1614:
all farmland. The bulk of India's hungry and poor people are constituted of smallholder farmers and landless people. 78% country's farmers own less than 2 hectares (5 acres), which constitutes 33% of total farmland but at the same time, they produce 41% of the country's food grains. 20% of the world's poor live in India, although the country was self-sufficient in food production in 2002 due to the first Green
Revolution started in the latter half of the twentieth century, numerous households lacked resources to purchase food. Holdings less than 2 ha contributed 41% of total food grain production in 1991 compared to 28% in 1971, which means a substantial increase, whereas medium holdings registered a mere 3% increase in the same period and large holdings registered a decline from 51 to 35%. This signifies the importance of smallholders in the Green Revolution and the attainment of national food security. Smallholder families are becoming more vulnerable and more disadvantaged due to the expansion of international trade liberalisation. The needs and aspirations of small farmers must feature prominently in policies of market reform that seek to improve food and nutritional security. India's total increase rate of productivity across the farming sector was far less in 1990's when compared to previous decades.
1570:, smallholding is a small plot of land with low rental value, used to grow crops. By some estimates, there are 525 million smallholder farmers in the world. These farms vary in land sizes, production and labor intensities. The distribution of farm sizes depends on a number of agroecological and demographic conditions, as well as on economic and technological factors. Smallholders are critical to local and regional food systems, as well as livelihoods, and especially so during periods of food supply chain disruptions. Smallholders dominate production in certain key sectors such as coffee and cocoa. Various types of
1642:
more. Increasing the productivity of smallholder farmers is encouraged due to its potential of improving food availability, increasing rural incomes, lowering poverty rates, and growing the economy. Diversification of crops in smallholder farms is one of the potential strategies in sustaining agricultural productivity, and copping with marketing risks. It is also a transitional step from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Age, education of household head, type of crops, cropping system, amount of credit, and irrigation facilities are some of the factors influencing diversification in smallholder farms.
38:
1256:
559:
50:
1486:
1623:
1192:
1413:
3161:
1558:
income or employment opportunities off the farm contributes to the economic stability of smallholder farming households. These off-farm income-generating activities offer a buffer against agricultural shocks and allow for a diversified livelihood strategy, providing families with increased financial security and access to essential resources.
1241:, in terms of inputs versus outputs, to rise as the size of the farm rises. Specialization has also been a major factor in increasing agricultural productivity, for example as commodity processing began to move off the farm in the 19th century, farmers could spend more effort on primary food production.
1549:
Smallholder farms, also known as small-scale farms, encompass a diverse array of agricultural operations, varying from those owning the land they cultivate to those who do not. These farmers, often family-oriented, rely significantly on family labor to meet production needs, with women contributing a
1655:
to the water, a study found that those large-scale farms which adhere to the traditional water rights structures fare better in terms of social reputation, which better ensures their access to water. Adhering to the water law in order to enforce their permits is less effective, as regional
Tanzanian
1725:
defined small farms as those with less than $ 250,000 in gross receipts annually on which day-to-day labor and management are provided by the farmer and/or the farm family that owns the production, or owns or leases the productive assets. In 2000, such farms accounted for about 90% of the more than
1650:
Along the upper and middle reaches of the
Nduruma River in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania, there is not enough water to go around. Smallholder farmers address inequities in land and water distribution by enforcing existing traditional local rules. Whilst larger estate farms may have governmental
1613:
and 5 acres), 'semi medium' between 2 and 4 hectares (5 and 10 acres), 'medium' between 4 and 10 hectares (9.9 and 24.7 acres), 'large' above 10 hectares (25 acres). If we use 4 hectares (10 acres) (marginal + small + medium) as a threshold, 94.3% of holdings are small and these constitute 65.2% of
1557:
Many smallholder farms supplement their income through off-farm work, crucial for sustaining livelihoods, particularly during agricultural downturns like droughts. Engaging in off-farm employment also serves to build social capital and resilience within these communities. Having multiple sources of
1641:
acres). This represents the vast majority of Kenya's rural poor population who depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Adverse risk events during the period 1980–2012 led to production losses in smallholder farms resulting in a drop in agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) of 2 percent or
1553:
The agricultural work on smallholder farms predominantly involves family members, with occasional hired labor, particularly during peak seasons. However, the productivity per hectare tends to increase with higher involvement of family members in farm activities. In addition to farm-related duties,
1630:
Kenya's smallholder means someone who owns, possess or produces agricultural products in small-scale . smallholder production accounts for 78 percent of total agricultural production and 70 percent of commercial production. Majority of the smallholder population work in farm sizes averaging 0.47
1275:
of their communities. An
American study showed that small farms with incomes of $ 100,000 or less spend almost 95 percent of their farm-related expenses within their local communities. The same study took into comparison the fact that farms with incomes greater than $ 900,000 spend less than 20
1771:
Many farmers are upset by their inability to fix the new types of high-tech farm equipment. This is due mostly to companies using intellectual property law to prevent farmers from having the legal right to fix their equipment (or gain access to the information to allow them to do it). This has
1792:
is ongoing. The
European Commission states that more than three-quarters of farm holdings in the European Union are less than 10 hectares, with a large number less than five hectares,. However as of 2009 it had not established a formal definition of the term that could be used in its
1283:
gives the farmer the profit that would otherwise go to the wholesaler, the distributor, and the supermarket. About two-thirds of the revenue is expended on product marketing. If farmers sell their products directly to consumers, they receive a higher percentage of the
1729:
The concentration of production on fewer and larger operations is a longstanding concern among some segments of the agricultural community. Others view these changes as inevitable, and even necessary to maintain the efficiency and competitiveness of the sector.
1463:. The nucleus is the part of such a plantation that is under concession and management of the company, while another part of the plantation is operated by smallholders typically on their own land but planted by the company. NES farming is a particular form of
2070:
1390:
have analyzed the distinctions among farm sizes since the field's inception. Traditional agricultural economic theory considered small farms inefficient, a stance that began to be challenged in the 1950s. An overview of research published by the
439:
and economic impact. There are an estimated 500 million smallholder farms in developing countries of the world alone, supporting almost two billion people. Smallholdings are usually farms supporting a single family with a mixture of
1670:
In 1975, there were 4.2 million smallholder farming households in
Thailand. In 2013, Thailand had 5.9 million smallholder farming households. The average area of these smallholdings had shrunk from 3.7 to 3.2 hectares
1365:
industry of
Southeast Asia, contributing 40% of the production. Because such farmers are less able to access financing than larger businesses, they are unable to fund methods to increase the productivity of their farms when
487:, rely heavily on small holders; globally, as of 2008 90% of cocoa is grown by smallholders. These farmers rely on cocoa for up to 60 to 90 per cent of their income. Similar trends in supply chains exist in other crops like
44:
in Kenya. In many parts of Africa and other parts of the world, women are the primary smallholders. In many contexts, women face unequal access to land, markets, knowledge, and other assets needed to maintain their
1656:
local governments generally attempt to avoid conflict with their populace. On a larger scale, however, existing traditional rules are ineffective in maintaining cooperation among users along the
Nduruma River.
1430:
that is maintained without expectation of being a primary source of income. Some are held simply to bring homeowners closer to nature, to provide recreational land for horses, or as working farms for secondary
2078:
1936:
Babu, Suresh C.; Sanyal, Prabuddha (2009). "Effects of commercialization of agriculture (Shift from traditional crop to cash crop) on food consumption and nutrition – application of chi-square statistic".
2336:"Building the Resilience of Smallholder Farmers | Land & Water | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | Land & Water | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
1335:
portends to smallholder farmers in different and widely varying agroecological environments and socio-economic realities, and what management strategies they are employing to deal with these impacts.
448:. As a country becomes more affluent, smallholdings may not be self-sufficient, but may be valued for providing supplemental sustenance, recreation, and general rural lifestyle appreciation (often as
2408:
Kristjanson, Patti; Neufeldt, Henry; Gassner, Anja; Mango, Joash; Kyazze, Florence B.; Desta, Solomon; Sayula, George; Thiede, Brian; Förch, Wiebke; Thornton, Philip K.; Coe, Richard (2012-09-01).
3165:
1370:
decline, increasing their need to clear more land. Increasing productivity, especially amongst smallholder farms, is an important way to decrease the amount of land needed for farming and slow
1331:
efforts are still hindered by lack of information on how smallholder farmers are experiencing and responding to climate change. There is lack of detailed, context-specific information on what
1263:. Cooperatives give small farmers an opportunity to be more competitive in markets, especially markets like coffee and cocoa where many of the purchasers are large businesses with high
1709:, defined a small farm as one with sales under $ 20,000. At the time these comprised 70% of farms in the US. The Act sponsored additional research on small farming operations by US
3001:
1304:
in less-developed contexts, addressing the productivity and financial sustainability of small holders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of
518:
in less-developed contexts, addressing the productivity and financial sustainability of small holders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of
392:
2359:
Harvey, Celia A.; Saborio-RodrĂguez, Milagro; Martinez-RodrĂguez, M. Ruth; Viguera, Barbara; Chain-Guadarrama, Adina; Vignola, Raffaele; Alpizar, Francisco (2018-08-14).
3097:
1338:
Especially for smallholders working in commodity crops, climate change introduces an increasing amount of variability to farmer economic viability; for example,
1244:
Although numerous studies show that larger farms are more productive than smaller ones, some writers state that whilst conventional farming creates a high
371:
1554:
women on smallholder farms often shoulder responsibilities such as collecting fuel and water and engaging in low-value, small-scale trading activities.
1327:
While the historical focus on smallholders has been increasing global food supply under climate change and the role played by smallholder communities,
2704:
Savary, Serge; Akter, Sonia; Almekinders, Conny; Harris, Jody; Korsten, Lise; Rötter, Reimund; Waddington, Stephen; Watson, Derrill (August 2020).
1309:
2508:
2140:
1113:
1073:
591:
1574:
enterprises work with smallholding farmers in a range of roles including buying crops, providing seed, and acting as financial institutions.
426:
2158:"2.3.1 Productivity of small-scale food producers | Sustainable Development Goals | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
460:
movements grow in affluent countries, some of these smallholdings are gaining increased economic viability in the developed world as well.
1777:
3206:
2752:
International
Finance Corporation (2013). Working with Smallholders: A Handbook for Firms Building Sustainable Supply Chains, p. 12.
523:
2477:
2979:"The Role of Statutory and Local Rules in Allocating Water between Large- and Small-Scale Irrigators in an African River Catchment"
2938:"Crop diversification analysis amongst smallholder farmers in Kenya(empirical evidence from Kamariny ward, Elgeyo Marakwet County)"
2897:"Crop diversification analysis amongst smallholder farmers in Kenya(empirical evidence from Kamariny ward, Elgeyo Marakwet County)"
1175:
2236:
Deolalikar, Anil B. (1981). "The
Inverse Relationship between Productivity and Farm Size: A Test Using Regional Data from India".
1912:
399:
17:
1577:
In low-income countries, women make up 43 percent of smallholding agricultural labor but produce 60–80 percent of food crops.
2577:
2522:
1954:
1220:
3110:
2627:
Rapsomanikis, G., 2015. The economic lives of smallholder farmers: An analysis based on household data from nine countries.
2125:
2071:"How many smallholders are there worldwide producing cocoa? What proportion of cocoa worldwide is produced by smallholders?"
2009:
2272:
1797:. The public perception of the possible benefits of small-scale farming has led to requests for further studies from the
2099:
2450:
2563:
3149:
2649:
2510:
A Survey of Agricultural Economics Literature: Traditional fields of agricultural economics, 1940s to 1970s, Volume 1
2220:
1816:
272:
1706:
292:
3142:
Förderung von Existenzgründungen in der Landwirtschaft: ein Projekt im Auftrag des BMELV (03HS016): Projektbericht
2186:
503:
investment in small holders improving food security. Today some companies try to include smallholdings into their
2665:. International Food Policy Research Institute and Overseas Development Institute Vision 2020 Initiative, p. 356.
1821:
1155:
1140:
1135:
641:
484:
3055:
3180:
2766:
2410:"Are food insecure smallholder households making changes in their farming practices? Evidence from East Africa"
1992:
1448:
1442:
1305:
1145:
1108:
1103:
621:
519:
3196:
1714:
1685:
to 8 acres) over that period. Instead of farms getting larger and less numerous, as has been the case in the
1347:
606:
1300:
Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve
510:
Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve
3230:
3002:"Modern country, persistent smallholder: Explaining the puzzle of Thailand's truncated agrarian transition"
1986:"Defining Small-scale Food Producers to Monitor Target 2.3. of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development"
626:
601:
1718:
1585:
In India, there is five sizes classification for smallholders. These are 'marginal' less than 1 hectare (
1343:
611:
208:
41:
1794:
1417:
1351:
932:
651:
586:
262:
2538:
2157:
3027:
1737:
1371:
1328:
1238:
1213:
907:
531:
480:
2881:
2817:
3235:
2662:
1260:
1170:
1004:
917:
902:
840:
766:
504:
2850:
2335:
3240:
2833:
The economic lives of smallholder farmers-An analysis based on household data from nine countries
2691:
The economic lives of smallholder farmers-An analysis based on household data from nine countries
2676:
Commodities and Development Report 2015-Smallholder Farmers and Sustainable Commodity Development
2514:
1866:
1665:
1426:(also called a lifestyle block, acreage living, or rural residential) is a smallholding or small
1068:
1063:
954:
922:
515:
453:
85:
2593:
1722:
1387:
1245:
1165:
1150:
1021:
1014:
776:
568:
385:
282:
97:
31:
435:
or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology,
2868:
2804:
1811:
1710:
1009:
835:
771:
744:
287:
102:
3076:
2949:
2908:
2372:
1567:
1517:
1455:, practised in different world regions. It is most famous today for its application in the
1395:
in 1998 indicated that the productivity of small farms often exceeded that of larger ones.
1206:
959:
912:
581:
314:
2851:
D’Alessandro, Stephen P.; Caballero, Jorge; Lichte, John; Simpkin, Simon (November 2015).
8:
2978:
1871:
1798:
1773:
927:
492:
445:
432:
129:
3171:
2953:
2912:
2376:
558:
3173:
Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition
3117:
2730:
2705:
2431:
2390:
2253:
1946:
1881:
1513:
1319:, and the attendant disruptions of food systems, their role has become more important.
1234:
1196:
1160:
749:
631:
476:
472:
342:
235:
176:
1288:, although they will spend more time selling the same amounts of product, which is an
3145:
2735:
2645:
2573:
2518:
2216:
1950:
1876:
1339:
1316:
1280:
1255:
1078:
1051:
999:
969:
818:
761:
724:
488:
464:
92:
37:
3195:
2895:
Kemboi, Evans; Muendo, Kavoi; Kiprotich, Collins (2020-01-01). Yildiz, Fatih (ed.).
2435:
2394:
2361:"Climate change impacts and adaptation among smallholder farmers in Central America"
1342:
globally is under increased threat, and smallholders in East Africa, such as in the
3212:
This provides an extensive historical and global view as of the early 20th century.
2957:
2916:
2856:
2725:
2717:
2421:
2380:
2245:
1942:
1891:
1841:
1464:
1354:
industries, are rapidly losing both viable coffee land and productivity of plants.
1289:
1272:
1056:
964:
949:
687:
646:
527:
359:
354:
349:
319:
230:
49:
2962:
2937:
2921:
2896:
2017:
1766:
1490:
1026:
798:
783:
719:
702:
530:
described "Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders" an important method for
496:
240:
223:
73:
2358:
2796:
2721:
1984:
Khalil, Clara Aida; Conforti, Piero; Ergin, Ipek; Gennari, Pietro (June 2017).
1886:
1789:
1332:
825:
107:
2565:
Agriculture and the environment: perspectives on sustainable rural development
2426:
2409:
2385:
2360:
3224:
3201:
1851:
1733:
1537:
1485:
1358:
1301:
1098:
1031:
813:
714:
707:
511:
364:
307:
250:
169:
124:
117:
3210:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 699–704.
2739:
1861:
1826:
1686:
1622:
1571:
1509:
1478:
1285:
1264:
1036:
994:
939:
897:
854:
277:
245:
134:
112:
80:
2795:
Bank, World; Agriculture, International Center for Tropical (2016-01-15).
2215:(3 ed.). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press. pp. 10–20.
2274:
Bringing the Food Economy Home: Local Alternatives to Global Agribusiness
2211:
Beierlein, James G.; Schneeberger, Kenneth C.; Osburn, Donald D. (2003).
2041:
1836:
1831:
1726:
2.1 million U.S. farms, but only about 40% of U.S. farm production.
1702:
1533:
1525:
1494:
1367:
1046:
872:
862:
803:
788:
697:
682:
656:
550:
500:
468:
436:
337:
255:
203:
181:
159:
1717:
and mandated that an annual report on these activities be issued by the
2860:
2767:"Small Holder Farmers in India:Food Security & Agricultural Policy"
2569:
2451:"How climate change threatens African coffee farmers | DW | 18.11.2020"
2257:
2051:. High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition. June 2013
1846:
1423:
1405:
1392:
1249:
1041:
989:
984:
877:
867:
756:
734:
729:
457:
449:
164:
64:
1913:"International Women's Day: Closing the gender gap among smallholders"
1259:
A smallholder coffee farmer in Colombia contributing her coffee to an
1248:, some small-scale, sustainable, polyculture farmers can produce more
1521:
1460:
979:
441:
2977:
Condon, Madison; Komakech, Hans; Zaag, Pieter van der (2012-01-01).
2852:
2249:
1985:
1279:
Small-scale agriculture often sells products directly to consumers.
1529:
1498:
1456:
1452:
1362:
1312:
has an ongoing program for Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture.
944:
267:
1412:
2936:
Kemboi, Evans; Muendo, Kavoi; Kiprotich, Collins (January 2020).
1856:
793:
739:
193:
2407:
2311:
1271:
Small farms have some economic advantages. Farmers support the
692:
186:
154:
54:
2706:"Mapping disruption and resilience mechanisms in food systems"
2010:"Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution"
1361:. For example, smallholders are an important component of the
2753:
2629:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
2100:"Why Sustainable Cocoa Farming Matters for Rural Development"
1276:
percent of their farm-related expenses in the local economy.
808:
3077:"We Can't Let John Deere Destroy the Very Idea of Ownership"
2703:
2126:
Impact of Export-Driven Cash Crops on Smallholder Households
1689:, the reverse happened: they got smaller and more numerous.
507:, providing seed, feed or fertilizer to improve production.
30:"Smallholder" redirects here. For the British magazine, see
3034:
2210:
1502:
1427:
974:
674:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2478:"Future Smallholder Deforestation: Possible Palm Oil Risk"
1983:
3056:"New High-Tech Farm Equipment Is a Nightmare for Farmers"
1788:
The debate concerning the role of small farms within the
1740:
divides the small family farm category into five groups:
2042:"Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security"
2839:
2049:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1357:
In some cases, smallholders are an important source of
1322:
499:
In other markets, small scale agriculture can increase
2124:
Schneider, Kate; Gugerty, Mary Kay (August 17, 2010).
431:
model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a
2935:
2894:
2270:
1780:
to begin to make open-source agricultural machinery.
2472:
2470:
2128:(Report). Evans School Policy Analysis and Research.
1939:
Food Security, Poverty and Nutrition Policy Analysis
524:
agriculture has such large impacts on climate change
372:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
3008:. University of Nottingham, Asia Research Institute
2976:
2539:"Evolving Themes in Rural Development 1950s-2000s"
2312:"Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme"
467:, which finds efficiencies by increasing outputs,
2467:
1701:have been formulated in legislation. In 1977 the
1435:
463:Small-scale agriculture is often in tension with
3222:
2123:
1528:, and usually, but not always, with a crofter's
2794:
2271:Gorelick, Steven; Norberg-Hodge, Helen (2002).
2138:
1760:
1451:is a farming system for commodity crops, often
1310:International Fund for Agricultural Development
2187:"Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders"
479:. Certain labor-intensive cash-crops, such as
3139:
1214:
393:
3111:"Small Farms in the EU: How Small is Small?"
2644:, pp. 125, 315. SNP Pan Pacific Publishing.
1416:An old dairy farm used as a hobby farm near
2295:
2139:Christina Gradl; et al. (March 2013).
3144:. MĂĽnster-Hiltrup: Landwirtschaftsverlag.
2776:. FAO Regional office for Asia and Pacific
2764:
2296:Chism, J.W.; Levins, R.A. (1994). "Farm".
2238:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
2235:
1935:
1599:acres), 'small' between 1 and 2 hectares (
1221:
1207:
400:
386:
3169:
2961:
2920:
2729:
2425:
2384:
2544:. Development Policy Review. p. 440
1621:
1484:
1411:
1254:
48:
36:
3140:Thomas, Frieder; Schmidt, Götz (2006).
1911:Gulden, Kathrine Torday (Mar 8, 2019).
1561:
475:under big agricultural operations, and
14:
3223:
3193:
3028:"Status Report: Small Farms in the US"
2506:
2502:
2500:
2498:
1910:
1374:through processes like deforestation.
3197:"Allotments and Small Holdings"
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2213:Principles of Agribusiness Management
2181:
2179:
2177:
2152:
2150:
1386:has varied over time and by country.
27:Small farm, often for a single family
3103:
2999:
2797:"Climate-Smart Agriculture in Kenya"
2561:
2036:
2034:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1721:. A 1997 study by the United States
1550:substantial portion of farm labor.
1544:
1536:and use of the land, typically as a
1449:Nucleus estate and smallholder (NES)
1323:Environmental and climate adaptation
3000:Rigg, Jonathan (3 September 2018).
2830:
2688:
2495:
1991:(Report). FAO Statistics Division.
24:
3187:
2610:
2174:
2147:
1947:10.1016/B978-0-12-374712-9.00003-1
1532:thereon. A crofter is one who has
1233:According to conventional theory,
25:
3252:
3216:
2448:
2031:
1998:from the original on Nov 8, 2020.
1972:
1817:Asset-based community development
1783:
3164: This article incorporates
3159:
2298:Minnesota Agricultural Economist
2075:International Cocoa Organization
1707:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
1692:
1524:area of land, usually small and
1477:This section is an excerpt from
1441:This section is an excerpt from
1404:This section is an excerpt from
1295:
1190:
557:
3194:Graham, Peter Anderson (1911).
3133:
3090:
3069:
3048:
3020:
2993:
2970:
2929:
2888:
2824:
2788:
2758:
2746:
2697:
2682:
2668:
2655:
2634:
2594:"What is a Smallholder Farmer?"
2586:
2555:
2531:
2442:
2401:
2365:Agriculture & Food Security
2352:
2328:
2304:
2289:
2264:
2229:
2204:
2132:
2077:. 27 March 2012. Archived from
1822:Building-integrated agriculture
1753:farming occupation/lower-sales,
1626:Kenyan smallholder dairy farmer
1176:Agriculture and the environment
642:British Agricultural Revolution
542:
3181:Congressional Research Service
2765:Singh, R.B.; Kumar, P (2002).
2117:
2092:
2063:
2002:
1963:
1929:
1904:
1756:farming occupation/high-sales.
1443:Nucleus estate and smallholder
1436:Nucleus estate and smallholder
1398:
1306:Sustainable Development Goal 2
622:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
520:Sustainable Development Goal 2
437:involvement of family in labor
13:
1:
2963:10.1080/23311932.2020.1834669
2942:Cogent Food & Agriculture
2922:10.1080/23311932.2020.1834669
2901:Cogent Food & Agriculture
1898:
1761:Technology for small farmers
1750:residential/lifestyle farms;
1540:, especially in rural areas.
627:Arab Agricultural Revolution
7:
1804:
1719:US Secretary of Agriculture
1659:
1645:
10:
3257:
3100:, accessed 11 October 2022
2754:http://www.farms2firms.org
2722:10.1007/s12571-020-01093-0
2678:. UN. 2015. pp. 2–21.
1795:Common Agricultural Policy
1772:encouraged groups such as
1764:
1663:
1491:Shetland Crofthouse Museum
1476:
1440:
1403:
1377:
587:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
29:
2663:The Future of Small Farms
2427:10.1007/s12571-012-0194-z
2386:10.1186/s40066-018-0209-x
1738:Economic Research Service
1372:environmental degradation
1239:agricultural productivity
1114:Universities and colleges
1074:Universities and colleges
537:
532:climate change mitigation
481:cocoa production in Ghana
42:Woman smallholder farmers
3098:The Small Farmers Scheme
2661:Nagayets,Oksana (2005).
2141:"Promising agribusiness"
1617:
1580:
1471:
1261:agricultural cooperative
1099:Agriculturist profession
918:Agricultural engineering
903:Agricultural cooperative
516:sustainable food systems
53:Small vegetable farm in
3207:Encyclopædia Britannica
2642:Interactive Geography 4
2515:University of Minnesota
2507:Martin, Lee R. (1992).
2482:Chain Reaction Research
1867:Subsistence agriculture
1744:limited-resource farms;
1711:land grant universities
1697:Several definitions of
1666:Agriculture in Thailand
1388:Agricultural economists
1069:Sustainable food system
1064:Sustainable agriculture
955:Animal-free agriculture
923:Agricultural technology
522:. Additionally, since
18:Small-scale agriculture
3166:public domain material
2876:Cite journal requires
2812:Cite journal requires
2640:Bunnett, R.B. (2002).
1723:Small Farms Commission
1651:licences guaranteeing
1627:
1506:
1420:
1268:
1197:Agriculture portal
1156:History of agriculture
1141:Agriculture by country
1136:Agricultural machinery
1104:Agricultural machinery
1022:Mechanised agriculture
592:Austronesian expansion
465:industrial agriculture
58:
46:
32:Smallholder (magazine)
3096:European Commission,
2277:. Kumarian Press (US)
1812:Allotment (gardening)
1736:analysis by the USDA
1664:Further information:
1625:
1488:
1415:
1258:
1146:Agriculture companies
1109:Government ministries
908:Agricultural supplies
745:Convertible husbandry
52:
40:
2598:Heifer International
2562:Lutz, Ernst (1998).
2300:. Spring 1994 (676).
1568:developing countries
1562:Developing countries
1382:The definition of a
960:Cellular agriculture
913:Agricultural science
582:Neolithic Revolution
263:Types of communities
3231:Agriculture by type
3079:. WIRED. 2015-04-21
3058:. WIRED. 2015-02-05
2954:2020CogFA...634669K
2913:2020CogFA...634669K
2517:Press. p. 30.
2377:2018AgFS....7...57H
1872:Underground farming
1799:European Commission
1774:Open Source Ecology
1418:Leicester, New York
841:Steam sterilization
446:subsistence farming
3118:University of Kent
2106:. 6 September 2012
1941:. pp. 39–59.
1882:Urban horticulture
1715:extension services
1628:
1507:
1421:
1329:climate adaptation
1315:During the global
1269:
1235:economies of scale
750:Rotational grazing
632:Columbian exchange
477:economies of scale
473:consolidating land
424:operating under a
177:Indigenous peoples
59:
47:
3006:The Asia Dialogue
2579:978-0-8213-4249-7
2524:978-0-8166-0801-0
2449:Welle, Deutsche.
1969:extensive farming
1956:978-0-12-374712-9
1877:Urban agriculture
1747:retirement farms;
1545:Smallholder Farms
1512:is a traditional
1340:coffee production
1317:COVID-19 pandemic
1281:Disintermediation
1246:output per worker
1231:
1230:
1079:Urban agriculture
1052:Rice-duck farming
1000:Intensive farming
970:Extensive farming
410:
409:
16:(Redirected from
3248:
3211:
3199:
3184:
3178:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3115:
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2792:
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2744:
2743:
2733:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2638:
2632:
2631:. (see pp. 5-20)
2625:
2608:
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2605:
2604:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
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2268:
2262:
2261:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:Project Drawdown
2183:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2016:. Archived from
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1908:
1892:Vertical farming
1842:Forest gardening
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1465:contract farming
1290:opportunity cost
1223:
1216:
1209:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1057:Rice-fish system
965:Contract farming
950:Animal husbandry
688:Animal husbandry
647:Green Revolution
598:Ancient history
561:
547:
546:
528:Project Drawdown
454:sustainable food
402:
395:
388:
360:Peasant movement
350:Nomadic conflict
98:Delivery service
61:
60:
21:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3236:Land management
3221:
3220:
3219:
3190:
3188:Further reading
3176:
3170:Jasper Womach.
3160:
3152:
3136:
3131:
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3120:
3113:
3109:
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3104:
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2250:10.2307/1239565
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2118:
2109:
2107:
2098:
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2093:
2084:
2082:
2081:on Oct 20, 2020
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2054:
2052:
2044:
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2023:
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2008:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1807:
1786:
1769:
1767:Right to repair
1763:
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1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1648:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1609:
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1602:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1588:
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1583:
1564:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1505:stacked outside
1482:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1409:
1401:
1380:
1325:
1298:
1227:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1171:Poultry farming
1128:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1027:Organic farming
892:
884:
883:
882:
857:
847:
846:
845:
677:
667:
666:
665:
664:
663:
638:Modern history
618:Post-classical
571:
545:
540:
406:
377:
376:
333:
325:
324:
310:
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226:
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150:
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103:Electrification
76:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3241:Human habitats
3238:
3233:
3218:
3217:External links
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3214:
3213:
3202:Chisholm, Hugh
3189:
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3047:
3019:
2992:
2969:
2948:(1): 1834669.
2928:
2907:(1): 1834669.
2887:
2878:|journal=
2838:
2823:
2814:|journal=
2787:
2757:
2745:
2716:(4): 695–717.
2696:
2681:
2667:
2654:
2633:
2609:
2585:
2578:
2572:. p. 57.
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2530:
2523:
2494:
2466:
2441:
2420:(3): 381–397.
2400:
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2327:
2303:
2288:
2263:
2244:(2): 275–279.
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2091:
2062:
2030:
2001:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1928:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1887:Urban forestry
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1854:
1849:
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1790:European Union
1785:
1784:European Union
1782:
1765:Main article:
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1582:
1579:
1572:agribusinesses
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1397:
1379:
1376:
1333:climate change
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828:
826:Slash-and-burn
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607:Ancient Greece
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160:Family farmers
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2710:Food Security
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2650:981-208-657-9
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2414:Food Security
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2020:on 2013-05-05
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1734:Farm typology
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1693:United States
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1538:tenant farmer
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1296:Food security
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1250:food per acre
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3134:Bibliography
3121:. Retrieved
3105:
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3081:. Retrieved
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3060:. Retrieved
3050:
3039:. Retrieved
3037:. 1998-05-01
3022:
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2831:FAO (2015).
2826:
2805:cite journal
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2774:coin.fao.org
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2709:
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2689:FAO (2015).
2684:
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2601:. Retrieved
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2486:. Retrieved
2484:. 2019-10-29
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2195:. Retrieved
2193:. 2020-02-06
2190:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
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2119:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:www.csis.org
2103:
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:the original
2074:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2048:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2013:
2004:
1965:
1938:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1906:
1862:Permaculture
1787:
1770:
1732:
1728:
1698:
1696:
1687:Global North
1669:
1652:
1649:
1629:
1584:
1576:
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1552:
1548:
1479:Croft (land)
1383:
1381:
1356:
1337:
1326:
1314:
1299:
1286:retail price
1278:
1270:
1265:market power
1243:
1232:
1037:Permaculture
995:Horticulture
940:Agroforestry
898:Agribusiness
855:Hydroculture
831:Smallholding
830:
819:
612:Ancient Rome
543:Productivity
509:
462:
425:
421:
417:
414:smallholding
413:
411:
315:Agricultural
256:Agricultural
199:Smallholders
198:
182:Pastoralists
2861:10986/23350
2780:24 February
2340:www.fao.org
2162:www.fao.org
2143:. dandc.eu.
2055:23 February
1837:Foodscaping
1832:Family farm
1703:US Congress
1631:hectares (1
1516:term for a
1495:Dunrossness
1399:Hobby farms
1047:Polyculture
873:Hydroponics
863:Aquaculture
804:Paddy field
789:Monoculture
683:Agrivoltaic
657:Monoculture
578:Prehistory
551:Agriculture
505:value chain
501:food system
469:monoculture
450:hobby farms
433:smallholder
429:agriculture
427:small-scale
418:smallholder
338:Agrarianism
130:Reservation
93:Development
3225:Categories
3123:2009-08-20
3083:2016-06-05
3062:2016-06-05
3041:2009-08-20
2603:2023-11-18
2570:World Bank
2548:2009-08-20
2488:2020-10-17
2460:2020-11-19
2345:2020-12-01
2321:2020-11-07
2281:5 November
2197:2020-10-16
2167:2020-10-17
2110:2020-11-30
2085:2020-10-17
2024:2018-01-02
1922:2021-10-05
1899:References
1847:Hobby farm
1713:and their
1705:, via the
1699:small farm
1459:sector in
1424:hobby farm
1406:Hobby farm
1393:World Bank
1384:small farm
1127:Categories
1042:Plantation
990:Free range
985:Feed ratio
878:Aeroponics
868:Aquaponics
735:Free-range
730:Fertilizer
458:local food
452:). As the
442:cash crops
422:small farm
355:Parliament
273:By Country
165:Farmworker
65:Rural area
2989:(1): 115.
2371:(1): 57.
1778:Farm Hack
1461:Indonesia
1348:Tanzanian
1161:Livestock
980:Farmhouse
762:Intensive
725:Extensive
343:Socialism
241:Diversity
74:Economics
3012:23 April
2983:Water SA
2740:32837660
2436:16140399
2395:52048360
1993:Archived
1917:Nibio EN
1805:See also
1660:Thailand
1646:Tanzania
1566:In many
1530:dwelling
1522:enclosed
1514:Scottish
1499:Shetland
1457:palm oil
1453:oil palm
1363:oil palm
1252:of land.
945:Agronomy
809:Ranching
497:bananas.
493:palm oil
332:Politics
320:Regional
268:Rurality
231:Agrarian
108:Internet
3204:(ed.).
2950:Bibcode
2909:Bibcode
2853:"Kenya"
2731:7399354
2373:Bibcode
2258:1239565
1857:Peasant
1680:⁄
1636:⁄
1608:⁄
1594:⁄
1501:, with
1431:income.
1378:Formats
1344:Ugandan
1005:animals
928:Digital
891:Related
836:Terrace
820:Colonia
799:Organic
794:Orchard
784:Natural
767:animals
740:Grazing
720:Dryland
703:poultry
675:On land
652:Organic
569:History
308:History
251:Tourism
236:Country
224:Society
194:Peasant
125:Poverty
118:Housing
57:, China
3148:
2835:. FAO.
2738:
2728:
2693:. FAO.
2648:
2576:
2521:
2455:DW.COM
2434:
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2256:
2219:
1953:
1653:rights
1534:tenure
1526:arable
1518:fenced
1368:yields
1352:Kenyan
1308:. The
1237:allow
693:cattle
538:Issues
495:, and
489:coffee
278:Canada
246:Flight
187:Herder
170:Tenant
155:Farmer
149:People
135:Ghetto
113:Health
81:Crafts
55:Hainan
45:farms.
3200:. In
3177:(PDF)
3168:from
3114:(PDF)
3031:(PDF)
2770:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2432:S2CID
2391:S2CID
2254:JSTOR
2045:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1827:Croft
1618:Kenya
1581:India
1510:croft
1472:Croft
1092:Lists
1015:crops
777:crops
757:Hobby
715:Dairy
708:sheep
420:is a
283:China
204:Women
86:India
3146:ISBN
3035:USDA
3014:2020
2882:help
2818:help
2782:2021
2736:PMID
2646:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2316:IFAD
2283:2014
2217:ISBN
2057:2021
2014:IFAD
1951:ISBN
1776:and
1503:peat
1489:The
1428:farm
1010:pigs
975:Farm
772:pigs
698:pigs
514:and
456:and
444:and
288:Laos
2958:doi
2917:doi
2857:hdl
2726:PMC
2718:doi
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