595:
541:
794:
Gouge infill means a relatively thick and continuous layer of infill material, mainly consisting of clay but may contain rock fragments. The clay material surrounds the rock fragments in the clay completely or partly, so that these are not in contact with both discontinuity walls. A sub-division is
751:
infill material is material that does not change in shear characteristics under the influence of water nor under the influence of shear displacement. The material may break but no greasing effect will occur. The material particles can roll but this is considered to be of minor influence because,
803:
than the amplitude of the roughness of the discontinuity walls. If the thickness is less than the amplitude of the roughness, the shear strength will be influenced by the wall material and the discontinuity walls will be in contact after a certain displacement. If the infill is thicker than the
785:
for the size of the grains in the infill material or the size of the grains or minerals in the discontinuity wall. The larger of the two should be used for the description. The thickness of the infill can be very thin, sometimes not more than a dust coating.
764:
for the size of the grains in the infill material or the size of the grains or minerals in the discontinuity wall. The larger of the two should be used for the description. The thickness of the infill can be very thin, sometimes not more than a dust coating.
812:
Very weak and not compacted infill in discontinuities flows out of the discontinuities under its own weight or as a consequence of a very small trigger force (such as water pressure, vibrations due to traffic or the excavation process, etc.).
728:
discontinuity walls. Note that cement and cement bounds that are stronger than the surrounding intact rock ceases the discontinuity to be a mechanical plane of weakness, meaning the 'sliding-angle' has no validity.
707:
Infill material in a discontinuity has often a marked influence on the shear characteristics. The different options for infill material are listed in table 1, and below follows a short explanation for each option.
435:
496:
773:
Softening infill material will under the influence of water or displacements, attain in lower shear strength and will act as a lubricating agent. This is further sub-divided in
73:
has been developed for stresses that would occur in slopes between 2 and 25 metres (6.6 and 82.0 ft), hence, in the order of maximum 0.6 megapascals (87 psi). The
1176:. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, South Africa. urn: etd-09252008-170958.
1185:. Rock Engineering – Theory and Practice. EUROCK 2004 & 53rd Geomechanics Colloquium. Salzburg, Austria: Verlag Glückauf, Essen, Germany. pp. 449–452.
1209:
852:
848:
86:
645:
The second term is established visually. The trace (with a length of about 0.2 m) or surface (with an area of about 0.2 x 0.2 m of a
838:
646:
628:
562:
33:
25:
1096:
Andrade, P.S.; Saraiva, A.A. (2008). "Estimating the joint roughness coefficient of discontinuities found in metamorphic rocks".
583:
contributes only to the friction along the discontinuity when the walls on both sides of the discontinuity are fitting, i.e. the
1145:"Rock Slopes Failure Susceptibility Analysis: From Remote Sensing Measurements to Geographic Information System Raster Modules"
1050:
1016:
941:
899:
858:
64:
960:
Hack, R.; Price, D.; Rengers, N. (2003). "A new approach to rock slope stability – a probability classification (SSPC)".
672:
584:
561:) is based on visual comparison of the trace (with a length of about 1 m) or surface (with an area of about 1 x 1 m of a
752:
after small displacements, the material particles generally will still be very angular. This is further sub-divided in
59:
is based on the ease with which a block of rock material can move over a discontinuity and hence is comparable to the
1219:
1190:
439:
1008:
1038:
The Blue Book - The
Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 1974-2006
843:
21:
878:
667:
contributes only to the friction along the discontinuity if the walls on both sides of the discontinuity are
661:. The two terms of visual and tactile give a combined term and the corresponding factor is listed in table 1.
1229:
724:
has higher shear strength than a non-cemented discontinuity if the cement or cemented infill is bonded to
1214:
1066:
Laubscher, D.H. (1990). "A geomechanics classification system for rating of rock mass in mine design".
925:
372:
45:
41:
675:
on both discontinuity walls match. If the discontinuity is non-fitting, the visual part of the
1171:
1173:
The shear strength of rock joints with special reference to dam foundations; PhD Dissertation
916:
1105:
969:
8:
891:
1109:
973:
1131:
985:
1186:
1135:
1075:
1046:
1012:
989:
937:
929:
895:
1156:
1121:
1113:
977:
587:
on both discontinuity walls match. If the discontinuity is non-fitting, the factor
49:
1161:
1144:
1224:
29:
1117:
981:
804:
amplitude, the friction of the discontinuity is fully governed by the infill.
1203:
1079:
1181:
Huisman, M.; Hack, H.R.G.K.; Nieuwenhuis, J.D. (2004). Schubert, W. (ed.).
1036:
933:
32:
mass based on visual and tactile (i.e. by feeling) characterization of the
740:
describes a discontinuity that may have coated walls but no other infill.
537:(The values for the parameters are listed in table 1 and explained below)
565:
with the example graphs in figure 1. This results in a descriptive term:
635:
hurts when fingers are moved over the surface with some (little) force,
1126:
877:
Hack, H.R.G.K.; Price, D.G. (September 25–29, 1995). Fujii, T. (ed.).
531:= karst; presence of karst (solution) features along the discontinuity
36:. The shear strength of a discontinuity is important in, for example,
594:
540:
615:) is established visually and tactile (by feeling). The first term
932:- International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (
880:
Determination of discontinuity friction by rock mass classification
77:
is based on back analyses of slope instability and earlier work of
52:
is often governed by the shear strength along discontinuities.
37:
1183:
Observed rock mass degradation and resulting slope instability
255:
non-softening & sheared material, e.g. free of clay, talc
826:
886:. Proceedings 8th International Society for Rock Mechanics (
711:
649:
is compared with the example graphs in figure 2; this gives
1042:
1032:
890:) congress. Vol. 3. Tokyo, Japan: Balkema, Rotterdam,
887:
78:
1142:
1068:
Journal South
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
282:
softening & soft-sheared material, e.g. clay, talc
93:
Table 1. Discontinuity characterization & factors.
1180:
643:
gives a feeling about similar to the surface of glass.
639:
feels that there is resistance to the fingers, while
442:
375:
1098:
962:
1143:Filipello, A.; Giuliani, A.; Mandrone, G. (2010).
955:
953:
490:
429:
918:Slope Stability Probability Classification (SSPC)
20:(discontinuity) is a tool to estimate easily the
1201:
1045:& ISRM Turkish National Group. p. 628.
959:
950:
698:
693:rough planar, smooth planar, or polished planar
598:Figure 2. Small scale example roughness graphs.
544:Figure 1. Large scale example roughness graphs.
1095:
491:{\displaystyle ={\frac {Rl*Rs*Im*Ka}{0.0113}}}
1210:Landslide analysis, prevention and mitigation
627:is established by feeling the surface of the
602:
548:
1005:Engineering Geology: Principles and Practice
1003:Price, D.G. (2008). De Freitas, M.H. (ed.).
870:
567:wavy, slightly wavy, curved, slightly curved
89:(SSPC) system for slope stability analyses.
1025:
1149:American Journal of Environmental Sciences
849:Slope stability probability classification
807:
91:
87:Slope Stability Probability Classification
1160:
1125:
1065:
1035:(2007). Ulusay, R.; Hudson, J.A. (eds.).
876:
712:Cemented discontinuity or cemented infill
1059:
996:
839:Discontinuity (Geotechnical engineering)
593:
539:
100:
908:
743:
1202:
525:= infill material in the discontinuity
1002:
1169:
1031:
914:
859:Tilt test (Geotechnical engineering)
829:) features along the discontinuity.
768:
48:engineering, but also stability of
13:
1089:
722:discontinuity with cemented infill
247:no infill - surface staining only
14:
1241:
430:{\displaystyle ''sliding-angle''}
573:. The corresponding factor for
357:
789:
369:
844:Shear strength (Discontinuity)
1:
936:), Netherlands. p. 258.
864:
816:
69:, but on a larger scale. The
732:
350:
342:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
276:
268:
260:
249:
241:
226:
218:
210:
202:
194:
186:
178:
170:
162:
147:
139:
131:
123:
115:
7:
1162:10.3844/ajessp.2010.489.494
832:
683:for the calculation of the
611:The roughness small scale (
557:The roughness large scale (
10:
1246:
926:Technical University Delft
825:The presence of solution (
689:roughness small scale (Rs)
677:roughness small scale (Rs)
665:roughness small scale (Rs)
581:roughness large scale (Rl)
366:is calculated as follows:
317:gouge > irregularities
309:gouge < irregularities
231:
1118:10.1007/s10064-008-0151-4
982:10.1007/s10064-002-0155-4
699:Infill in discontinuity (
347:
339:
332:
324:
316:
308:
281:
254:
246:
239:cemented/cemented infill
238:
223:
215:
207:
199:
191:
183:
175:
167:
159:
152:
144:
136:
128:
120:
112:
105:
97:
1220:Rock mass classification
1170:A.J., Geertsema (2003).
160:rough stepped/irregular
808:Flowing material infill
663:The visual part of the
603:Roughness small scale (
549:Roughness large scale (
519:= roughness small scale
513:= roughness large scale
153:Roughness small scale (
106:Roughness large scale (
63:as determined with the
924:. ITC publication 43.
718:cemented discontinuity
599:
545:
492:
431:
597:
577:is listed in table 1.
543:
493:
432:
892:Taylor & Francis
744:Non-softening infill
440:
373:
200:polished undulating
1230:Tunnel construction
1110:2008BuEGE..67..425A
974:2003BuEGE..62..167H
679:should be taken as
94:
81:and Laubscher. The
1215:Mining engineering
915:Hack, R. (1998) .
894:. pp. 23–27.
600:
546:
507:is in degrees, and
488:
427:
192:smooth undulating
92:
1052:978-975-93675-4-1
1018:978-3-540-29249-4
943:978-90-6164-154-4
930:Twente University
901:978-90-5410-576-3
687:, and hence, the
486:
355:
354:
325:flowing material
232:Infill material (
184:rough undulating
176:polished stepped
98:characterization
83:sliding criterion
75:sliding criterion
71:sliding criterion
18:sliding criterion
1237:
1196:
1177:
1166:
1164:
1139:
1129:
1084:
1083:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1000:
994:
993:
957:
948:
947:
923:
912:
906:
905:
885:
874:
769:Softening infill
497:
495:
494:
489:
487:
482:
447:
436:
434:
433:
428:
426:
382:
224:polished planar
137:slightly curved
95:
24:properties of a
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1092:
1090:Further reading
1087:
1074:(10): 257–273.
1064:
1060:
1053:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1011:. p. 450.
1001:
997:
958:
951:
944:
921:
913:
909:
902:
883:
875:
871:
867:
835:
823:
810:
792:
771:
746:
735:
714:
705:
662:
644:
609:
578:
555:
448:
446:
441:
438:
437:
419:
376:
374:
371:
370:
360:
168:smooth stepped
85:is part of the
12:
11:
5:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1178:
1167:
1155:(6): 489–494.
1140:
1104:(3): 425–434.
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1058:
1051:
1024:
1017:
995:
968:(2): 167–184.
949:
942:
907:
900:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
856:
846:
841:
834:
831:
822:
815:
809:
806:
791:
788:
770:
767:
745:
742:
734:
731:
713:
710:
704:
697:
608:
601:
554:
547:
535:
534:
533:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
485:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
445:
425:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
381:
378:
359:
356:
353:
352:
349:
345:
344:
341:
338:
330:
329:
326:
322:
321:
318:
314:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
283:
279:
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
237:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
216:smooth planar
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
158:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:slightly wavy
118:
117:
114:
111:
103:
102:
99:
50:natural slopes
22:shear strength
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1242:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1194:
1192:3-7739-5995-8
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
954:
945:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
919:
911:
903:
897:
893:
889:
882:
881:
873:
869:
860:
857:
854:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
830:
828:
820:
814:
805:
802:
798:
795:made between
787:
784:
780:
776:
766:
763:
759:
755:
750:
749:Non-softening
741:
739:
730:
727:
723:
719:
709:
702:
696:
694:
690:
686:
685:sliding-angle
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:discontinuity
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:discontinuity
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:discontinuity
560:
552:
542:
538:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:sliding-angle
502:
501:
500:
499:
498:
483:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
443:
423:
420:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
379:
377:
367:
365:
364:sliding-angle
358:Sliding-angle
346:
336:
331:
323:
315:
307:
300:
299:
292:
291:
284:
280:
273:
272:
265:
264:
257:
253:
245:
235:
230:
222:
214:
208:rough planar
206:
198:
190:
182:
174:
166:
156:
151:
143:
135:
127:
119:
109:
104:
96:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:sliding-angle
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:discontinuity
31:
27:
26:discontinuity
23:
19:
1182:
1172:
1152:
1148:
1101:
1097:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1037:
1027:
1004:
998:
965:
961:
934:ITC Enschede
917:
910:
879:
872:
824:
818:
811:
800:
796:
793:
790:Gouge infill
782:
778:
774:
772:
761:
757:
753:
748:
747:
737:
736:
725:
721:
717:
715:
706:
700:
692:
691:can be only
688:
684:
680:
676:
668:
664:
658:
654:
650:
640:
636:
632:
624:
620:
616:
612:
610:
604:
588:
580:
574:
570:
566:
558:
556:
550:
536:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
368:
363:
361:
334:
233:
154:
107:
82:
74:
70:
65:
60:
56:
54:
17:
15:
671:, i.e. the
1204:Categories
1127:10316/7611
1041:. Ankara:
865:References
797:less thick
673:asperities
655:undulating
585:asperities
61:tilt-angle
42:foundation
1136:129119508
1080:0038-223X
990:140693335
738:No infill
733:No infill
474:∗
465:∗
456:∗
405:−
145:straight
66:tilt test
1009:Springer
833:See also
641:polished
625:polished
591:= 0.75.
571:straight
424:″
380:″
1106:Bibcode
970:Bibcode
817:Karst (
801:thicker
669:fitting
651:stepped
333:Karst (
293:medium
285:coarse
266:medium
258:coarse
129:curved
101:factor
1189:
1134:
1078:
1049:
1015:
988:
940:
928:&
898:
781:, and
779:medium
775:coarse
760:, and
758:medium
754:coarse
681:planar
659:planar
637:smooth
621:smooth
503:where
484:0.0113
348:karst
38:tunnel
1225:Rocks
1132:S2CID
986:S2CID
922:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
827:karst
720:or a
657:, or
633:rough
623:, or
617:rough
569:, or
351:0.92
343:1.00
340:none
328:0.05
320:0.17
312:0.42
304:0.55
301:fine
296:0.65
288:0.75
277:0.85
274:fine
269:0.90
261:0.95
250:1.00
242:1.07
227:0.55
219:0.60
211:0.65
203:0.70
195:0.75
187:0.80
179:0.85
171:0.90
163:0.95
148:0.75
140:0.80
132:0.85
124:0.95
116:1.00
113:wavy
46:slope
44:, or
28:in a
1187:ISBN
1076:ISSN
1047:ISBN
1043:ISRM
1033:ISRM
1013:ISBN
938:ISBN
896:ISBN
888:ISRM
853:SSPC
799:and
783:fine
762:fine
726:both
579:The
362:The
79:ISRM
55:The
30:rock
16:The
1157:doi
1122:hdl
1114:doi
978:doi
1206::
1151:.
1147:.
1130:.
1120:.
1112:.
1102:67
1100:.
1072:90
1070:.
1007:.
984:.
976:.
966:62
964:.
952:^
819:Ka
777:,
756:,
716:A
701:Im
695:.
653:,
631:;
619:,
613:Rs
605:Rs
589:Rl
575:Rl
559:Rl
551:Rl
529:Ka
523:Im
517:Rs
511:Rl
337:)
335:Ka
236:)
234:Im
157:)
155:Rs
110:)
108:Rl
40:,
1195:.
1165:.
1159::
1153:6
1138:.
1124::
1116::
1108::
1082:.
1055:.
1021:.
992:.
980::
972::
946:.
904:.
855:)
851:(
821:)
703:)
607:)
553:)
480:a
477:K
471:m
468:I
462:s
459:R
453:l
450:R
444:=
421:e
417:l
414:g
411:n
408:a
402:g
399:n
396:i
393:d
390:i
387:l
384:s
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
