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A shed skin is much longer than the snake that shed it, as the skin covers the top and bottom of each scale. If the skin is shed intact, each scale is unwrapped on the top and bottom side of the scale which almost doubles the length of the shed skin. While a snake is in the process of shedding the skin over its eye, the eye may become milky. Scales over the snakes eyes harden, to be shed with the rest of the old skin. When the process is complete the snake emerges with its color deepened, the scales polished, the surfaces bright and undulled by contact with scratching brush, and with their total loss of vision completely restored.
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71:
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species of snake, sometimes frequently, other times only after shedding or molting. It is thought that scale polishing is used as a method of waterproofing, and it may also play a role in chemical messaging or friction reduction. Lastly, scales and snake skin provide protection in the form of keratin. It has been found, that beta-keratins aid in formation of scales, as the keratin proteins produce a pre-corneous layer of densely packed epidermal scales creating a thick
189:), respectively. The dermis of a snake resides beneath the epidermis. The dermis of snakes is generally fibrous in nature, and not very prominent. The dermis houses pigment cells, nerves, and collagen fibers. Nerve fibers extend into the snake epidermis and anchor near scales, generally at the rostral, or head, end of the snake. Specifically, nerves anchor to sensory spines and pits, which are touch and thermal detection organs, respectively. The
536:
455:
378:, emu, camel, among others. With crocodile and lizard leathers, it belongs to the category of reptile leathers, with a scaly appearance. There is evidence that the harvest in at least some species of snakes killed for the leather industry is unsustainable and carried out in violation of national legislation in source countries.
326:
A new layer of epidermis is grown beneath the old. When it is finished, the snake secretes a fluid between the new skin and the old. The fluid gives the skin a silvery cast. Snakes will work their heads against rough surfaces until the old skin breaks, after which the snake can work itself out of it.
261:
The skin that lies beneath snake's scales is also responsible for snakes' flexibility. The regions between snake scales is made of soft integument called an alpha-layer, which is composed of alpha-keratin that allows for flexibility and movement. Snake mobility is dependent on the skin's contact to a
211:
protective layer. Parts of this keratin covering are shaved back to make the snake's scales, the less restricted portion of each scale overlapping the scale behind it. Between scales lies shaved back connecting material, also of keratin, also part of the epidermis. This material allows for the poised
124:
yield coloration when light shines through the corneal layer of the epidermis. There are many kinds of chromatophores. Melanophores yield brown pigmentation, and when paired with guanophores, yield grey. When paired with guanophores and lipophores, yellow results. When guanophores and allophores are
86:
can be ornately patterned. They can be striped, banded, solid, green, blue, yellow, red, black, orange, brown, spotted, or have a unique pattern all their own. These color schemes can serve many functions, including camouflage, heat absorption or reflection, or may play other, less understood roles.
161:, is more than just patterns and scales. Scales and patterning are features of snakeskin, and they are derived from a soft and complex integument. These scale patterns are unique to species, and the scales themselves help in locomoting by providing a friction buffer between the snake and the ground
232:
skins, and that aquatic snakes have a more permeable skin that can sometimes trap water to prevent drying out. Some snakes may change their environment throughout the year, and may subsequently change their skin's permeability as a result. For instance, aquatic snakes may latch on to more water if
201:
Snakeskin is composed of a soft, flexible inner layer (alpha-layer), as well as a hard, inflexible outer surface (beta-layer). Snake bodies are in contact with a surface at all times, causing a large amount of friction. As a result, they have to both minimize friction in order to move forward, and
206:
which serve as cytoskeletal proteins for a mechanical form of resistance against traction. Additionally, to reduce friction some snakes polish their scales. They secrete an oil from their nasal passage, and then rub the secretion over the scales. This is done at varying intervals depending on the
111:
Coloration of snakes is largely due to pigment cells and their distribution. Some scales have lightly colored centers, which arise from regions with a reduced cuticle. A thinner cuticle indicates that some sensory organ is present. Scales in general are numerous and coat the
513:
266:
of the snake skin allows for quick and precise changes in direction. For smooth gliding to occur, snakeskin is composed of sharp spines and interlocking longitudinal ridges. The snakeskin also contains highly organized 'micro-hairs' along the
202:
generate their own friction in order to create enough propulsion to move. Scale and skin orientation accomplish this, as it has been demonstrated by studies of the nanostructures on their scales. Specifically, the inner alpha-layer contains
271:(underneath) surface, oriented in a caudal (towards the back) direction. With both of these features, the snake is able to efficiently slide forward on surfaces of low friction, and create high friction when needing to retreat backwardly.
477:
41:
of a dead snake. Snakeskin and scales can have varying patterns and color formations, providing protection via camouflage from predators. The colors and iridescence in these scales are largely determined by the types and amount of
177:. A snake's epidermis is composed of four layers. The outer layer of a snake's skin is shed periodically, and is therefore a temporary layer, and is highly keratinized. Beneath the outer layer is the corneal layer (
141:
reside in the dermis, and are responsible for the iridescent appearance of many dark-colored snakes. Males and females may show varied coloration, as might hatchlings and adults of the same species.
245:, meaning that the gland's cells are secreted along with the substance the gland makes. These holocrine glands in snakes do not have their own blood supply, and thus lie closely with vascularized
426:
50:
of the snake skin. The snake's skin and scales are also an important feature to their locomotion, providing protection and minimizing friction when gliding over surfaces.
58:
In a living snake, its skin often deals with various forms of abrasion. To combat rough substrates, snakes have formed specialized and multilayered organizational
74:
The large scutes on the right side cover the ventral, or belly side of the snake. The smaller scales cover the rest of the snake. Note how the scales overlap.
295:). The species belonging to both of these subgroups likewise share similar skin features with snakes, with unique adaptations and features, respectively.
442:
414:
547:
137:
individuals result. Snakes do not possess blue or green pigments, instead these arise from guanophores, which are also called iridocytes.
228:
Skin permeability may change seasonally in snakes to help with the problem of drying out. It is known that desert snakes have generally
399:
1040:
253:
that helps remove excess salt that they have consumed. Most glands in reptiles are poorly understood due to their scarcity.
107:
The variation of scale colors as caused by different chromatophores, located on the dorsal (top) surface of a Garter snake.
307:
Close up of garter snake scales. Note the presence of soft integument, or skin, between the scales and how they overlap.
1115:
990:
792:
Yang, Zhe; Zhu, Liangliang; Li, Botong; Sun, Shuocheng; Chen, Youlong; Yan, Yuan; Liu, Yilun; Chen, Xi (2016-09-01).
454:
95:
of a snake is colored differently than their hard scales. This is often utilized as a method of predator determent.
913:
Martinez, Alejandro; Nguyen, Damon; Basson, Mandeep S.; Medina, Josh; Irschick, Duncan J.; Baeckens, Simon (2021).
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91:
in the skin often overlap and form complex patterns and sheets that are highly recognizable. Sometimes the soft
491:
387:
315:
is common, and results in the entire outer layer of epidermis being lost. In the case of snakes, it is called
1331:
529:, Lamia has human legs and a snakeskin around her waist. There is also a small snake on her right forearm.
129:
also help produce orange and red colors. Dark snakes (dark brown or black in color) appear as such due to
1464:
1359:
1339:
732:"Modelling of the frictional behaviour of the snake skin covered by anisotropic surface nanostructures"
501:
343:
Snakeskin is used to make clothing such as vests, belts, boots or shoes or fashion accessories such as
20:
793:
679:
1485:
485:
287:, which includes all snakes and lizards, and all but two species of Lepidosauria that belong to the
62:
structures to provide a safe and efficient sliding locomotion when maneuvering over rough surfaces.
249:. Snakes also possess glands that aid in attracting mates, and some marine snake species possess a
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they are in an environment that is drying out by attracting a layer of water under their scales.
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215:
1526:
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158:
92:
116:, and come in all shapes and colors. They are helpful in identification of snake species.
8:
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Snake leather is regarded as an exotic product alongside alligator, crocodile, lizard,
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339:
Close-up of a patterned beige and brown snakeskin leather used to make a cigarette case
182:
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1079:
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939:
877:
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794:"Mechanical design and analysis of a crawling locomotion enabled by a laminated beam"
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283:, which are reptiles with overlapping scales. They further are grouped down into the
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153:
Exposed integument of the garter snake after the overlying scales have been removed.
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867:
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840:"Epidermis architecture and material properties of the skin of four snake species"
181:), which is thickened and flexible. Under the corneal layer is intermediary zone (
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915:"Quantifying surface topography of biological systems from 3D scans"
1344:
1306:
1254:
1208:
1058:"Harvest quotas, free markets and the sustainable trade in pythons"
405:
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219:
Exposed integument from the underside of a scute of a garter snake.
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34:
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Not many glands are present in snake skin. Most snake glands are
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88:
448:
A vintage clutch with a fold-over closure, made of red snakeskin
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121:
47:
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83:
30:
730:
Filippov, Alexander E.; Gorb, Stanislov N. (23 March 2016).
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838:
Klein, Marie-Christin G.; Gorb, Stanislav N. (2012-11-07).
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912:
133:
that are active in the epidermis. When melanin is absent,
1321:
1301:
800:. Nanomechanics: Bridging Spatial and Temporal Scales.
983:
Vertebrates: Comparative
Anatomy, Function, Evolution
212:
glide of the snake over rough stones or gritty sand.
311:
The molting of the skin occurs regularly in snakes.
196:
193:is below the dermis, this layer mainly stores fat.
680:"Alpha- and beta-keratins of the snake epidermis"
420:Pair of woman's high heeled platform shoes, 1930s
1508:
279:Snakes belong to a group of reptiles called the
37:, or to a type of leather that is made from the
678:Toni, Mattia; Alibardi, Lorenzo (2007-02-01).
432:A Texas straw hat with the ornament made of a
169:Reptiles, including snakes, possess extensive
1109:
1027:Campbell, Sheldon; Shaw, Charles E. (1974).
1026:
791:
729:
677:
125:added to melanophores, red pigment results.
483:Leather goods and skins of Burmese python (
256:
1116:
1102:
144:
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938:
871:
837:
809:
763:
53:
1013:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1008:
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640:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company.
608:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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334:
302:
214:
148:
102:
98:
69:
985:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
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29:may either refer to the skin of a live
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844:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
653:
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495:) at a local shop at Mandalay, Burma
78:
1075:10.3897/natureconservation.48.80988
999:
658:. London: Cornell University Press.
13:
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464:with snakeskin-covered sound board
14:
1543:
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718:
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408:snakeskin cigarette case, ca 1925
197:Friction reduction and protection
33:, the shed skin of a snake after
1404:Artificial leather / Leatherette
919:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
656:Snakes - A Natural History Talks
546:
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453:
441:
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398:
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173:of the epidermis in the form of
1470:British Museum leather dressing
1049:
223:
164:
1011:The New Encyclopedia of Snakes
1009:Mattison, Christopher (2007).
906:
898:Mattison, Christopher (1995).
606:The New Encyclopedia of Snakes
604:Mattison, Christopher (2007).
492:Python reticulatus reticulatus
1:
581:
981:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015).
553:Exhibition of snakeskins in
298:
274:
7:
1465:Leather Archives and Museum
1123:
1029:Snakes of The American West
569:
541:A shed snake skin in nature
525:: In this 1909 painting by
351:, and is used to cover the
16:Skin or shed skin of snakes
10:
1548:
900:The Encyclopedia of Snakes
696:10.1016/j.zool.2006.07.001
489:) and reticulated python (
469:
393:Snakeskin boots in Arizona
330:
65:
21:Snakeskin (disambiguation)
18:
1486:History of hide materials
1478:
1442:
1396:
1368:
1330:
1232:
1131:
940:10067/1774180151162165141
811:10.1016/j.eml.2016.03.014
798:Extreme Mechanics Letters
638:Snakes: A Natural History
486:Python molurus bivittatus
382:Objects made of snakeskin
236:
1056:Nijman, Vincent (2022).
636:Bauchot, Roland (1994).
257:Movement and flexibility
1455:Igualada Leather Museum
931:10.1111/2041-210X.13603
185:) and the basal layer (
145:Structures and function
1460:Walsall Leather Museum
856:10.1098/rsif.2012.0479
340:
308:
262:friction surface, the
220:
154:
108:
75:
54:Skin of a living snake
1450:German Leather Museum
654:Parker, H.W. (1977).
338:
306:
264:tribological behavior
218:
152:
106:
99:Color and iridescence
73:
902:. London: Blandford.
527:Herbert James Draper
19:For other uses, see
1062:Nature Conservation
748:2016NatSR...623539F
357:musical instruments
1491:Leather subculture
736:Scientific Reports
507:Snakeskin artifact
341:
309:
221:
183:stratum granulosum
155:
109:
76:
1504:
1503:
1042:978-0-394-48882-0
850:(76): 3140–3155.
756:10.1038/srep23539
247:connective tissue
79:Pattern formation
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243:holocrine glands
175:epidermal scales
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1388:Leather carving
1383:Cuir de Cordoue
1364:
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1233:Leather sources
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1033:Alfred A. Knopf
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46:located in the
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204:alpha-keratins
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187:stratum basale
171:keratinization
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157:Snakeskin, or
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118:Chromatophores
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44:chromatophores
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89:Melanin cells
85:
72:
63:
61:
51:
49:
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40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
1316:
1065:
1061:
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1031:. New York:
1028:
1010:
982:
922:
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797:
739:
735:
690:(1): 41–47.
687:
683:
655:
637:
605:
554:
519:
490:
484:
373:
342:
320:
316:
310:
281:Lepidosauria
278:
260:
240:
227:
224:Permeability
200:
168:
165:Organization
156:
110:
82:
57:
26:
25:
1397:Substitutes
1378:Bookbinding
1179:Law leather
434:rattlesnake
353:sound board
230:impermeable
131:melanocytes
127:Carotenoids
1511:Categories
1424:Ultrasuede
1169:Corinthian
1068:: 99–121.
582:References
251:salt gland
191:hypodermis
159:integument
139:Iridocytes
93:integument
1429:Alcantara
1419:Presstoff
1414:Naugahyde
1332:Processes
1267:Crocodile
1240:Alligator
1214:Shearling
1084:1314-3301
957:235521715
949:2041-210X
864:1742-5689
820:2352-4316
804:: 88–95.
742:: 23539.
704:0944-2006
299:Shed skin
275:Phylogeny
114:epidermis
60:epidermal
27:Snakeskin
1370:Crafting
1345:Deliming
1292:Kangaroo
1255:Calfskin
1209:Shagreen
1159:Buckskin
882:22896567
774:27005001
712:17169542
570:See also
460:Chinese
406:Art Deco
345:handbags
317:shedding
285:Squamata
209:corneous
1517:Leather
1496:Rawhide
1479:Related
1434:Clarino
1355:Tanning
1297:Ostrich
1184:Morocco
1174:Kidskin
1164:Chamois
1139:Aniline
1125:Leather
873:3479930
765:4804221
744:Bibcode
684:Zoology
470:Gallery
462:sanxian
436:'s skin
376:ostrich
369:sanshin
367:or the
365:sanxian
349:wallets
331:Leather
322:ecdysis
313:Molting
293:tuatara
269:ventral
120:in the
66:Display
35:molting
1360:Oiling
1350:Bating
1340:Liming
1250:Cattle
1204:Russia
1199:Patent
1194:Nubuck
1154:Bonded
1149:Boiled
1144:Bicast
1082:
1039:
989:
955:
947:
880:
870:
862:
818:
772:
762:
710:
702:
563:Mexico
559:Puebla
237:Glands
135:albino
122:dermis
84:Snakes
48:dermis
1409:Kirza
1317:Snake
1312:Sheep
1287:Horse
1260:Slunk
1245:Bison
1224:Suede
1132:Types
953:S2CID
576:Scute
522:Lamia
361:banhu
291:(the
31:snake
1522:Skin
1307:Seal
1282:Goat
1272:Deer
1189:Napa
1080:ISSN
1037:ISBN
987:ISBN
945:ISSN
878:PMID
860:ISSN
816:ISSN
770:PMID
708:PMID
700:ISSN
520:The
347:and
39:hide
1322:Yak
1302:Pig
1277:Eel
1070:doi
935:hdl
927:doi
868:PMC
852:doi
806:doi
760:PMC
752:doi
692:doi
688:110
557:in
319:or
1513::
1078:.
1066:48
1064:.
1060:.
1035:.
1019:^
1001:^
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951:.
943:.
933:.
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363:,
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1103:v
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937::
929::
884:.
854::
848:9
822:.
808::
802:8
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754::
746::
740:6
714:.
694::
324:.
23:.
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