42:
248:
1461:
29:
551:
537:
49:
521:, the Utsira sandstone lies underneath 800–1000 meters of sediment under the sea with a maximum thickness of over 300 meters. The Utsira stretches 450 kilometers north to south and 90 kilometers east to west. In the north and south lie deep sand systems, while in the middle region slimmer deposits cover the seafloor. The Tampen area, located in the most northern region, contains lean deposits of
348:(CCS). It is the world's first offshore CCS plant, operative since September 15, 1996. The project, in the initial year, proved insecure due to sinking top sand. However, after a re-perforation and an installation of a gravel layer in August 1997, CCS operations were secure. As of 2018, one million tonnes of CO
308:, and 3.9 million cubic meters of condensates. Daily production of the field in 2008 was 300 thousand bbl (48 thousand m) oil equivalents per day, 36 million cubic meters of natural gas per day, and 14,000 cubic meters of condensate per day. In an updated 2017 report, the
457:
facilitates better distribution of gases and depressurization, lowering the risk of leakage. The composition reaction of the mixture of clay, sand, and carbon is the determining factor of long-term stability in the
Sleipner CCS project. As of 2007, measurements from the gravity stations revealed that
383:
scenario, Norway's emissions would have had a total increase of 3% over 20 years if not for the CCS experiment. Carbon dioxide is treated on the
Sleipner T treatment platform. After that carbon dioxide is transported to the Sleipner A platform where it is injected into the Utsira formation through a
448:
under the formation's cap seal. However, when the injections are eventually decommissioned, simulations show accumulation proximate to the cap seal in clay layers saturated with sand, which will result in solubility trapping. This solubility trapping, caused by the multiple layers of clay and sand,
400:
in an offshore reservoir, as well as the effectiveness of mitigating emissions through stable storage. To avoid possible leakages that can result in health hazards and environmental destruction, above the Utsira
Formation injection site lies 30 seafloor gravity stations for monitoring under the
275:. Two parts of the field are in production, Sleipner West (proven in 1974), and Sleipner East (1981). The field produces natural gas and light oil condensates from sandstone structures about 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) below sea level. It is operated by
428:, monitoring objectives focus on assessing gas movement, shell stability, and the effectiveness of remedy scenarios in case of leakage. From 2002 to 2005, measurements identified vertical changes in established metric boundaries, most likely attributed to
707:
961:
327:
treatment platform is linked physically to the
Sleipner A platform by a bridge and to the Sleipner B wellhead platform by 12.5-kilometre (7.8 mi) carbon dioxide flow line. The Sleipner Riser platform, serving the
993:
Kvamme, Bjørn; Aromada, Solomon
Aforkoghene (2018-02-05). "Alternative Routes to Hydrate Formation during Processing and Transport of Natural Gas with a Significant Amount of CO2: Sleipner Gas as a Case Study".
303:
As of the end of 2005, the estimated recoverable reserves for the
Sleipner West and East fields were 51.6 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 4.4 million tonnes (4.9 million short tons) of
312:
estimates 2.72 million cubic meters of oil, 11.72 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 0.67 million tons of natural gas liquids, and 0.07 million cubic meters of condensates remain in the reserves.
1191:
Gale, John; Christensen, Niels Peter; Cutler, Annette; Torp, Tore A. (September 2001). "Demonstrating the
Potential for Geological Storage of CO2: The Sleipner and GESTCO Projects".
969:
1156:
Alnes, Håvard; Eiken, Ola; Stenvold, Torkjell (November 2008). "Monitoring gas production and C O2 injection at the
Sleipner field using time-lapse gravimetry".
352:
have been transported and injected into the formation yearly since 1996. The project summary reports a capacity of up to 600 billion tonnes (~660 billion tons).
670:
462:
into the Utsira
Formation has not resulted in any noticeable seismic activity and that there have been no carbon dioxide leakages in the past 10 years.
319:
is located on the
Sleipner East and the Sleipner B platform is located on the Sleipner West. Sleipner B is operated remotely from the Sleipner A via an
363:
before imposing production export quality penalties, which may have been NOK 1 million/day ( ~$ 120,000US/ day). Operating costs are US$ 17 / ton of CO
829:
425:
517:. Upper Pliocene deltaic sand deposits blanket the formation with the highest top sands located roughly 150 meters below sea level. Measured with
1313:
501:
with a stable, layered clay seal. Distributed through multiple phases as a result of sea-level variations caused by glacial events in the
1125:
855:
789:
41:
106:
1546:
372:
1531:
1556:
1541:
1286:
1306:
753:
518:
421:
396:, the pioneering Sleipner carbon capture project confirmed the technological viability of injecting and measuring CO
686:
635:
309:
1047:
884:
1299:
1235:
380:
316:
833:
920:
Furre, Anne-Kari; Eiken, Ola; Alnes, Håvard; Vevatne, Jonas Nesland; Kiær, Anders Fredrik (July 2017).
345:
1536:
474:
775:
1395:
1485:
1551:
1352:
593:"Feasibility of Reproduction of Stored CO2 from the Utsira Formation at the Sleipner Gas Field"
453:
from rising beyond and will ultimately turn to mineral trapping in the substrate. Furthermore,
1259:
797:
315:
Sleipner field consists of four platforms. The field is planted with 18 production wells. The
1032:
393:
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8:
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305:
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485:, transport pipelines experience low temperatures and high pressures, resulting in
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247:
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had proposed to build a 240-kilometre (150 mi) carbon dioxide pipeline from
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121:
108:
737:
Sleipner Vest CO2 Disposal, CO2 Injection Into A Shallow Underground Aquifer
1405:
1367:
1126:"CO2 Storage: Case Study on the Sleipner Gas field in Norway - Bellona.org"
1075:
1046:
Gavenas, Ekaterina; Rosendahl, Knut Einar; Skjerpen, Terje (2015-10-01).
510:
470:
454:
433:
522:
514:
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and depth metrics. Seafloor height, natural gas production, and
288:
1323:
591:
Akervoll, Idar; Lindeberg, Erik; Lackner, Alf (February 2009).
466:
272:
68:
1236:"Gassco Will Propose Pipeline to Transport CO2 From Kaarstoe"
375:. Before the carbon tax, industries released poor quality CO
478:
414:
284:
1190:
888:
486:
344:
The Sleipner Vest (West) field is used as a facility for
1045:
590:
473:
to transport carbon dioxide from the now decommissioned
919:
832:. IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme. Archived from
1048:"CO2-emissions from Norwegian oil and gas extraction"
1033:"Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT"
339:
734:
Baklid, Alan; Korbol, Ragnhild; Owren, Geir (1996).
532:
279:. The field is named after the eight-legged steed
1155:
922:"20 Years of Monitoring CO2-injection at Sleipner"
336:pipelines, is located on the Sleipner East field.
856:"Technology as a driving force in climate policy"
733:
1523:
1227:
477:. While injection pipelines do not succumb to
1307:
992:
267:, about 250 kilometres (160 mi) west of
1233:
782:
367:injected, however, the company does not pay
885:"Oil group buries greenhouse gas under sea"
492:
424:in December 2014 and in line with the EU's
1314:
1300:
996:Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
790:"Statoil shuts Sleipner B, transit intact"
665:
663:
630:
628:
298:
48:
27:
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608:
359:concentration; Norway only allows 2.5% CO
824:
822:
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818:
816:
814:
497:The Miocene Utsira Formation is a large
246:
1321:
954:
660:
625:
355:The Sleipner West field has up to 9% CO
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1213:10.1046/j.1526-0984.2001.008003160.x
729:
727:
586:
584:
582:
580:
388:1000 meters under the seabed. Using
13:
1287:Sleipner in Interactive Energy Map
1142:
1091:
1022:
983:
906:
877:
740:. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
371:and receives carbon credit in the
340:Carbon capture and storage project
14:
1568:
1280:
724:
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505:, deposits date back to the late
210:Year of current production of gas
1459:
549:
535:
465:Natural gas pipelines' operator
417:determine the gravity measured.
47:
40:
1252:
1184:
1039:
1260:"Norwegian Journal of Geology"
847:
700:
56:Location of Sleipner gas field
1:
1547:ExxonMobil oil and gas fields
939:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1523
675:Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine
640:Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine
570:
405:Storage. These sites monitor
385:
373:EU's emissions trading system
1532:Natural gas fields in Norway
1067:10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.025
968:. 2007-08-20. Archived from
796:. 2009-12-18. Archived from
610:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.020
310:Norway Petroleum Directorate
251:Oil from the Sleipner field.
7:
1234:Vibeke Laroi (2009-11-19).
854:Haugan, Bjørn-Erik (2005).
528:
444:reveal a main buildup of CO
420:Explicitly regulated under
369:Norway's carbon tax of 1991
10:
1573:
1557:Carbon capture and storage
1542:Equinor oil and gas fields
509:/ early Pliocene to early
489:, and subsequently, rust.
379:into the atmosphere. In a
346:carbon capture and storage
1468:
1457:
1330:
1193:Environmental Geosciences
263:in the block 15/9 of the
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182:Current production of gas
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137:
100:
92:
84:
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1008:10.1021/acs.jced.7b00983
862:(6): 8–9. Archived from
493:Miocene Utsira Formation
401:title, Saline Aquifer CO
299:Reserves and production
422:Norway's petroleum law
252:
218:Estimated gas in place
513:times, determined by
442:reservoir simulations
407:microseismic activity
250:
565:Carbon sequestration
481:when transporting CO
475:Kårstø power station
426:2009/31/EC directive
411:gravitational forces
16:North Sea off Norway
1205:2001EnG.....8..160G
800:on February 1, 2013
458:the injection of CO
317:Sleipner A platform
306:natural gas liquids
205: cu ft/d)
118: /
1164:(6): WA155–WA161.
830:"Sleipner Project"
390:time-lapse gravity
323:. The Sleipner T
257:Sleipner gas field
253:
22:Sleipner gas field
1519:
1518:
1170:10.1190/1.2991119
381:business-as-usual
287:a widely revered
261:natural gas field
245:
244:
241: cu ft)
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1537:North Sea energy
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712:factpages.npd.no
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685:. Archived from
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623:
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603:(1): 2557–2564.
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455:groundwater flow
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962:"Sleipner Vest"
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671:"Sleipner East"
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636:"Sleipner West"
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597:Energy Procedia
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519:3D seismic data
503:Pliocene period
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394:seismic methods
384:dedicated well
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1281:External links
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932:: 3916–3926.
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866:on 2011-07-19
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1353:Edvard Grieg
1267:. Retrieved
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974:. Retrieved
970:the original
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895:. 2003-11-19
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864:the original
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834:the original
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1469:Natural gas
1130:Bellona.org
511:Pleistocene
449:prevents CO
438:geochemical
434:marine life
409:along with
127:58.36; 1.91
125: /
101:Coordinates
1526:Categories
1269:2018-11-19
1245:2009-12-26
1158:Geophysics
1135:2018-11-19
976:2009-12-26
899:2009-12-26
870:2009-12-26
840:2009-12-26
804:2009-12-26
717:2018-11-19
693:2009-12-26
653:2009-12-26
571:References
515:palynology
177:Production
158:Total S.A.
154:ExxonMobil
1431:Statfjord
1240:Bloomberg
1221:1075-9565
1178:0016-8033
1085:0360-5442
1016:0021-9568
948:1876-6102
774:ignored (
764:cite book
683:1500-709X
648:1500-709X
619:1876-6102
436:. Onsite
269:Stavanger
265:North Sea
169:Discovery
79:North Sea
1496:Sleipner
1378:Gullfaks
860:Cicerone
529:See also
330:Langeled
281:Sleipnir
148:Partners
138:Operator
96:Offshore
1501:Snøhvit
1481:Heimdal
1446:Valhall
1421:Oselvar
1416:Oseberg
1388:Heidrun
1358:Ekofisk
1348:Draugen
1201:Bibcode
966:Statoil
893:Reuters
794:Reuters
708:"field"
507:Miocene
499:aquifer
479:rusting
430:erosion
334:Zeepipe
277:Equinor
151:Statoil
142:Statoil
110:58°22′N
65:Country
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273:Norway
113:1°55′E
75:Region
69:Norway
1506:Troll
1476:Frigg
1401:Norne
1392:Heilo
1373:Grane
1343:Brage
1338:Blane
1051:(PDF)
259:is a
85:Block
1511:Vale
1383:Gyda
1363:Gjøa
1217:ISSN
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776:help
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440:and
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255:The
221:51.6
213:2005
172:1974
1451:Yme
1441:Ula
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1071:hdl
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