22:
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and patients to avoid the recommendation of sleep hygiene as this can cause a "delayed implementation of effective therapies with continued or worsening insomnia symptoms" and furthermore may demotivate patients from "undergoing other treatments based on their experience using an ineffective intervention". It was also impossible to conduct a network analysis of the efficacy of specific items of sleep hygiene due to the wide heterogeneity and lack of systematic reporting of content and delivery methods.
257:
too hard to fall asleep. There is a lack of evidence for the effects of certain sleep hygiene recommendations, including getting a more comfortable mattress, removing bedroom clocks, not worrying, and limiting liquids. Other recommendations, such as the effects of napping or exercise, have a more complicated evidence base. The effects of napping, for example, seem to depend on the length and timing of napping, in conjunction with how much cumulative sleep an individual has had in recent nights.
437:(ICSD) introduced the diagnostic category Inadequate Sleep Hygiene. Inadequate sleep hygiene was a subclassification of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in the ICSD-II published in 2005; it was removed from the 2014 ICSD-III along with two other classifications. The term “chronic insomnia disorder” is used for all subtypes of chronic insomnia and inadequate sleep hygiene is no longer required to diagnose any sleep disorder, including insomnia and insufficient sleep syndrome.
324:
disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythm. In low SES populations, irregular and long work hours may force an individual to attempt to sleep during the day. This will significantly disrupt the physiological benefits that come from sleep. Additionally, urban neighborhoods will likely have greater night noise, crime, and violence. In these neighborhoods, the body will be in a constant state of survival, releasing cortisol and adrenaline, which interfere with sleep.
470:
456:
221:, leading to sleep fragmentation and nocturnal restlessness. Both consumption of a large meal just before bedtime, requiring effort to metabolize it all, and hunger have been associated with disrupted sleep; clinicians may recommend eating a light snack before bedtime. Limiting intake of liquids before bedtime can prevent interruptions of sleep due to urination.
176:, under normal conditions naps may be detrimental to nighttime sleep. Negative effects of napping on sleep and performance have been found to depend on duration and timing, with shorter midday naps being the least disruptive. There is also focus on the importance of awakening around the same time every morning and generally having a regular sleep schedule.
192:
Similarly, good sleep hygiene involves minimizing time spent thinking about worries or anything emotionally upsetting shortly before bedtime. Trying purposefully to fall asleep may induce frustration that further prevents falling asleep, so in such situations a person may be advised to get out of bed and try something else for a brief amount of time.
151:, which are typically kept from one to two weeks, to record a representative sample data. There are also computerized assessments such as the Sleep-EVAL system, which can be employed in the diagnostic process. It features 1,543 possible questions automatically selected according to the individual's previous answers.
252:
Sleep hygiene studies use different sets of sleep hygiene recommendations, and the evidence that improving sleep hygiene improves sleep quality is weak and inconclusive as of 2014. Most research on sleep hygiene principles has been conducted in clinical settings, and there is a need for more research
323:
cycle, meaning that more stress will lead to more sleep disturbances. The data points to an inverse relationship: lower SES will result in insufficient sleep and a decline in sleep quality compared to high SES. Light and noise will significantly impact one's sleeping patterns. Exposure to light will
278:
released in 2021 a meta-analysis on behavioral therapies concluding that they "did not favor the use of sleep hygiene as a stand-alone therapy for chronic insomnia" since "recent evidence shows that it is no longer supported as a single-component therapy". They further recommend educating clinicians
216:
in the hours before bedtime is recommended by most sleep hygiene specialists, as these substances activate neurobiological systems that maintain wakefulness. Alcohol near bedtime is frequently discouraged by clinicians, because, although alcohol can induce sleepiness initially, the arousal caused by
310:
have difficulty maintaining a healthy sleep-wake schedule due to night or irregular work hours. Shift workers need to be strategic about napping and drinking caffeine, as these practices may be necessary for work productivity and safety, but should be timed carefully. Because shift workers may need
154:
Practice of sleep hygiene and knowledge of sleep hygiene practices can be assessed with measures such as the Sleep
Hygiene Index, Sleep Hygiene Awareness and Practice Scale, or the Sleep Hygiene Self-Test. For younger individuals, sleep hygiene can be assessed by the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale,
394:
Long and irregular work hours contribute to the sleep health disparity in the US. Local governments could regulate business hours for those that employ high rates of low-income families. Additionally, access to care is often determined by that individual's occupation. Clinicians in the communities
298:
College students are at risk of engaging in poor sleep hygiene and also of being unaware of the resulting effects of sleep deprivation. Because of irregular weekly schedules and the campus environment, college students may be likely to have variable sleep-wake schedules across the week, take naps,
256:
The strength of research support for each recommendation varies; some of the more robustly researched and supported recommendations include the negative effects of noisy sleep environments, alcohol consumption in the hours before sleep, engaging in mentally difficult tasks before sleep, and trying
171:
One set of recommendations relates to the timing of sleep. For adults, getting less than 7–8 hours of sleep is associated with a number of physical and mental health deficits, and therefore a top sleep hygiene recommendation is allowing enough time for sleep. Clinicians will frequently advise that
318:
often determines access to care leading to a downward trajectory in health. Those with lower SES have limited access to quality living conditions. Economic status can contribute to tremendous stress. Sleep is the primary mechanism in biological and psychosocial stressors that can help one recover
187:
is an activity that can facilitate or inhibit sleep quality; people who exercise experience better quality of sleep than those who do not, but exercising too late in the day can be activating and delay falling asleep. Increasing exposure to bright and natural light during the daytime and avoiding
356:
may experience additional barriers to quality sleep that can be addressed by specific variations of sleep hygiene recommendations. Difficulty with breathing can cause disruptions to sleep, reducing the ability to stay asleep and to achieve restful sleep. For individuals with allergies or asthma,
191:
Activities that reduce physiological arousal and cognitive activity promote falling asleep, so engaging in relaxing activities before bedtime is recommended. Conversely, continuing important work activities or planning shortly before bedtime or once in bed has been shown to delay falling asleep.
378:
and the
Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School, both of which have created public websites with sleep hygiene resources, such as tips for sleep hygiene, instructional videos, sleep hygiene self-assessments, poll statistics on sleep hygiene, and tools to find sleep professionals. A
229:
Arranging a sleep environment that is quiet, very dark, and cool is recommended. Noises, light, and uncomfortable temperatures have been shown to disrupt continuous sleep. Other recommendations that are frequently made, though less studied, include selecting comfortable mattresses, bedding, and
340:
can be a useful treatment for individuals with depression and circadian rhythm disturbances. Not only can morning bright light therapy help establish a better sleep-wake schedule, but it also has been shown to be effective for treating depression directly, especially when related to
357:
additional considerations must be given to potential triggers in the bedroom environment. Medications that might improve ability to breathe while sleeping may also impair sleep in other ways, so there must be careful management of decongestants, asthma controllers, and
1485:
Radwan A, Fess P, James D, Murphy J, Myers J, Rooney M, Taylor J, Torii A (2015). "Effect of different mattress designs on promoting sleep quality, pain reduction, and spinal alignment in adults with or without back pain; systematic review of controlled trials".
369:
Sleep hygiene strategies include advice about timing of sleep and food intake in relationship to exercise and sleeping environment. Recommendations depend on knowledge of the individual situation; counselling is presented as a form of patient education.
121:
However, as of 2021, the empirical evidence for the effectiveness of sleep hygiene is "limited and inconclusive" for the general population and for the treatment of insomnia, despite being the oldest treatment for insomnia. A systematic review by the
195:
Generally, for people experiencing difficulties with sleep, spending less time in bed results in deeper and more continuous sleep, so clinicians will frequently recommend eliminating use of the bed for any activities except sleep or sex.
335:
may be likely to have behaviors that are counter to good sleep hygiene, such as taking naps during the day, consuming alcohol near bedtime, and consuming large amounts of caffeine during the day. In addition to sleep hygiene education,
373:
As attention to the role of sleep hygiene in promoting public health has grown, there has been an increase in the number of resources available in print and on the internet. Organizations running public health initiatives include the
146:
Assessing sleep hygiene is important to determine whether an individual has inadequate sleep hygiene disorder. The diagnostic assessment is usually conducted using clinical interview and supplemented by self-report questionnaires and
311:
to sleep while other individuals are awake, additional sleeping environment changes should include reducing disturbances by turning off phones and posting signs on bedroom doors to inform others when they are sleeping.
25:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for the amount of sleep needed decrease with age. While sleep quantity is important, good sleep quality is also essential to avoid sleep
388:
260:
There is support showing positive sleep outcomes for people who follow more than one sleep hygiene recommendation. There is however no evidence that poor sleep hygiene can contribute to insomnia.
217:
metabolizing alcohol can disrupt and significantly fragment sleep. Smoking tobacco products before bed is also thought to reduce one's quality of resting by decreasing the time spent in
2222:
Gigli GL, Valente M (30 June 2012). "Should the definition of "sleep hygiene" be antedated of a century? A historical note based on an old book by Paolo
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620:"Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment"
399:
is a promising approach proposed to reduce barriers to sleep health care. This eliminates transportation challenges for underserved populations and is more cost-effective.
299:
drink caffeine or alcohol near bedtime, and sleep in disruptive sleeping environments. Because of this, researchers recommend sleep hygiene education on college campuses.
403:
can provide a cost-effective method to diagnose sleeping disorders. Neighborhoods can be improved by updating urban planning. Noise population can be reduced by promoting
102:, limiting worry, limiting exposure to light in the hours before sleep, getting out of bed if sleep does not come, not using bed for anything but sleep and sex, avoiding
444:
was included in early sets of recommendations, but as more drugs to help with sleep have been introduced, recommendations concerning their use have become more complex.
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Brown FC, Buboltz WC, Soper B (January 2002). "Relationship of Sleep
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Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, Sateia MJ, Troxel WM, Zhou ES, Kazmi U, Heald JL, Martin JL (1 February 2021).
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may require other or additional treatment approaches, and continuing difficulties with sleep may require additional assistance from healthcare providers.
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Clinicians choose among recommendations for improving sleep quality for each individual and counselling is presented as a form of patient education.
433:
529:
Last
Reviewed: September 14, 2022. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health.
303:, for example, requires all incoming first-year undergraduates to take a short online course on the subject before the fall semester begins.
94:, and offer recommendations based on the assessment. Sleep hygiene recommendations include: establishing a regular sleep schedule, using
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524:
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A number of foods and substances have been found to disturb sleep, due to stimulant effects or disruptive digestive demands. Avoiding
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bright light in the hours before bedtime may help promote a sleep-wake schedule aligned with nature's daily light-dark cycle.
1563:
2632:
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is a behavioral and environmental practice developed in the late 1970s as a method to help people with mild to moderate
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pillows, and eliminating a visible bedroom clock, to prevent focusing on time passing when trying to fall asleep.
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these hours of sleep be obtained at night instead of through napping, because while naps can be helpful after
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of studies on mattresses concluded that medium-firm, custom-inflated mattresses were best for pain and
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Specific sleep hygiene recommendations have changed over time. For example, advice to simply avoid
212:(including coffee, energy drinks, soft drinks, tea, chocolate, and some pain relievers), and other
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While there is inconclusive evidence that sleep hygiene alone is effective as a treatment for
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from moderate stress. However, the stress level will affect the brain by disrupting the
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concluded that clinicians should not prescribe sleep hygiene for insomnia due to the
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should advocate insurance coverage and access to care for sleep-related services.
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the Children's Sleep Hygiene Scale, or Tayside children’s sleep questionnaire.
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Sleep 101: Harvard Freshmen Required To Take Sleep Course Before School Begins
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who published a related original book in 1864. The 1990 publication of the
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269:cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
2751:Nocturnal penile tumescence
2623:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
2099:"National Sleep Foundation"
2097:National Sleep Foundation.
1870:10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.249
1352:Barlow D, Durand M (2012).
1233:Journal of Clinical Nursing
733:Antony M, Barlow D (2011).
517:"How Much Sleep Do I Need?"
447:
343:seasonal affective disorder
10:
3074:
2613:Cyclic alternating pattern
2039:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.06.026
1995:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.656
1947:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101213
1818:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.05.005
1744:Frontiers in Public Health
1500:10.1016/j.sleh.2015.08.001
1436:Park CY (September 2018).
1290:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.12.003
998:Therapy in Sleep Medicine.
929:10.1007/s41105-022-00420-6
580:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.001
410:
2856:
2829:Behavioral sleep medicine
2816:
2764:
2694:
2646:
2638:Shift work sleep disorder
2594:
2586:Sleep state misperception
2536:
2476:
2467:
2404:
2375:
2328:Steps for improving sleep
2236:10.1007/s10072-012-1140-8
1660:10.1080/08964280209596396
1454:10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e257
775:10.1007/s10865-006-9047-6
376:National Sleep Foundation
63:
49:
37:
32:
2386:Rapid eye movement (REM)
1757:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00231
1594:10.1093/sleep/29.11.1398
1209:10.1093/sleep/29.11.1398
823:10.1186/1477-7525-11-213
83:. Clinicians assess the
2707:Exploding head syndrome
2516:Obstructive sleep apnea
1330:10.1093/sleep/27.6.1181
1124:10.1101/sqb.2007.72.064
327:Due to symptoms of low
3022:Sleeping while on duty
2571:Idiopathic hypersomnia
1934:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1705:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1535:10.1053/smrv.2001.0246
1523:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1278:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1169:10.1053/smrv.2001.0246
1157:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1073:10.1053/smrv.2000.0110
1061:Sleep Medicine Reviews
568:Sleep Medicine Reviews
27:
2844:Neuroscience of sleep
2576:Night eating syndrome
2561:Kleine–Levin syndrome
2224:Neurological Sciences
880:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq119
138:should be preferred.
24:
2998:Sleep and creativity
2284:10.7759/cureus.30928
338:bright light therapy
316:Socioeconomic status
200:Foods and substances
2993:Sleep and breathing
2449:Sensorimotor rhythm
1647:Behavioral Medicine
283:Special populations
128:evidence of absence
44:Clinical psychology
3003:Sleep and learning
2756:Nocturnal emission
2656:Nightmare disorder
2521:Periodic breathing
1028:10.5665/sleep.1846
421:Nathaniel Kleitman
301:Harvard University
28:
3035:
3034:
3013:Sleep deprivation
2852:
2851:
1564:978-88-470-5388-5
868:J Pediatr Psychol
637:10.5664/jcsm.8988
462:Psychology portal
238:systematic review
225:Sleep environment
174:sleep deprivation
74:
73:
3065:
3008:Sleep and memory
2948:Circadian rhythm
2695:Benign phenomena
2597:Circadian rhythm
2474:
2473:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2286:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2219:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:Sleep Foundation
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2127:on 15 April 2018
2123:. Archived from
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2018:
2007:
2006:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1949:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1864:(3): 1232–1240.
1849:
1838:
1837:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1759:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1700:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1587:(11): 1398–414.
1572:
1566:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1442:J Korean Med Sci
1433:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1359:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1202:(11): 1398–414.
1187:
1181:
1180:
1152:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1007:
1001:
994:
959:
958:
948:
908:
902:
901:
891:
859:
853:
852:
851:
845:
835:
825:
801:
795:
794:
758:
749:
748:
730:
721:
720:
702:
696:
695:
679:
669:
660:
659:
649:
639:
615:
602:
601:
591:
559:
532:
531:
513:
489:Circadian rhythm
478:
473:
472:
471:
464:
459:
458:
457:
429:Paolo Mantegazza
67:edit on Wikidata
59:
30:
29:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
2926:Procrastination
2879:Four-poster bed
2848:
2812:
2806:Polysomnography
2784:Sleep induction
2760:
2731:Sleep paralysis
2690:
2642:
2601:
2598:
2590:
2532:
2491:Mouth breathing
2469:Sleep disorders
2463:
2400:
2391:Quiescent sleep
2371:
2369:sleep disorders
2362:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2263:
2259:
2220:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2121:"Healthy Sleep"
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2068:
2064:
2019:
2010:
1975:
1971:
1926:
1922:
1899:
1895:
1850:
1841:
1798:
1791:
1736:
1732:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1642:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1550:
1519:
1515:
1483:
1479:
1434:
1430:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1350:
1346:
1309:
1305:
1274:
1270:
1229:
1225:
1188:
1184:
1153:
1140:
1103:
1096:
1057:
1053:
1008:
1004:
995:
962:
909:
905:
860:
856:
846:
802:
798:
759:
752:
745:
731:
724:
717:
703:
699:
692:
670:
663:
616:
605:
560:
535:
515:
514:
507:
502:
476:Medicine portal
474:
469:
467:
460:
455:
453:
450:
415:While the term
413:
367:
293:sleep disorders
285:
250:
227:
202:
182:
169:
161:
159:Recommendations
144:
70:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Comfort object
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:Sleep medicine
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2322:External links
2320:
2317:
2316:
2277:(10): e30928.
2257:
2207:
2182:
2160:
2138:
2111:
2089:
2062:
2033:(6): 1275–81.
2008:
1969:
1920:
1893:
1839:
1812:(4): 417–428.
1789:
1730:
1692:
1681:
1631:
1608:
1567:
1548:
1513:
1494:(4): 257–267.
1477:
1428:
1404:10.1186/cc7154
1377:
1370:
1344:
1323:(6): 1181–94.
1303:
1268:
1223:
1182:
1138:
1094:
1067:(4): 387–402.
1051:
1022:(6): 727–734.
1002:
960:
903:
854:
796:
769:(3): 223–227.
750:
743:
722:
715:
697:
690:
661:
630:(2): 263–298.
603:
533:
504:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
491:
486:
480:
479:
465:
449:
446:
442:sleeping pills
425:sleep medicine
412:
409:
366:
365:Implementation
363:
359:antihistamines
314:Additionally,
284:
281:
249:
246:
242:neutral spinal
226:
223:
201:
198:
181:
178:
168:
167:Sleep schedule
165:
160:
157:
143:
140:
72:
71:
64:
61:
60:
53:
47:
46:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3070:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Sleep hygiene
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Sleep inertia
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2686:Sleep-talking
2684:
2682:
2681:Sleep driving
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Sleep spindle
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:(5): 755–60.
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2171:
2164:
2149:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:(4): 656–62.
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:(2): 117–28.
1710:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:(3): 215–25.
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1371:9781111343620
1367:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:(5): 363–77.
1283:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:(3): 215–25.
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1117:(1): 579–97.
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
999:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
956:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:(1): 97–103.
922:
918:
914:
907:
899:
895:
890:
885:
881:
877:
874:(7): 780–93.
873:
869:
865:
858:
850:
843:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
755:
746:
744:9781606238684
740:
736:
729:
727:
718:
716:9780323242882
712:
708:
701:
693:
691:9781420080797
687:
683:
678:
677:
668:
666:
657:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
614:
612:
610:
608:
599:
595:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
510:
505:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
466:
463:
452:
445:
443:
438:
436:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:sleep hygiene
408:
406:
402:
398:
392:
390:
386:
382:
377:
371:
362:
360:
355:
351:
346:
344:
339:
334:
330:
325:
322:
317:
312:
309:
308:shift workers
304:
302:
296:
294:
290:
280:
277:
272:
270:
266:
261:
258:
254:
248:Effectiveness
245:
243:
239:
234:
231:
222:
220:
215:
211:
207:
197:
193:
189:
186:
177:
175:
164:
156:
152:
150:
149:sleep diaries
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
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2378:sleep cycles
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2199:. Retrieved
2197:. 2021-10-01
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2958:Dream diary
2834:Sleep study
2774:Sleep diary
2726:Hypnopompia
2721:Sleep onset
2712:Hypnic jerk
2551:Hypersomnia
2501:Catathrenia
2496:Sleep apnea
2406:Brain waves
2376:Stages of
2175:14 December
2153:14 December
2131:14 December
2104:14 December
1654:(1): 33–8.
1254:10397/18014
405:walkability
306:Similarly,
291:. Specific
271:practices.
244:alignment.
236:In 2015, a
3042:Categories
3017:Sleep debt
2963:Microsleep
2943:Chronotype
2857:Daily life
2741:Somnolence
2717:Hypnagogia
2648:Parasomnia
2566:Narcolepsy
2478:Anatomical
2459:Theta wave
2429:Gamma wave
2424:Delta wave
2414:Alpha wave
2201:2024-04-09
1940:: 101213.
1397:(2): 208.
816:(1): 213.
500:References
484:Chronotype
401:Actigraphy
333:depression
219:deep sleep
214:stimulants
180:Activities
142:Assessment
116:stimulants
92:depression
57:D000070263
26:disorders.
3053:Self-care
3027:Sleepover
2978:Power nap
2973:Nightwear
2839:Melatonin
2801:Somnology
2766:Treatment
2599:disorders
2538:Dyssomnia
2444:PGO waves
2439:Mu rhythm
2434:K-complex
2419:Beta wave
2396:Slow-wave
2293:2168-8184
1964:204244335
1826:2352-7218
1766:2296-2565
1391:Crit Care
937:1446-9235
574:: 23–36.
354:allergies
321:circadian
39:Specialty
2894:Mattress
2869:Bunk bed
2789:Hypnosis
2581:Nocturia
2556:Insomnia
2311:36337802
2244:22752854
2084:19123431
2057:22867694
2003:15800134
1979:Suppes T
1956:31600678
1915:14658932
1909:: 24–9.
1888:33007324
1834:34266774
1784:32626678
1725:15310506
1676:45735065
1668:12244643
1603:17162986
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842:24359272
791:12044837
783:16557353
656:33164741
598:25454674
525:Archived
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383:and the
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210:caffeine
206:nicotine
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3058:Hygiene
2921:Bedtime
2916:Bedroom
2911:Bedding
2906:Bed bug
2889:Hammock
2794:Lullaby
2628:Jet lag
2528:Snoring
2486:Bruxism
2302:9626376
2252:8607322
2048:3576835
1879:7525655
1775:7314918
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1414:2689451
1037:3353049
889:3146754
833:3905101
647:7853211
589:4400203
521:CDC.gov
411:History
104:alcohol
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1672:S2CID
1581:Sleep
1317:Sleep
1196:Sleep
1085:S2CID
1016:Sleep
787:S2CID
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