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540:
weight in lipids in order to survive, making them much slower. Towards the end of their foraging for hibernation, they are much more susceptible to attacks by birds because of their low muscle to body mass ratio. During the first few weeks of hibernation, tortoiseshell butterflies are very susceptible to predator attacks. Up to 50% of the population hibernating in any given area can be eaten. The butterflies that hibernate in areas containing more light, and that are accessible to rodents who can climb, are the most susceptible to this type of predation. During hibernation tortoiseshell butterflies are able to supercool in order to keep from freezing. In sheltered areas, these butterflies can stand up to −21 degrees
Celsius without freezing. However, they experience rapid weight loss during unusually mild winters.
620:
466:, air pollution, contamination by pesticides). Scientific evidence shows that the summer drought is a cause of declining populations, because larvae grow normally on drenched leaves (but hatchlings were even rarer the wet summers of 2007 and 2008). However, before 2000, according to data from an English butterfly monitoring programme, there was a good correlation between reproductive success, the abundance of populations of this species and the host plant moisture stress. From 1976 to 1995, the butterfly had more success in summers that were cool and wet at the beginning of summer than when it was hot and dry. This butterfly may then be sensitive to global warming.
596:
639:
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butterflies usually bask and feed until mid-day and then display territorial behaviour until roosting. Males typically defend a certain territory for up to 90 minutes, unless they attempt to follow a female or are ousted by another male. The next day they find a new territory to defend. These territories tend to be in direct sunlight in areas that females choose to lay their eggs. More often than not, two or more males may end up sharing territory if the cost of defending the territory is greater than the benefit gained from monopolising the females.
608:
40:
661:
244:
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53:
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175:
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31:
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various flowers through visual signals. Tortoiseshell butterflies in particular tend to prefer colours at both ends of the visible light spectrum for humans, 400 nm and 600 nm. These correspond to the colours violet and red respectively. This ability comes from their compound eye. The flowers depend on the butterflies for pollination, so it is a mutually beneficial relationship.
781:
707:
In order for one male butterfly to gain dominance over the other, he must reach a position slightly above the other butterfly. The non-dominant male will then attempt a series of dives and climbs to escape the pursuer. After a certain distance travelled from the nest, one butterfly will return to the
478:
leaves; the higher the nitrogen and water level in the leaves, the more rapid the growth of the larvae. During a drought, both of these levels drop significantly, leaving the tortoiseshell larvae nothing to feed on. The timing of rainfall is also a crucial factor. If there is not adequate rainfall in
539:
The small tortoiseshell butterfly tends to enter hibernation by mid to late
September. Typically this butterfly will try to hibernate in dark sheltered locations. Because of this hibernation, they need to accumulate a lot of fat to survive the winter. The tortoiseshell needs at least 20% of its body
265:
submarginal band bearing blue spots. Underside of the forewing ochreous, with the costal spots as above, the apex and distal margin blackish; hindwing brown, basal half black with dentate edge, the whole surface with darker pencilling; at the distal margin of both wings contiguous dull blue lunules.
698:
Most butterflies fail to display any territorial behaviour, probably due to selective environmental pressures. The female tortoiseshell butterflies generally are found in concentrated areas, so it is advantageous for males to stay in that particular area to increase their mating opportunities. Male
264:
A bright foxy red ground-colour; the forewing with 3 black costal spots, whose interspaces are yellow, there being a larger black spot in the middle of the hindmarginal area and two smaller ones in the disc between the 3 radial and 2 median; hindwing with the basal half black; both wings with black
681:
The wings of tortoiseshell butterflies help conceal them extremely well from predators. When closed, their wings look like leaves, helping them to hide. On the ground, it may take birds up to 30 minutes to see them. In addition to this, when discovered, tortoiseshell butterflies will flick their
526:
Tortoiseshell butterflies usually begin to emerge from their pupa from mid-June into August. They begin hibernation sometime in
October and immediately show territorial behaviour after hibernation. The tortoiseshell butterflies that are found in the north usually have one brood a season, whereas
716:
For most adult butterflies, including the small tortoiseshell butterfly, nectar is one of the main sources of nutrients. In order to obtain the nectar, the butterfly must be able to recognize distinct floral aromas and colours. The small tortoiseshell butterfly is able to differentiate between
686:
like many other butterflies, these bright contrasting colours can often scare a predator, giving the tortoiseshell butterfly ample time to escape. Not only does this colouration tend to frighten birds, it can also act as a warning. The bright red colouration serves as a cautionary sign to the
453:
Once among the most common butterflies in Europe and temperate Asia, this butterfly is in very rapid decline, at least in
Western Europe. This decline cannot be explained by the decline of its host plant, because the nettle is widespread and even enjoys the general
527:
further south these butterflies can have two broods. The ability to go through three generations of butterflies in a year is due to the tortoiseshell butterflies' decreased thermal requirement. The larvae of this butterfly are social. These larvae can be found on
725:
During migration, tortoiseshell butterflies position themselves in accordance with air currents; they only start migration at certain wind speeds. They are able to do this because of an extra sensory organ in their antennae. These butterflies have a developed
231:. Adults feed on nectar and may hibernate over winter; in warmer climates they may have two broods in a season. While the dorsal surface of the wings is vividly marked, the ventral surface is drab, providing camouflage. Eggs are laid on the
518:, emerging on the first warm sunny days of the year to mate and breed. In southern parts of the range there may be two broods each year, but northern insects are inhibited by long length of summer days from breeding a second time.
255:
It is a medium-sized butterfly that is mainly reddish orange, with black and yellow markings on the forewings as well as a ring of blue spots around the edge of the wings. It has a wingspan ranging from 4.5 to 6.2 cm.
513:
has also been recorded as larval food plant. Adults feed on nectar. The species has one of the longest seasons of any
Eurasian butterfly, extending from early spring to late autumn. Adults overwinter in
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the early summer, then the plants will not be able to fully develop, leaving the larvae without a suitable source of nutrition. These butterflies actively produce smaller broods under these conditions.
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predator about the poor taste of the butterfly. Tortoiseshell butterflies tend to be unpalatable to birds. If a bird sees this bright red colouring, then they will be less likely to eat the butterfly.
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The small tortoiseshell butterfly is severely affected by droughts. During periods of drought, the butterfly experiences a vastly reduced reproductive rate. The drought directly affects the
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The tortoiseshell butterfly is particularly fast. When discovered and attacked by a predator the tortoiseshell butterfly will fly away in a straight line in order to outstrip the predator.
422:
734:, grow in widely distributed areas, tortoiseshell butterflies tend to move around more than some other butterflies. These areas tend to be short thickets and shrubs.
296:, China, Nepal, Sikkim Himalayas in India, Mongolia, Korea and Japan, wherever common nettle, which their larvae feed on, is found. There are a few records from
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798:
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Almbro M, Kullberg C. (2008). Impaired escape flight ability in butterflies due to low flight muscle ratio prior to hibernation.
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is sometimes eaten by wasps, but these are also in strong regression. The effect of other phenomena are still poorly understood (
1629:
934:
Bryant, S., Thomas, C. and Bale, J. (1997), "Nettle-feeding nymphalid butterflies: temperature, development and distribution."
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in their second antennae responsible for determining air currents in a number of other insects. Because their host plants,
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1359:
1377:
1169:
Gewecke, Michael, and Monika
Niehaus, (1981) "Flight and flight control by the antennae in the small tortoiseshell (
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1145:
Scherer, Christian, and
Gertrud Kolb. (1987) "The influence of color stimuli on visually controlled behavior in
996:
Wiklund, Christer, et al. (2008) "Rodent predation on hibernating peacock and small tortoiseshell butterflies."
1614:
959:
Pollard, E., Greatorex-Davies, J.N. and Thomas, J.A. (1997), Drought reduces breeding success of the butterfly
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E. Pollard and T. J. Yates (1993) Monitoring butterflies for ecology and conservation. Chapman & Hall.
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52:
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Pollard, E., and J. N. Greatorex‐Davies (1997) "Drought reduces breeding success of the butterfly
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1199:
412:
1465:
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435:
147:
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799:"Nationalsymboler fra den danske plante- og dyreverden (Danish Ministry of the Environment)"
751:
1333:
399:
8:
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776:
Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen
Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter
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1038:
Crypsis versus
Intimidation—anti-predation Defence in Three Closely Related Butterflies
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47:
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Hagen, S. B., Leinaas, H. P. and Lampe, H. M. (2003), Responses of great tits
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territory while the other flies along in search of another suitable location.
243:
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232:
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Shreeve, T. G. (1981) "Flight
Patterns of Butterfly Species in Woodlands."
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289:
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Pullin, A. S., and J. S. Bale. "Effects of low temperature on diapausing
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1020:(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): Cold hardiness and overwintering survival."
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531:, which have a high nitrogen content and much water in the leaves.
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Andersson, Susanna. (2003) "Foraging responses in the butterflies
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351:
southern Europe, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Kopet Dagh, central Asia
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R. R. Baker "Territorial behaviour of the Nymphalid butterflies,
849:"A provisional checklist of European butterfly larval foodplants"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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778:, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren)
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wings open to reveal bright colours. While they don't have
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which, however, are believed to be of introduced insects.
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Pollard, E., Greatorex-Davies, J.N. Thomas.1997.00082.x
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Vallin, Sven Jakobsson, and Christer Wiklund, (2006) "
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417:southern Ussuri, southern Sakhalin, Kuriles, Japan
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433:or a distinct species is yet to be determined.
16:Species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae
842:
840:
1071:in feeding trials; evidence of aposematism.
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342:northern Europe, Siberia, Russian Far East
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38:
29:
864:
284:It is found throughout temperate Europe,
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859:. Supplementary material: spreadsheet.
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429:) looks very similar; whether it is a
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1391:7cd2068a-567f-47de-9931-cf74070215d8
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903:
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1175:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1155:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1049:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
998:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
801:. naturstyrelsen.dk. Archived from
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13:
847:Clarke, Harry E. (14 April 2022).
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14:
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774:in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1,
601:Chrysalis shortly before hatching
557:Young caterpillars live in groups
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625:After hibernation: mid-March at
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445:are also similar in appearance.
51:
1163:
1139:
1057:
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990:
982:Journal of Experimental Biology
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569:Older caterpillars are solitary
268:The small tortoiseshell is the
1129:(Pieridae) to floral scents."
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817:
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329:Europe, western Siberia, Altai
238:
1:
1630:Butterflies described in 1758
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482:
303:
1022:Journal of Insect Physiology
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423:Corsican small tortoiseshell
235:, on which the larvae feed.
7:
1640:National symbols of Denmark
1635:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
521:
469:
10:
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495:feed on stinging nettles (
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1234:
919:Journal of Animal Ecology
464:environmental degradation
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48:Scientific classification
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37:
28:
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1067:to small tortoiseshells
458:of the environment. The
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853:Nota Lepidopterologica
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315:, Aberration ex larva
252:
1615:Butterflies of Europe
1073:Ecological Entomology
965:Ecological Entomology
936:Ecological Entomology
925:(2) 1972, pp. 453–469
829:Ecological Entomology
752:"Small tortoiseshell"
703:Male-male interaction
449:Decline in population
436:Nymphalis xanthomelas
311:
260:Technical description
246:
1620:Butterflies of Japan
1386:Fauna Europaea (new)
1204:at Wikimedia Commons
544:Developmental stages
501:) and small nettle (
389:(Kleinschmidt, 1940)
380:(Kleinschmidt, 1929)
360:Sayan, Transbaikalia
358:(Kleinschmidt, 1929)
24:Small tortoiseshell
1610:Butterflies of Asia
1173:L., Lepidoptera)."
1153:L. (Lepidoptera)."
1125:(Nymphalidae), and
1027:(4) (1989): 277–281
948:10.1046/j.1365-2311
866:10.3897/nl.45.72017
834:(3) : 315–318.
694:Territorial defence
404:China, Japan, Korea
212:small tortoiseshell
1625:Insects of Iceland
1180:(2) (1981): 249–56
1043:2019-07-12 at the
721:Migratory patterns
666:Underside of wings
613:During oviposition
349:(Staudinger, 1871)
320:
270:national butterfly
253:
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1510:Open Tree of Life
1228:Taxon identifiers
1198:Media related to
1127:Gonepteryx rhamni
581:Caterpillar on a
491:butterflies, the
442:Nymphalis l-album
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355:A. u. baicalensis
350:
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805:on 15 March 2015
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728:Johnston's organ
677:Predator defence
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487:As with several
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386:A. u. kansuensis
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327:(Linnaeus, 1758)
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786:public domain
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1131:Chemoecology
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1098:(2): 289–93
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870:. Retrieved
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803:the original
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364:A. u. eximia
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18:
1476:AglaisUrtic
1412:iNaturalist
1260:Wikispecies
1160:(6): 891–98
1065:Parus major
1054:(3): 455–59
942:: 390–398.
631:Oxfordshire
535:Hibernation
516:hibernation
239:Description
229:Nymphalidae
115:Nymphalidae
105:Lepidoptera
1605:Nymphalini
1599:Categories
1119:Inachis io
1018:Inachis io
971:: 315–318.
915:Inachis io
757:30 October
738:References
483:Life cycle
431:subspecies
369:Shelyuzhko
338:Staudinger
304:Subspecies
286:Asia Minor
85:Arthropoda
1542:Q24049438
1136:(1): 1–11
1093:Oecologia
1079:: 503–509
913:(L.) and
772:Seitz. A.
672:Behaviour
654:, Belgium
647:Echinacea
589:, Germany
587:Oberursel
489:nymphalid
460:chrysalis
225:butterfly
133:Species:
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1536:Wikidata
1473:MaBENA:
1451:LepIndex
1430:10617880
1308:BugGuide
1284:BioLib:
1274:BAMONA:
1245:Wikidata
1041:Archived
987:: 24–48.
684:eyespots
522:Hatching
470:Droughts
382:Szechuan
222:Eurasian
183:Synonyms
111:Family:
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
1569:4299385
1404:1894840
1251:Q157609
1149:L. and
1104:4216536
712:Feeding
415:, 1882)
402:, 1893)
371:, 1919)
340:, 1871)
294:Siberia
274:Denmark
121:Genus:
101:Order:
95:Insecta
91:Class:
1582:778268
1515:495335
1456:156957
1443:778267
1378:441679
1352:VANSUR
1339:152952
1313:251019
1102:
917:(L.)"
890:
627:Otmoor
476:Urtica
413:Butler
126:Aglais
1556:946HT
1463:LoB:
1425:IRMNG
1417:54468
1365:90987
1360:EUNIS
1326:5TRRN
1300:19820
1287:51586
1100:JSTOR
809:9 May
652:Havré
400:Leach
280:Range
1577:ITIS
1564:GBIF
1466:5312
1438:ITIS
1399:GBIF
1347:EPPO
1295:BOLD
1016:and
888:ISBN
874:2022
811:2015
759:2013
439:and
421:The
317:MHNT
210:The
1551:CoL
1502:711
1484:NBN
1334:EoL
1321:CoL
1178:145
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