Harald Fairhair - Knowledge

2061: 1368:. They were all defeated in battle by Harald, with only Solvi escaping with his life to live the rest of his life as a roving Viking. The remaining independent rulers of Norway were then crushed by Harald's allies or opportunists that attacked their neighbors and then submitted to Harald like Hrollaug had done. The saga tells how people of Norway were then put under heavy taxes and oppression by Harald. Anyone suspected of wanting to rise in rebellion were given the option of fleeing the country, submitting himself as a tenant or having hands and feet cut off. According to the saga author, most who were given this option chose to flee. Harald is supposed to have confiscated massive amounts of private property and made many previously free farmers his 1213:, before her premature death. Eirik Bloodaxe was named after Ragnhild's father as was custom in medieval Scandinavia. Likely due to Eirik Bloodaxe royal mother, he was favored above Harald's other sons. Eirik himself had an unquestioning, near psychopathic loyalty to Harald. Unlike other authors, Snorri does not attribute Eirik's cruelty solely to Gunnhild. When Harald and Snæfrith's son Ragnvald Rettilbeine became known as patron of sorcerers and a practitioner of magic, Harald ordered him to cease such activity. When Ragnvald did not listen Harald sent Eirik Bloodaxe to murder him. Eirik had his half-brother and all of his sorcerers 2073:

The Viking hero Harald Fairhair has become part of a vital re-enactment culture, which is evident in, among other things, a memorial park in central Haugesund with the erection of a statue of Harald Fairhair ... the performance of a Harald musical ... the building of ‘the largest’ Viking ship in the world ... the establishment of a theme park based on the Viking concept, and a historic centre where the mythology of King Harald is disseminated ... The main initiators behind these commemorative projects in the Haugesund region today are, as it was in the 1870s, local commercial entrepreneurs who are nourished by local patriotism.

1629: 49: 1414:. Gretti's great-grandfather Önundr Wood-foot is said to be one of many people that fled Norway after fighting for king Kjotvi the Rich and Thorir Haklang in the battle of Hafrsfjord. The saga describes how Harald and his elite Úlfhèðnar warriors (famously mentioned in Hrafnsmál) fought and killed Thorir Haklang when he went berserk. Önundr got his name after his leg was crushed beneath the knee by the prow of one of the king's ships and he had to walk on a wooden pegleg for the rest of his life. 1548:

islands of the Viking refugees of from Harald's conquest of Norway that raided the coast. During the expedition Rognvald's son Ivar was killed so Harald gave governorship of the islands to him. Rognvald wanted to stay in his home in Møre so he passed the jarlship of the Islands to his brother Sigurd. The saga is informed by the Norwegian politics of the day. Once, historians could write that no-one denied the reality of Harald Fairhair's expeditions to the west (recounted in detail in the

631:, an area which the medieval Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson associated with Harald, and which was a centre of power in the ninth century. In the skaldic poetry (which is generally considered authentic ninth-century work by linguists) the estates mentioned match a convenient network of estates with about a day's traveling distance between them, which would be ideal for a king ruling in Vestlandet, but not all of Norway. This reading could be consistent with the 1722: 3236: 2003: 359:, Harald has become a national icon of Norway and a symbol of independence. Though the king's sagas and medieval accounts have been critically scrutinised during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Harald maintains a reputation as the father of the Norwegian nation. At the turn of the 21st century, a few historians have tried to argue that Harald Fairhair did not exist as a historical figure. 770:, notes that Iceland was settled during his lifetime. Harald is thus depicted as the prime cause of the Norse settlement of Iceland and beyond. Iceland was settled by "malcontents" from Norway, who resented Harald's claim of rights of taxation over lands, which the possessors appear to have previously held in absolute ownership. It is the earliest non-skaldic account of Harald to use the nickname 1239:, but had the Norwegian king stay in the newly constructed and sumptuous one, because he was the youngest one of the kings and the one who had the greatest prospects. The older Swedish king, on the other hand, had to stay in the old feasting hall. The Swedish king was so humiliated that he killed Áki. Harald drove Erik Eymundsson out of Värmland and inserted Áki's son Ubbi ( 908:. Harald's rule is said to have lasted for 73 years and his nickname derived from his beautiful hair. Notably, Harald is here described as being the first to rule the entire coastal region of Norway, as opposed to all of Norway. The interior is described to as having been ruled by petty kings, however, it is said that Harald as good as ruled this region as well. 682:. There does not exist a complete copy of the poem, and modern editions of the poem are based on the compilation of the segments. Through dating of the parts as well as the meter is consistent, they may be separate compositions but scholarly consensus is indecisive. Part of the poem is cited by Snorri in Heimskringla as a source for his narrative of the 873:-woman. She is described as having died three years after their marriage with Harald mourning for her, but the people mourning for him, considering him bewitched. Eirik is said to have succeeded Harald, ruling for five years, with two as a co-ruler with his father. Hákon eventually supplanted the cruel and oppressive rule of Eirik and his wife 643:'s description of the battle of Hafrsfjord suggest that Harald was attacked by "eastern" enemies that were routed and fled back east. He proposes that the battle was not part of a war of conquest but Harald defending his own territory from invaders. This idea offers a very different reading of the poem where its references to the 526:. The second poem relates a series of battles won by a king called Harald. However, the information supplied in these poems is inconsistent with the tales in the sagas in which they are transmitted, and the sagas themselves often disagree on the details of his background and biography. Meanwhile, the most reliable manuscripts of 919:" and is Harald's second son, not his youngest. This account of Hákon suggest that he did not accept Christianity. Like the later Heimskringla, Ragnvald Rettilbeine is described as killed on Harald's orders. In Heimskringla he is burned alive by Eirik Bloodaxe, while Historia Norwegiæ describes Ragnvald as being drowned. 2856: 2720: 2072:

today, King Harald Fairhair is associated with several archaeological sites where modern monuments and theme parks (obelisks, towers, sculptures, ‘reconstructions’ of ancient houses/villages) are constructed and where various commemorative practices (jubilees, rallies, festivals) are being performed.

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According to the saga sources, the latter part of Harald's reign was disturbed by the strife of his many sons. The number of sons he left varies in the different saga accounts, from 11 to 20. Twelve of his sons are named as kings, two of them ruled over the whole of Norway. He gave them all the royal

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Harald's conquest of Norway is described. The saga's initial protagonist Ingimundr recognises that Harald will prevail at Hafrfjord and arranges a meeting with Harald, Ragnvald Mörejarl and their ulfhednar-warriors. Ingimundr offers his loyalty to Harald which Harald graciously accepts, but Ingimundr

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and then south along the coast Harald subdued many petty kings. Snorri credits his success to excellent leadership by him and his uncle Guthorm, as well as military reforms and his hard tax policy. The taxes demanded by Harald were much higher than other kings and a third of the revenues where given

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is a praise poem attributed to Þorbjörn Hornklofi about various battles won by Harald. It is dated to the late 9th century, but an exact dating is difficult and due to its fragmentary presentation it may be a compilation of unrelated stanzas. Unlike Hrafnsmál its relation to Harald and the events it

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share Snorri Sturluson as author, or at least share a common source. Given the difference in attitude to the royal family and information regarding Erik Bloodaxe's family, the latter seems more likely. Through the name Harald Fairhair appears, he is mostly irreverently referred to as Haraldr lúfa.

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has suggested that the idea of Iceland being settled by people fleeing an overbearing Norwegian monarch actually reflects the anxieties of Iceland in the early thirteenth century, when the island was indeed coming under Norwegian dominance. He has also suggested that the legend of Harald Fairhair

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and the northern European mainland. However, his opponents' leaving was not entirely voluntary. Many Norwegian chieftains who were wealthy and respected posed a threat to Harald; therefore, they were subjected to much harassment from Harald, prompting them to vacate the land. At last, Harald was

1547:

likely dates to in the early thirteenth century and belongs to belongs to the genre of "Kings’ Sagas" within Icelandic saga literature, a group of histories of the kings of Norway. It describes in more detail the expedition of Harald Fairhair and Rognvald Mørejarl on an expedition to clear the

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clearly states that the two were married. Harald's further marriages are described as is his rejections of them and his various concubines in favor of Ragnhild the Mighty. The Þáttr concludes with a description of the fates of Harald's various sons, including Thorgils' and Frodi's career as

1694:, a person above the age of 80 was not allowed to make financial decisions or decisions about inheritance. This co-rulership likely reflected similar laws and would also been way for Harald to force his intended succession. Harald died three years later due to old age in approximately 933. 979:

and gave him part of Atli's fief. Atli defended his old area with violence and both of the jarls were killed. Harald proclaimed he would not cut his hair until having become overlord of Norway and earning tribute from every inland valley and outlying headland, earning him the nickname

1209:(concubine) of Harald after her father Eirik of Hordaland had been killed in battle by Harald's followers. Harald is said to have divorced Åsa and rejected Gyda and several other concubines to marry a Jutish princess called Ragnhild the Mighty. The couple only had one child, 1554:), but this is no longer the case. Thomson (2008) writes that Harald's "great voyage is so thoroughly ingrained in popular and scholarly history, both ancient and modern, that it comes as a bit of a shock to realise that it might not be true." The Norwegian contest with the 635:'s account. While it is possible that Harald could have controlled other areas through jarls and client kings, this is difficult to prove with available archeology. Krag has noted that Snorri's account of Harald's origin in Vestfold might have been propaganda as the area of 753:

in the text). However, consensus is that the exact dating is uncertain. It has been suggested that the poem refers to past events, which would mean the poet lived in a later time than the events described in the poem. Linguistic dating of the poem has not been successful.

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began to cast doubt on this in 1976, and the decades around 2000 saw a wave of revisionist research that suggested that Harald Fairhair did not exist, or at least not in a way resembling his appearance in sagas. The key arguments for this are as follows:

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title and assigned lands to them, which they were to govern as his representatives; but this arrangement did not put an end to the discord, which continued into the next reign. When he grew old, Harald handed over the supreme power to his favourite son

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unscathed narrative in the sense that in the 21st century both are "true" in a completary, non-completive way. As unifier of the kingdom, Harald rests under a 'Viking' memorial site of burial mounds and memorial stones near his royal court at

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have issues with the traditional dating of the saga events. The marriage of Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye and Blaeja could not have occurred earlier than 867, which would put the dating Harald's ascension to kingship of Norway in 872 into question.

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Although Harald Fairhair appears in diverse Icelandic sagas, few if any of these are independent sources. It is plausible that all these were participating in a shared textual tradition begun by the earliest Icelandic prose account of Harald,

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and suggests two conflicting stories of Harald's ancestry being combined into one. Harald Fairhair is said to have inherited Halfdan's lands at a young age after the king drowned in the lake Rǫnd in Rykinsvik. The text then sites the poem

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Chapter 3 and 4 tells of Harald's conquest of Norway. It repeats Snorri's story of Harald's vow not to cut his hair until he had become king of all of Norway, but no mention is made of Gyda. Harald is said to have first conquered the

741:(Jorunn the skaldmaiden), one of few female poets mentioned in the sagas. It deals with a conflict between Harald and his son Halfdan, identified in Heimskringla as Halfdan the Black (the Younger), Harald's son by Åsa Håkonsdottir. 352:, none of them older than the twelfth century. Their accounts of Harald and his life differ on many points, but it is clear that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Harald was regarded as having unified Norway into one kingdom. 1592:, literary "Harald Fairhair's Þáttr". The first chapter describes Harald's ascension to the throne at the age of sixteen, in contrast to other accounts which gives the age of ten. He is here given the otherwise unknown nickname " 2950:

Judith Jesch 2012, ‘(Introduction to) Jórunn skáldmær, Sendibítr’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p.

705:. The bulk of the poem seems to describe the Battle of Hafrsfjord, were Harald faced off against Kjotve the Rich and Hakláng. The poem mentions Ragnhild, who in Heimskringla is presented as Harald's queen and mother of 1510:. In old Norse society, the ancestry of both parents was considered of imperance for the status of a person. The saga relates the conflict between Atli the Slender and Håkon Grjotgardsson and their deaths. Håkon's son 537:

Sources from the British Isles which are independent of the Icelandic saga-tradition (and partly of each other), and are mostly earlier than the sagas, do attest to a king whose name corresponds to the Old Norse name

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the antagonist Vikings Thordur and Eirikur are refugees from Harald's conquest in Norway. Thordur is particularly paranoid about Harald's retainers following him to Iceland, which the protagonist Gestur uses against

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began with the explicit intention of developing the local heritage industry in relation to the Harald Fairhair brand, provoking a prominent debate in Norway over the appropriate handling of archaeological heritage.

1739:, a place for slain warriors, kings, and Germanic heroes. Only the following five names of sons can be confirmed from skaldic poems (with saga claims in parentheses), while the full number of sons remains unknown: 2322:

It is uncertain if Västra Götaland was part of the early Swedish kingdom at this point. In Snorri's time it was, and Snorri might have connected the episodes to each other based on the borders of his own

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Fairhair (Viking Kings of Norway #1) - A Viking historical fiction about the boy who set out to be the first king of Norway. Written by Ole Åsli and Tony Bakkejord (expected publication: 1 November 2022).

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tend to accept Harald's existence, while remaining skeptical regarding the saga accounts. In 2015, Hans Jacob Orning, building on then-recent archaeology and Krag's work, argued that Harald was based in

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makes no mention of Blaeja and states that Ragnhild Sigurdsdotter was Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye's daughter and not his great-granddaughter, which seems more plausible in regards to the dating of events.

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Harald is mentioned in several sagas, some which quotes supposedly older skaldic poetry. If the linguistic dating of the poems are correct, they represent the earliest accounts of Harald Fairhair.

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According to Peter H. Sawyer, this expedition probably never took place, cf. "Harald Fairhair and the British Isles", in "Les Vikings et leurs civilisation", ed. R. Boyer (Paris, 1976), pp. 105–09

2023:, when he served as 'a heroic narrative character disseminating a foundation story of Norway becoming an independent nation'. In particular, a national monument to Harald was erected in 1872 on 1562:

and the Isle of Man in the mid 13th century is the backdrop to the saga writer's intentions and in part at least the sagas aim to legitimise Norwegian claims to both the Northern Isles and the

942:, and his parents Halfdan the Black and Ragnhildr. The text also describes Halfdan having another son called Harald by another woman named Ragnhildr, daughter of the king Harald Goldbeard of 904:-dynasty from the legendary king Ingvi as Harald's ancestors and Halfdan the Black was his father. Halfdan is here described as ruling a mountainous region of Norway and having drowned in 1029:(written around 1230), which is the most elaborate although not the oldest or most reliable source to the life of Harald, it is written that Harald succeeded, on the death of his father 946:. Halfdan's first Harald inherited Sogn after the death of Harald Goldbeard, and then died himself. Halfdan then inherited Sogn from his first son. The story is repeated by Snorri in 934:

is thought to have been written around 1220 and is a catalogue of the kings of Norway. The first part describes Harald Fairhair's birth ancestry in form of his paternal grandfather

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Hrafnsmál largely consists of a conversation between an unnamed valkyrie and a raven; the two discuss the life and martial deeds of Harald Fairhair. The poem describes Harald as an

2100:, a character broadly based on Harald (named Harald Finehair in the series) appears in seasons 4-6 (2016-2020) as one of the main protagonists and is portrayed by Finnish actor 447:, who does seem partly to correspond to a historical figure, as the son of Harald Fairhair, no independent evidence supports this genealogical connection. The twelfth-century 2039:

His compelling narrative has survived scholarly scrutiny almost unscathed - or rather, professional historical knowledge based on a century of source criticism coexists with

518:, they might have been transmitted orally (as the sagas claim) from the tenth century. The first describes life at the court of a king called Harald, mentions that he took a 586:

Scholarly consensus on Harald's historicity now falls into two camps. One suggests that the medieval Icelandic and Norwegian historiography of Harald Fairhair is part of an

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of Trondheim who allied with Harald and married off his daughter Åsa to him. Harald established the royal estate of Hlade in Trondheim and Håkon became the first of the

1458:, who according to the saga was the great-granddaughter of Sigurd through her mother Inibjorg and he grandmother Aslaug. This story is the same as in Snorri's earlier 1978: 414:

Through the nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries, historians broadly accepted the account of Harald Fairhair given by later Icelandic sagas. However,

1344:. When Herlaug heard Harald was coming he committed suicide by closing himself into a mound with 12 men. Hrollaug renounced his kingship and took the title of 1839: 999:

The text then described Harald's various sons, describing Eirik Bloodaxe as his most beloved and one of his oldest. Harald named Eirik his heir and died in

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Jakobsson, Sverrir, "Erindringen om en mægtig personlighed: den norsk-islandske historiske tradisjon om Harald Hårfagre i et kildekristisk perspektiv",

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in stanza 1, but theses are considered the more unreliable transcripts and in the best transcripts the stanza is slightly different, with no mention of

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Ingebjørg Haraldsdotter (Lade, Trondheim, c. 865 - 920), married Halvdan Jarl (c. 865 - 920), Finnmarksjarl, and had issue through an only daughter

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is suspicious of the king and he and his friend Sæmundr emigrate to Iceland. Harald wins an extrodinary victory at Hafrfjord and makes Ragnvald a jarl.

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There is no contemporary support for the claims of later sagas about Harald Fairhair. The first king of Norway recorded in near-contemporary sources is

398:', whereas the Old Norse fairly clearly means 'beautiful-haired' (in contrast to the epithet which, according to some sources, Haraldr previously bore: 2020: 1357: 857:

becoming kings. In this account, Eirik is described as Harald's eldest son and Hakon as the youngest. Only one of Harald's wives/concubines is named,

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was disputed between the Norwegian and Danish crown in the thirteenth century. Krag points of that Othere describes Viken as Danish territory and

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Edith Marold with the assistance of Vivian Busch, Jana Krüger, Ann-Dörte Kyas and Katharina Seidel, translated from German by John Foulks 2012, ‘

1372:. Four sons of Harald are mentioned in the saga: Eirikr Bloodaxe (one of the saga's major antagonists), Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri (otherwise called 992:

and Haklang. After this battle, all of Norway is said to paid tribute to Harald. Ragnvald jarl then cut Harald's hair and gave him the nickname

849:. He is described to as having waged wars for 10 years before having conquered all of Norway. He is said to have had 20 children, but that only 651:) might have originally meant referred to the leader of the Norwegians in the battle, but later recontextualised as the lord of all Norwegians. 618:. The legend of this Harald later grew into the figure of medieval tradition. Historians who accept the early dating of skaldic poetry such as 2056:

has been regarded as the keystone in the unification of the realm ever since Snorri. Harald Fairhair will always be the first king of Norway.

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is dated to about 1190. Here Harald is described as having become the first king of all of Norway at the age of 20. It describes a battle in

2985: 2207:, Fjölnir said to have driven into exile by Harald of Norway. The film is set between in 895, making it a clear allusion to Harald Fairhair. 3420: 614:

One possibility advanced is that Harald Fairhair was based on a historical king called Harald, perhaps also known as "hárfagri", who ruled

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Vries, Jan de. 1964-7. Altnordische Literaturgeschichte. 2 vols. 2nd edn. Grundriss der germanischen Philologie 15-16. Berlin: de Gruyter.

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Gísli Sigurðsson, 'Constructing a Past to Suit the Present: Sturla Þórðarson on Conflicts and Alliances with King Haraldr hárfagri', in

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P. H. Sawyer, "Harald Fairhair and the British Isles", in "Les Vikings et leurs civilisation", ed. R. Boyer (Paris, 1976), pp. 105–09.

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Rüdiger, Jan, "All the King's Women: Polygyny and Politics in Europe, 900–1250", Translated by Tim Barnwell. Brill, Boston 2020 p.24.

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as 'the fine-haired' or 'fine-hair' (which, however, unhelpfully implies that Haraldr's hair was thinning) or even 'handsome-hair'.

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after they together defeated the petty kings there. The saga then relates the story of the brothers Herlaug and Hrollaug, kings of

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Brunaǫld, haugsǫld, kirkjuǫld: Untersuchungen zu den archäologisch uberprufbaren Aussagen in der Heimskringla des Snorri Sturluson

4053: 3627: 877:. Hákon is said to be a Christian, but swayed from Christianity due to his unnamed pagan wife and his will to please his people. 2682: 1861:, "Thore/Tore den Tause" ("the Silent") Ragnvaldsson (c. 862 - Giske, Møre og Romsdal, a. 935), Jarl av Møre, and had issue 1122:. Snorri describes Rognvald as Harald's closest friend and the one to coin the name "Fairhair". Harald is said to have fathered 1165:. His realm was, however, threatened by dangers from without, as large numbers of his opponents had taken refuge, not only in 3323: 2390: 2355: 2138: 1697:

Harald Harfager was commonly stated to have been buried under a mound at Haugar by the Strait of Karmsund near the church in

1114:, a family which would be one of the dominating forces in Norway for the next 150 years. Harald's third principal ally was 806:, a story also told by Snorri in Heimskringla, and that Harald became king afterwards. He is said to have taken control of 745:

dates this poem to the late 10th century. If the dating is correct, it is the first instance of Harald having the epithet "

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instead. Harald accepted Hrollaug's surrender and allowed him to rule Namdalen in his name. This story is also present in

4078: 2477: 1434:) mentions Harald Fairhair in chapter 18 as the great-great-grandson of Sigurd Hart through his daughter Aslaug, her son 1356:

were in his grasp. The saga then related how Harald did battle with the combined forces of kings Audbjörn of Firðafylki,

1041:, which had come into his father's hands through conquest and inheritance. His protector-regent was his mother's brother 2031:

then imagined to be Harald Finehair's burial place, despite opposition from left-wing politicians. The German historian

1690:, whom he intended to be his successor. Eirik I ruled side by side with his father when Harald was 80 years old. In the 821: 382:

is a form, is trickier to render, since it means 'fair, fine, beautiful' (but without the moral associations of English

2838:, ed. by Pernille Hermann, Stephen A. Mitchell, and Agnes S. Arnórsdóttir, AS 4 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2014), pp. 175–96 2019:

Harald Fairhair became an important figure in Norwegian nationalism in the nineteenth century, during its struggle for

1854: 1064:. She said she refused to marry Harald "before he was king over all of Norway". Harald was therefore induced to take a 192: 2882: 2809:

Judith Jesch, 'Norse Historical Traditions and Historia Gruffud vab Kenan: Magnus Berfoettr and Haraldr Harfagri', in

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Judith Jesch, 'Norse Historical Traditions and Historia Gruffud vab Kenan: Magnus Berfoettr and Haraldr Harfagri', in

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Judith Jesch, 'Norse Historical Traditions and Historia Gruffud vab Kenan: Magnus Berfoettr and Haraldr Harfagri', in

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While the various sagas name anywhere from 11 to 20 sons of Harald in various contexts, the contemporary skaldic poem

1705:. The area near Karmsund was the traditional burial site for several early Norwegian rulers. The national monument of 3154: 2639:

Sverrir Jakobsson, 'Yfirstéttarmenning eða þjóðmenning? Um þjóðsögur og heimildargildi í íslenskum miðaldaritum', in

1217:. When Bjørn Farmann was killed in a conflict with Eirik, Harald stepped in on Eirik's side against his other sons. 611:, to claim that their ancestors had had a right to Norway by lineal descent from the country's supposed first king. 3440: 3413: 1611:, through in less detail. Following this Harald's marriage to Gyda is described and his conquest of Norway. Unlike 1498:

is traditionally thought of as a 14th-century work and repeats the story of Harald Fairhair's ancestry as told in

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The claim to Harald has become important to the development of the tourism industry of Haugesund and its region:

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King Æthelstan in the English, Continental and Scandinavian Traditions of the Tenth to the Thirteenth Centuries

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s Viking Conquest expansion Harald (as Harald Halfdansson) appears as the faction leader of Northvegr (Norway).

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As Harald's sons came of age their unruly behavior became a source of instability in Norway. Snæfrith's sons

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of England (d. 939), which is consistent with later saga-traditions in which Harald Fairhair fostered a son,

1158: 897: 686:, while another is cited in Fagrskinna as information about Harald. Both credits Hornklofi as the composer. 534:

offers no epithet at all. All the poems suggest is that there was once a king called Haraldr (Hálfdanarson).

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is something of a love story. It begins with a marriage proposal that resulted in rejection and scorn from

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includes a brief narrative of Harald and his background. Harald is here described as the great-grandson of

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a far from uncommon name for a Scandinavian character, and William does not give this Harald the epithet

202: 1603:). Harald's maternal uncle Guthormr is described as his duke and most important ally. Harald's war with 582:('Haraldum Harfagyr', later twelfth century, though this may refer to two different kings by this name). 4068: 3429: 1942: 1224:

constructed for important feasts when Scandinavian royalty was invited. The Värmlandish chieftain Áki (

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to his jarls. This made jarls and rich farmers flock to his cause to enrich themself. One of these was

892:, which is dated to about 1220, mentions that Iceland was discovered in the time of Harald Fairhair by 858: 546:(d. 1066, often known in modern English as Harald Hardrada). These sources include manuscript D of the 481:. Dating from the early twelfth century, this was written over 250 years after Harald's supposed death. 348:

set down in writing around three centuries after his lifetime. His life is described in several of the

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and Gudrød was brought to justice by Harald. The estates in Møre are returned to Rognvald's other son

514:, and are according to the sagas about Harald Fairhair. Although only preserved in thirteenth-century 4063: 3884: 2788: 874: 3549: 4048: 4033: 4012: 4006: 3864: 3846: 3821: 3806: 3586: 2300:

The historicity of the nickname and the anecdote around it is considered suspect by some scholars.

2193: 2096: 571: 415: 127: 17: 1307:, though its depiction of Harald and his family is much more negative. It has been suggested that 432: 4000: 3851: 3836: 3831: 3816: 3811: 3768: 2993: 2825:, ed. and trans. by Paul Russell (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2005), pp. 54-57 (chs 4-5). 2184: 1435: 1186:

forced to make an expedition to the West, to clear the islands and the Scottish mainland of some

1078:) of Norway, and when he was justified in trimming it ten years later, he exchanged the epithet " 1061: 1019: 939: 795: 679: 507: 341: 3306:

Raffensperger, Christian, "Shared (Hi)Stories: Vladimir of Rus' and Harald Fairhair of Norway,"

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from Atli jarl due to him never paying taxes. This happened before Harald's conquest of Norway.

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developed in the twelfth century to enable Norwegian kings, who were then promoting the idea of

3841: 3826: 3801: 3758: 3746: 3513: 3084: 1455: 1450: 1426: 988:. Harald is said to have fought many battles, including a decisive battle in Hafrfjord against 798:

through his daughter Áslaug, her son Sigurd Hart and his daughter Ragnhild. The text describes

270: 1811: 1333: 1287:

The account describes Hákon the good as Harald's youngest son, through a servant named Thora.

1107: 964: 595: 543: 3763: 3736: 2217: 1053: 709:, as well as the following of ulfheðnar warriors that the saga tradition ascribes to Harald. 678:, is a fragmentary skaldic poem generally accepted as being written by the 9th-century skald 591: 561: 548: 448: 1970: 4043: 4038: 3648: 3621: 3290:

by Angelo Forte, Richard Oram and Frederik Pedersen (Cambridge University Press. June 2005)

2162: 2109: 2053: 1710: 1678: 1563: 1248: 1142: 1115: 1070: 683: 566: 2527: 2052:, precisely the region that first caught his attention in Gyda, and whose conquest at the 935: 888: 427:(d. c. 985/986), who is claimed to be the king not only of Denmark but also Norway on the 8: 3596: 3591: 3566: 3063: 2857:

The Early Kings of Norway, the Issue of Agnatic Succession, and the Settlement of Iceland

2721:

The Early Kings of Norway, the Issue of Agnatic Succession, and the Settlement of Iceland

1604: 153: 1514:

advised Harald to kill Atli's son Hallstein which lead to Hallstein's exile in Iceland.

893: 3781: 3702: 3638: 3576: 3571: 2528:

Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow: Hair Loss, the Tonsure, and Masculinity in Medieval Iceland

2361: 2272: 2254: 2241: 2153: 1878: 1818: 1757: 1448:

Harald's maternal ancestry is elaborated upon in the final chapter of the 14th century

1258:

and Gudrød Ljome burned Rognvald jarl alive in his hall and took his lands in More and

862: 766: 636: 477: 326: 280: 182: 1801:

The full list of sons (and partial list of daughters) according to Snorri Sturluson's

1668: 1361: 1119: 443:

written in 1075 record no King of Norway for the relevant period. Although sagas have

3927: 3741: 3682: 3654: 3606: 3525: 3495: 3319: 3274: 3150: 3101: 2514: 2386: 2351: 2147: 1896: 1847: 1687: 1511: 1390: 1135: 1057: 1030: 955:

at length as an example of Harald's nobility and prowess in battle. Harald appointed

799: 608: 599: 579: 557: 490: 260: 166: 2668:

Clare Downham, "Eric Bloodaxe – axed? The Mystery of the Last Viking King of York",

1526: 1494: 742: 472: 467:, whereas he does give that epithet to the later Norwegian king Haraldr Sigurðarson. 340:

Much of Harald's biography is uncertain. A couple of praise poems by his court poet

3922: 3671: 3643: 3519: 3489: 3483: 3341: 2864: 2839: 2728: 2535: 2510: 2262: 2120: 2040: 1949: 1910: 1761: 1628: 1255: 1240: 1225: 1178: 1174: 956: 790: 436: 424: 250: 207: 31: 3660: 2382:

Between History and Myth: Stories of Harald Fairhair and the Founding of the State

2101: 1888: 1783: 1123: 1079: 915:

as the oldest son of Harald, unlike in Heimskringla. Hákon is not referred to as "

3692: 3616: 3581: 3561: 3556: 3537: 3507: 3501: 3478: 3144: 2772:. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 73 ff. 2755:. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 91 ff. 2380: 2132: 1982: 1961: 1914: 1731: 1691: 1543: 1317: 1276: 1236: 1150: 1131: 1098: 989: 553: 515: 349: 334: 212: 2581:

Claus Krag, 'Norge som odel i Harald Hårfagres ætt. Et møte med en gjenganger',

1580: 1571: 530:

call the poem's honorand Haraldr Hálfdanarson rather than Haraldr hárfagri, and

55: 3543: 3380: 2700: 2539: 2411: 2049: 1735:

says that Harald's son Håkon would meet only "eight brothers" when arriving in

1642: 1555: 1299: 1210: 1170: 1101:(whose historicity is not confirmed). Marching up through the Uplands and into 912: 854: 850: 706: 615: 440: 428: 65: 48: 2868: 2732: 2657:

A Foundation Myth of Iceland: Reflections on the tradition of Haraldr hárfagri

2569: 2496:, edited by K. L. Maund (Cambridge: Boydell, 1996), pp. 117–47 (p. 139 n. 62). 2444:, 2nd edn by William A. Craigie (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), s.v. 2427:, 2nd edn by William A. Craigie (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), s.v. 1202: 870: 4027: 3752: 3473: 3390: 3264:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 934–935. 3247: 3242: 2843: 2024: 2007: 1975:

Ragnvald Rettilbeine Haraldsson, murdered by Eirik Blodøks on Harald's orders

1743: 1706: 1182: 1111: 1086: 604: 485: 444: 330: 217: 197: 138: 83: 2813:, edited by K. L. Maund (Cambridge: Boydell, 1996), pp. 117–47 (pp. 139–47). 2611:, edited by K. L. Maund (Cambridge: Boydell, 1996), pp. 117–47 (pp. 137–47). 1674: 1353: 1284:, in a position where Harald could prevent him from similar transgressions. 3917: 3716: 3601: 2643:, ed. by Baldur Hafstað og Haraldur Bessason (Reykjavík, 2002), pp. 449–61. 2480:' (unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2015), pp. 39–40. 2365: 2345: 2203: 1965: 1803: 1769: 1550: 1410: 1082:" or "Tanglehair" (Haraldr lúfa) for the one by which he is usually known. 1042: 1025: 803: 2462: 1828: 1337: 1154: 1037:, to the sovereignty of several small, and somewhat scattered kingdoms in 720: 670: 640: 502: 496: 452: 2623: 1957: 1953: 1658: 1263: 1193:

Snorri describes Harald's marriage to the daughter of Svási, here called

1130:

with Rognvald's sister Svanhild, ancestors of the famous Christian kings

764:

The earliest narrative source which mentions Harald, the twelfth-century

587: 402:, '(thick) matted hair'). Accordingly, some translators prefer to render 2823:

Vits Griffini Filii Conani: The Medieval Latin Life of Gruffydd ap Cynan

1365: 1090: 3970: 3932: 1906: 1585: 1345: 1034: 930: 905: 619: 552:('Harold Harfagera', under the year 1066) and the related histories by 523: 1822: 53:

Harald Fairhair (left) in an illustration from the fourteenth-century

3697: 3677: 3665: 3633: 3611: 3398: 2078: 2045: 2028: 1721: 1702: 1698: 1321: 1221: 1162: 1146: 1102: 1085:

In 866, Harald made the first of a series of conquests over the many

1004: 976: 292: 142: 103: 2685:' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds, 2014), pp. 255–73. 2656: 2157:, Harald Fairhair is a playable character during the 867 start date. 1198: 1153:, Harald found himself king over the whole country, ruling from his 344:

survive in fragments, but the extant accounts of his life come from

3980: 3937: 3687: 2249: 1892: 1874: 1736: 1559: 1341: 1271: 1038: 1000: 842: 123: 3241:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2505:

E.g. Margaret Cormack, 'Fact and Fiction in the Icelandic Sagas,

2350:. Vol. 16. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 148. 2176: 1751: 1747: 1369: 1247:) as jarl. Harald is then said to have made a punitive raid into 1187: 1166: 1046: 901: 846: 690: 519: 318: 245: 3296:, Peter Sawyer, Editor (Oxford University Press, September 2001) 2002: 3975: 3950: 3432: 1773: 1765: 1507: 1259: 960: 394:

in English as 'fair-hair(ed)', in English 'fair-haired' means '

314: 2770:

Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035

2753:

Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035

2727:, 47 (2016), 171–88 (pp. 1–18 in open-access text, at p. 7); 2188:

as the reason why the main characters are fleeing from Norway.

2628:

Kings' Sagas and Norwegian History: Problems and Perspectives

1598: 451:

does describe a Norwegian king called Haraldus visiting King

395: 1857:(Rogaland, 875 - Giske, Møre og Romsdal, 935), married 737:, the last and shortest poem Snorri quotes is attributed to 3531: 2932:

Naumann, Hans-Peter. 1998. ‘Glymdrápa’. In RGA, 12, 238-40.

2488: 2486: 1701:, an area that later would be named the town and municipal 1503: 1332:

where it is said that Harald made a marriage alliance with

1281: 1262:. Halfdan Long-Legs was killed on Orkney by Rognvald's son 1232: 1094: 963:, but that the two fell out. In this time Harald meet jarl 943: 807: 628: 345: 313:) was a Norwegian king. According to traditions current in 107: 2630:, The Northern World, 54 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), pp. 66–70. 2564:

P. H. Sawyer, 'Harald Fairhair and the British Isles', in

1049:-dynasty, whose history is described earlier in the work. 598:

was transferred to a fictitious early king of all Norway.

3028: 1065: 374:

translates straightforwardly into English as 'hair', but

2483: 2124:

has a song dedicated to Harald Fairhair, from the album

2077:

In 2013, commercially led archaeological excavations at

390:). Although it is convenient and conventional to render 3149:(7th, 2009 ed.). Univ of Texas Press. p. 84. 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2701:

Var Haraldur hárfagri bara uppspuni Snorra Sturlusonar?

2136:, a symphonic metal band from Germany, wrote the album 431:. The late ninth-century account of Norway provided by 321:

in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, he reigned from

3214:

Branding local heritage and popularising a remote past

3197:

Branding local heritage and popularising a remote past

3171:

Branding local heritage and popularising a remote past

3040: 3016: 2743: 2741: 2566:

les Vikings et leur civilisation: problèmes actuelles

1093:

in Sweden, which had sworn allegiance to the Swedish

2954: 2619: 2617: 1270:

who was given Harald's daughter Ålov in marriage as

1231:) invited both king Harald Fairhair and the Swedish 724:

supposedly relates to in Heimskringla is ambiguous.

510:

or alternatively (in the case of the first poem) to

337:, succeeded Harald to become kings after his death. 30:"Fairhair" redirects here. For the royal house, see 2836:

Minni and Muninn: Memory in Medieval Nordic Culture

2304:, pp. 122–123, citing Moe (1926), pp. 134–140. 1884:Children with Svanhild, daughter of Øystein Jarl: 1408:, Harald's conquest of Norway sets off the plot of 1134:(named after his grandfather Olav Geirstadalv) and 3085:Heimskringla, The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway 2738: 1651: Petty kingdoms assigned to Harald's kinsmen. 484:The saga evidence is potentially pre-dated by two 2651: 2649: 2614: 2160:Harald Fairhair is mentioned in the manga series 1924:Children with Åshild, daughter of Ring Dagsson: 459:, on Æthelstan. But William is a late source and 4025: 2992:, vol. 108, pp. 122–23, archived from 1895:and reputed great-grandfather of Norwegian king 3216:: The example of Haugesund in Western Norway', 3199:: The example of Haugesund in Western Norway', 3173:: The example of Haugesund in Western Norway', 2641:Úr manna minnum: Greinar um íslenskar þjóðsögur 2266: 1502:, and elaborates back to Sigurd Fafnisbani and 701:), but uses his widely cited previous nickname 2646: 1303:presents a broadly similar account to that of 813: 362: 3414: 3294:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 1909:, later also Vestfold, and reputed father of 1607:and his neighboring kings is described as in 1380:(whose name is otherwise usually rendered as 1220:There are several accounts of large feasting 1089:which would compose all of Norway, including 542:—but they use this name of the well attested 3146:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway 2811:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 2749:Þorbjǫrn hornklofi, Haraldskvæði (Hrafnsmál) 2609:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 2494:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 1793: 1274:. A variation of this story also appears in 1169:, then recently discovered; but also in the 3095: 2284:Some transcripts does include a mention of 1197:, but in his account they are described as 1068:not to cut nor comb his hair until he was " 1045:. He is described as the descendant of the 3421: 3407: 1280:. Afterwards, Gudrød was kept in Harald's 357:Norway was in a personal union with Sweden 47: 3964: 3142: 3136: 3122:"Ålov Årbot (Haraldsdotter) (Ólöf árbót)" 2027:, an ancient burial mound at the town of 1873:Torgils Haraldsson – identified as " 1417: 833:) against a king called Skeithar-Brandr ( 3911: 3878: 3795: 3730: 3268: 3246: 3218:AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 3201:AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 3175:AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 3034: 2971: 2440:Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, 2423:Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, 2182:He's briefly mentioned in the 2014 film 2059: 2001: 1720: 1627: 900:. The work describes the history of the 3461: 3313: 3046: 3022: 2986:"Nicknames and Narratives in the Sagas" 2907:Orning, Hans Jacob (25 November 2015). 2881:Orning, Hans Jacob (25 November 2015). 2781: 2378: 1709:was raised in 1872, to commemorate the 1673:Not shown: the domains of the jarls of 1454:. Harald's mother is said to have been 693:, but does not use his famous nickname 560:('Harvagra', s.aa. 1066 and 1098), and 14: 4026: 3428: 2983: 2906: 2880: 2301: 2248: 2191:In the 2010 video-game expansion pack 1384:). The saga renders Harald's title as 3402: 2883:"Harald Hårfagre – en vestlandskonge" 2715: 2713: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2459:A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic 2407:A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic 2343: 2271: 1997: 1952:or "Long-Leg", was executed with the 1713:which is traditionally dated to 872. 802:'s death by going through the ice on 2347:Early state formation in Scandinavia 2166:as the tyrannical unifier of Norway. 1827:Halvdan Kvite (Haraldsson), king of 1441: 1432:Saga of Ragnar Lothbrok and his sons 1205:). Gyda is said to have been made a 880: 570:, 'Harvagre', s.a. regarding 1066); 3060:"Heimskringla, by Snorri Sturluson" 1427:Ragnars saga loðbrókar ok sona hans 971:in the text) at a feast in Hladir ( 845:were as other sources calls him an 355:Since the nineteenth century, when 325: 872 to 930 and was the first 24: 4084:People whose existence is disputed 3098:Vikingtid og rikssamling: 800–1130 2710: 2688: 2250:[ˈhɑrˌɑldrhinːˈhɑːrˌfɑɣre] 2064:Haraldshaugen Monument (June 2018) 1789:Halvdan, possibly two by that name 1725:Harald Haarfager later in his life 1534: 837:). The text quotes a poem called " 574:('Arbach', d. 1082/1083); and the 522:wife, and that he won a battle at 25: 4095: 2659:', 日本アイスランド学会会報 (2011), 30: 1–22. 1667: The domain of the jarls of 1517: 1486: 594:, perhaps in which a cognomen of 556:('Harafagh', re events in 1066), 3234: 2598:(Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1996). 2515:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00363.x 2461:(Oxford: Clarendon, 1910), s.v. 2409:(Oxford: Clarendon, 1910), s.v. 2273:[ˈhaːrˌaltʏrˈhaurˌfaɣrɪ] 757: 506:, which have been attributed to 160:Snjófríthr/Snæfrithr Svásadottir 4059:10th-century Norwegian monarchs 3314:Thomson, William P. L. (2008). 3206: 3189: 3180: 3163: 3114: 3089: 3078: 3052: 3007: 2977: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2909:"Harald Hårfagre fra Vestfold?" 2900: 2874: 2849: 2828: 2816: 2803: 2775: 2758: 2675: 2662: 2633: 2601: 2588: 2575: 2558: 2545: 2520: 2499: 2442:An Icelandic-English Dictionary 2425:An Icelandic-English Dictionary 2385:. University of Chicago Press. 2316: 2307: 2294: 2278: 2142:about Harald and his conquests. 2006:The 1872 monument to Harald at 1945:, daughter of Svåse the Finn: 1810:Children with Åsa, daughter of 1746:(by Ragnhild Eiriksdotter from 1569: 1397: 1010: 1003:from old age and was buried in 654: 439:(about 890) and the history by 329:. Supposedly, two of his sons, 4054:9th-century Norwegian monarchs 3273:. Leicester University Press. 3220:, 1 (2014), 45–60 (pp. 54–55). 2509:, 5/1 (2007), 201–17 (p. 203) 2470: 2451: 2434: 2417: 2399: 2372: 2337: 2235: 1632:Harald I's division of Norway 1290: 841:" which describes Harald as a 777: 409: 13: 1: 3360: 3350: 3269:Crawford, Barbara E. (1987). 2766:Þorbjǫrn hornklofi, Glymdrápa 2223: 1971:Gudröd the Radiant Haraldsson 1877:" in the (dates not correct) 1633: 1623: 1328:. This accounts differs from 1324:and become overlord over the 1251:, to weaken Erik Eymundsson. 1031:Halfdan the Black Gudrödarson 922: 322: 307: 300: 118: 98: 2330: 2118:The German power-metal band 2085: 2014: 727: 712: 662: 188:Halfdan Haraldsson the Black 7: 3212:Torgrim Sneve Guttormsen, ' 3195:Torgrim Sneve Guttormsen, ' 3169:Torgrim Sneve Guttormsen, ' 2553:I Am from Iceland: A Memoir 2211: 1934:Gudrød Skirja Haraldsdotter 1913:, father of Norwegian king 1903:Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf 1438:and his daughter Ragnhild. 1352:. After this, Namdalen and 1143:great victory at Hafrsfjord 822:Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum 815:Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum 203:Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf 10: 4100: 4079:Orkneyinga saga characters 3227: 3203:, 1 (2014), 45–60 (p. 54). 3177:, 1 (2014), 45–60 (p. 47). 2990:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi 2540:10.5406/scanstud.85.1.0001 2534:, 85 (2013), 1–19 (p. 5), 2172:Assassin's Creed: Valhalla 172: 29: 3992: 3949: 3896: 3863: 3780: 3715: 3439: 3387: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3335: 3316:The New History of Orkney 2869:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.112357 2789:Norsk biografisk leksikon 2768:’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), 2751:’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), 2733:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.112357 2572:(Paris, 1976), pp. 105–9. 1950:Halfdan Halegg Haraldsson 1834:Halvdan Svarte Haraldsson 1190:who tried to hide there. 938:and maternal grandfather 607:over the older custom of 378:, the adjective of which 276: 266: 256: 244: 235: 230: 226: 165: 149: 133: 113: 93: 89: 79: 71: 64: 46: 41: 3678:Magnus VI the Law-mender 2844:10.1484/M.AS-eb.1.101980 2228: 2194:Mount and Blade: Warband 2021:independence from Sweden 1920:Ragnar Rykkel Haraldsson 1855:Ålov Årbot Haraldsdotter 1716: 1657: The domain of the 1641: The domain of the 1062:Eirik, king of Hordaland 572:Marianus Scotus of Mainz 193:Álof árbót Haraldsdóttir 27:The first King of Norway 3951:III. Independent Norway 3634:Haakon II Broadshoulder 3310:, 68,4 (2009), 569–582. 3261:Encyclopædia Britannica 3143:Hollander, Lee (1964). 2526:E.g. Carl Phelpstead, ' 2379:Lincoln, Bruce (2014). 2245: 2185:Northmen: A Viking Saga 2094:In the television show 1937:Ingegjerd Haraldsdotter 1578:The fourteenth-century 1436:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 1297:The thirteenth-century 1020:Saga of Harald Fairhair 940:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 911:This account describes 796:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 590:created to explain the 3865:II. Independent Norway 3318:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 2984:Whaley, Diana (1993), 2863:, 47 (2016), 171–88; 2681:Angela Marion Smith, ' 2344:Bagge, Sverre (2009). 2267: 2258: 2075: 2065: 2058: 2011: 1981:(great-grandfather to 1979:Sigurd Rise Haraldsson 1726: 1682: 1590:Haralds þáttr hárfagra 1500:Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok 1456:Ragnhild Sigurdsdotter 1419:Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok 457:Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri 271:Ragnhild Sigurdsdotter 4074:Scandinavian Scotland 3649:Haakon III Sverresson 3622:Eystein II Haraldsson 3597:Sigurd I the Crusader 3446:Foreign and non-royal 3441:I. Independent Norway 3271:Scandinavian Scotland 3124:. Det Norske Samlaget 2670:Mediaeval Scandinavia 2246:Haraldr hinn hárfagri 2218:Unification of Norway 2070: 2063: 2037: 2005: 1943:Snæfrithr Svásadottir 1891:Haraldssøon, king of 1724: 1631: 1472:Hálfdanar saga svarta 1460:Hálfdanar saga svarta 1054:unification of Norway 898:Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson 861:, daughter of Svási ( 592:settlement of Iceland 562:William of Malmesbury 549:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 449:William of Malmesbury 3666:Haakon IV Haakonsson 3567:Magnus II Haraldsson 3454:monarchs in brackets 3303:, 81 (2002), 213–30. 3301:Historisk tidsskrift 3096:Krag, Claus (1995). 2855:Sverrir Jakobsson, ' 2719:Sverrir Jakobsson, ' 2707:(25 September 2006). 2699:Sverrir Jakobsson, ' 2585:, 3 (1989), 288–302. 2532:Scandinavian Studies 2110:When the Raven Flies 2054:Battle of Hafrsfjord 1812:Håkon Grjotgardssson 1711:Battle of Hafrsfjord 1564:Kingdom of the Isles 1215:burned in their hall 1116:Rognvald Eysteinsson 684:Battle of Hafrsfjord 649:lord of the northmen 567:Gesta regum Anglorum 540:Haraldr inn hárfagri 236:Haraldr Hálfdanarson 3885:Christian Frederick 3698:Haakon VI Magnusson 3693:Magnus VII Ericsson 3639:Magnus V Erlingsson 3607:Magnus IV the Blind 3592:Eystein I Magnusson 3582:Magnus III Barefoot 3562:Harald III Hardrada 3484:Harald II Greycloak 2784:"Harald 1 Hårfagre" 2672:, 14 (2004), 51–77. 2655:Sayaka Matsumoto, ' 2583:Historisk tidskrift 2555:(Lulu, 2010), p. 4. 2478:Old Norse Nicknames 2476:Paul R. Peterson, ' 2145:In the video games 1867:Sigtrygg Haraldsson 1842:, king of Trondheim 1836:, king of Trondheim 1643:High King of Norway 1605:Gandalf Alfgeirsson 1334:Håkon Grjotgardsson 1201:rather than finns ( 1108:Håkon Grjotgardsson 965:Håkon Grjotgardsson 596:Haraldr Sigurðarson 544:Haraldr Sigurðarson 363:Meaning of epithet 154:Ragnhild the Mighty 3703:Olaf IV Haakonsson 3688:Haakon V Magnusson 3655:Guttorm Sigurdsson 3577:Haakon Toresfostre 3308:The Russian Review 3100:. pp. 92–95. 2747:R. D. Fulk 2012, ‘ 2175:, a video game by 2169:Harald appears in 2154:Crusader Kings III 2066: 2012: 1998:In popular culture 1819:Guttorm Haraldsson 1727: 1683: 1466:, but contradicts 1060:, the daughter of 680:Þorbjörn Hornklofi 609:agnatic succession 512:Þjóðólfr of Hvinir 508:Þorbjörn hornklofi 342:Þorbjörn Hornklofi 183:Guttorm Haraldsson 75:putatively 872–930 4069:Founding monarchs 4021: 4020: 3988: 3987: 3945: 3944: 3898:Union with Sweden 3892: 3891: 3859: 3858: 3776: 3775: 3711: 3710: 3683:Eric II Magnusson 3644:Sverre Sigurdsson 3628:Magnus Haraldsson 3617:Inge I Haraldsson 3557:Magnus I the Good 3526:Olaf II the Saint 3514:Eiríkr Hákonarson 3502:Olaf I Tryggvason 3496:Haakon Sigurdsson 3479:Haakon I the Good 3469:Harald I Fairhair 3455: 3397: 3396: 3388:Succeeded by 3325:978-1-84158-696-0 2594:Alexandra Pesch, 2392:978-0-226-14092-6 2357:978-3-7001-6604-7 2268:Haraldur hárfagri 2201:In the 2022 film 2148:Crusader Kings II 2107:In the 1984 film 1989:Other children: 1848:Gyda Eiriksdottir 1840:Sigrød Haraldsson 1814:, Jarl av Lade: 1512:Sigurd Haakonsson 1476:Ragnarssona þáttr 1451:Ragnarssona þáttr 1443:Ragnarssona þáttr 1424:The 13th century 1268:Thorir the Silent 936:Gudrød the Hunter 889:Historia Norwegiæ 882:Historia Norwegiæ 800:Halfdan the Black 645:dróttin Norðmanna 633:Historia Norwegiæ 624:Hans Jacob Orning 600:Sverrir Jakobsson 580:Gruffydd ap Cynan 558:John of Worcester 286: 285: 261:Halfdan the Black 240: 239: 16:(Redirected from 4091: 4064:Fairhair dynasty 3962: 3961: 3923:Charles III John 3909: 3908: 3876: 3875: 3793: 3792: 3728: 3727: 3672:Haakon the Young 3661:Inge II Bårdsson 3520:Sweyn Haakonsson 3490:Harald Bluetooth 3459: 3458: 3445: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3364: 3362: 3354: 3352: 3342:Fairhair dynasty 3333: 3332: 3329: 3284: 3265: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3093: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3062:. Archived from 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3037:, pp. 52–53 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2878: 2872: 2853: 2847: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2779: 2773: 2762: 2756: 2745: 2736: 2717: 2708: 2697: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2621: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2562: 2556: 2551:Edith Andersen, 2549: 2543: 2524: 2518: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2481: 2474: 2468: 2455: 2449: 2438: 2432: 2421: 2415: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2341: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2263:Modern Icelandic 2252: 2239: 2126:Sagas of Iceland 2035:concluded that: 1960:detailed in the 1911:Tryggve Olafsson 1870:Frode Haraldsson 1864:Rørek Haraldsson 1762:Tora Mosterstong 1666: 1656: 1650: 1640: 1635: 1620:"west-vikings". 1358:Solvi Bandy-legs 1256:Halfdan Long-Leg 1179:Hebrides Islands 1175:Shetland Islands 1141:In 872, after a 1128:Olav Geirstadalv 957:Atli the Slender 894:Ingólfr Arnarson 719:Like Hrafnsmál, 674:, also known as 437:Alfred the Great 435:to the court of 425:Harald Bluetooth 386:, as opposed to 324: 312: 309: 305: 302: 297:Haraldr Hárfagri 228: 227: 208:Halfdan Long-Leg 176: 157:Åsa Håkonsdotter 120: 100: 51: 39: 38: 32:Fairhair dynasty 21: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4049:Viking warriors 4034:Harald Fairhair 4024: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4013:Swedish monarch 4007:English monarch 3984: 3960: 3941: 3907: 3888: 3874: 3855: 3791: 3772: 3726: 3707: 3602:Harald IV Gille 3538:Haakon Ericsson 3508:Sweyn Forkbeard 3474:Eric I Bloodaxe 3453: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3427: 3393: 3384: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3337:Harald Fairhair 3326: 3281: 3250:, ed. (1911). " 3235: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3224: 3211: 3207: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3066:on 22 July 2011 3058: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3035:Crawford (1987) 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2996:on 8 March 2017 2982: 2978: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2913:Norges Historie 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2887:Norges Historie 2879: 2875: 2854: 2850: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2780: 2776: 2763: 2759: 2746: 2739: 2718: 2711: 2705:Vísindavefurinn 2698: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2622: 2615: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2546: 2525: 2521: 2507:History Compass 2504: 2500: 2491: 2484: 2475: 2471: 2457:Geir T. Zoëga, 2456: 2452: 2439: 2435: 2422: 2418: 2405:Geir T. Zoëga, 2404: 2400: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2358: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2295: 2283: 2279: 2261: 2259:Harald hårfagre 2253: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2214: 2088: 2017: 2000: 1983:Harald Hardrada 1962:Orkneyinga saga 1928:Ring Haraldsson 1799: 1719: 1692:Gray Goose Laws 1672: 1664: 1662: 1659:jarls of Hlaðir 1654: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1638: 1626: 1576: 1544:Orkneyinga saga 1539: 1536:Orkneyinga saga 1522: 1491: 1446: 1422: 1402: 1386:einváldskonungr 1362:Møre og Romsdal 1320:and then taken 1295: 1277:Orkneyinga saga 1249:Västra Götaland 1237:Erik Eymundsson 1151:Kjotve the Rich 1132:Olav Tryggvason 1099:Erik Eymundsson 1015: 990:Kjotve the Rich 927: 885: 869:), a beautiful 829:(as opposed of 818: 782: 762: 739:Jórunn skáldmær 732: 717: 667: 657: 554:Orderic Vitalis 494:(also known as 412: 368: 335:Haakon the Good 310: 303: 289:Harald Fairhair 222: 213:Haakon the Good 170: 169: 158: 156: 145: 122: 102: 60: 42:Harald Fairhair 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4097: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4003: 4001:Danish monarch 3997: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3782:Denmark–Norway 3778: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3612:Sigurd II Munn 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3587:Olav Magnusson 3584: 3579: 3574: 3572:Olaf III Kyrre 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3544:Sweyn Knutsson 3528: 3523: 3504: 3499: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3456: 3437: 3436: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3381:King of Norway 3377: 3371: 3370: 3369:Regnal titles 3366: 3365: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3324: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3288:Viking Empires 3285: 3279: 3266: 3248:Chisholm, Hugh 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3205: 3188: 3179: 3162: 3155: 3135: 3113: 3106: 3088: 3077: 3051: 3047:Thomson (2008) 3039: 3027: 3023:Thomson (2008) 3015: 3006: 2976: 2953: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2899: 2873: 2848: 2827: 2815: 2802: 2774: 2757: 2737: 2709: 2687: 2674: 2661: 2645: 2632: 2613: 2600: 2587: 2574: 2557: 2544: 2519: 2498: 2482: 2469: 2450: 2433: 2416: 2398: 2391: 2371: 2356: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2306: 2293: 2277: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2189: 2180: 2167: 2158: 2143: 2129: 2116: 2105: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2016: 2013: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1986: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1941:Children with 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1931:Dag Haraldsson 1929: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1900: 1882: 1881: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1846:Children with 1844: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1758:Håkon the Good 1755: 1718: 1715: 1688:Eirik Bloodaxe 1663: 1653: 1647: 1637: 1625: 1622: 1575: 1568: 1556:Kings of Scots 1538: 1533: 1527:Vatnsdæla saga 1521: 1519:Vatnsdæla saga 1516: 1495:Flóamanna saga 1490: 1488:Flóamanna saga 1485: 1445: 1440: 1421: 1416: 1401: 1396: 1364:and Arnvid of 1336:which won him 1294: 1289: 1211:Eirik Bloodaxe 1171:Orkney Islands 1087:petty kingdoms 1014: 1009: 926: 921: 913:Eirik Bloodaxe 884: 879: 855:Hakon the Good 851:Eirik Bloodaxe 835:Skeiðar-Brandr 817: 812: 781: 776: 761: 756: 743:Finnur Jónsson 731: 726: 716: 711: 707:Eirik Bloodaxe 666: 661: 656: 653: 584: 583: 535: 482: 473:Ari Þorgilsson 468: 441:Adam of Bremen 429:Jelling stones 411: 408: 367: 361: 327:King of Norway 284: 283: 281:Norse paganism 278: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 242: 241: 238: 237: 233: 232: 224: 223: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 179: 177: 163: 162: 151: 147: 146: 137: 135: 131: 130: 115: 111: 110: 95: 91: 90: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 66:King of Norway 62: 61: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4096: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3847:Christian VII 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3822:Frederick III 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3807:Christian III 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 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3061: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3010: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2972:Chisholm 1911 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2806: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2782:Krag, Claus. 2778: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2610: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2394: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2319: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2139:King of Kings 2135: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2102:Peter Franzén 2099: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:Haraldshaugen 2022: 2009: 2008:Haraldshaugen 2004: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:Bjørn Farmann 1887: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1879:Irish history 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859:Þórir Teiande 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1797: 1794:According to 1788: 1785: 1784:Bjørn Farmann 1781: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744:Eric Bloodaxe 1742: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1707:Haraldshaugen 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1660: 1644: 1636: 930 CE. 1630: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1566:in the west. 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1391:absolute king 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1183:Faroe Islands 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1136:Olav the Holy 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Bjørn Farmann 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:Earls of Lade 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 974: 970: 969:Hákon the Old 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932: 925: 920: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823: 816: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792: 787: 780: 775: 773: 769: 768: 767:Íslendingabók 760: 759:Íslendingabók 755: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 730: 725: 722: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672: 665: 660: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 605:primogeniture 601: 597: 593: 589: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550: 545: 541: 536: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504: 499: 498: 493: 492: 487: 486:skaldic poems 483: 480: 479: 478:Íslendingabók 474: 469: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445:Erik Bloodaxe 442: 438: 434: 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