7405:Heyerdahl expeditions 7315:Caligula's Giant Ship 7175:Dover Bronze Age Boat 5837:Berenice Troglodytica 5071:Pinnace (ship's boat) 4433:Chinese treasure ship 2839:Anglo-Saxon mythology 2729:Ethnolinguistic group 2559:Festschrift Untermann 2547:, Oslo: Dreyer. 1951. 2513:, 4 (1997): 1282–89. 2495:, Oslo: Dreyer, 1951. 2197:Vikingeskibsmuseet.dk 2026:"The Viking Sunstone" 1726:E. Magnússon (1906). 1167:and launched in 2012. 1091: 1054:William the Conqueror 925:Margaret I of Denmark 884: 752: 526: 510: 474:Stora Hammars I stone 471: 415: 335: 281: 154:Scandinavian warships 144: 7637:Sea Research Society 7039:Maritime archaeology 6848:Ameinias the Phocian 6843:Mediterranean piracy 5086:Thames sailing barge 4917:Recreational vessels 2668:6 March 2010 at the 2579:5 April 2023 at the 1315:Byron Heath (2005). 1302:10.7722/j.ctt81rtx.9 734:Viking ship replicas 503:Keel, stems and hull 63:improve this article 6730:Maritime Jade Route 5883:Kaveri Poompattinam 5107:Nautical operations 5041:Floating restaurant 4929:Ljungström sailboat 4509:Full-rigged pinnace 3766:Gothic Christianity 2566:The Viking Longship 2552:Scientific American 2506:29 May 2016 at the 2498:Bruun, Per (1997). 2352:. 9 December 2021. 2153:on 12 December 2014 2069:2012RSPSA.468..671R 1118:Rødsverven shipyard 1025:Historical examples 936:Preserved originals 728:Viking ship replica 7278:Bajo de la Campana 6980:Peter Throckmorton 6965:Jean-Yves Empereur 6939:William L. Rodgers 6760:Maritime Silk Road 4224:and other vessels 4218:Naval and merchant 3149:Germani cisrhenani 2857:Funerary practices 2761:Pre-Roman Iron Age 2737:Germanic languages 2413:on 16 January 2016 2387:on 7 December 2013 2375:Swenson, Allan A. 2255:on 25 January 2016 1178:L'Anse aux Meadows 1122:Sandefjord, Norway 1104: 1077:Battle of Fimreite 1007:Viking Ship Museum 895: 755: 534: 521: 478: 422: 392:Viking Ship Museum 384:was replicated as 371:area around 1042. 343: 288: 241:Types of longships 183:-built ships like 147: 7864: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7726: 7725: 7713: 7712: 7333:Madrague de Giens 7052:Temple of Isthmia 7048:Maritime temples 7034:Marine navigation 6993: 6992: 6985:Shelley Wachsmann 6975:J. Richard Steffy 6885: 6884: 6818: 6817: 6687: 6686: 6674: 6673: 6625: 6624: 6355:Ocean exploration 6070: 6069: 6057: 6056: 5716:Rutter (nautical) 5672: 5671: 5659: 5658: 5515:Mortise and tenon 5149:Ancient seafaring 5115: 5114: 4944:Sailing hydrofoil 4796: 4795: 4715:Blackwall frigate 4638:Baltimore Clipper 3812: 3811: 2984:Gothic and Vandal 2776:Germanic Iron Age 2751:Nordic Bronze Age 2733:Northern European 2564:L. Trent (1999). 2529:978-1-84176-349-1 2500:"The Viking Ship" 2486:978-0-415-69262-5 2144:Oneearthpress.com 2137:"One Earth Press" 2013:J Graham Campbell 1967:(1565): 772–782. 1785:978-87-02-05688-4 1674:978-0-85115-826-6 1635:978-87-02-00333-8 1455:978-1-4728-1323-7 1328:978-1-877058-31-8 1165:Haugesund, Norway 931:Notable longships 824:doubly refracting 777:farm in southern 722:Replica longships 448:The city seal of 430:Göngu-Hrólfs saga 416:The city seal of 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 7894: 7855: 7854: 7749:Ark of bulrushes 7732: 7731: 7721: 7720: 7359:Oldest surviving 7069:Nusantao network 6944:Chester G. Starr 6909: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6891: 6890: 6880: 6879: 6853:Cilician pirates 6824: 6823: 6813: 6812: 6750:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 6745:Iron Age Britain 6693: 6692: 6682: 6681: 6400: 6399: 6089: 6088: 6076: 6075: 6065: 6064: 5979:Ptolemais Theron 5689: 5688: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5666: 5259:Single-outrigger 5170: 5169: 5157: 5156: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5119: 5118: 4684:Ship of the line 4608:Ship of the line 4230: 4229: 4226:(by origin date) 4005:Full-rigged ship 3906:Fore-and-aft rig 3875:Age of Discovery 3870:Maritime history 3839: 3832: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3802: 3801: 3758:Christianization 3348:Ripuarian Franks 2720:Germanic peoples 2713: 2706: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2595:D. Dersin, ed., 2474:The Viking World 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2350:"Science Norway" 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2326:. 27 June 2020. 2316: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2189: 2180: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2152: 2146:. Archived from 2141: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2063:(2139): 671–84. 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2030:Polarization.net 2022: 2016: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1992: 1952: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1860: 1850: 1826: 1820: 1806:Magnus Magnusson 1803: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1747:Sciencenorway.no 1738: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1699:(436): 392–403. 1688: 1679: 1678: 1658: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1489: 1483: 1469:Magnus Magnusson 1466: 1460: 1459: 1439: 1428: 1427: 1418:(4): 1282–1289. 1407: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1357:. Archived from 1351: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1275: 1188:'s discovery of 1039:The Long Serpent 1003: 913:Victual Brothers 891:Harold Godwinson 653:rough wool cloth 462:Hjortspring boat 307:Canute the Great 296: 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 7902: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7737: 7722: 7718: 7709: 7652: 7646: 7594: 7593:Institutes and 7588: 7543:Viking replicas 7484:Balangay Voyage 7397: 7391: 7375: 7130: 7123: 6999: 6989: 6948: 6896: 6881: 6877: 6872: 6829: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6701: 6683: 6679: 6670: 6621: 6578: 6431: 6391: 6336: 6329: 6130: 6083: 6066: 6062: 6053: 5929:Mueang Phra Rot 5783: 5774: 5683: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5609: 5583:Triangular sail 5544: 5481: 5455:Sail components 5366: 5335: 5309:Tessarakonteres 5164: 5151: 5146: 5116: 5111: 5095: 5024: 4978: 4912: 4801:Fishing vessels 4792: 4776: 4703: 4612: 4556: 4462: 4416: 4328: 4292:Tessarakonteres 4225: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4134:Outrigger canoe 4044: 3960: 3884: 3853: 3843: 3813: 3808: 3790: 3752: 3033: 2995: 2957:Gothic alphabet 2849:Norse mythology 2785: 2739: 2722: 2717: 2670:Wayback Machine 2654:Wayback Machine 2642:Wayback Machine 2631: 2626: 2581:Wayback Machine 2521:Viking Longship 2508:Wayback Machine 2462: 2457: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2057:Proc. R. Soc. A 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2010: 2006: 1953: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1878: 1874: 1827: 1823: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1775:Grauballemanden 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1739: 1735: 1724: 1720: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1659: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1506: 1490: 1486: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1440: 1431: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1361:on 18 July 2011 1353: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1329: 1313: 1309: 1294: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1230: 1137:Skuldelev ships 1086: 1043:Olaf Tryggvason 1027: 1014:Gjellestad ship 997: 938: 933: 887:Bayeux Tapestry 885:Image from the 879: 859: 747: 742: 730: 724: 708: 699: 681: 649: 568: 505: 458: 410: 348: 323:in Swedish and 276: 252: 243: 222: 197: 195:Characteristics 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7900: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7785: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7751: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7656: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7562: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7526: 7518:Mediterranean 7516: 7515: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7474: 7471:Alingano Maisu 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7414: 7401: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7320:De Meern ships 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7258: 7251: 7246: 7238: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7190:Cape Gelidonya 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7135: 7133: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7014: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6953:Archaeologists 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6919:David Blackman 6915: 6913: 6906: 6898: 6897: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6858:Jewish pirates 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6544:Lake Trasimene 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445:Mediterranean: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5748:Maritime pilot 5745: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5713: 5711:Portolan chart 5708: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5685: 5684: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Oared warships 5281: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5166: 5165: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5061:Norfolk wherry 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4959:Trailer sailer 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4939:Pocket cruiser 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4788:Montagu whaler 4784: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4334:Post-classical 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4252:Borobudur ship 4249: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4010:Jackass-barque 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3931:Ljungström rig 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3415:Thracian Goths 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3043: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2766:Roman Iron Age 2763: 2758: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2672: 2656: 2644: 2630: 2629:External links 2627: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2574:Viking Empires 2569: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2538: 2531: 2517: 2496: 2489: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2424: 2398: 2367: 2341: 2311: 2266: 2240: 2214: 2181: 2164: 2128: 2111:Atoptics.co.uk 2098: 2047: 2017: 2004: 1942: 1933: 1911: 1872: 1821: 1818:978-0752426990 1798: 1784: 1764: 1733: 1718: 1680: 1673: 1648: 1634: 1614: 1589: 1574:. 9 May 2000. 1559: 1523: 1504: 1484: 1481:978-0752426990 1461: 1454: 1429: 1402: 1385:www.khm.uio.no 1372: 1346: 1327: 1307: 1292: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1249:Medieval ships 1246: 1241: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1213:Myklebust Ship 1209: 1193: 1168: 1155: 1140: 1133: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1069: 1046: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1010: 991: 980: 967: 964:Western Slavic 950: 937: 934: 932: 929: 878: 875: 858: 855: 769:Viking Sundial 746: 743: 741: 738: 726:Main article: 723: 720: 707: 704: 698: 695: 680: 677: 648: 645: 567: 564: 504: 501: 457: 454: 450:Bergen, Norway 409: 406: 347: 344: 329:in Norwegian. 275: 272: 251: 248: 242: 239: 221: 218: 196: 193: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7899: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7819:Metamorphoses 7816: 7814: 7812: 7811:The Histories 7808: 7806: 7805: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7789:The Histories 7786: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7733: 7729: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7591: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7504:Marumaru Atua 7501: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7464:Samudra Raksa 7461: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7450:Te Au o Tonga 7447: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7310:Blackfriars I 7308: 7306: 7305:Arles Rhône 3 7303: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7109:Thalassocracy 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7094:Shell middens 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7044:Naval warfare 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 6996: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6924:Lionel Casson 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6888: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6825: 6821: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6755:Incense trade 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6659:South America 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:Sailing ships 6605: 6603: 6602:Oared vessels 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524:Cape Hermaeum 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6335:Migration and 6332: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6142:Ancient Egypt 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135:Civilizations 6133: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5675: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5510:Clinker built 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:Boat building 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:Navis lusoria 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983:Special terms 4981: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4949:Sailing yacht 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4578:East Indiaman 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4568:Bermuda sloop 4566: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4221:sailing ships 4216: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 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3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390:Crimean Goths 3388: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3353:Salian Franks 3351: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2791:Early culture 2788: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2590:0-521-82992-5 2587: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2541:A. 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CRC Press. 1497: 1496: 1488: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1293:9780851159034 1289: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056:by his wife, 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 996: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972: 968: 965: 961: 960:Bay of Gdansk 957: 956: 951: 948: 944: 943: 942: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 905: 899: 892: 888: 883: 874: 872: 867: 863: 854: 850: 848: 842: 840: 836: 831: 829: 828:Vinland sagas 825: 821: 817: 812: 811: 807: 805: 801: 796: 792: 787: 785: 780: 776: 771: 770: 766: 764: 760: 751: 737: 735: 729: 719: 717: 713: 703: 694: 691: 686: 676: 672: 670: 666: 660: 658: 654: 647:Sail and mast 644: 642: 638: 637:Domesday Book 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 573: 563: 559: 556: 550: 546: 544: 540: 531: 525: 519:from Denmark. 518: 514: 509: 500: 497: 496:Kvalsund ship 492: 489: 485: 483: 475: 470: 466: 463: 453: 451: 446: 442: 440: 436: 432: 431: 426: 419: 414: 405: 403: 399: 398: 393: 389: 388: 383: 379: 374: 370: 366: 365: 360: 356: 352: 341: 340: 334: 330: 328: 327: 322: 321: 314: 310: 308: 303: 301: 297: 295: 285: 280: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 247: 238: 236: 231: 226: 217: 215: 210: 206: 202: 192: 190: 186: 182: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 143: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7887:Viking ships 7840: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7802: 7797:On the Ocean 7795: 7788: 7780: 7777:Literature: 7565: 7547: 7528: 7521: 7511:Aotearoa One 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7421: 7417: 7409: 7396:Experimental 7364:Museum ships 7331: 7324: 7297: 7269:Phoenician: 7260: 7255:Leontophoros 7253: 7217:Butuan boats 7212:Pontian boat 7150:Dufuna canoe 7089:Shipbuilding 7000:and theories 6970:Boris Rankov 6764: 6697:Economy and 6597:Incendiaries 6444: 6231:Indus Valley 6199:Tarumanagara 6126:Ubaid period 6044:Wadi al-Jarf 5959:Ostia Antica 5563:Fore-and-aft 5530:Shipbuilding 5505:Carvel built 5487:Construction 5445:Steering oar 5326:Sailing ship 5249:Obelisk ship 5233: 5207:Dugout canoe 5056:Norfolk punt 4934:Mast aft rig 4843:Herring buss 4767:West Country 4689:Sloop-of-war 4544: 4540: 4474:Crommesteven 4391: 3967:sailing rigs 3941:Mast aft rig 3889:Sailing rigs 3849:vessels and 3084:Anglo-Saxons 3074:Adrabaecampi 3057:Bucinobantes 2799:Architecture 2677:Ormen Friske 2676: 2661:Ormen Friske 2660: 2603: 2596: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2534: 2520: 2510: 2492: 2473: 2467: 2445:. 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4720:Down Easter 4357:Bomb vessel 4309:K'un-lun po 4287:Quadriremes 4272:Penteconter 4159:Quadrimaran 3980:Barquentine 3896:Bermuda rig 3865:Age of Sail 3524:Nahanarvali 3447:Hilleviones 3360:Frisiavones 3228:Cananefates 3218:Burgundians 3129:Banochaemae 2979:Anglo-Saxon 2930:Anglo-Saxon 2896:Anglo-Saxon 2879:Anglo-Saxon 2862:Anglo-Saxon 2334:14 December 2207:14 December 2157:14 December 2121:13 December 1810:The Vikings 1757:14 December 1582:14 December 1538:24 February 1516:14 December 1473:The Vikings 1445:The Vikings 1395:11 February 1259:Viking ship 1035:Ormen Lange 998: [ 919:, attacked 898:centuries. 804:sun compass 800:Vatnahverfi 757:During the 382:Skuldelev 2 373:Skuldelev 2 364:Skuldelev 2 158:Scandinavia 7871:Categories 7813:(Polybius) 7457:Hawaiʻiloa 7339:Nemi ships 7224:Black Sea‎ 7170:Khufu ship 7131:and relics 7029:Marine art 7022:Alexandria 6929:Fik Meijer 6912:Historians 6799:Indo-Roman 6612:Greek navy 6514:Salamis II 6504:Hellespont 6464:Artemisium 6454:Nile Delta 6417:Achaemenid 6310:Achaemenid 6179:Langkasuka 6174:Micronesia 6092:Prehistory 6019:Sounagoura 5847:Chittagong 5822:Barbarikon 5801:Alexandria 5743:Pilot boat 5693:Navigation 5525:Sewn-plank 5520:Lashed-lug 5398:Figurehead 5371:Components 5340:Propulsion 5294:Quadrireme 5275:Polyremes 5254:Outriggers 5015:Treenailed 4995:Lashed lug 4990:Inflatable 4969:Windsurfer 4954:Sportsboat 4903:Well smack 4772:Windjammer 4699:Trincadour 4669:Padewakang 4519:Man-of-war 4458:Trabaccolo 4397:Malangbang 4199:Vaka katea 4149:Pentamaran 3990:Brigantine 3951:Square rig 3946:Pinisi rig 3926:Lateen rig 3916:Gunter rig 3880:Navigation 3743:Vinoviloth 3531:Marcomanni 3514:Helveconae 3492:Heaðobards 3462:Istvaeones 3452:Ingaevones 3437:Hermunduri 3405:Ostrogoths 3395:Greuthungi 3273:Chattuarii 3099:Angrivarii 3094:Ampsivarii 3062:Lentienses 2891:Literature 2781:Viking Age 2460:References 2381:Viking Art 2360:8 December 2290:6 November 2259:10 January 2233:10 January 1926:10 January 1904:3 November 1858:1956/22938 1841:: 102192. 995:Roskilde 6 947:Nydam ship 857:Propulsion 820:cordierite 816:sun-stones 810:Hypothesis 775:Viking Age 759:Viking Age 745:Navigation 716:Coppergate 625:drawknives 601:bark spade 482:Nydam ship 378:Roskilde 6 170:Viking Age 89:newspapers 78:"Longship" 7826:Geography 7764:Gilgamesh 7653:memorials 7577:Viracocha 7490:Faʻafaite 7443:Sarimanok 7349:Yassi Ada 7262:Syracusia 7185:Canaanite 7160:Moor Sand 6630:By region 6592:Grappling 6564:Naulochus 6554:Myonessus 6509:Echinades 6494:Arginusae 6489:Cynossema 6474:Naupactus 6469:Eurymedon 6303:Classical 6278:Phoenicia 6273:Mycenaean 6236:Tamilakam 6219:Polynesia 6209:Srivijaya 6004:Satingpra 5964:Palembang 5948:Cattigara 5890:(Kadaram) 5873:Jambukola 5867:Guangzhou 5808:(Podouke) 5806:Arikamedu 5768:Polynesia 5701:Celestial 5614:Armaments 5600:Spritsail 5558:Crab claw 5500:Careening 5467:Sternpost 5321:Reed boat 5264:Catamaran 5239:Multihull 5010:Tall ship 4838:Gableboat 4752:Leti leti 4742:Janggolan 4674:Post ship 4545:de armada 4534:Speronara 4262:Fire ship 4194:Va'a-tele 4119:Kora kora 4084:Catamaran 4050:Multihull 3956:Tanja rig 3901:Crab claw 3858:Overviews 3845:Types of 3738:Vidivarii 3733:Victohali 3723:Vangiones 3656:Thuringii 3561:Nuithones 3457:Irminones 3420:Visigoths 3410:Thervingi 3370:Gambrivii 3323:Dulgubnii 3318:Dauciones 3268:Chasuarii 3208:Brondings 3134:Bastarnae 3124:Baiuvarii 3104:Armalausi 3067:Raetovari 3001:Languages 2969:Symbology 2829:Folklore 2824:Festivals 2447:4 January 2417:4 January 2391:5 October 2324:Bbc.co.uk 2085:1364-5021 1894:0029-7712 1867:214352713 1713:0013-8266 1532:"Vikings" 1286:: 35–52. 1197:The Munin 904:langskips 847:kendtmand 779:Greenland 763:astrolabe 685:starboard 555:longboats 543:meginhufr 530:Imme Gram 513:Sebbe Als 404:methods. 150:Longships 119:July 2024 7842:Tākitimu 7745:Legend: 7703:Roskilde 7582:Tangaroa 7523:Olympias 7497:Gaualofa 7436:Hōkūleʻa 7411:Kon-Tiki 7244:Ashkelon 7180:Uluburun 7139:Earliest 6905:Scholars 6787:shipping 6587:Boarding 6499:Mytilene 6484:Syracuse 6449:Alashiya 6412:Egyptian 6396:Military 6387:Timeline 6365:Sardinia 6288:Carthage 6204:Kalingga 6164:Sa Huỳnh 6099:Timeline 6049:Zanzibar 5999:Sarapion 5994:Rhacotis 5924:Martaban 5869:(Canton) 5862:Godavaya 5857:Giao Chỉ 5827:Barygaza 5817:Avalites 5738:Piloting 5626:Catapult 5621:Ballista 5595:Mast-aft 5408:Planking 5347:Paddling 5304:Hexareme 5269:Trimaran 5234:Longship 5182:Balangay 4964:Wharrams 4883:Sixareen 4878:Nordland 4873:Patorani 4659:Gundalow 4644:Gallivat 4629:Chialoup 4624:Bilander 4573:Corvette 4489:Galleass 4448:Lancaran 4407:Tongkang 4392:Longship 4342:Balinger 4242:Balangay 4189:Ungalawa 4184:Trimaran 4179:Tongiaki 4174:Tipairua 4025:Schooner 3921:Junk rig 3911:Gaff rig 3804:Category 3711:Hasdingi 3696:Usipetes 3676:Tubantes 3661:Toxandri 3641:Tencteri 3616:Suarines 3601:Sicambri 3596:Semnones 3576:Reudigni 3546:Mattiaci 3536:Marsacii 3487:Lombards 3477:Lacringi 3472:Juthungi 3303:Corconti 3288:Cherusci 3263:Charudes 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6710:Whaling 6617:Ramming 6539:Aegates 6534:Drepana 6529:Ecnomus 6459:Salamis 6447: 6437:Battles 6315:Nabatea 6298:Archaic 6268:Nuragic 6258:Somalia 6109:Oceania 6104:Britain 6081:History 6014:Socotra 5984:Qandala 5969:Piraeus 5939:Muziris 5909:Madurai 5904:Manthai 5842:Canopus 5812:Arsinoe 5784:harbors 5733:History 5721:Coastal 5651:Sambuca 5636:Dolphin 5550:Rigging 5362:Poling 5352:Sailing 5289:Trireme 5229:Liburna 5192:Coracle 5162:Vessels 5100:Related 4898:Tartane 4848:Jangada 4828:Felucca 4823:Falkuša 4781:20th c. 4735:Warship 4725:Golekan 4708:19th c. 4634:Clipper 4617:18th c. 4603:Polacca 4583:Frigate 4561:17th c. 4529:Patache 4524:Manchua 4499:Flyboat 4484:Galleon 4467:16th c. 4438:Caravel 4428:Carrack 4421:15th c. 4387:Kondura 4352:Birlinn 4282:Trireme 4234:Ancient 4169:Tepukei 4124:Lakatoi 4114:Karakoa 4094:Guilalo 4079:Camakau 4064:Amatasi 4052:vessels 4020:Mistico 3995:Catboat 3936:Lug rig 3847:sailing 3728:Varisci 3716:Silingi 3706:Vandals 3681:Tulingi 3671:Triboci 3666:Treveri 3646:Teutons 3636:Taifals 3611:Sitones 3551:Nemetes 3509:Helisii 3482:Lemovii 3400:Gutones 3333:Firaesi 3328:Favonae 3308:Cugerni 3298:Cobandi 3253:Chamavi 3248:Chaemae 3238:Casuari 3233:Caritni 3203:Betasii 3174:Paemani 3109:Auiones 2974:Warfare 2952:Scripts 2920:Numbers 2744:History 2623:Brewer. 2065:Bibcode 1990:3049005 1920:"Ladby" 1572:Pbs.org 1424:4298737 1365:11 June 1244:Leidang 1234:Birlinn 1206:Burnaby 1190:America 1126:Chicago 1075:at the 1058:Matilda 908:Leidang 697:Anchors 669:keelson 665:kerling 617:hammers 539:clinker 390:at the 294:snekkja 274:Snekkja 235:Étaples 230:leidang 220:History 181:clinker 166:Vikings 103:scholar 18:Snekkja 7833:Aeneid 7549:Viking 7530:Regina 7299:Alkedo 7155:Abydos 7129:Wrecks 6998:Topics 6828:Piracy 6782:Greece 6642:Odisha 6574:Actium 6569:Mycale 6404:Navies 6293:Greece 6283:Olmecs 6251:Pandya 6226:Minoan 6189:Champa 6169:Lapita 6114:Remote 6034:Tyndis 5989:Quilon 5934:Muscat 5899:Lothal 5894:Korkai 5878:Jeddah 5852:Essina 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