Sleep paralysis - Knowledge

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superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible.

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their lives. Rates of recurrent sleep paralysis are not as well known, but 15–45% of those with a lifetime history of sleep paralysis may meet diagnostic criteria for Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis. In surveys from Canada, China, England, Japan and Nigeria, 20% to 60% of individuals reported having experienced sleep paralysis at least once in their lifetime. In general, non-whites appear to experience sleep paralysis at higher rates than whites, but the magnitude of the difference is rather small. Approximately 36% of the general population that experiences isolated sleep paralysis develop it between 25 and 44 years of age.

489: 762: 480:) experiences sleep paralysis that other twin is very likely to experience it as well. The identification of a genetic component means that there is some sort of disruption of a function at the physiological level. Further studies must be conducted to determine whether there is a mistake in the signaling pathway for arousal as suggested by the first theory presented, or whether the regulation of melatonin or the neural populations themselves have been disrupted. 1302:

For example, Maimie is asleep but calls out "What was that....It is coming nearer! It is feeling your bed with its horns-it is boring for you", and when the Darling children were dreaming of flying, Barrie says "Nothing horrid was visible in the air, yet their progress had become slow and laboured, exactly as if they were pushing their way through hostile forces. Sometimes they hung in the air until Peter had beaten on it with his fists." Barrie describes many

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permanent"), and psychoeducation about the nature of sleep paralysis. Prevention techniques include ISP-specific sleep hygiene and the preparatory use of various relaxation techniques (e.g. diaphragmatic breathing, mindfulness, progressive muscle relaxation, meditation). Episode disruption techniques are first practiced in session and then applied during actual attacks. No controlled trial of CBT-ISP has yet been conducted to prove its effectiveness.

589:). When episodes occur independent of these conditions or substance use, it is termed "isolated sleep paralysis" (ISP). When ISP episodes are more frequent and cause clinically significant distress or interference, it is classified as "recurrent isolated sleep paralysis" (RISP). Episodes of sleep paralysis, regardless of classification, are generally short (1–6 minutes), but longer episodes have been documented. 549:

heavily on the chest or by strangulation. A neurological explanation holds that this results from a combination of the threat vigilance activation system and the muscle paralysis associated with sleep paralysis that removes voluntary control of breathing. Several features of REM breathing patterns exacerbate the feeling of suffocation. These include shallow rapid breathing,

1141:, sometimes a ghostlike spirit or a terrifying catlike creature, that mounts on the chest of the victim and tries to harm him. The only way to avoid her is to keep a bag of sand or beans close to the bed, so that the witch will stop to count how many beans or sand-grains are inside it. A similar tradition is present in the 1218:

the pillow, calling the sleeper's name backwards or in an extreme example, sleeping with a shingle or board embedded with nails strapped to the chest. This object was called a Hag Board. The Old Hag is well-enough known in the province to be a pop culture figure, appearing in films and plays as well as in crafted objects.

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brought on by narcolepsy and true sleep paralysis, because the two phenomena are physically indistinguishable. The best way to differentiate between the two is to note when the attacks occur most often. Narcolepsy attacks are more common when the individual is falling asleep; ISP and RISP attacks are

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According to this account, the subjects attempt to breathe deeply and find themselves unable to do so, creating a sensation of resistance, which the threat-activated vigilance system interprets as an unearthly being sitting on their chest, threatening suffocation. The sensation of entrapment causes a

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may further contribute to hallucinations. More specifically, the emergency response is activated in the brain when individuals wake up paralyzed and feel vulnerable to attack. This helplessness can intensify the effects of the threat response well above the level typical of normal dreams, which could

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stories, may have had sleep paralysis. He said of himself "In my early boyhood it was a sheet that tried to choke me in the night." He also described several incidents in the Peter Pan stories that indicate that he was familiar with an awareness of a loss of muscle tone whilst in a dream-like state.

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According to some scientists, culture may be a major factor in shaping sleep paralysis. When sleep paralysis is interpreted through a particular cultural filter, it may take on greater salience. For example, if sleep paralysis is feared in a certain culture, this fear could lead to conditioned fear,

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If the effects of sleep "on" neural populations cannot be counteracted, characteristics of REM sleep are retained upon awakening. Common consequences of sleep paralysis include headaches, muscle pains or weakness or paranoia. As the correlation with REM sleep suggests, the paralysis is not complete:

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hat who appears to women who are usually tired or suffering and stops them from moving. It is believed that if they can take his golden hat, he will grant them a wish, but then he will visit them frequently although he is harmless. There are talismans that can provide protection from Mokthi and one

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Research has found that sleep paralysis is associated with great fear and fear of impending death in 50% of sufferers in Egypt. A study comparing rates and characteristics of sleep paralysis in Egypt and Denmark found that the phenomenon is three times more common in Egypt than Denmark. In Denmark,

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Sleeping in the supine position is believed to make the sleeper more vulnerable to episodes of sleep paralysis because in this sleeping position it is possible for the soft palate to collapse and obstruct the airway. This is a possibility regardless of whether the individual has been diagnosed with

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resulting from dysfunctional overlap of the REM and waking stages of sleep. Polysomnographic studies found that individuals who experience sleep paralysis have shorter REM sleep latencies than normal along with shortened NREM and REM sleep cycles, and fragmentation of REM sleep. This study supports

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upon awakening. Victims report being completely conscious, but unable to speak or move, and report a person or an animal which sits upon their chest. Despite the name, the attacker can be either male or female. Some suggested cures or preventions for the Old Hag include sleeping with a Bible under

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Isolated sleep paralysis is commonly seen in patients that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy. Approximately 30–50% of people that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy have experienced sleep paralysis as an auxiliary symptom. A majority of the individuals who have experienced sleep paralysis have

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Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a

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Sleep paralysis is experienced equally in males and females. Lifetime prevalence rates derived from 35 aggregated studies indicate that approximately 8% of the general population, 28% of students, and 32% of psychiatric patients experience at least one episode of sleep paralysis at some point in

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are hyperactivated and the serotonergic sleep "off" neural populations are under-activated. As a result, the cells capable of sending the signals that would allow for complete arousal from the sleep state, the serotonergic neural populations, have difficulty in overcoming the signals sent by the

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Between 8% and 50% of people experience sleep paralysis at some point during their lives. About 5% of people have regular episodes. Males and females are affected equally. Sleep paralysis has been described throughout history. It is believed to have played a role in the creation of stories about

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is a generic name for a folkloric creature found in cultures around the world, and which is used to explain the phenomenon of sleep paralysis. A common description is that a person feels a presence of a supernatural malevolent being which immobilizes the person as if standing on the chest. This

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Although the core features of sleep paralysis (e.g., atonia, a clear sensorium, and frequent hallucinations) appear to be universal, the ways in which they are experienced vary according to time, place, and culture. Over 100 terms have been identified for these experiences. Some scientists have

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The hyper-vigilance response can lead to the creation of endogenous stimuli that contribute to the perceived threat. A similar process may explain hallucinations, with slight variations, in which an evil presence is perceived by the subject to be attempting to suffocate them, either by pressing

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The first published psychosocial treatment for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis was cognitive-behavior therapy for isolated sleep paralysis (CBT-ISP). It begins with self-monitoring of symptoms, cognitive restructuring of maladaptive thoughts relevant to ISP (e.g., "the paralysis will be

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standing on the people's chest: if the person manages to catch the sprite (or steal his hat), in exchange for his freedom (or to have his hat back) he can reveal the hiding place of a rich treasure; this sprite has different names in different regions of Italy: Monaciello in

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unlike Egypt, there are no elaborate supernatural beliefs about sleep paralysis, and the experience is often interpreted as an odd physiological event, with overall shorter sleep paralysis episodes and fewer people (17%) fearing that they could die from it.

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the observation that disturbance of regular sleeping patterns can precipitate an episode of sleep paralysis, because fragmentation of REM sleep commonly occurs when sleep patterns are disrupted and has now been seen in combination with sleep paralysis.

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and thus worsen the experience, in turn leading to higher rates. Consistent with this idea, high rates and long durations of immobility during sleep paralysis have been found in Egypt, where there are elaborate beliefs about sleep paralysis, involving

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in particular has been identified as being closely related to dreaming during the REM stage of sleep. According to this hypothesis, vestibular-motor disorientation, unlike hallucinations, arise from completely endogenous sources of stimuli.

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is a 2015 documentary that discusses the causes of sleep paralysis as seen through extensive interviews with participants, and the experiences are re-enacted by professional actors. In synopsis, it proposes that such cultural phenomena as

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called CA-CBT. The work focuses on psycho-education and modifying catastrophic cognitions about the sleep paralysis attack. This approach has previously been used to treat sleep paralysis in Egypt, although clinical trials are lacking.

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explain why such visions during sleep paralysis are so vivid. The threat-activated vigilance system is a protective mechanism that differentiates between dangerous situations and determines whether the fear response is appropriate.

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Several types of hallucinations have been linked to sleep paralysis: the belief that there is an intruder in the room, the feeling of a presence, and the sensation of floating. One common hallucination is the presence of an

3684: 3669: 313:. Treatment options for sleep paralysis have been poorly studied. It is recommended that people be reassured that the condition is common and generally not serious. Other efforts that may be tried include 1149:

is known as a creature that mounts on the people's chest during their sleep to give them nightmares, and that can change its shape according to the person's fears. In Northern Italy, specifically in the

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The pathophysiology of sleep paralysis has not been concretely identified, although there are several theories about its cause. The first of these stems from the understanding that sleep paralysis is a

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hallucinations have a heritable component in other parasomnias, which lends credence to the idea that sleep paralysis is also genetic. Twin studies have shown that if one twin of a monozygotic pair (

696:(SSRIs) may be used. Despite the fact that these treatments are prescribed there is currently no drug that has been found to completely interrupt episodes of sleep paralysis a majority of the time. 376:

are also experienced. It has also been known that one may feel pressure on their chest and intense pain in their head during an episode. These symptoms are usually accompanied by intense

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or not. There may also be a greater rate of microarousals while sleeping in the supine position because there is a greater amount of pressure being exerted on the lungs by gravity.

657:, and physical fatigue. It is also believed that there may be a genetic component in the development of RISP, because there is a high concurrent incidence of sleep paralysis in 3615: 2729:

Jalal B, Simons-Rudolph J, Jalal B, Hinton DE (2014-04-01). "Explanations of sleep paralysis among Egyptian college students and the general population in Egypt and Denmark".

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cells that keep the brain in the sleep state. During normal REM sleep, the threshold for a stimulus to cause arousal is greatly elevated. Under normal conditions, medial and

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Another major theory is that the neural functions that regulate sleep are out of balance, causing different sleep states to overlap. In this case, cholinergic sleep "on"

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Cheyne J, Rueffer S, Newby-Clark I (1999). "Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations during Sleep Paralysis: Neurological and Cultural Construction of the Night-Mare".

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In individuals reporting sleep paralysis, there is almost no blocking of exogenous stimuli, which means it is much easier for a stimulus to arouse the individual. The

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and incubus hallucinations highly correlate with one another, and moderately correlated with the third hallucination, vestibular-motor disorientation, also known as

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Jalal B, Romanelli A, Hinton DE (2015-12-01). "Cultural Explanations of Sleep Paralysis in Italy: The Pandafeche Attack and Associated Supernatural Beliefs".

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Hinton DE, Pich V, Chhean D, Pollack MH (2005-03-01). "'The Ghost Pushes You Down': Sleep Paralysis-Type Panic Attacks in a Khmer Refugee Population".

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Hinton DE, Pich V, Chhean D, Pollack MH, McNally RJ (2005). "Sleep paralysis among Cambodian refugees: association with PTSD diagnosis and severity".

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feedback loop when the fear of suffocation increases as a result of continued helplessness, causing the subjects to struggle to end the SP episode.

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Though no large trials have taken place which focus on the treatment of sleep paralysis, several drugs have promise in case studies. Two trials of

624:(STs) potentially frightening parasomnia but are not REM based and there is a lack of awareness to surroundings, characteristic screams during STs. 2873: 3095: 465:

traces shows that eye movement is still possible during such episodes; however, the individual experiencing sleep paralysis is unable to speak.

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if symptoms persist. The safest treatment for sleep paralysis is for people to adopt healthier sleeping habits. However, in more serious cases

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he sees to "... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..." In a similar vein, the

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Medical treatment starts with education about sleep stages and the inability to move muscles during REM sleep. People should be evaluated for

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Ohayon M, Zulley J, Guilleminault C, Smirne S (1999). "Prevalence and pathologic associations of sleep paralysis in the general population".

612:(EHS) potentially frightening parasomnia, the hallucinations are usually briefer always loud or jarring and there is no paralysis during EHS. 744:

sporadic episodes that occur once a month to once a year. Only 3% of individuals experiencing sleep paralysis that is not associated with a

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Jalal B, Samir SW, Hinton DE (2017-02-01). "Adaptation of CBT for Traumatized Egyptians: Examples from Culturally Adapted CBT (CA-CBT)".

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Spanos N.P., McNulty S.A., DuBreuil S.C., Pires M. (1995). "The frequency and correlates of sleep paralysis in a university sample".

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Sleep paralysis may include hallucinations, such as an intruding presence or dark figure in the room. These are commonly known as

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Jalal B, Hinton DE (2013-07-25). "Rates and Characteristics of Sleep Paralysis in the General Population of Denmark and Egypt".

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and neurological symptoms in his books and uses them to explore the nature of consciousness from an experiential point of view.

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is a witch that sits on the people's chest at night, making them unable to breathe; to chase her away, people should make the

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has myriad interpretations of the cause of sleep paralysis, due to numerous cultures and belief systems that exist there.

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Several circumstances have been identified that are associated with an increased risk of sleep paralysis. These include

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Hufford D (1995). "Beings Without Bodies: An Experience-Centered Theory of the Belief in Spirits". In Walker B (ed.).

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The terror that comes in the night : an experience-centered study of supernatural assault traditions / monograph

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is known as "the ghost pushes you down," and entails the belief in dangerous visitations from deceased relatives.

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that could account for the feelings of paralysis. Several measures are available to reliably diagnose or screen (

305:. Diagnosis is based on a person's description. Other conditions that can present similarly include narcolepsy, 278:. Episodes generally last no more than a few minutes. It can recur multiple times or occur as a single episode. 3405:

Olunu E, Kimo R, Onigbinde EO, Akpanobong MA, Enang IE, Osanakpo M, Monday IT, Otohinoyi DA, Fakoya AO (2018).

2385:"The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug" 1162:, something that would need a great struggle in a situation of paralysis. A similar folklore is present in the 633: 310: 194: 4346: 4154: 4016: 792:, a term that evolved into the modern definition. The term was first used and dubbed by British neurologist, 3380: 676:

While many factors can increase the risk for ISP or RISP, they can be avoided with minor lifestyle changes.

4026: 3954: 3799: 723: 318: 223: 2227:"Situational factors affecting sleep paralysis and associated hallucinations: position and timing effects" 1895:

Walther B, Schulz H (2004). "Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis: Polysomnographic and clinical findings".

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Research has found a genetic component in sleep paralysis. The characteristic fragmentation of REM sleep,

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Dauvilliers Y, Billiard M, Montplaisir J (2003). "Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of narcolepsy".

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Wills L, Garcia J. Parasomnias: Epidemiology and Management. CNS Drugs . December 2002;16(12):803–810.

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Episodes of sleep paralysis can occur in the context of several medical conditions (e.g., narcolepsy,

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proposed sleep paralysis as an explanation for reports of paranormal and spiritual phenomena such as

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Sharpless BA, Grom JL (2016-03-03). "Isolated Sleep Paralysis: Fear, Prevention, and Disruption".

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there are many examples of supernatural beings associated with sleep paralysis. In the regions of

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can, in many cases, be attributed to sleep paralysis. The "real-life" horror film debuted at the

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McNally RJ, Clancy SA (2005-03-01). "Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction".

4430: 3979: 3814: 2487:"'The ghost pushes you down': sleep paralysis-type panic attacks in a Khmer refugee population" 745: 627: 525: 176: 3678: 3035: 3008: 1460: 4252: 3984: 1609: 1325: 962: 3080: 2196: 4461: 4406: 3523: 1281: 1254: 1172: 809: 294: 3212:

Ness R (1978). "The old hag phenomenon as sleep paralysis: A biocultural interpretation".

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McNally RJ, Clancy SA (2005). "Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction".

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has been proposed as a possible candidate for future studies in treating sleep paralysis.

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Sleep paralysis is mainly diagnosed via clinical interview and ruling out other potential

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Cheyne J (2003). "Sleep Paralysis and the Structure of Waking-Nightmare Hallucinations".

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Unusual and rare psychological disorders: a handbook for clinical practice and research

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The main symptom of sleep paralysis is being unable to move or speak during awakening.

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Peter Pan and the Mind of J. M. Barrie. An Exploration of Cognition and Consciousness

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Sleep paralysis'. l Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual

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centers coordinate things such as head and eye movement, and orientation in space.

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for people with narcolepsy demonstrated reductions in sleep paralysis episodes.

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Fulda S, Hornyak M, Müller K, Cerny L, Beitinger PA, Wetter TC (2008-03-01).

1827: 1771: 1329: 1238: 1114: 913: 849: 630:(NPAs) involves fear and acute distress but lacks paralysis and dream imagery 621: 364:

and buzzing noises are reported during sleep paralysis. Other sounds such as

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Sharpless B, McCarthy K, Chambless D, Milrod B, Khalsa S, Barber J (2010).

2048: 1881: 1779: 1717: 1709: 1601: 1558: 1422: 1294: 1127: 998:, sleep paralysis is believed to be caused by a supernatural entity called 864: 767: 711: 298: 199: 61: 2681: 2300: 4366: 4242: 4182: 4134: 4129: 4120: 3959: 3909: 3904: 3786: 3233: 3155:. W. J. Kirwin and J.D.A Widdowson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1237:

Sleep paralysis is sometimes interpreted as space alien abduction in the

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The condition may occur in those who are otherwise healthy or those with

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Some of the earliest work in treating sleep paralysis was done using a

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has been found an especially prominent instigator of sleep paralysis.

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Sleep Paralysis and Associated Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Experiences

3608:"Watch: First Trailer for Creepy Sleep Paralysis Doc 'The Nightmare'" 2447: 1345: 1298: 1167: 970: 949: 943: 909: 788: 593: 553:, and slight blockage of the airway, which is a symptom prevalent in 397: 302: 267: 28:"Night demon" redirects here. For the American heavy metal band, see 3032:

Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art

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Sleep Paralysis: Historical, Psychological, and Medical Perspectives

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Sleep Paralysis: Historical, Psychological, and Medical Perspectives

4302: 4277: 4197: 3989: 3964: 3354:"Gordon Pinsent explores depression with short film Martin's Hagge" 3308: 1525:"Lifetime prevalence rates of sleep paralysis: A systematic review" 1182: 1142: 1063: 860: 646: 541: 493: 442: 389: 301:. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a dysfunction in 286: 21:

For the normal sleep behavior of body paralysis during dreams, see

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were also advanced as causes in literature. In nineteenth century

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way is to put one's husband's hat near the pillow while sleeping.

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Awareness but an inability to move during waking or falling asleep

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on January 26, 2015, and premiered in theatres on June 5, 2015.

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attacks a person by strangling him when the person sleeps in a

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Hufford D (2005). "Sleep Paralysis as Spiritual Experience".

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International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research

2334:"A clinician's guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis" 1387:"A clinician's guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis" 1080: 926: 776:

The original definition of sleep paralysis was codified by

509:. A neurological hypothesis is that in sleep paralysis the 381: 275: 808:, which were thought to sit on the chests of sleepers. In 4376: 4272: 1578:. Rochester, Minn.: American Sleep Disorders Association. 462: 3272:"The Black Heart in Newfoundland: The Magic of the Book" 1695: 2818: 2484: 2433: 2153: 1981:

The Dream Machine: Lucid dreams and how to control them

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Such sleep paralysis was widely considered the work of

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Hinton DE, Pich V, Chhean D, Pollack MH (2005-03-01).

1285:(1881) offers the following advice about nightmares: 3651: 3058:(in Albanian). Tiranë, Albania: Plejad. p. 97. 1749: 1078:, sleep paralysis is conceptualized as a terrifying 871: 285:, or it may run in families as a result of specific 3381:"Exploring Folklore Through Craft with Janet Peter" 3078: 3257:Out of the Ordinary: Folklore and the Supernatural 3000: 2194: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 4448: 3056:Fjalor i Mitologjisë dhe Demonologjisë Shqiptare 2543: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 3259:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 11–45. 2220: 2218: 1632:Blackmore Susan J., Parker Jennifer J. (2002). 1627: 1625: 1522: 3082:রাতের বেলায় ‘বোবা ভূত ধরা’ এর প্রতিকার জানুন! 2160:Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin 1923: 1897:Somnologie – Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin 969:is believed to be a male spirit with a golden 3772: 3758: 3463: 2953: 2570: 2201:. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–181. 1894: 1674: 717: 592:It can be difficult to differentiate between 2992: 2947: 2382: 2215: 2139:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2012: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1840:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1622: 1614:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3094:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2902: 2615: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 289:changes. The condition can be triggered by 4080:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder 3765: 3751: 2710:Wilson S. A. K. (1928). The narcolepsies. 2376: 577:) for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. 46: 3440: 3422: 3125: 2871:"Abduction by Aliens or Sleep Paralysis?" 2663: 2661: 2410: 2400: 2359: 2349: 2331: 2308: 2242: 2188: 2171: 2094: 2038: 2008: 2006: 1859: 1848: 1548: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1412: 1402: 1384: 600: 531: 2884:, May/June 1998. (Retrieved 13 May 2014) 2125:Sharpless, B., and Doghramji, K (2015). 1523:Sharpless BA, Barber JP (October 2011). 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1359: 1348: – Psychiatric behavioural syndrome 875: 760: 487: 3254: 3165: 3034:, Volume 1, edited by Thomas A. Green, 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2015:"Genetics of Sleep and Sleep Disorders" 1888: 694:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 4449: 3581: 3566: 3551: 3536: 3378: 3121: 3119: 3053: 3007:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2998: 2782: 2658: 2338:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2282: 2224: 2003: 1942: 1509: 1391:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 751: 3746: 3516:"The Household Cyclopedia – Medicine" 3269: 3207: 3205: 3150: 2999:Cordón LA (2005). "Alien abduction". 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2814: 2812: 2778: 2776: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2285:"Medication for sleep-wake disorders" 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1429: 340: 3211: 2787:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2055: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1309: 783:A Dictionary of the English Language 270:. During an episode, the person may 3329: 3116: 3003:Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia 2276: 1860:Goldstein K (2011). "Parasomnias". 13: 3388:Living Heritage Economy Case Study 3202: 2887: 2809: 2773: 2717: 2564: 2325: 2195:Sharpless BA, Doghramji K (2015). 2111: 1807: 1794: 1590:Journal of Research in Personality 1479: 414: 14: 4488: 3626: 3586:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 3295:"Superstitions in Newfoundland". 2905:Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 2546:Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 1808:A Sharpless, Brian (2016-11-15). 1732: 872:Cultural significance and priming 483: 3920:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome 3915:Central hypoventilation syndrome 3618:from the original on 2015-05-03. 3297:The Journal of American Folklore 3214:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 2714:51 63–109. 10.1093/brain/51.1.63 2533:from the original on 2017-07-08. 2289:Archives of Disease in Childhood 2244:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00297.x 1909:10.1111/j.1439-054X.2004.00017.x 1752:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 1670:from the original on 2016-04-29. 1232: 1189:, Laurieddhu or Scazzamurill in 130:No more than a couple of minutes 4472:Sleep in mythology and folklore 4075:Periodic limb movement disorder 4042:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder 3600: 3575: 3560: 3554:Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens 3545: 3530: 3508: 3457: 3398: 3372: 3346: 3323: 3288: 3276:Culture and Tradition Volume 13 3263: 3248: 3159: 3144: 3102: 3072: 3047: 3025: 2863: 2704: 2537: 2478: 2427: 2267: 2147: 1994: 1973: 1874:10.1016/j.disamonth.2011.04.007 1200: 953:phenomenon goes by many names. 734: 618:(ND); also REM-based parasomnia 3128:Le creature del Piccolo Popolo 3112:. Panorama. 2000. p. 125. 2075:Journal of Clinical Psychology 1581: 1565: 812:the name for these beings was 699: 634:Post-traumatic stress disorder 580: 311:hypokalemic periodic paralysis 195:hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1: 4347:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep 4155:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence 4017:Advanced sleep phase disorder 3130:. Mondadori. pp. 23–46. 2636:10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00203-7 1352: 1244: 653:, an erratic sleep schedule, 640: 4027:Delayed sleep phase disorder 3955:Excessive daytime sleepiness 2585:10.1080/15402002.2014.963583 1571:Thorpy, M.J. (ed.). (1990). 1170:, where the witch is called 1095:In the different regions of 756: 679: 605:Similar conditions include: 597:more common upon awakening. 564: 400:running through their body. 319:cognitive behavioral therapy 224:cognitive behavioral therapy 7: 4160:Nocturnal penile tumescence 4032:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm 3648:from University of Waterloo 3633:Sleep information and links 3424:10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_19_18 2558:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.03.001 2013:Sehgal A, Mignot E (2011). 1812:. Oxford University Press. 1698:Consciousness and Cognition 1339: 1057: 1031:, the phenomenon is called 937: 887:), by Eugène Thivier (1894) 575:Munich Parasomnia Screening 500:, 1915, by Fritz Schwimbeck 392:, and feelings of electric 10: 4493: 4022:Cyclic alternating pattern 3379:Jarvis DG (October 2018). 3336:The Newfoundland Quarterly 2783:David H (September 1989). 2332:Sharpless B (2016-07-19). 2129:. Oxford University Press. 2031:10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.004 1541:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.01.007 1462:Handbook of Sleep Medicine 1459:Avidan AY, Zee PC (2011). 1221: 1137:usually refers to an evil 956: 941: 796:in his 1928 dissertation, 765:A 19th century version of 724:cognitive-behavior therapy 718:Cognitive-behavior therapy 27: 20: 4265: 4238:Behavioral sleep medicine 4225: 4173: 4103: 4055: 4047:Shift work sleep disorder 4003: 3995:Sleep state misperception 3945: 3885: 3876: 3813: 3784: 3655: 3541:. Edinburgh Evening Post. 3079:health.banglablog24.com, 2917:10.1007/s11013-013-9327-x 2869:Blackmore, Susan. (1998) 2573:Behavioral Sleep Medicine 2402:10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1 2389:Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2231:Journal of Sleep Research 2173:10.1007/s11818-008-0336-x 1764:10.1007/s11013-015-9442-y 1166:area, around the city of 1107:, it is referred to as a 1040: 1009: 989: 690:tricyclic antidepressants 249:None; physically harmless 245: 237: 208: 175: 165: 134: 126: 114: 95: 72: 54: 45: 40: 3795:Rapid eye movement (REM) 3642:from Stanford University 3478:10.1177/1363461505050715 3466:Transcultural Psychiatry 3180:10.1177/1363461505050709 3168:Transcultural Psychiatry 3081: 2970:10.1177/1363461505050715 2957:Transcultural Psychiatry 2833:10.1177/1363461505050710 2821:Transcultural Psychiatry 2743:10.1177/1363461513503378 2731:Transcultural Psychiatry 2624:Clinical Neurophysiology 2503:10.1177/1363461505050710 2491:Transcultural Psychiatry 1090: 1069: 804:, and more specifically 348:Imagined sounds such as 23:Rapid eye movement sleep 4116:Exploding head syndrome 3925:Obstructive sleep apnea 3571:. Hodder and Stoughton. 3556:. Hodder and Stoughton. 1959:10.1023/A:1025373412722 1653:10.1023/A:1013894522583 748:have nightly episodes. 610:Exploding head syndrome 526:out-of-body experiences 149:obstructive sleep apnea 4431:Sleeping while on duty 3980:Idiopathic hypersomnia 2436:Depression and Anxiety 1710:10.1006/ccog.1999.0404 1602:10.1006/jrpe.1995.1017 1529:Sleep Medicine Reviews 1334:Sundance Film Festival 1292: 1062:Sleep paralysis among 888: 773: 746:neuromuscular disorder 628:Noctural panic attacks 601:Differential diagnosis 532:Threat hyper-vigilance 501: 498:My Dream, My Bad Dream 405:sleep paralysis demons 177:Differential diagnosis 4253:Neuroscience of sleep 3985:Night eating syndrome 3970:Kleine–Levin syndrome 3303:(34): 222–223. 1896. 3151:Story G, ed. (1990). 2682:10.1212/WNL.52.6.1194 2383:Baland Jalal (2018). 2301:10.1136/adc.88.10.899 1385:Sharpless BA (2016). 1326:near-death experience 1287: 963:Albanian folk beliefs 924:-like creatures, the 879: 764: 540:state created in the 491: 4407:Sleep and creativity 3126:Lazzarato F (1995). 3110:Trentino da leggenda 1297:, the author of the 1282:Household Cyclopedia 1255:spiritual possession 1145:folklore, where the 844:. The word might be 409:difficulty breathing 295:psychological stress 171:Based on description 4402:Sleep and breathing 3858:Sensorimotor rhythm 3332:"That Old Nonsense" 2351:10.2147/ndt.s100307 1979:Hearne, K. (1990). 1404:10.2147/NDT.S100307 986:means "Nightmare". 836:), hence comes the 752:Society and culture 4412:Sleep and learning 4165:Nocturnal emission 4065:Nightmare disorder 3930:Periodic breathing 3638:2016-03-06 at the 3226:10.1007/BF00052448 3041:2015-05-19 at the 2882:Skeptical Inquirer 2876:2010-08-13 at the 2087:10.1002/jclp.20724 1185:, Monachicchio in 902:demonic possession 889: 774: 661:. Sleeping in the 616:Nightmare disorder 502: 430:neural populations 341:Symptoms and signs 30:Night Demon (band) 4444: 4443: 4422:Sleep deprivation 4261: 4260: 3740: 3739: 3593:978-1-4438-9107-3 3582:Ridley R (2016). 3567:Barrie J (1911). 3552:Barrie J (1906). 3537:Barrie J (1887). 3065:978-99956-706-1-0 3054:Qazimi A (2008). 3018:978-0-313-32457-4 2794:978-0-8122-1305-8 2630:(11): 2000–2017. 2395:(11): 3083–3091. 2283:Stores G (2003). 2225:Cheyne J (2002). 2208:978-0-19-931380-8 2081:(12): 1292–1306. 1819:978-0-19-024586-3 1492:"Sleep paralysis" 1472:978-1-4511-5385-9 1310:Documentary films 1268:A Christmas Carol 1249:Various forms of 1160:sign of the Cross 1049: 1019:'dumb'). 1018: 922:malevolent spirit 908:experiences, the 798:The Narcolepsies. 659:monozygotic twins 651:sleep deprivation 454:vestibular nuclei 435:vestibular nuclei 291:sleep deprivation 253: 252: 167:Diagnostic method 157:sleep deprivation 35:Medical condition 16:Sleeping disorder 4484: 4477:Sleep physiology 4417:Sleep and memory 4357:Circadian rhythm 4104:Benign phenomena 4006:Circadian rhythm 3883: 3882: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3744: 3743: 3653: 3652: 3620: 3619: 3612:firstshowing.net 3604: 3598: 3597: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3539:My Ghastly Dream 3534: 3528: 3527: 3522:. 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